DOCSLIB.ORG

Living in the Shadows

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Living in the Shadows LIVING IN THE SHADOWS JORDAN HOME VISITS REPORT 2014 This report was principally authored by Frances Voon from the UNHCR Policy Development and Evaluation Service, with research assistance from Skandar Keynes. Thanks are due to the follow- ing people who provided support to the proj- ect: Haneen Abu-Sunbul, Rasha Batarseh, Hélène Daubelcour, Charlie Dunmore, Marta Ghezzi, Ghassan Hamad, Mohammad Hawari, Shadi Mhethawi, Marco Santacroce, Volker Schimmel, Ke Tang and Koen van Rossum. Thanks are due the outreach and assessment teams of International Relief and Development, who conducted the majority of the interviews which International Relief & Development underpin this report. UNHCR is grateful for the critical financial support provided by donors to its refugee response in Jordan as well as those who have contributed to UNHCR programmes with unearmarked and broadly earmarked funds. Donors who have contributed to the cash assistance programme in Jordan in 2014: Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Cover: Rima1 looks out after her father as he leaves the house to sell coffee and tea in the streets. It is only through this work that he is able to pay the rent and keep a roof over his family’s heads. ©UNHCR / J. Kohler LIVING IN THE SHADOWS JORDAN HOME VISITS REPORT 2014 1 Names in this report have been changed to protect the identity of the refugees. CONTEXT “We are seeing Syrian refugees in Jordan having entered a downward spiral in terms of their ability to sustain themselves. We are concerned that this will deteriorate even further in 2015. We are all accountable for their protection and well-being.” – Andrew Harper, UNHCR Representative, Jordan “Life as a Syrian refugee in Jordan is like being in quick sand; whenever I move, I sink a little bit further.” – Mohammad, father of four children CONTEXT The Syrian crisis will soon be entering into its fifth year. The refugee crisis resulting from the conflict in Syria has been described as the “worst in modern history” by the High Commissioner for Refugees, António Guterres. Whereas 2011 and 2012 were marked by an incremental increase in refugee numbers, and 2013 by the largest sustained influx of Syrians into the Kingdom, 2014 has seen a stabi- lization in terms of the number of Syrian refugees in Jordan. At the same time, given the protracted nature of the crisis and the limited prospects for an imme- diate end of the conflict, time is not on the side of refugee families in Jordan. Many have used up or liquidated the few assets that they were able to bring along with them and their only way of surviving in Jordan is reliance on assistance or to work illegally. However, towards the end of 2014, cracks in this life-saving network of assistance have started to widen. With the required funding likely to become even more difficult to secure an increased level of poverty and subsequently vulnerability is to be expected. This report is based on findings from the first half of 2014 and will be seen in the months to come as a baseline against which drops in support and assistance are measured. Given the findings, it is undeniable that any downturn in sup- port will have immediate and very existential con- sequences of Syrians in Jordan. The bigger the drop in support, the more dramatic the fallout. 2015 will be a litmus test for the strength and lon- gevity of the support by all in the refugee response. Given the findings presented in this report, it is clear that a remotely dignified existence for Syrian refugees can only be guaranteed if the support is strong and lasting. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Israa, a Syrian refugee girl from Dar’a is warmed up under the coat of her father. ©UNHCR / B. Szandelszky EXECUTIVE SUMMARY It is increasingly recognised that the majority of erode with time, as the resources and hospitality the world’s refugees reside not in camps, but dis- of both refugees and host communities wear thin. persed amongst the community in the countries where they have sought asylum. This is the case for Cash assistance can be an effective tool for address- Syrian refugees in Jordan, of which 84% live out- ing refugees’ economic vulnerability. Evidence sug- side official refugee camps in urban and rural areas gests that UNHCR’s cash assistance programme has across the country.1 Understanding the needs, vul- improved the ability of refugee households to meet nerabilities and capacities of this dispersed refugee their basic needs, and reduced by 20% the number population is vital to ensuring their protection and of sampled beneficiaries below the programme’s access to services. poverty threshold.2 This report examines the situation of Syrian refu- Rent represents the largest proportion (57%) of gees living outside camps in Jordan, based on refugee households’ expenditure, followed by food data collected through UNHCR’s Home Visits pro- (24%) and utilities (8%). The majority of refugees gramme. Under this programme, interviews are (91%) live in rented accommodation. While most conducted with every refugee household regis- are living in apartments or cement houses, one in tering with UNHCR outside camps. This provides ten reside in informal housing, often in precarious an unparalleled source of information about the settings including tents, caravans, basements and situation of Syrian refugees in non-camp settings. rooftops. Almost half (47%) of refugee households In total, UNHCR and its partners have assessed over are in living conditions assessed as bad or urgent, 170,000 households throughout Jordan since the and two out of five live with poor sanitary con- project commenced in 2012. ditions. While 89% of households reported being connected to a piped water network and three Data for this report was collected from 41,976 quarters to a piped sewerage network, the pro- Syrian refugee households between January and portion is much lower amongst those in informal June 2014. Of these, the largest numbers live in shelters. Amman (33.6%), Irbid (28.4%), Mafraq (13.2%) and Zarqa (10.5%). The main governorates of origin of The majority of refugees have an asylum seeker visited households are Dar’a (37%), Homs (19%), certificate (99.2%) and a service card issued by the Rural Damascus (12%), Damascus (11%), Aleppo Ministry of Interior (95.4%), which, at the time of (10%) and Hama (6%). Female-headed households data collection, together entitled refugees to use represent one third of the refugee population. public services free of charge. Refugees’ access to both public health and education has increased The findings of this report indicate high levels of since 2013. Utilization of public healthcare by refu- economic vulnerability amongst Syrian refugees, gees has risen from 72% in 2013 to 77% in 2014, with two out of three living below the Jordanian while use of NGO health services fell from 20% to absolute poverty line of 68 JOD/person/month (96 16% and private health care remained around 8%. USD). Levels of poverty are higher amongst female- The proportion of Syrian school-aged children than male-headed households. Most families need enrolled in formal education increased from 44% to spend more than they earn in order to meet their in 2013 to 53% in 2014. Financial constraints and household needs, with average expenditure be- overcrowding in schools present barriers to educa- ing 1.6 times greater than income. Refugees must tion, and dropout continues to be a concern. While therefore resort to a range of coping strategies to efforts to strengthen refugees’ access to services survive. This includes selling jewelry or taking chil- should continue, the gains that have been made dren out of school, but most often means borrow- are a credit to the Government of Jordan’s policy to ing money or spending savings. Living with other date of providing free access to services for Syrian refugees and relying on help from family, friends refugees, and to the efforts of the international hu- and neighbours are also important sources of sup- manitarian community to strengthen and build the port. None of these coping strategies are sustain- capacity of public services, to the benefit of both able. Refugees appear to become more economi- refugees and local communities. cally vulnerable as their displacement is prolonged, with the risk that vital support networks will also 1 UNHCR Registration Database. 2 Improving Targeting and Welfare of the Syrian Refugees in Jordan, unpublished UNHCR-World Bank mimeo, April 2014. INTRODUINTRODUCTIONCTION POPUPOPULATIONLATION PPOOVVERTYERTY AND AND COPING STRATEGIES 1 PROFI2PROFILELE COPING3 STRATEGIES p. 13 Methodology p. 20 Population profile p. 28 Sources of income p. 21 Age and gender of heads of household p. 29 Poverty amongst Syrian households p. 22 Living together p. 33 Household budget p. 22 Living alone analysis p. 24 Arrival, registration and p. 41 Coping strategies documentation p. 44 Impact of UNHCR cash p. 24 Internal migration assistance on poverty Seedra, 6, and Nawaf, 2, asleep on floor mats in a former chicken barn in Mafraq, Jordan. After their family pay 175 JOD (247 USD) each month in rent, there is no money left to buy clothes, shoes and to furnish their room with anything other than a few mattresses, pillows and a modest carpet. ©UNHCR / J. Kohler LIVINGLIVING ACCESSACC TOESS TO CONCONCLUSIONCLUSION AND AND CONDITIONS SERVICES RECOMMENDATIONS CONDITIONS4 SER5VICES PLAN6 OF AcTION p. 50 Shelter p. 62 Health p. 73 Conclusion p. 55 Water p. 65 Education p. 75 Plan of Action p. 58 Sanitation Fatima, Syrian refugee woman from Homs, poses for a portrait in a rented flat in Northern Jordan, where she lives with her parents. © UNHCR / B. Szandelszky 1 - INTRODUCTION 1 - INTRODUCTION Jordan Home Visits Report 2014 - Living in the shadows INTRODUCTION 1 “Life is difficult but we hope that one day we’ll return to Syria.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “In My Own Hands”: a Medium-Term Approach Towards Self-Reliance and Resilience of Syrian Refugees and Host Communities in Jordan
    IN MY OWN HANDS A MEDIUM-TERM APPROACH TOWARDS SELF-RELIANCE AND RESILIENCE OF SYRIAN REFUGEES AND HOST COMMUNITIES IN JORDAN January 2020 Research report The Durable Solutions Platform (DSP) aims to generate knowledge that informs and inspires forward-thinking policy and practice on the long-term future of displaced Syrians. Since its establishment in 2016, the DSP has developed research projects and supported advocacy efforts on key questions regarding durable solutions for Syrians. In addition, DSP has strengthened the capacity of civil society organizations on solutions to displacement. The Program on Forced Migration and Health (PFMH) is housed in the Department of Population and Family Health at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health. It is one of the world’s leading centers of humanitarian research, training, and continuing education, professionalizing the field of humanitarian response. It was founded in 1998 as one of the first interdisciplinary, practice-based humanitarian research and educational programs offered by a major university. Today, the program continues to lead the development of evidence-based approaches to the humanitarian response and to train the next generation of global leaders. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Regional Development and Protection Programme (RDPP II) for Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq, which is supported by the Czech Republic, Denmark, the European Union, Ireland and Switzerland. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Durable Solutions Platform and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the RDPP or its donors. “Self-reliance is the true essence, for a human to feel himself and feel stability – if I’d rely on you and I wouldn’t know when you’d cut aid from me, I wouldn’t be prepared.
    [Show full text]
  • The Language Situation Among the Circassians of Jordan
    Educational Research (ISSN: 2141-5161) Vol. 4(8) pp. 612-617, August, 2013 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.14303/er.2013.113 Available online@ http://www.interesjournals.org/ER Copyright © 2013 International Research Journals Full Length Research Paper The Language situation among the Circassians of Jordan Doa ʾa F. Al-Momani*1 and Siham M. Al-Momani *1Al Balqa' Applied University (Jordan) 2Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Al Balqa' Applied University (Jordan) *Corresponding Author`s E-mail: doaa_8080591@yahoo.com Abstract In this paper, we examine the language situation among the Circassians of Jordan within the framework of previous theories on language maintenance and shift as proposed by Fishman. The study investigates factors influencing the sample responses toward importance and usefulness of the Arabic and Circassian languages. Convenience sample include 100 subject selected by five in group persons. Data collected by means of a questionnaire developed and used by previous investigators. Results indicate that Arabic is used by the respondents for various functions and Circasssian is used in very restricted social domains. Evidence is represented that the overwhelming majority of the Circassians agree that it is important for them to speak in both Arabic as a means of communication, and Circassian as an important symbol of their identity. These results indicate that the Circassians of Jordan are experiencing a process of language shift which appears to be in its initial position, as most of them appear to be less proficient in their language. They also indicate that the younger generation (forty years or below) of Circassians show a stronger tendency toward shifting their speech than the older generation (forty years or above).
    [Show full text]
  • Migration Profile: Jordan Françoise De Bel-Air
    Issue 2016/06 November 2016 Migration Profile: Jordan Françoise De Bel-Air Jordan’s last population census gave the total population of the country as 9,531,712 in November 2015, 2,918,125 (31 per cent) of whom were foreign nationals. If accurate,1 these numbers indicate that Jordan is a major migrant-receiving country. Jordan has the highest refugee-to-population ratio and the country is also now the top refugee hosting country in absolute numbers. Indeed, it hosted more than 2.7 million registered refugees as of September 2016;2 of whom 2.1 million persons of Palestinian descent registered with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) who have lived in the country for decades; and 664,100 refugees under UNHCR’s mandate including Syrians and Iraqis.3 Besides, Jordan is a migrant-sending country too: an es- timated 10 percent of Jordan’s nationals (700 to 800,000) are expatri- ated abroad, most of them to the Gulf States. Jordan being historically a regional migration crossroads,4 its socio- political history and geopolitical ambitions defined the country’s BRIEF policy approach to migration movements. At first, an openness to Arab migrants sustained the pan-Arabist claims of the ruling Hashe- mite dynasty, yet was coupled with a promotion of the right of return of refugees to their homeland. The first wave of refugees from Pal- estine, forced to flee following the Israeli-Arab war and the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, trebled Jordan’s national population as Jordan naturalised
    [Show full text]
  • Figurations of Displacement in and Beyond Jordan
    Figurations of Displacement in and beyond Jordan Empirical findings and reflections on protracted displacement and translocal connections of Syrian refugees S. A. Tobin, A. J. Knudsen, F. A. Momani, T. Al Yakoub, R. Al-Jarrah TRAFIG working paper no. 6 • 03/2021 TRAFIG working paper no. 6 • 03/2021 • 2 SUMMARY CONTENTS This working paper is based on the empirical research on translocal figurations of displacement of Syrians in Introduction 3 Jordan. It contains methodological discussions, central findings and reflections on these findings. Drawing 1. Empirical design and limitations of the study 5 on the conceptual framework of the TRAFIG project, 1.1 Research team and location 5 this paper explores the central research question of 1.2 Sampling and data collection 5 TRAFIG, namely “how are protractedness, dependen- 1.3 Fieldwork challenges 6 cy, and vulnerability related to the factors of local and translocal connectivity and mobility, and in turn, how 2. Protracted displacement in Jordan 9 can connectivity and mobility be utilized to enhance the self-reliance and strengthen the resilience of 3. Key dimensions of figurations of displacement displaced people?” The paper presents findings from in Jordan 12 Jordan, where Syrian refugees have sought refuge in 3.1 Navigating through governance regimes of aid 12 host communities. 3.2 Living in limbo—Livelihoods, (in)security and precarity in local settings 15 Syrian refugees’ stay in Jordan has become increasingly 3.3 Following the networks—Connectivity and mobility protracted, with the durable solutions of return in in the context of protracted displacement 17 safety and dignity, local integration and resettlement 3.4 Building alliances—Displaced people’s integration remaining out of reach for most.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jordan Compact Lessons Learnt and Implications for Future Refugee Compacts
    Policy briefing The Jordan Compact Lessons learnt and implications for future refugee compacts Veronique Barbelet, Jessica Hagen-Zanker and Dina Mansour-Ille February 2018 Key findings • In February 2016, a new approach to dealing with protracted displacement was signed: the Jordan Compact. In return for billions of dollars in grants and loans and preferential trade agreements with the European Union (EU), Jordan committed to improving access to education and legal employment for its Syrian refugees. • The Compact showed that, by building on existing political capital between donor governments, international organisations and host governments, as well as economic and political incentives such as trade deals, a restrictive policy environment can be opened up and funds can be mobilised in a short space of time. • While considerable progress has been made, challenges remain: • The Compact design did not integrate refugee perspectives at the outset; as such, it has been slow to improve their daily lives. • Financial support has increased school enrolment, but large numbers still remain out of school due to financial barriers and the quality of services provided. • Progress has been made in work permits issued, but critical sectors and self-employment remain closed to refugees. • Indicators measuring progress should focus on the extent to which they improve the lives of refugees. • Donor governments, host governments and international organisations currently considering new refugee compacts should start with what refugees need and want, and be realistic about what such arrangements can achieve. Shaping policy for development odi.org | @ODIdev Introduction This policy briefing draws on two studies conducted More than five million people have fled the civil war by ODI with Syrian refugees in Jordan in 2016 (Bellamy in Syria since 2011, with most settling in neighbouring et al., 2017; Hagen-Zanker et al., 2017), interviews with countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Charities in the Syrian Context in Jordan and Lebanon
    Islamic Charities in the Syrian Context in Jordan and Lebanon Sarah Hasselbarth Islamic Charities in the Syrian Context in Jordan and Lebanon Sarah Hasselbarth Imprint Published in 2014 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung P.O. Box 116107 Riad El Solh Beirut 1107 2210, Lebanon Not for sale. © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be printed, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original author. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or the editor. Cover picture: Details of a copper food tray, 19th century, Damascus Printing: Dakroub Printing Press s.a.l. 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................5 2 Methodology .......................................................................................7 3 Jordan .................................................................................................8 3.1 Islamic Charities in Jordan - Filling a Gap?.........................8 3.2 The Approach of Islamic Charities ......................................10 3.2.1 Community-based Organisations and Zakat Committees ....10 3.2.2 Al-Kitab wal-Sunna ..............................................................11 3.2.3 Al-Markaz al-Islami .............................................................12 3.2.4 Educational Programmes .....................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Svetlana KUDAEVA the Circassian (Adyge)
    Svetlana KUDAEVA The Circassian (Adyge) Scattering in the Countries of the Middle East: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Diasporality Studies (Based on the Example of the Classic Jewish Diaspora) Svetlana KUDAEVA Maikop State Technological University, Maikop, Russian Federation Abstract. As of today, the Circassian (Adyge) diaspora counts according to the minimum data for around 3 million people. The areas of its compact settlement are Turkey, Syria, and Jordan. This situation has developed in the course of the mass migration of the Adyge to the Ottoman Empire in the XIX century during the Caucasian war. The manuscript presents a comparative analysis of the most known methods for studying "classic" Diasporas (their invariant component). Also, there was an attempt to adapt them in relation to the Circassian (Adyge) diaspora (variative component of the method), i.e. rather adequate approaches to studying the Circassian (Adyge) diaspora have been worked out. The author represents the main results of multi-year research on the history of formation and development of the Circassian (Adyge) diaspora in the countries of the Middle East in short. Keywords: Russia, North-West Caucasus, the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, Middle East, the Circassian (Adyge), the Jewish diaspora. Introduction The Circassians (Adyge)1 of the North-West Caucasus belong to the amount of the people, who became the national minority at their historic homeland. Currently, the Circassian (Adyge) ethnic group involves more than a three million people diaspora, while a little more than seven hundred thousand of them (the Adyge, the Circassian, and the Kabardians) live at their historic homeland. The areas of compact settlements of the Adyge abroad are Turkey, Syria, and Jordan.
    [Show full text]
  • WORK PERMITS and EMPLOYMENT of SYRIAN REFUGEES in JORDAN Towards Formalising the Work of Syrian Refugees
    WORK PERMITS AND EMPLOYMENT OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN JORDAN Towards Formalising the Work of Syrian Refugees Regional Office for Arab States WORK PERMITS AND EMPLOYMENT OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN JORDAN Towards Formalising the Work of Syrian Refugees International Labour Organization Regional Office for Arab States 1 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2017 First published 2017 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: rights@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ______________________________________________________________________________ Work permits regulations and employment outcomes of Syrian refugees in Jordan: towards the formalisation of Syrian refugees employment / International Labour Organization, Regional Office for Arab States. - Beirut: ILO, 2017. ISBN 9789221304654 (print); 9789221304661 (web pdf) ILO Regional Office for Arab States. ______________________________________________________________________________ The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Six Years Into Exile: the Challenges and Coping
    SIX YEARS INTO EXILE The challenges and coping strategies of non-camp Syrian refugees in Jordan and their host communities CARE INTERNATIONAL IN JORDAN AMMAN, JULY 30, 2016 Supported by the Department for International Development (DFID). Six Years Into Exile 1 RESEARCH TEAM Shuaa Marrar Senior Researcher/Team Leader Nayif Tahseen Senior Statistician/Field Work Supervisor Alexa Stevens Reporting Officer/Researcher Murad Khawaja Researcher/Facilitator of Focus Groups Nusaiba Shbeita Researcher/Facilitator of Focus Groups Bihan Bader Data Entry Specialist Azhar Samara Data Entry Specialist Basma Elayan Data Entry Specialist Ali Mohammad Data Entry Specialist Field Researchers 27 in Amman, Zarqa, Irbid and M Prepared by Cover: Nuzha, mother of Shahed, 9, Ibrahim, 2, and Rabea’, 11, living in Amman, Jordan."There was no time to pack anything, after the bombing began. We fled with eight children. The road was so danger- ous - two of our relatives were killed on the road just behind us. Even if I had everything here, I would prefer to live in a tent at home in Syria. I feel like a stranger in this country." Acknowledgments Riyada’s research team would like to thank the management and staff of CARE International in Jordan for their wholehearted pro- fessional support and facilitation of the research process: Salam Ka- naan, Country Director; Eman Ismail, Assistant Country Director for Programs; Maher Al Qubbaj, Acting Program Director Urban Protec- tion Response Program; Hala El Eid, CARE Coordinator for the Urban Assessment; and all center managers and field staff. In addition to their professionalism in supporting the research process, CARE staff ensured timely, quality facilitation, provided the documentation needed, and made themselves and their offices (despite their heavy workload) available to Riyada consultants and researchers through- out the process.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Jordan and Its Impact on the Jordanian Economy
    Executive Summary: The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Jordan and Its Impact on the Jordanian Economy West Asia-North Africa Institute, March 2019 This report provides a short summary of three larger studies: • ‘Syrian Refugee Return: Implications for the Jordanian Host State’ Principal Author - Kareem Rosshandler • ‘The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Its Impact on the Jordanian Labour Market’ Principal Author - Dr. Salem Ajluni • ‘Investment and Employment Trends in Jordan’s Key Economic Sectors’ Principal Author - Dr. Salem Ajluni In light of the cessation of violence in Syria, the first report discusses the possible implications Syrian refugee repatriation might have for the Jordanian host state. The second and third reports provide an analysis of the impact Syrian refugee employment has had on the Jordanian labour market and an analysis of recent growth, employment, and investment characteristics of the sectors in which Syrians have been granted labour rights. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE The information in this publication may not be reproduced, in part or in whole and by any means, without charge or further permission from the WANA Institute. For permission to reproduce the information in this publication, please contact the WANA Institute Communications Department at info@wana.jo. This publication is generously supported with funds on behalf of UKAID and implemented by Mercy Corps. This publication reflects the views of the author only, and not necessarily of Mercy Corps. Author: Dorsey Lockhart Design: Lien Santermans Cover image: © William Proby (CC0) Published by the WANA Institute, Royal Scientific Society in Amman, Jordan. Printed in Amman, Jordan © 2019 WANA Institute. All rights reserved. Manufactured in Jordan Executive Summary: The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Jordan and Its Impact on the Jordanian Economy In late 2016 — just months after the signing of the Jordan Compact — the WANA Institute and Mercy Corps set out to measure the impact of Syrian labour on Jordan’s economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis Exploring Responses in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan
    Local Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis Exploring Responses in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan Alexander Betts, Ali Ali, and Fulya Memişoğlu Amman, Jordan © UNHCR / Mohammad Hawari Local Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 Theory: Explaining Sub-National Variation in Refugee Politics 5 Jordan 9 Lebanon 15 Turkey 19 Conclusion 28 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Human Security Division of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs for funding the research on which this report is based. Cover photo: A street in Za’atari refugee camp, Jordan. Credit: L Bloom. 1 Local Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis Executive Summary ● In order to explain responses to Syrian refugees, it is important to understand politics within the major host countries. This involves looking beyond the capital cities to examine variation in responses at the local level. ● Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan followed a similar trajectory as the crisis evolved. Each began the crisis in 2011 with a history of relative openness to Syrians, then increased restrictions especially around October 2014 with the growing threat of ISIS, before agreeing major bilateral deals with the European Union in early 2016. ● These common trajectories, however, mask significant sub-national variation. To explore this we examine three local contexts in each of the main countries: Gaziantep, Adana, and Izmir in Turkey; Sahab, Zarqa, and Mafraq in Jordan; and predominantly Christian, Shia, and Sunni areas in Lebanon. ● In each country, some governorates and municipalities have adopted relatively more inclusive or restrictive policies towards Syrian refugees. The main sets of factors that appear to mediate this relate to identity and interests, but also to the personalities of individual heads of municipal authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Syrian Refugees in Jordan: Better Off Than Before but Still Vulnerable Åge A
    Brief October 2019 Syrian refugees in Jordan: better off than before but still vulnerable Åge A. Tiltnes and Guri Tyldum There are currently about 650,000 Syrian refugees in Jordan making up about 6.5% of the country’s 10 million population. The majority of the refugees live in urban areas and towns while fewer than 20% live in camps. Since 2014, unemployment has been substantially reduced and is now close to the unemployment level in the host population. However, the quality of employment is significantly poorer for Syrian refugees: salaries are lower, work is often temporary, employment contracts are rare, and informa- lity is a key characteristic of most jobs. There has also been a significant increase in enrolment levels for basic schooling, especially for the youngest children; however, many drop out early and few move on to secondary education. Access to higher education continues to be a major challenge for Syrian refugees in Jordan. The refugee population in Jordan Following the outbreak of unrest in Syria on 15 March intermarriages between the two populations in the border 2011 and the subsequent civil war, Syrians started fleeing regions. However, only 2% of all Syrian refugees who cur- to the neighbouring countries. The largest influx to Jordan rently live in Jordan report that they resided there before occurred in 2012 and particularly 2013, when about one- the war. half of all Syrian refugees arrived. In 2015, Jordan ‘closed’ The Syrian refugee population in Jordan consists lar- its border to Syria, and since then only small numbers of gely of people from the nearby Dara’a province.
    [Show full text]