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Home , Treaty of Tordesillas

Gospel, God and Glory Age of Exploration  When: Renaissance Period – opening of the world to European shipping  How: New technology  Navigation – ships, sailing charts and maps, navigational instruments  Military – gunpowder, superior high-powered arms  Why: Gospel, Gold and Glory  Who: Two Iberian Superpowers  Age of Exploration  Discovery of previously terra incognita Asia  Race to the Moluccas or Spice Islands  Portugal – sailed via south-eastern route through the Indian Ocean ( in 1511 & Moluccas in 1512)  Spain – sailed via the western or south- western route (West Indies in 1492; in 1521) Iberian Peninsula

Spice Islands East Meets West  Trade relations between the East and the West  Spices  Gold  Slaves  Silver  Silk

 Dynamic interaction of cultures

Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime Discoveries  Portugal won the race to the wealth and spices of the East:  First to use innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding  Discovery of in the Atlantic, leading to (a) the discovery of the Americas; and (b) circumnavigation of the west coast of  Reached the East using direct all-water route  Reached southermost end of Africa  Reached India

Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime Discoveries  Spain earlier dispatched the first truly momentous exploration in modern times:  Attempting to find a westward route to India by , instead reached

Guanahani and (1492) Christopher Columbus  Led to misapprehension and dispute between Spain and Portugal

Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime Discoveries  Papal Bull (1493)  Spanish Alexander VI mediated dispute and gave Spain the right over the New World (lands discovered by Columbus) while Africa and India were reserved for Portuguese  Treaty of (1494)  Partioned the non-Christian world into 2 spheres of influence: imaginary line from north to south poles – west of Cape Verde to Spain, east to Portugal  Agreement to propagate Christianity

Treaty of Tordesillas

Important expeditions

 Magellan Expedition (1518-1521) – led by , a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty  Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) – led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos  Legazpi Expedition (1564) – led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)

 led by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty who was then not in good terms with the Court  Pigafetta, Magellan expedition chronicler

Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)

 Took the westward Route from Spain:  Southern tip of  Across Pacific Ocean  Limasawa, PHILIPPINES – March 15, 1521  Blood compact with Raja Humabon, ruler of Limasawa  Fr. Pedro Valderama celebrated Mass  Planted a large cross

Magellan Expedition (1518- 1521) Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)  Blood compact with Raja Humabon, the chieftain   Raja Sula asked for assistance from Magellan  Magellan’s forces were defeated by Raja Lapu-lapu and the natives of Mactan Battle of Mactan Magellan Expedition (1518- 1521)  Milestones:  Europeans first led of the existence of the Philippines  Proved that Earth was round  Proved that East Indies could be reached by crossing the Pacific  Proved that Americas was land mass separate from Asia Villalobos Expedition (1542- 1546)  Led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos  Reached the Eastern Coast of Mindanao (Sarangani) in 1543  Milestone:  Attempted to set up a colony and plowed the land to plant corn – the first time on Philippine soil  Named the group of islands in and Leyte as Las Phelipinas or Las Felipinas in honor of then Prince Philipp II of Spain

Villalobos King Philipp II Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564)  Led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi  Reached Cebu in February 1565  Fr. Andres de Urdaneta was Legazpi’s chief pilot

Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564)  Milestones:  Blood compact between Legazpi and Si Katunaw of Cebu and Si Gala of Bohol  Set up the first Spanish town in Cebu (Villa de San Miguel, later changed to Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus)  Discovery of the “Urdaneta Passage” by Legazpi’s chief pilot, which would later be used in the galleon trade

The Making of the Spanish “Indio”  After establishing a town in Cebu, Legazpi moved northward to Luzon and conquered the prosperous Muslim town of (Raja Sulaiman)  After Manila, expeditions were sent to other parts of Luzon  Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was granted by King Philip II the title “Adelantado de Filipinas”  Bloodless conquest of the Philippines - Sword + Cross

Political Institutions - Administration  Viceroyalty of Nueva Espana (Mexico) – administered Philippines, which was then a  Real y Supreme Consejo de las Indias (Royal and Supreme ) – goverend all Spanish colonies; paramount lawmaker and administrator next to the King

Political Institutions - Bureaucracy  Central/National  Provincial  City  Municipal  Barrio

Political Institutions - Bureaucracy  Central/National (Manila, ): Gobernador y capitan-general, who functioned as :  Commander-in-chief (Army/navy)  President of the (Supreme Court)  Vice-Real Patron (Ecclesiastical appointments)  Source of Civil Power

Political Institutions - Bureaucracy  Provincial:  Alcalde mayor for pacified provinces (alcaldia):  Corregidores for unpacified military zones (corregimientos))  Only Spaniards  Functions: (a) Executive powers (b) Judicial powers (c) Commercial / trade – indulto de comercio

Political Institutions - Bureaucracy  City (pueblo) / Municipal (municipio):  Gobernadorcillo  Filipino or Chinese Mestizo, 25yo, literate in oral & written Spanish, was a cabeza de barangay for 4 years  Functions: (a) Preparation of tribute list (b) Recruitment of men for draft labor and communal public work (c) Postal clerk (d) Judge in small civil suits (e) Responsible for peace and order

Political Institutions - Bureaucracy  Barrio:  Cabeza de barangay - barrio administrator  Usually the barangay chiefs, literacy in Spanish, good moral character, property- ownership  Functions: (a) Tax and contributions collector for gobernadorcillo (b) Peace and order

Political Institutions – Check on Abuse of Powers  Residencia (1501 – 1799)  Judicial review of residenciado (one judged) conducted at the end of term by a juez de residencia  Residenciado may be found guilty of public misconduct and penalized accordingly  Visita (1499 – 18th century)  Clandestinely, at any time within official’s term by a visitador general  Wrongdoers are also penalized accordingly

No Separation of Church and State  Spanish clergy exercised political and economic powers  Press censorship  Vast networks of parishes, especially regulars (those who belonged to Spanish order)  Landowners (e.g. Dominicans, Augustinians and the Recollects) Friarocracy and the Philippine revolution

 Criticized by Filipino laborantes (reformers) and revolucionarios  March 1, 1888: First anti-friar demonstration  1898 Malolos Constitution: Separation of Church and State  Philippine revolution centered in the areas where there were vast haciendas (friar estates)

From pre-colonial barangays to pueblos  Lineal or nucleated barangay settlements  Reduccion (resettlement) bajo el son de la campana (under the sound of the bell) or bajo el toque de la campana (under the peal of the bell)  Pueblos – established by the Franciscan missionary where the church and convent would be constructed; houses to be built around church Reduccion as device  Christian indoctrination  Civilizing device to make the Filipinos law abiding citizens (“little brown Spaniards”)  Used Christian festivals to attract the unwilling unbaptized indios (e.g., Flores de mayo, Santacruzan, Sinakulo, Moro-moro)  Led to changes in the pre-colonial barangays  External: architecture, roofs of tiles or iron sheets, azotea, aljibes  Internal: integration of Spanish customs + Christianity Economic Institutions  Taxation without representation  Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestacion Personal  : Royal and Private  Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815)  Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895)  Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814)  Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utility Development Economic Institutions: Taxation without representation  Direct (tribute and income tax)  Indirect (customs duties and bandala)  Monopolies of special crops  Buwis (tribute) – cash or kind, part or whole  Samboangan or donativo de Zamboanga (special tax) – to crush moro raids  Bandala – forced sale or requisitioning of foods, esp. Rice or coconut oil  Cedula personal Economic Institutions: Taxation without representation  Tax exemptions – descendants of Filipino chiefly class; laborers of arsenal and artillery; mediquillos (not doctors but w/ medical experiences); vaccinators, and some college /university students Economic Institutions: Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestacion Personal  What: Polo – corruption of Tagalog pulong (meeting of persons and things or community labor)  Who: Polistas – Filipino or Chinese male mestizos from 16-60 years old  How long: 40 days (15 days since 1884)  Exemption: payment of falta (absence)

Economic Institutions: Encomiendas: Royal and Private  - Grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious Spaniar (Encomendero) to exercise control (not land grant) over a specific place including its inhabitants  2 Kinds:  Royal or crown – reserved for the crown; included principal towns and ports  Private – granted to individuals who were the King’s proteges, or men who served with merit during conquest and pacification campaigns

Economic Institutions: Encomiendas: Royal and Private  Duties of Encomendero:  defend encomienda from external incursions  peace and order  assist missionaries  Privileges of Encomendero:  right to impose tribute  Encomenderos later became abusive  hoarded staple items  forced Filipinos to buy back the items at a very low price or left almost nothing for the Filipinos

Economic Institutions: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – 250 years  2 vessels (1 outgoing, 1 incoming)  Between Manila and Acapulco  Ameresian worlds linked: spices and silk for Americans and the Mexican and Peruvian dos mundos (pillar dollars) for the Asians  Benefited privileged Spaniards  Chinese immigrants in Filipinos converged in Binondo in 1637 to join the trade

Economic Institutions: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – 250 years  Negative:  Population growth of the trade - Filipinos forced to work more in constructing galleons  Neglect of agriculture – galleon construction conflicted with planting and harvesting schedules

Economic Institutions: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – 250 years  Positive:  To Mexico: mango, tamarind, rice, carabao, cockfighting, Chinese tea and textiles, fireworks  To Philippines: avocado, guava, papaya, pineapples, horses and cattle, etc. Economic Institutions: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895)  Jose de Basco – true example of Spain’s despotismo ilustrado (enlightend despot); revamped Philippine economy.  Achievements:  Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais – composed of leading business, industry and the professions  Plan General Economico – income-generating monopolies of tobacco, areca nut, spiritual liquors and explosives Economic Institutions: Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814)  To unite American and Asian commerce  Exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila, not only Philippine but also Chinese and Indian goods, and shipping them directly to Spain  Opposed by Dutch and English – attack on their trade in Asian goods Economic Institutions: Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utility Development  Railway line – Ferrocarril de Manila  Street car service lines – Compania de los Tranvias de Filipinas  Horse-drawn vehicles  First suspension bridge – now Quezon Bridge  Regular shippign – Manila-Hongkong weekly  Telephone – started in 1890  Public lighting system in Manila Social transformations Adoption of Hispanic Names  Decreed by Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria in 1849  Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos  Based on compiled names of saints, indegenous and chinese patronymics, flora and fauna, geographical names and the arts.  Contained derogatory names such as Utut, Unggoy and Casillas  For the purposes of census, tax collection, performance of the polo and control of populationmovement

Social Transformations Filipino cuisines influenced by the Spanish and Chinese  Adobo, menudo, sarciado, puchero, and mechado were of Spanish influence  Pansit, siopao, mami, siomai, are Chinese

Change in Mode of Dressing  Barong Tagalog, camisa chino and the use of trousers  Hats and the use of shoes  Baro’t saya for women Social Transformations Celebration of Fiestas  Enticed the indios from the barangays to come into the town proper  Indoctrinate the indios about the performance of religious rituals  Feast days for the Holy Week, and for patron saints  Performance of religious dramas such as the sinakulo and the komedya or moro-moro Social Transformations Practice of the Compadrazgo  Ritual co-parenthood or Kumpare system  Applied both in baptism and marriages

Cultural Transformation  Precolonial baybayin supplanted by the Latin alphabet by the mid 18th century  Everything pagan was destroyed by the Spanish missionaries and replaced by the theocentric religion of Catholicism  The Spanish crown wanted the indios to learn the the friars, however, were uncooperative  Precolonial literature was replaced by theocentric literature (comedias, sinakulo and the zarzuela)

Cultural Transformation  Introduction of European visual arts such as images, santoses, jewelry and painting.  Famous Filipino painters of European style were Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo  Western musical instruments such as the organ, harp, guitar and piano. Filipinos not Hispanized  Because we never learned the Spanish language we never lost that Malayan foundation  The Filipinos were “partially hispanized”  Cultural patterns of the Muslims and other minorities have remained unchanged  The transformation of the Philippine colony created a blending of the native and Spanish cultures which became the bases of Filipino nationalism today