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Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan | Effects on the Water Sector Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan | Effects on the Water Sector February, 2021 Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan | Effects on the Water Sector i Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan | Effects on the Water Sector Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Ministry of Water and Irrigation Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan | Effects on the Water Sector Amman | Leipzig, February 2021 Publisher Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstr. 15 04318 | Leipzig | Germany [email protected] | www.ufz.de In cooperation with Ministry of Water and Irrigation P.O. Box 2412-5012 11181 | Amman | Jordan T: + 962 6 5652265 / +962 6 5652267 F: + 962 6 5652287 I: www.mwi.gov.jo This report should be cited as follows: Breulmann M., Müller R.A., Al-Subeh A. and van Afferden M. (2021) Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan – Effects on the Water Sector. Published by the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ with support from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation; Amman – Leipzig. ii Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan | Effects on the Water Sector © 2021 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ and the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. All rights reserved under International Copyright Conventions. No part of this report may be reproduced transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Disclaimer The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ or the Ministry of the Water and Irrigation concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This report was mainly written using the listed references as well as information currently available in the database of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation as well as in the Water Authority of Jordan or provided by third parties. No guarantee can be given for the accuracy or veracity of either the data or the results derived from its analysis and represented in this report. ISBN: 978-3-944280-16-5 Acknowledgements This work was compiled by the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ for the National Implementation Committee for Effective Integrated Wastewater Management in Jordan – NICE and was supported by a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF – FKZ: 02WM1458 “Implementation-Office Amman”). iii Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan | Effects on the Water Sector Contents Contents .......................................................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................... vi List of Boxes .................................................................................. vii List of Acronyms .......................................................................... viii Summary .......................................................................................... x xii ................................................................................................ اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ 1. Introduction ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Hosting Syrian Refugees ..................................................................... 1 — Housing ................................................................................................... 4 — Income and expenditures ......................................................................... 6 — Education ................................................................................................ 6 — Health ...................................................................................................... 7 — SARS-CoV-2 crisis .................................................................................. 7 2. Water and Sanitation ............................................................. 9 — Jordan Response Plan .......................................................................... 11 — The tanker business .............................................................................. 12 — Ministry of Water and Irrigation .............................................................. 15 2.1 The Northern Governorates ............................................................... 16 — Wastewater treatment and reuse ........................................................... 17 — Water demand and wastewater generation ............................................ 20 — Current investment projects ................................................................... 21 2.2 Scenarios for future water demand and wastewater generation ......... 26 2.3 Challenges in the Northern Governorates .......................................... 31 3. References ........................................................................... 32 4. Annexes ................................................................................ 35 iv Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan | Effects on the Water Sector List of Figures Figure 1 Water stress in Europe and the MENA Region. Adopted from: The World Resource Institute. .............................................................................................. 1 Figure 2 Registered Syrian refugees in Jordan from 2013 – 2019 (Source: UNHCR). ............................................................................................................. 2 Figure 3 Distribution of the numbers of registered Syrian refugees in Jordan for the year 2017. ..................................................................................................... 3 Figure 4 Locations of the centralized wastewater treatment plants in the Northern Governorates Irbid, Mafraq, Jarash and Ajloun. ................................................ 17 Figure 5 Groundwater vulnerability map and Hot Spots of a) the Irbid and b) the Ajloun Governorate. Adopted from (Breulmann et al., 2020a). .......................... 19 Figure 6 Overview of planned water and wastewater projects in the Irbid Governorate. Source: Project Management Unit of the Jordanian Water Authority. .......................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 7 Consequences of scenarios (S1-S4) on the demand for drinking water and wastewater generation in the Irbid Governorate till 2045. Assumptions: annual population increase of 2.1%; water demand of 80L/p/d; Syrian refugees will start to return by 2025; S1: All Syrian refugees remain; S2: All Syrian refugees leave; S3: 50% of the Syrian refugees leave, and S4: 25% of the Syrian refugees leave. .......................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 8 Consequences of scenarios (S1-S4) on the demand for drinking water and wastewater generation in the Mafraq Governorate till 2045. Assumptions: as for Figure 7. ....................................................................................................... 28 Figure 9 Consequences of scenarios (S1-S4) on the demand for drinking water and wastewater generation in the Ajloun Governorate till 2045. Assumptions: as for Figure 7. ....................................................................................................... 28 Figure 10 Consequences of scenarios (S1-S4) on the demand for drinking water and wastewater generation in the Jarash Governorate till 2045. Assumptions as for Figure 7. ....................................................................................................... 29 v Influx of Syrian Refugees in Jordan | Effects on the Water Sector List of Tables Table 1 Distribution of Syrians in Jordan for the year 2017 (Source: Department of Statistics). ........................................................................................................... 4 Table 2 Data on centralized wastewater treatments plants in the Northern Governorates of Jordan (Breulmann et al., 2020b; MWI, 2018). MCM: Million Cubic Meter. ................................................................................................................ 18 Table 3 Calculated population increase, drinking water demand and wastewater generation in the Northern Governorates Irbid, Mafraq, Ajloun and Jarash for the years 2015 – 2045. It was considered that all refugees will remain in the Governorates (Scenario 1). Assumptions: annual population increase of 2.1% and water demand of 80L/p/d (Source: Department of Statistics). ............................ 21 Table 4 Consequences of scenario two (S2): ‘All Syrian refugees leave’ on the drinking water demand and wastewater generation in the Northern Governorates Irbid, Mafraq, Ajloun and Jarash for the years 2015 – 2045. Assumptions: as for Table 3. ............................................................................................................. 35 Table 5 Consequences of scenario three (S3): ‘50% of the Syrian refugees leave on the drinking water demand and wastewater generation in the Northern Governorates Irbid, Mafraq, Ajloun and Jarash for the years 2015 – 2045. Assumptions: as for Table 3. ............................................................................. 36 Table
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