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The “Doctrine of Discovery” and Terra Nullius: a Catholic Response
1 The “Doctrine of Discovery” and Terra Nullius: A Catholic Response The following text considers and repudiates illegitimate concepts and principles used by Europeans to justify the seizure of land previously held by Indigenous Peoples and often identified by the terms Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius. An appendix provides an historical overview of the development of these concepts vis-a-vis Catholic teaching and of their repudiation. The presuppositions behind these concepts also undergirded the deeply regrettable policy of the removal of Indigenous children from their families and cultures in order to place them in residential schools. The text includes commitments which are recommended as a better way of walking together with Indigenous Peoples. Preamble The Truth and Reconciliation process of recent years has helped us to recognize anew the historical abuses perpetrated against Indigenous peoples in our land. We have also listened to and been humbled by courageous testimonies detailing abuse, inhuman treatment, and cultural denigration committed through the residential school system. In this brief note, which is an expression of our determination to collaborate with First Nations, Inuit and Métis in moving forward, and also in part a response to the Calls to Action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, we would like to reflect in particular on how land was often seized from its Indigenous inhabitants without their consent or any legal justification. The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB), the Canadian Catholic Aboriginal Council and other Catholic organizations have been reflecting on the concepts of the Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius for some time (a more detailed historical analysis is included in the attached Appendix). -
From Papal Bull to Racial Rule: Indians of the Americas, Race, and the Foundations of International Law
Vera: From Papal Bull to Racial Rule: Indians of the Americas, Race, an FROM PAPAL BULL TO RACIAL RULE: INDIANS OF THE AMERICAS, RACE, AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW KIM BENITA VERA* The "discovery" and conquest of the "New World" marked the inauguration of international law,' and constituted a watershed moment in the emergence of race in European thought.2 What might the coterminous rise of formative. moments in race thinking and international law suggest? In my provisional reflections on this question that follow, I trace juridical and religio-racial conceptions of indigenous peoples of the Americas as a central thread in the evolution of international law. I will begin with a discussion of the fifteenth-century papal bulls issued in regard to the Portugal-Spain disputes over lands in Africa and the Americas. I will then proceed to follow some strands of racial and juridical thought in the accounts of Francisco de Vitoria and Hugo Grotius, two founding figures in international law. I suggest that Vitoria's treatise, On the Indians Lately Discovered,3 evinces the beginnings of the shift Carl Schmitt identifies from the papal authority of the respublica Christiana to modern international law.4 Vitoria's account, moreover, is both proto-secular and proto-racial. * Assistant Professor, Legal Studies Department, University of Illinois at Springfield, J.D./Ph.D., Arizona State University, 2006. 1. See, e.g., CARL ScHMrT, THE NOMOS OF THE EARTH IN THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE Jus PUBLICUM EUROPAEUM 49 (G. L. Ulmen trans., 2003). 2. DAVID THEO GOLDBERG, RACIST CULTURE: PHILOSOPHY AND THE POLITICS OF MEANING 62 (1993). -
"Free Negroes" - the Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 12-16-2015 "Free Negroes" - The Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670 Patrick John Nichols Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Nichols, Patrick John, ""Free Negroes" - The Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2015. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/100 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “FREE NEGROES” – THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY ENGLISH JAMAICA AND THE BIRTH OF JAMAICAN MAROON CONSCIOUSNESS, 1655-1670 by PATRICK JOHN NICHOLS Under the Direction of Harcourt Fuller, PhD ABSTRACT The English conquest of Jamaica in 1655 was a turning point in the history of Atlantic World colonialism. Conquest displaced the Spanish colony and its subjects, some of who fled into the mountainous interior of Jamaica and assumed lives in isolation. This project reconstructs the historical experiences of the “negro” populations of Spanish and English Jamaica, which included its “free black”, “mulattoes”, indigenous peoples, and others, and examines how English cosmopolitanism and distinct interactions laid the groundwork for and informed the syncretic identities and communities that emerged decades later. Upon the framework of English conquest within the West Indies, I explore the experiences of one such settlement alongside the early English colony of Jamaica to understand how a formal relationship materialized between the entities and how its course inflected the distinct socio-political identity and emergent political agency embodied by the Jamaican Maroons. -
The Christian Doctrine of Discovery
The Christian Doctrine of Discovery By Dan Whittemore, Denver, Colorado, USA For centuries, indigenous peoples around the world have suffered the disastrous impact of European colonization. As a Christian, descended from Europeans, I am remorseful and repentant because I am complicit in this problem. Undoubtedly some of my ancestors helped create the situation that has resulted in discrimination and prejudicial and derogatory concepts of the original inhabitants. Broken contracts, ignorance of native culture and spirituality, and illegitimate appropriation of lands have contributed to poverty and psychological damage that persist. We are challenged to examine the root causes and make corrections. The centuries-old Christian Doctrine of Discovery, if repudiated, could initiate justice for all indigenous people. The Doctrine of Discovery is the premise that European Christian explorers who “discovered” other lands had the authority to claim those lands and subdue, even enslave, peoples simply because they were not Christian. This concept has become embedded in the legal policies of countries throughout the world. This is an issue of greed, oppression, colonialism, and racism. The doctrine’s origins can be traced to Pope Nicholas V, who issued the papal bull1 Romanus Pontifex in 1455 CE. The bull allowed Portugal to claim and conquer lands in West Africa. After Christopher Columbus began conquering newly “found” lands in the Americas, Pope Alexander VI granted to Spain the right to claim these lands with the papal bull, Inter caetera, issued in 1493. The Treaty of Tordesillas settled competition between Spain and Portugal. It established two principles: 1) that only non-Christian lands could be taken, and 2) that potential discoveries would be allocated between Portugal and Spain by drawing a line of demarcation. -
Who Is the Daughter of Babylon?
WHO IS THE DAUGHTER OF BABYLON? ● Babylon was initially a minor city-state, and controlled little surrounding territory; its first four Amorite rulers did not assume the title of king. The older and more powerful states of Assyria, Elam, Isin, and Larsa overshadowed Babylon until it became the capital of Hammurabi's short-lived empire about a century later. Hammurabi (r. 1792–1750 BC) is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the Code of Hammurabi. He conquered all of the cities and city states of southern Mesopotamia, including Isin, Larsa, Ur, Uruk, Nippur, Lagash, Eridu, Kish, Adab, Eshnunna, Akshak, Akkad, Shuruppak, Bad-tibira, Sippar, and Girsu, coalescing them into one kingdom, ruled from Babylon. Hammurabi also invaded and conquered Elam to the east, and the kingdoms of Mari and Ebla to the northwest. After a protracted struggle with the powerful Assyrian king Ishme-Dagan of the Old Assyrian Empire, he forced his successor to pay tribute late in his reign, spreading Babylonian power to Assyria's Hattian and Hurrian colonies in Asia Minor. After the reign of Hammurabi, the whole of southern Mesopotamia came to be known as Babylonia, whereas the north had already coalesced centuries before into Assyria. From this time, Babylon supplanted Nippur and Eridu as the major religious centers of southern Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's empire destabilized after his death. Assyrians defeated and drove out the Babylonians and Amorites. The far south of Mesopotamia broke away, forming the native Sealand Dynasty, and the Elamites appropriated territory in eastern Mesopotamia. The Amorite dynasty remained in power in Babylon, which again became a small city-state. -
From Lisheen Stud Lord Gayle Sir Gaylord Sticky Case Lord Americo Hynictus Val De Loir Hypavia Roselier Misti IV Peace Rose QUAR
From Lisheen Stud 1 1 Sir Gaylord Lord Gayle Sticky Case Lord Americo Val de Loir QUARRYFIELD LASS Hynictus (IRE) Hypavia (1998) Misti IV Right Then Roselier Bay Mare Peace Rose Rosie (IRE) No Argument (1991) Right Then Esplanade 1st dam RIGHT THEN ROSIE (IRE): placed in a point-to-point; dam of 6 foals; 3 runners; 3 winners: Quarryfield Lass (IRE) (f. by Lord Americo): see below. Graduand (IRE) (g. by Executive Perk): winner of a N.H. Flat Race and placed twice; also placed over hurdles. Steve Capall (IRE) (g. by Dushyantor (USA)): winner of a N.H. Flat Race at 5, 2008 and placed twice. 2nd dam RIGHT THEN: ran 3 times over hurdles; dam of 8 foals; 5 runners; a winner: Midsummer Glen (IRE): winner over fences; also winner of a point-to-point. Big Polly: unraced; dam of winners inc.: Stagalier (IRE): 4 wins viz. 3 wins over hurdles and placed 3 times inc. 3rd Brown Lad H. Hurdle, L. and winner over fences. Wyatt (IRE): 2 wins viz. placed; also winner over hurdles and placed 5 times and winner over fences, 2nd Naas Novice Steeplechase, Gr.3. 3rd dam ESPLANADE (by Escart III): winner at 5 and placed; also placed twice over jumps; dam of 5 foals; 5 runners; 3 winners inc.: Ballymac Lad: 4 wins viz. placed at 5; also winner of a N.H. Flat Race and placed 4 times; also 2 wins over hurdles, 2nd Celbridge Extended H. Hurdle, L. and Coral Golden EBF Stayers Ext H'cp Hurdle, L. and winner over fences. -
The Spanish Conquistadores and Colonial Empire
The Spanish Conquistadores and Colonial Empire Treaty of Tordesillas Columbus’s colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spain’s Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. Hoping to salvage Portugal’s holdings, King João II negotiated a treaty with Spain. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America. Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil. Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons Conquistadores and Spanish colonization Columbus’s discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. Hernán Cortés arrived on Hispaniola in 1504 and participated in the conquest of the Island. Cortés then led the exploration of the Yucatán Peninsula in hopes of attaining glory. -
Godebert M. Reiss Explorers, Conquistadors and Missionaries from Portugal and Spain Explorers Final 1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 2
Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 1 Godebert M. Reiss Explorers, Conquistadors and Missionaries from Portugal and Spain Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 2 Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537 – 1598) Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 3 Godebert M. Reiss EXPLORERS, CONQUISTADORS AND MISSIONARIES FROM PORTUGAL AND SPAIN Contemporary Books and Pamphlets from 1500 to 1700. Jesuit Letters largely from Japan dating from 1549 to 1629. With bibliographical and historical annotations. bramann Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 4 Dieser Titel wird in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie angezeigt. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek bietet nach Erscheinen detaillierte bibliografische Informationen unter http: / / dnb.d-nb.de. © 2020 Bramann Verlag, Frankfurt am Main Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Einbandgestaltung und Layout: Margarete Bramann, Frankfurt am Main Druck und Bindung: TZ-Verlag & Print GmbH, Roßdorf, www.tz-verlag.de Printed in Germany 2020 ISBN 978-3-95903-010-6 Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 5 Contents Important Information . 7 Introduction . 8 The Brito Collection . 10 About This Book . 16 Alphabetical Catalogue by Authors . 19 Jesuit letters from 1549 to 1629 . 199 Index of Proper Names . 225 Principal Reference Works Consulted . 234 5 Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 6 Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 7 Important Information This book is based on Auction Sale No. 40 held April 3rd & 4th, 1989 by the Auction House Reiss & Auvermann. It comprises a collection of rare books about the age of exploration and the history of Portugal and Spain. Amongst the books referred to, with respect to the centuries of early exploration (AD 1500 to AD 1700), was a considerable number of items of great rarity and their hammer price rather often achieved many times the estimate. -
The Opening of the Atlantic World: England's
THE OPENING OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD: ENGLAND’S TRANSATLANTIC INTERESTS DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII By LYDIA TOWNS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Texas at Arlington May, 2019 Arlington, Texas Supervising Committee: Imre Demhardt, Supervising Professor John Garrigus Kathryne Beebe Alan Gallay ABSTRACT THE OPENING OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD: ENGLAND’S TRANSATLANTIC INTERESTS DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII Lydia Towns, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2019 Supervising Professor: Imre Demhardt This dissertation explores the birth of the English Atlantic by looking at English activities and discussions of the Atlantic world from roughly 1481-1560. Rather than being disinterested in exploration during the reign of Henry VIII, this dissertation proves that the English were aware of what was happening in the Atlantic world through the transnational flow of information, imagined the potentials of the New World for both trade and colonization, and actively participated in the opening of transatlantic trade through transnational networks. To do this, the entirety of the Atlantic, all four continents, are considered and the English activity there analyzed. This dissertation uses a variety of methods, examining cartographic and literary interpretations and representations of the New World, familial ties, merchant networks, voyages of exploration and political and diplomatic material to explore my subject across the social strata of England, giving equal weight to common merchants’ and scholars’ perceptions of the Atlantic as I do to Henry VIII’s court. Through these varied methods, this dissertation proves that the creation of the British Atlantic was not state sponsored, like the Spanish Atlantic, but a transnational space inhabited and expanded by merchants, adventurers and the scholars who created imagined spaces for the English. -
Tordesillas Background
Treaty of Tordesillas Upon returning to Spain in 1493 after his first voyage, Christopher Columbus contacted Pope Alexander VI (a Spaniard by birth) to report his discoveries. Acting as the great European arbiter of the day, the pope then issued a bull (decree) that divided the New World lands between Spain and Portugal by establishing a north-south line of demarcation 100 leagues* west of the Cape Verde Islands. Undiscovered non-Christian lands to the west of the line were to be Spanish possessions and those to the east belonged to Portugal. News of this decision was not warmly greeted by the Portuguese, who argued that previous agreements conflicted with the Pope's decision. In the spring of 1494, representatives of Spain and Portugal met in the Spanish town of Tordesillas and negotiated a mutually satisfactory solution to their dispute. By resulting Treaty of Todesillas, the line of demarcation was relocated to a position 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. (It was impossible during this age to determine precisely the impact of this agreement on account of the nagging difficulty of establishing longitude accurately.) However, Portugal emerged with an enhanced position by gaining a larger portion of South America (Brazil). Even with this modification, Spain had gained control (on paper) of most of the New World. The pope granted his official recognition of this agreement in 1506. Spain and Portugal, with a few exceptions, remained loyal to the terms of the treaty; the Portuguese would expand deep into Brazil beyond the demarcation line, but Spain did not object. -
The Age of Exploration (Also Called the Age of Discovery) Began in the 1400S and Continued Through the 1600S. It Was a Period Of
Activity 1 of 3 for NTI May 18 - 22 - Introduction to Exploration of North America Go to: https://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance/age_of_exploration_and_discovery.php Click on the link above to read the article. There is a feature at the bottom that will allow you to have the text read to you, if you want. After you read the article, answer the questions below. You can highlight or bold your answers if completing electronically. I have copied the website text below if you need it. The Age of Exploration (also called the Age of Discovery) began in the 1400s and continued through the 1600s. It was a period of time when the European nations began exploring the world. They discovered new routes to India, much of the Far East, and the Americas. The Age of Exploration took place at the same time as the Renaissance. Why explore? Outfitting an expedition could be expensive and risky. Many ships never returned. So why did the Europeans want to explore? The simple answer is money. Although, some individual explorers wanted to gain fame or experience adventure, the main purpose of an expedition was to make money. How did expeditions make money? Expeditions made money primarily by discovering new trade routes for their nations. When the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople in 1453, many existing trade routes to India and China were shut down. These trade routes were very valuable as they brought in expensive products such as spices and silk. New expeditions tried to discover oceangoing routes to India and the Far East. Some expeditions became rich by discovering gold and silver, such as the expeditions of the Spanish to the Americas. -
The Spanish in South Carolina: Unsettled Frontier
S.C. Department of Archives & History • Public Programs Document Packet No. 3 THE SPANISH IN SOUTH CAROLINA: UNSETTLED FRONTIER Route of the Spanish treasure fleets Spain, flushed with the reconquest of South Carolina. Effective occupation of its land from the Moors, quickly extended this region would buttress the claims its explorations outward fromthe Spain made on the territory because it had Carrribean Islands and soon dominated discovered and explored it. “Las Indias,” as the new territories were Ponce de Leon unsucessfully known. In over seventy years, their attempted colonization of the Florida explorers and military leaders, known as peninsula in 1521. Five years later, after the Conquistadores, had planted the cross he had sent a ship up the coast of “La of Christianity and raised the royal Florida,” as the land to the north was standard of Spain over an area that called, Vasquez de Ayllon, an official in extended from the present southern United Hispaniola, tried to explore and settle States all the way to Argentina. And, like South Carolina. Reports from that all Europeans who sailed west, the expedition tell us Ayllon and 500 Conquistadores searched for a passage to colonists settled on the coast of South the Orient with its legendary riches of Carolina in 1526 but a severe winter and gold, silver, and spices. attacks from hostile Indians forced them New lands demanded new regulations. to abandon their settlement one year later. Philip II directed In Spain, Queen Isabella laid down In 1528, Panfilo de Navarez set out the settlement policies that would endure for centuries.