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Imperial Spain Gospel, God and Glory Age of Exploration When: Renaissance Period – opening of the world to European shipping How: New technology Navigation – ships, sailing charts and maps, navigational instruments Military – gunpowder, superior high-powered arms Why: Gospel, Gold and Glory Who: Two Iberian Superpowers Spain Portugal Age of Exploration Discovery of previously terra incognita Asia Race to the Moluccas or Spice Islands Portugal – sailed via south-eastern route through the Indian Ocean (Malacca in 1511 & Moluccas in 1512) Spain – sailed via the western or south- western route (West Indies in 1492; Philippines in 1521) Iberian Peninsula Spice Islands East Meets West Trade relations between the East and the West Spices Gold Slaves Silver Silk Dynamic interaction of cultures Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime Discoveries Portugal won the race to the wealth and spices of the East: First to use innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding Discovery of Azores in the Atlantic, leading to (a) the discovery of the Americas; and (b) circumnavigation of the west coast of Africa Reached the East using direct all-water route Reached southermost end of Africa Reached India Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime Discoveries Spain earlier dispatched the first truly momentous exploration in modern times: Attempting to find a westward route to India by Christopher Columbus, instead reached Guanahani and Cuba (1492) Christopher Columbus Led to misapprehension and dispute between Spain and Portugal Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime Discoveries Papal Bull (1493) Spanish Pope Alexander VI mediated dispute and gave Spain the right over the New World (lands discovered by Columbus) while Africa and India were reserved for Portuguese Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Partioned the non-Christian world into 2 spheres of influence: imaginary line from north to south poles – west of Cape Verde to Spain, east to Portugal Agreement to propagate Christianity Treaty of Tordesillas Important expeditions Magellan Expedition (1518-1521) – led by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) – led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos Legazpi Expedition (1564) – led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi Magellan Expedition (1518-1521) led by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty who was then not in good terms with the Lisbon Court Pigafetta, Magellan expedition chronicler Magellan Expedition (1518-1521) Took the westward Route from Spain: Southern tip of South America Across Pacific Ocean Limasawa, PHILIPPINES – March 15, 1521 Blood compact with Raja Humabon, ruler of Limasawa Fr. Pedro Valderama celebrated Mass Planted a large cross Magellan Expedition (1518- 1521) Magellan Expedition (1518-1521) Blood compact with Raja Humabon, the Cebu chieftain Battle of Mactan Raja Sula asked for assistance from Magellan Magellan’s forces were defeated by Raja Lapu-lapu and the natives of Mactan Battle of Mactan Magellan Expedition (1518- 1521) Milestones: Europeans first led of the existence of the Philippines Proved that Earth was round Proved that East Indies could be reached by crossing the Pacific Proved that Americas was land mass separate from Asia Villalobos Expedition (1542- 1546) Led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos Reached the Eastern Coast of Mindanao (Sarangani) in 1543 Milestone: Attempted to set up a colony and plowed the land to plant corn – the first time on Philippine soil Named the group of islands in Samar and Leyte as Las Phelipinas or Las Felipinas in honor of then Prince Philipp II of Spain Villalobos King Philipp II Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564) Led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi Reached Cebu in February 1565 Fr. Andres de Urdaneta was Legazpi’s chief pilot Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564) Milestones: Blood compact between Legazpi and Si Katunaw of Cebu and Si Gala of Bohol Set up the first Spanish town in Cebu (Villa de San Miguel, later changed to Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus) Discovery of the “Urdaneta Passage” by Legazpi’s chief pilot, which would later be used in the galleon trade The Making of the Spanish “Indio” After establishing a town in Cebu, Legazpi moved northward to Luzon and conquered the prosperous Muslim town of Manila (Raja Sulaiman) After Manila, expeditions were sent to other parts of Luzon Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was granted by King Philip II the title “Adelantado de Filipinas” Bloodless conquest of the Philippines - Sword + Cross Political Institutions - Administration Viceroyalty of Nueva Espana (Mexico) – administered Philippines, which was then a captaincy general Real y Supreme Consejo de las Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies) – goverend all Spanish colonies; paramount lawmaker and administrator next to the King Political Institutions - Bureaucracy Central/National Provincial City Municipal Barrio Political Institutions - Bureaucracy Central/National (Manila, Intramuros): Gobernador y capitan-general, who functioned as : Commander-in-chief (Army/navy) President of the Real Audiencia (Supreme Court) Vice-Real Patron (Ecclesiastical appointments) Source of Civil Power Political Institutions - Bureaucracy Provincial: Alcalde mayor for pacified provinces (alcaldia): Corregidores for unpacified military zones (corregimientos)) Only Spaniards Functions: (a) Executive powers (b) Judicial powers (c) Commercial / trade – indulto de comercio Political Institutions - Bureaucracy City (pueblo) / Municipal (municipio): Gobernadorcillo Filipino or Chinese Mestizo, 25yo, literate in oral & written Spanish, was a cabeza de barangay for 4 years Functions: (a) Preparation of tribute list (b) Recruitment of men for draft labor and communal public work (c) Postal clerk (d) Judge in small civil suits (e) Responsible for peace and order Political Institutions - Bureaucracy Barrio: Cabeza de barangay - barrio administrator Usually the barangay chiefs, literacy in Spanish, good moral character, property- ownership Functions: (a) Tax and contributions collector for gobernadorcillo (b) Peace and order Political Institutions – Check on Abuse of Powers Residencia (1501 – 1799) Judicial review of residenciado (one judged) conducted at the end of term by a juez de residencia Residenciado may be found guilty of public misconduct and penalized accordingly Visita (1499 – 18th century) Clandestinely, at any time within official’s term by a visitador general Wrongdoers are also penalized accordingly No Separation of Church and State Spanish clergy exercised political and economic powers Press censorship Vast networks of parishes, especially regulars (those who belonged to Spanish order) Landowners (e.g. Dominicans, Augustinians and the Recollects) Friarocracy and the Philippine revolution Criticized by Filipino laborantes (reformers) and revolucionarios March 1, 1888: First anti-friar demonstration 1898 Malolos Constitution: Separation of Church and State Philippine revolution centered in the areas where there were vast haciendas (friar estates) From pre-colonial barangays to pueblos Lineal or nucleated barangay settlements Reduccion (resettlement) bajo el son de la campana (under the sound of the bell) or bajo el toque de la campana (under the peal of the bell) Pueblos – established by the Franciscan missionary where the church and convent would be constructed; houses to be built around church Reduccion as device Christian indoctrination Civilizing device to make the Filipinos law abiding citizens (“little brown Spaniards”) Used Christian festivals to attract the unwilling unbaptized indios (e.g., Flores de mayo, Santacruzan, Sinakulo, Moro-moro) Led to changes in the pre-colonial barangays External: architecture, roofs of tiles or iron sheets, azotea, aljibes Internal: integration of Spanish customs + Christianity Economic Institutions Taxation without representation Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestacion Personal Encomiendas: Royal and Private Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895) Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814) Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utility Development Economic Institutions: Taxation without representation Direct (tribute and income tax) Indirect (customs duties and bandala) Monopolies of special crops Buwis (tribute) – cash or kind, part or whole Samboangan or donativo de Zamboanga (special tax) – to crush moro raids Bandala – forced sale or requisitioning of foods, esp. Rice or coconut oil Cedula personal Economic Institutions: Taxation without representation Tax exemptions – descendants of Filipino chiefly class; laborers of arsenal and artillery; mediquillos (not doctors but w/ medical experiences); vaccinators, and some college /university students Economic Institutions: Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestacion Personal What: Polo – corruption of Tagalog pulong (meeting of persons and things or community labor) Who: Polistas – Filipino or Chinese male mestizos from 16-60 years old How long: 40 days (15 days since 1884) Exemption: payment of falta (absence) Economic Institutions: Encomiendas: Royal and Private Encomienda - Grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious Spaniar (Encomendero) to exercise control (not land grant) over a specific place including its inhabitants 2 Kinds: Royal or crown – reserved for the crown; included principal towns and ports Private – granted to individuals who were the King’s proteges, or men who served with merit during
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