DOCSLIB.ORG

The Lunar Society

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Lunar Society Ch F-X ang PD e w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu-trac The Lunar Society The Lunar Circle or Society was an informal club or association of significant scientific men which flourished in and around Birmingham for nearly forty years. Origins: The origins of the Lunar Society lie in a pattern of friendships that emerged in the late 1750s. Erasmus Darwin and Matthew Boulton first met in early 1757, possibly through family connections, as Boulton's mother's family were patients of Darwin; or possibly though shared friendships, as both were admirers of the printer John Baskerville and friends of the astronomer and geologist John Michell, a regular visitor to Darwin's house in Lichfield1. Darwin was a physician and poet who had studied at Cambridge and Edinburgh; Boulton had left school at fourteen and started work in his father's business making metal goods in Birmingham at the age of 21. Despite their different backgrounds they shared a common interest in experiment and invention, and their activities would show Darwin's theoretical understanding and Boulton's practical experience to be complementary2. Soon they were visiting each other regularly and conducting investigations into scientific subjects such as electricity, meteorology and geology3. Erasmus Darwin Matthew Boulton In 1758, first Boulton and then Darwin became friends of the Derby-based clockmaker John Whitehurst. The link began with Whitehurst supplying clock movements to Boulton’s manufacturing operation but then extended into other experiments. Boulton, Darwin and Whitehurst were in turn introduced by Mitchell to Benjamin Franklin on his visit to Birmingham in July 1758 "to improve and increase Acquaintance among Persons of Influence"4, and Franklin returned in 1760 to conduct experiments with Boulton on electricity and sound5. By the early 1760s they were visiting each other; Boulton was often in Lichfield and Darwin an occasional visitor to Birmingham. Among the other associates were Josiah Wedgwood, who had been attended by a young Dr Erasmus Darwin in 1755 and Rev. Dr. Joseph Priestley who had been introduced to Wedgwood in 17626, and known to Darwin and the others for many years due to his writings and his delighted in experiments. (Priestley was known to Boulton through their mutual work on electricity. Priestly also his invented soda water, and discovered several "airs" (gases), the most famous being what Priestley dubbed "dephlogisticated air" (oxygen).) 1 Ch F-X ang PD e w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu-trac Boulton, in sole charge of the business since the death of his father in 1759, set up his Soho Manufactory in 1765. He was supported by John Baskerville, who had lived in Birmingham since the 1720s and had been a long term friend and financier to the Boultons. Dr William Small moved to Birmingham in 1765 and presented himself to Boulton with an introductory letter from Franklin7. He was soon a key part of the group. Wedgwood sought out Darwin in 1765 when he was exploring a navigation scheme. Darwin introduced him to Whitehurst. Richard Lovell Edgeworth, a young Irish inventor, arrived in the Midlands in 1766 and was taken under Darwin’s wing. Edgeworth then soon introduced his friend Thomas Day to the others. Captain James Keir had studied medicine with Darwin in Edinburgh but left to join the army. On leaving the army he also came to Lichfield at this time. James Watt was a surveyor for canals in 1766 and came to Birmingham in spring 1767. Boulton was away but Small took him around Soho, and he stayed at Lichfield with Darwin. The three took to each other at once.8 Michell seems to have withdrawn from the group when he moved to Leeds in 17679. Franklin was to remain a common link among many of the early members10. In 1767 Darwin, Keir and Whitehurst all visited Wedgwood at his Pottery. Wedgwood first visited Soho in May 1767 and.Boulton became involved with the supply of materials for him. Wedgwood became a welcome guest/member of the Lunar Circle from around 1768*. [*Some class Wedgwood as a full member but Miss Meteyard, the biographer of Wedgwood, says he was not a member of the Lunar Society, but a guest.11] When James Watt visited Soho in 1768 on his way from London to Glasgow, Dr. Small, Dr. Darwin, and Capt. Keir were invited to meet him at “Hotel d'Amitie sur Handsworth Heath” as Matthew Boulton styled his hospitable mansion. 2 Ch F-X ang PD e w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu-trac The 1st Phase: March 1766 – 1775 The Circle or society met often and was a dinner club and informal learned society of prominent figures in the Midlands Enlightenment, including industrialists, natural philosophers and intellectuals The society evidently served the purpose of a scientific exchange, each member contributing at the monthly meeting results of his own observations, and reporting news from without the circle. Before the establishment of weekly journals of science, this exchange was the natural means of intercommunication, just as the Athenians gathered on Mars Hill "to tell or to hear some new thing" in the political world. The society's meetings gave its name and social focus, but much more activity and communication took place outside the meetings themselves with members local to Birmingham being in almost daily contact, while those more distant ones being in correspondence at least weekly.12 The society seems further to have been chosen by persons from a distance as a channel for announcing their own discoveries or those of others to scientists who would appreciate and publish them. For those who couldn’t make the meetings, letters were the obvious link. March 1766 seems a reasonable date for the formal commencement of these social gatherings. The Patriarch of the Society was Dr. Erasmus Darwin. He was the main catalyst. Boulton was the organiser. Small held the group together with calmness and friendship. Monthly meetings were usually around Birmingham with Boulton, Watt and Small regularly acting as host13 to between 8 -14 members and guests. Members at this time with Matthew Boulton and Erasmus Darwin – Dr. William Small, John Baskerville, John Whitehurst, Richard Edgeworth, Thomas Day, James Watt, & Captain James Keir. Soho House home of Matthew Boulton - a regular venue for meetings of the Lunar Society Wedgwood was one of those who attended. When he visited London he planned his journeys so that he could travel via Birmingham and attend the meetings both going and returning. His wife often accompanied him.14 In 1771 Wedgwood also made some new contacts that would become significant: he was visited by a William Withering, and then Priestley renewed contact with him. 3 Ch F-X ang PD e w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu-trac All the world came to Soho to meet Boulton, Watt or Small, who were acquainted with the leading men of Science throughout Europe and America. Its essential sociability meant that any might be invited to attend its meetings."15 The group at this time is sometimes referred to as the "Lunar circle", though this is a later description used by historians, and the group themselves used a variety of less specific descriptions, including "Birmingham Philosophers" or simply "fellow- schemers".16 The 2nd Phase: 1775 - 1780 1755 saw a number of significant changes to the Circle. Small and Baskerville both died and Whitehurst moved to London. Dr. William Withering was known by Wedgwood and Darwin and was now recruited by Darwin to take over Small’s work. So he moved to Birmingham in 1775. From the start, Small had been the key link between the members, and in his absence those remaining moved to place the group on a more organised footing. New Year’s Eve 1775 (31st December 1775)17 was probably the start of this more formal ‘Lunar Society’ – the name being first recorded in 177618. For the next 5 years they chose to meet on the Sunday nearest the full moon, with dinner at 2pm and carrying on to 8pm. At the Meeting on Sunday 3rd March 1776 at Soho, Boulton presented various motions concerning laws and regulations to prevent the decline of the Society.19 Apparently, the society kept no records of its meetings, but scanty notices of its proceedings can be gathered from the correspondence of its members. Everyone tried hard to make the regular meetings but people were often travelling on business and over the next couple of years it seemed that it would be impossible to carry on. Letters became as important as meetings. For these reasons, many of the meetings between 1775-8 seem to have been at Soho House. This reliance on Boulton was also to prove a weakness, however, as the period coincided with the peak of his work building up his steam engine business and he was frequently absent. Although the 1770s was one of the society's richest eras in terms of its collaborative achievements, the society's meetings declined from regular occurrences in 1775 to infrequent ones by the end of the decade.20 Without Small to keep harmony, frictions began to arise between members. Around 1780 Keir was let down by Boulton in a business venture and ended all links to the Soho Factory. Boulton realised his mistake and by his charm managed to salvage their friendship. At about the same time Darwin published various works but ignored the contributions made by Withering. Whatever the reason behind it the two rowed and Darwin and Withering hardly spoke again.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Birmingham 2020 – Think Big, Think BACO
    FEATURE Birmingham 2020 – think big, think BACO BY LUCY DALTON When Richard Irving and Ann-Louise McDermott made their successful bid to host BACO 2020 in Birmingham, they knew it had far more going for it than the International Conference Centre! Lucy Dalton tells us a little more about the attractions of England’s second city and interviews the two local organisers. ver thought of England’s growth? Back in the Domesday Book era (geographical) waist as a skinny of 1086, the Manor of Birmingham was no-man’s-land? Well think again: sparsely populated and poor. Valued at 20 EEngland’s midriff is big. Not the ugly, shillings, it would hardly have featured on liposuction-inspiring, blobby fat; rather, that William the Conqueror’s tax-hunting radar. enviable bulky, athletic big that comes with Scattered habitation and gentle waterways years of determination, guts and training. punctuated rolling hills. Enter Peter de Why? Birmingham. Birmingham, new Lord of the Manor. In the Birmingham, UK, is the heavyweight mid-12th century he began holding markets centre of Mid-England. As the UK’s second at his castle, from whence developed a largest city (1.2 million inhabitants), market town. Little did the farmers of the and sistered with cities such as Chicago, time realise that the ring in the ground used Frankfurt, Milan, Johannesburg and for tethering bulls on market days would Changchun, it contends in a league of turn into one of Birmingham’s most iconic its own. Though Spaghetti Junction, a (shopping) landmarks almost a millennium Lucy Dalton convoluted local road network with a later: The Bullring.
    [Show full text]
  • STAFFORDSHIRE. (KELLY'a Erected in 1868, at a Cost of £X,6S7, Will Seat 150 Persons
    30 BARR (GB~:AT). STAFFORDSHIRE. (KELLY'A erected in 1868, at a cost of £x,6s7, will seat 150 persons. 1 and principal landowners. The soil is a stiff lo~m; subsoil, The charities are as follows :-( 1) one-third of the profits of gravel. The chief crops are wheat and roots. The area ia land granted upon trust in 1579 by Thomas Bromwich, of 4,960 acres; rateable value, £"1o,464; in 1891 the population Perry Barr, to the rector of Handsworth and four others, was 1,388. and now administered by nine trustees, including the l'arish Clerk, Charles Jelf. incumbents of Handsworth, Perry Barr and Great Barr PosT OFJ<"ICE.-Thomas Richards, sub-postmaster. Letters (these three being trustees ex-officio), under a scheme from Birmingham arrive at 6.45 a.m. ; dispatched at 10 sanctioned by the Charity Commissioners: the charity, a.m. & 7.25 p.m.; sundays at to a.m. The nearest which, at its present value, yields about £8o a year to Great money order & telegraph office is at Hamstead Barr, is to be applied according to the provisions of the above-mentioned scheme, for the benefit of the poor of the PILLAR LETTER BOXES :- three parishes; (2) the profits of about 66 acres of land Beacon inn, cleared at 8.30 a.m. & 6.40 p.m.; sundays, assigned for the repairs of the church; (3) an annual charge 8.3oa.m of £3 t6s. upon two farms for the education of five poor Queslett, 8.15a.m. &6.15p.m.; sundays, 10.15a.m children; (4) an annual charge of £2 12s.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix B1 SAD AAP CIL Recommended Modifications
    Appendix B - Proposed Modifications to SAD, AAP and CIL Cabinet 27th July 2016 Appendix B – Walsall SAD, AAP, CIL Proposed Pre-Submission Modifications Appendix Bi: Proposed Pre-Submission Modifications to Walsall’s SAD Proposed Modifications – text proposed to be deleted is shown as strike through, text proposed to be added is shown underlined. Main Modifications are shown in bold text. Bold red text indicates that at the time of writing further information or discussions are required from or with third parties. Proposed Modifications to Site Allocation Document (SAD) Reference Page Policy/ Section Modification Main Reason for Modification Potential Modification? Significant Effects - SA Required? General MODSAD1 Whole All chapters, and in Update proposed site allocations and other No To ensure that the No Plan particular policy designations to reflect the situation at – updating information in the SAD is as 4. Providing for the baseline date of 31.03.16. Delete only up-to-date as possible and Industrial Jobs and allocations where development has that there is a consistent Prosperity – Policies commenced or is under construction. Add baseline date for the IND1 – IND5 explanatory text in Introduction and individual information included in the 5. Strengthening Our chapters as appropriate. plan where possible. Local Centres – Policy SLC2 8. Sustainable Waste Update details of assets and constraints where Management – not mentioned under individual topics and Policies W2, W3, W4 sites below 9. Sustainable Use of Minerals – Policies 1 Appendix B - Proposed Modifications to SAD, AAP and CIL Cabinet 27th July 2016 M2 – M9 to 31.03.16 MODSAD2 Whole All chapters Ensure that references to policies that are No Standardisation No Plan carried forward from the UDP are – editing only throughout the Plan standardised as “UDP Saved Policy” MODSAD3 Whole All chapters Remove question marks re references to the No Standardisation No Plan BCCS and apply use of singular / plural – editing only throughout the Plan indicator(s)/ target(s) consistently.
    [Show full text]
  • (SAD) Core Document List for Submission
    Walsall SAD and Town Centre AAP: Core Document List for Submission Last Updated 25th September 2017 Walsall Sites Allocation Document (SAD) Core Document List for Submission Note: All documents are produced by Walsall Council unless the author is given. Ref Document Publication Date Examination Documents - Post Submission Documents EXAM1 Main Matter 3 – Housing Topic Paper July 2017 matter_3_housing_topic_paper.pdf EXAM2 Walsall Council SAD Examination Opening Statement September Walsall_Site_Allocation_Document_Opening_Statement_MS_05_09_2017.pdf 2017 EXAM3 Appeal Decision 2009 - Land to the west of Northgate, Aldridge, Walsall, WS9 8TL (Appeal Ref: APP/V4630/A/08/2091047) September Appeal_Decision_2009_-_Land_to_the_West_of_Northgate.pdf 2017 EXAM4 Note Submitted by Mr Griffiths including Planning Permission for Unit 10 Merchants Way September Note_submitted_by_Mr_Griffiths_including_Planning_Permission_for_Unit_10_Merchants_Way.pdf 2017 EXAM5 Main Matter 5 - Minerals Examination Note September Matter_5_Minerals_Note.pdf 2017 1 Walsall SAD and Town Centre AAP: Core Document List for Submission Last Updated 25th September 2017 Ref Document Publication Date EXAM6 Main Matter 6 - Waste Examination Note September Matter_6_Waste_Note.pdf 2017 EXAM7 HBF – Chiltern Delivery DPD – Initial Appraisal September HBF-Chiltern_Delivery_DPD_Initial_Appraisal.pdf 2017 EXAM8 HBF – Chiltern Delivery DPD – Inspector’s Suspension Letter September HBF-Chiltern_Delivery_DPD-Inspector_Suspension_Letter.pdf 2017 EXAM9 HBF – Forest of Dean Interim Findings September
    [Show full text]
  • Soho Depicted: Prints, Drawings and Watercolours of Matthew Boulton, His Manufactory and Estate, 1760-1809
    SOHO DEPICTED: PRINTS, DRAWINGS AND WATERCOLOURS OF MATTHEW BOULTON, HIS MANUFACTORY AND ESTATE, 1760-1809 by VALERIE ANN LOGGIE A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History of Art College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham January 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis explores the ways in which the industrialist Matthew Boulton (1728-1809) used images of his manufactory and of himself to help develop what would now be considered a ‘brand’. The argument draws heavily on archival research into the commissioning process, authorship and reception of these depictions. Such information is rarely available when studying prints and allows consideration of these images in a new light but also contributes to a wider debate on British eighteenth-century print culture. The first chapter argues that Boulton used images to convey messages about the output of his businesses, to draw together a diverse range of products and associate them with one site. Chapter two explores the setting of the manufactory and the surrounding estate, outlining Boulton’s motivation for creating the parkland and considering the ways in which it was depicted.
    [Show full text]
  • Sub-Regional Green Infrastructure Strategy
    WARWICKSHIRE, COVENTRY & SOLIHULL SUB-REGIONAL GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY [Consultation Draft, February 2013] Prepared by Warwickshire Museum and Natural Environment Acknowledgements: Coventry, Solihull and Warwickshire Association of Planning Officers (CSWAPO) would like to thank Natural England for the financial and officer support in preparing this document. CSWAPO would also like to acknowledge the assistance from Landuse Consultants and Richard Drakely (WCC Tourism Officer) in preparing the Accessibility elements, Mike Murray for preparing the Landscape elements and Dave Lowe (WCC Principal Ecologist) for preparing the Biodiversity elements. CSWAPO would also like to thank the support from the Local Authority Planning Officers and Local Authority discipline leads that formed the CSWAPO Project Officer Group, who steered the report over the 3 years of preparation. 1 Contents Vision ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Structure .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Warwickshire, Coventry and Solihull Sub- Regional Green Infrastructure Study
    Warwickshire, Coventry and Solihull Sub - Regional Green Infrastructure Study Prepared for Natural England by Land Use Consultants July 2011 www.landuse.co.uk LUC SERVICES Environmental Planning Landscape Design Landscape Management Masterplanning Landscape Planning Ecology Environmental Assessment Rural Futures Digital Design Urban Regeneration Urban Design 43 Chalton Street 37 Otago Street London NW1 1JD Glasgow G12 8JJ Tel: 020 7383 5784 Tel: 0141 334 9595 Fax: 020 7383 4798 Fax: 0141 334 7789 [email protected] [email protected] 14 Great George Street 28 Stafford Street Bristol BS1 5RH Edinburgh EH3 7BD Tel: 0117 929 1997 Tel: 0131 202 1616 Fax: 0117 929 1998 [email protected] [email protected] DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET Version Status: Version Details: Prepared Checked Approved by: by: by: Ver: Date: Principal 1 09/05/11 Draft Final Report Louise Philip Philip Smith Tricklebank Smith 2 13/0 7/11 Final Report Louise Philip Philip Smith Tricklebank Smith 3 27/07/11 Final Report (reissue with Stratford Louise Philip Philip Smith changes) Tricklebank Smith CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 DEFINING AND IDENTIFYING SUB-REGIONAL ASSETS 3 Defining Sub-Regional Green Infrastructure Assets ................................................... 3 Identifying Sub-Regional Assets ............................................................................... 4 3 ANALYSIS OF GI SUPPLY AND FUNCTIONAL NEED 10 Analysis by Local Authority .................................................................................. 11 North Warwickshire Borough
    [Show full text]
  • Case Name: Great Barr Hall and Chapel Case Number: 1432461
    Historic England Advice Report 27 April 2016 Case Name: Great Barr Hall and Chapel Case Number: 1432461 Background Historic England has been asked to assess Great Barr Hall to ensure that its statutory listing at Grade II* is appropriate. The present amendment case was raised internally and follows discussions with interested parties concerning the fact that the building is on the Buildings at Risk Register. The hall was listed at Grade II* in 1971 and the designation of the Hall and the Registered landscape were last considered for amendment in 2008. At that time the boundary of the registered park was redrawn and the grades were confirmed at Grade II* for the house and Grade II for the park. The hall building functioned as a hospital until 1978, together with a cluster of purpose-built, mid-C20 hospital structures to the south-east of the hall. The C20 hospital buildings were demolished in the early-C21 and replaced by a denser residential development, grouped around a former driveway to the hall. The Hall has gradually become dilapidated and the park is overgrown in some areas. A previous owner had plans to restore the hall with money from an enabling development in part of the park, but this did not happen. The present owners also wish to restore the house to use as a wedding venue and conference centre through an enabling development. The site was formerly fenced and guarded at all times, but this constant vigil has now lessened and there are signs of vandalism on site, together with further dilapidation.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservative Campaign Headquarters 30 Millbank London SW1P 4DP 3 April 2012 Boundary Commission for England 35 Great Smith Stree
    Conservative Campaign Headquarters 30 Millbank London SW1P 4DP 3rd April 2012 Boundary Commission for England 35 Great Smith Street London SW1P 3BQ Dear Sirs, Second consultation period – West Midlands Region We have much pleasure in enclosing our response to the representations received during the first consultation period on the initial proposals for the West Midlands Region. Yours sincerely, Roger Pratt CBE Boundary Review Manager WEST MIDLANDS REGION Submission of the Conservative Party regarding the responses to the initial proposals for the West Midlands region 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 We note that the Commission have received a large number of representations from the West Midlands proportionally larger than any other Region. 1.2 We note that the large majority of the representations are in opposition to the proposals, although in certain places a large number of representations support the proposals of the Commission, for example in Staffordshire Moorlands. 1.3 We note that a very large number of representations have come from Sutton Coldfield but we believe a lot of the representations there are based on misunderstandings and misinformation. 1.4 We will examine the proposals and any counter-proposals on the basis of Rule 5 of the Rules for Redistribution of Seats – Schedule 2 to the Act. 1.5 In particular we will look at the factors that can be taken account of under Rule 5 (1): a) Geographical factors; b) Local Government boundaries; c) Existing constituencies; d) Local ties that are broken from existing constituencies. 1.6 We note that both the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats have submitted comprehensive counter-proposals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Adventurous History of Sabrina Sidney
    CONSTRUCTING THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY WOMAN: THE ADVENTUROUS HISTORY OF SABRINA SIDNEY By KATHARINE ILES A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham April 2012 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The story of Thomas Day’s attempt to educate a young girl according to the theories of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, with the aim of marrying her, has often been referred to as a footnote in Enlightenment history. However, the girl chosen by Day, Sabrina Sidney, has never been placed at the centre of any historical enquiry, nor has the experiment been explored in any depth. This study places Sabrina at its centre to investigate its impact on her and to examine the intellectual and societal debates that informed Thomas Day’s decision to educate a wife. This thesis argues that Sabrina Sidney was in a constant state of construction, which changed depending on a myriad of factors and that constructions of her were fluid and flexible.
    [Show full text]
  • ECONOMICS, POLITICS and PHILOSOPHY We Are Exhibiting at These Fairs
    Peter Harrington london ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND PHILOSOPHY We are exhibiting at these fairs: 7–8 October 2017 pasadena Antiquarian Book, Print, Photo & Paper Fair Pasadena Center, Pasadena, CA www.bustamante-shows.com/book/index-book.asp 14–15 October seattle Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair Seattle Center Exhibition Hall www.seattlebookfair.com 3–5 November chelsea Chelsea Old Town Hall Kings Road, London SW3 www.chelseabookfair.com 10–12 November boston Boston International Antiquarian Book Fair Hynes Convention Center bostonbookfair.com 17–19 November hong kong China in Print Hong Kong Maritime Museum www.chinainprint.com Cover illustration from Atelier Populaire. Mai 68: Début d’une lutte prolongée; item 5. VAT no. gb 701 5578 50 Illustration opposite from John Blaxton’s The English usurer; item 15. Peter Harrington Limited. Registered office: WSM Services Limited, Connect House, 133–137 Alexandra Road, Wimbledon, London SW19 7JY. Design: Nigel Bents. Photography: Ruth Segarra. Registered in England and Wales No: 3609982 Peter Harrington london catalogue 137 ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND PHILOSOPHY All items from this catalogue are available to view at Dover Street mayfair chelsea Peter Harrington Peter Harrington 43 Dover Street 100 Fulham Road London w1s 4ff London sw3 6hs uk 020 3763 3220 uk 020 7591 0220 eu 00 44 20 3763 3220 eu 00 44 20 7591 0220 usa 011 44 20 3763 3220 usa 011 44 20 7591 0220 Dover St opening hours: 10am–7pm Monday–Friday; 10am–6pm Saturday www.peterharrington.co.uk 1 1 ANDERSON, James. Observations on the means of exciting a spirit of National Industry; chiefly intended to promote the Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, and Fisheries, of Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopédie
    The Enlightenment 2 of 62 http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-art/the-enlightenment/content-section-0?utm_source=openlearnutm_campaign=olutm_medium=ebook Wednesday 22 May 2019 About this free course This free course provides a sample of Level 2 study in Arts and Humanities: http://www.open.ac.uk/courses/find/arts-and-humanities. This version of the content may include video, images and interactive content that may not be optimised for your device. You can experience this free course as it was originally designed on OpenLearn, the home of free learning from The Open University - www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-art/the-enlightenment/content-section-0. There you’ll also be able to track your progress via your activity record, which you can use to demonstrate your learning. The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA Copyright © 2016 The Open University Intellectual property Unless otherwise stated, this resource is released under the terms of the Creative Commons Licence v4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en_GB. Within that The Open University interprets this licence in the following way: www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/frequently-asked-questions-on-openlearn. Copyright and rights falling outside the terms of the Creative Commons Licence are retained or controlled by The Open University. Please read the full text before using any of the content. We believe the primary barrier to accessing high-quality educational experiences is cost, which is why we aim to publish as much free content as possible under an open licence.
    [Show full text]