Tordesillas Background

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Treaty of Tordesillas Upon returning to Spain in 1493 after his first voyage, Christopher Columbus contacted Pope Alexander VI (a Spaniard by birth) to report his discoveries. Acting as the great European arbiter of the day, the pope then issued a bull (decree) that divided the New World lands between Spain and Portugal by establishing a north-south line of demarcation 100 leagues* west of the Cape Verde Islands. Undiscovered non-Christian lands to the west of the line were to be Spanish possessions and those to the east belonged to Portugal. News of this decision was not warmly greeted by the Portuguese, who argued that previous agreements conflicted with the Pope's decision. In the spring of 1494, representatives of Spain and Portugal met in the Spanish town of Tordesillas and negotiated a mutually satisfactory solution to their dispute. By resulting Treaty of Todesillas, the line of demarcation was relocated to a position 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. (It was impossible during this age to determine precisely the impact of this agreement on account of the nagging difficulty of establishing longitude accurately.) However, Portugal emerged with an enhanced position by gaining a larger portion of South America (Brazil). Even with this modification, Spain had gained control (on paper) of most of the New World. The pope granted his official recognition of this agreement in 1506. Spain and Portugal, with a few exceptions, remained loyal to the terms of the treaty; the Portuguese would expand deep into Brazil beyond the demarcation line, but Spain did not object. The natives of these regions, needless to say, were not consulted about the assignment of their homelands to others and competing powers in Europe totally ignored the line. For years following 1494, the Spanish lamented their consent to the Treaty of Todesillas, convinced that they had received the short end of the stick. Their initial discoveries in the New World yielded little mineral wealth, but much disease and discomfort. Their evaluation of this bargain with Portugal changed dramatically in the 1520s as the riches from Aztec Mexico began to be exploited. In the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529), the demarcation line was extended through both poles and encompassed the entire world. Map of Spanish America *A league is the equivalent of three nautical miles. A nautical mile (6,076 feet) is about 15 percent longer than a statute mile (5,280 feet). The Tordesillas line was located approximately 1,270 statute miles west of the Cape Verde Islands. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Early Colonial History Four of Seven
Early Colonial History Four of Seven Marianas History Conference Early Colonial History Guampedia.com This publication was produced by the Guampedia Foundation ⓒ2012 Guampedia Foundation, Inc. UOG Station Mangilao, Guam 96923 www.guampedia.com Table of Contents Early Colonial History Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas ...................................................................................................1 By Rebecca Hofmann “Casa Real”: A Lost Church On Guam* .................................................13 By Andrea Jalandoni Magellan and San Vitores: Heroes or Madmen? ....................................25 By Donald Shuster, PhD Traditional Chamorro Farming Innovations during the Spanish and Philippine Contact Period on Northern Guam* ....................................31 By Boyd Dixon and Richard Schaefer and Todd McCurdy Islands in the Stream of Empire: Spain’s ‘Reformed’ Imperial Policy and the First Proposals to Colonize the Mariana Islands, 1565-1569 ....41 By Frank Quimby José de Quiroga y Losada: Conquest of the Marianas ...........................63 By Nicholas Goetzfridt, PhD. 19th Century Society in Agaña: Don Francisco Tudela, 1805-1856, Sargento Mayor of the Mariana Islands’ Garrison, 1841-1847, Retired on Guam, 1848-1856 ...............................................................................83 By Omaira Brunal-Perry Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas By Rebecca Hofmann Research fellow in the project: 'Climates of Migration:
[Show full text]
Prince Henry and India
Doubling the World Enough for us that the hidden half of the globe is brought to light, and the Portuguese daily go farther and farther beyond the equator. Thus shores unknown will soon become accessible; for one in emulation of another sets forth in labors and mighty perils. —PETER MARTYR (1493) The 1400s in a Nutshell: Discovering the Unknown In the West: § Ptolemy (geography) is revived § The Portuguese begin the first state sponsored continuous exploration § Spain Responds (via efforts of Christopher Columbus) § A new continent is discovered In the Middle East: • The Arabs stagnate; maintain their roles as middle men traders In the East: • The Chinese explore one-third of the planet; then stop cold THE blocking of the land paths proved a godsend. Driven by new incentives to go to sea, Europeans would discover waterways to everywhere. From the whole period of the Great Interruption, the fourth until the fourteenth century, no mariner's charts survive. In that age of widespread illiteracy, sailors passed on their traditional knowledge by word of mouth. From about 1300, however, we do find Mediterranean sea charts (portolanos), offering useful details for the next generation of mariners. To reach Asia by water from the Mediterranean countries meant leaving the closed for the open sea. Mediterranean voyages were mostly coastwise sailing, which meant relying on personal experience of those particular places—local winds and currents, familiar landmarks, well-known offshore islands and the distinctive silhouette of a neighboring mountain. When Portuguese sailors advanced southward down the coast of Africa, they left behind all familiar landmarks.
[Show full text]
Newsletter of the District of Asia
Newsletter of the District of Asia Oct - Dec 2001 A short Philippine History before the 1898 Revolution In search of spices When Ferdinand Magellan, a veteran Portuguese soldier, returned from the Spice Islands of the Moluccas, he approached the Portuguese King with a proposal to find a westward route from Portugal to the rich islands of Spices, on the opposite side of the world. The King however, did not take advantage of the offer, and temporized. In the meantime, Magellan offered his services to the King of Spain the great Charles V, who was soon to be raised to the dignity of Holy Roman Emperor. In Spain, funds were needed for the treasury. Spices were not cheap in Europe and there is a high demand, so commerce with them is one of the best solutions for raising the necessary funds. The King of Spain thus provided Magellan with a fleet of five ships: Trinidad, Victoria, Concepcion, Santiago and San Antonio. On August 10, 1519 the fleet sailed westward from Seville in search of a passageway to the Moluccas. It was manned by a crew of 270 men and there were 2 chaplains both were secular priests: Father Pedro de Valderama and another one a French by nationality who was latter abandoned by Magellan in the coast of Brazil. After various incidents suffered from men and the elements as it sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and down the coast of South America, the fleet reached in the last days of October the passage which now bears the name of the leader of this expedition.
[Show full text]
The Spanish Conquistadores and Colonial Empire
The Spanish Conquistadores and Colonial Empire Treaty of Tordesillas Columbus’s colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spain’s Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. Hoping to salvage Portugal’s holdings, King João II negotiated a treaty with Spain. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America. Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil. Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons Conquistadores and Spanish colonization Columbus’s discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. Hernán Cortés arrived on Hispaniola in 1504 and participated in the conquest of the Island. Cortés then led the exploration of the Yucatán Peninsula in hopes of attaining glory.
[Show full text]
Godebert M. Reiss Explorers, Conquistadors and Missionaries from Portugal and Spain Explorers Final 1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 2
Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 1 Godebert M. Reiss Explorers, Conquistadors and Missionaries from Portugal and Spain Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 2 Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537 – 1598) Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 3 Godebert M. Reiss EXPLORERS, CONQUISTADORS AND MISSIONARIES FROM PORTUGAL AND SPAIN Contemporary Books and Pamphlets from 1500 to 1700. Jesuit Letters largely from Japan dating from 1549 to 1629. With bibliographical and historical annotations. bramann Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 4 Dieser Titel wird in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie angezeigt. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek bietet nach Erscheinen detaillierte bibliografische Informationen unter http: / / dnb.d-nb.de. © 2020 Bramann Verlag, Frankfurt am Main Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Einbandgestaltung und Layout: Margarete Bramann, Frankfurt am Main Druck und Bindung: TZ-Verlag & Print GmbH, Roßdorf, www.tz-verlag.de Printed in Germany 2020 ISBN 978-3-95903-010-6 Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 5 Contents Important Information . 7 Introduction . 8 The Brito Collection . 10 About This Book . 16 Alphabetical Catalogue by Authors . 19 Jesuit letters from 1549 to 1629 . 199 Index of Proper Names . 225 Principal Reference Works Consulted . 234 5 Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 6 Explorers_final_1-106 19.12.19 15:02 Seite 7 Important Information This book is based on Auction Sale No. 40 held April 3rd & 4th, 1989 by the Auction House Reiss & Auvermann. It comprises a collection of rare books about the age of exploration and the history of Portugal and Spain. Amongst the books referred to, with respect to the centuries of early exploration (AD 1500 to AD 1700), was a considerable number of items of great rarity and their hammer price rather often achieved many times the estimate.
[Show full text]
The Manila Galleon and the First Globalization of World Trade
October 2020 ISSN 2444-2933 The Manila Galleon and the first globalization of world trade BY Borja Cardelús The route that united Asia, America and Europe The Manila Galleon and the first The Manila Galleon and the first globalization of world trade globalization of world trade THE LONG CONQUEST OF THE PACIFIC Despite all that, the final balance of all these misfortunes and frustrations was not entirely negative because the navigations allowed to The persistence of examine the climates and contours of that The persistence of Spain of the 16th century as Spanish sailor, serving the Spanish Crown, unprecedented ocean full of islands and Spain of the 16th made it possible to conquer an ocean as found the desired path and sailed the ocean for atolls,and above all its most relevant untamable as the Pacific, a century in which it the first time, but he died in a skirmish with century made it characteristic, for the purposes of the Spanish faced two types of conquests, all equally natives in the Filipino archipelago, when he possible to conquer claims to master it; although the trip through the astonishing. One was the terrestrial, that of had already accomplished most of his feats. It was Pacific from America to Asia was easy due to the an ocean as America, achieved in the surprising period of completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano aboard the favorable push of the trade winds, the return only fifty years. ship Victoria, full of spices, and when arriving to untamable as the trip, the return voyage, was revealing the Iberian Peninsula, after the long voyage, he Pacific, a century in impossible.
[Show full text]
The Age of Exploration (Also Called the Age of Discovery) Began in the 1400S and Continued Through the 1600S. It Was a Period Of
Activity 1 of 3 for NTI May 18 - 22 - Introduction to Exploration of North America Go to: https://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance/age_of_exploration_and_discovery.php Click on the link above to read the article. There is a feature at the bottom that will allow you to have the text read to you, if you want. After you read the article, answer the questions below. You can highlight or bold your answers if completing electronically. I have copied the website text below if you need it. The Age of Exploration (also called the Age of Discovery) began in the 1400s and continued through the 1600s. It was a period of time when the European nations began exploring the world. They discovered new routes to India, much of the Far East, and the Americas. The Age of Exploration took place at the same time as the Renaissance. Why explore? Outfitting an expedition could be expensive and risky. Many ships never returned. So why did the Europeans want to explore? The simple answer is money. Although, some individual explorers wanted to gain fame or experience adventure, the main purpose of an expedition was to make money. How did expeditions make money? Expeditions made money primarily by discovering new trade routes for their nations. When the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople in 1453, many existing trade routes to India and China were shut down. These trade routes were very valuable as they brought in expensive products such as spices and silk. New expeditions tried to discover oceangoing routes to India and the Far East. Some expeditions became rich by discovering gold and silver, such as the expeditions of the Spanish to the Americas.
[Show full text]
The Spanish in South Carolina: Unsettled Frontier
S.C. Department of Archives & History • Public Programs Document Packet No. 3 THE SPANISH IN SOUTH CAROLINA: UNSETTLED FRONTIER Route of the Spanish treasure fleets Spain, flushed with the reconquest of South Carolina. Effective occupation of its land from the Moors, quickly extended this region would buttress the claims its explorations outward fromthe Spain made on the territory because it had Carrribean Islands and soon dominated discovered and explored it. “Las Indias,” as the new territories were Ponce de Leon unsucessfully known. In over seventy years, their attempted colonization of the Florida explorers and military leaders, known as peninsula in 1521. Five years later, after the Conquistadores, had planted the cross he had sent a ship up the coast of “La of Christianity and raised the royal Florida,” as the land to the north was standard of Spain over an area that called, Vasquez de Ayllon, an official in extended from the present southern United Hispaniola, tried to explore and settle States all the way to Argentina. And, like South Carolina. Reports from that all Europeans who sailed west, the expedition tell us Ayllon and 500 Conquistadores searched for a passage to colonists settled on the coast of South the Orient with its legendary riches of Carolina in 1526 but a severe winter and gold, silver, and spices. attacks from hostile Indians forced them New lands demanded new regulations. to abandon their settlement one year later. Philip II directed In Spain, Queen Isabella laid down In 1528, Panfilo de Navarez set out the settlement policies that would endure for centuries.
[Show full text]
The Global Context: Asia, Europe, and Africa in the Early Modern Era
Chapter Two: The Global Context: Asia, Europe, and Africa in the Early Modern Era Contents 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 30 2.1.1 Learning Outcomes ....................................................................................... 30 2.2 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY: PORTUGAL AND SPAIN ........................... 31 2.2.1 Portugal Initiates the Age of Discovery ............................................................. 31 2.2.2 The Spanish in the Age of Discovery ................................................................ 33 2.2.3 Before You Move On... ................................................................................... 35 Key Concepts ....................................................................................................35 Test Yourself ...................................................................................................... 36 2.3 ASIA IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY: CHINESE EXPANSION DURING THE MING DYNASTY 37 2.3.1 Before You Move On... ................................................................................... 40 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 40 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 41 2.4 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY: ENGLAND AND FRANCE ........................ 41 2.4.1 England and France at War ..........................................................................
[Show full text]
The Columbian Exchange
Portuguese and Spanish Overseas Expansion, 1450-1600 The rise of the New Monarchies led directly to European overseas expansion. The first phase (1450-1600) was dominated by Portugal and Spain. For various reasons, England and France lagged behind. It wasn’t until after 1600 that they, along with the Dutch, also established overseas trade routes and colonies. In this reading we will focus on the Portuguese and Spanish. The first question we must ask is why, after remaining on their own continent throughout the 1000-year-long medieval period (except, perhaps, for the Crusades to the Holy Land) did Europeans begin sailing to Africa, the Americas, and Asia in the 15th century? The answer lies in the desire of the New Monarchies to gain greater wealth and power. Motives for Overseas Exploration The Economic Motive The primary motive for overseas exploration was for the New Monarchies to increase their power by acquiring new sources of wealth. Having centralized their governments at the expense of the feudal nobility and Church, the New Monarchies sought other ways besides internal taxation to increase the wealth and power of their states. As we saw in the previous reading, France and Spain sought to dominate the divided Italian states – much to the dismay of Machiavelli. Besides war, marriage was also used to increase state power. Spain’s influence in Europe grew enormously with the succession of Ferdinand and Isabella’s grandson, Charles Habsburg to the throne of Spain as Charles V. Ruling both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg dynasty was Europe’s most powerful.
[Show full text]
The Age of Exploration
The Age of Exploration Timeline Cards Chapter 5, Card 11 Tyler Pack Subject Matter Expert Chapter 5, Card 12 Avi Katz J. Chris Arndt, PhD, Department of History, James Madison University Chapter 5, Card 13 James Johnson Chapter 6, Card 14 Map tracing Magellan’s world voyage, once owned by Charles V, 1545 (vellum) by Battista Illustration and Photo Credits Agnese (1514–64)/John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, RI, USA/Bridgeman Images Chapter 6, Card 14 Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521)/Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images Title Age Fotostock/SuperStock Chapter 7, Card 15 Angela Padron Chapter 1, Card 1 Martin Hargreaves Chapter 7, Card 16 Marti Major Chapter 1, Card 2 Album/Oronoz/Superstock Chapter 7, Card 17 Daniel Hughes Chapter 1, Card 2 “Portrait of Marco Polo (1254–1324), by Dolfino / Biblioteca Nazionale, Turin, Italy / Chapter 7, Card 18 Bryan Beus Bridgeman Images” Chapter 8, Card 19 Erika Baird Chapter 3, Card 3 DeAgostini / SuperStock Chapter 8, Card 20 “Lifting of the Siege of Pondicherry, 1748, engraved 1789 after work by Antoine Louis Chapter 3, Card 4 Vasco da Gama lands at Kozhikode (Calicut, India), May 20, 1498/Pictures from History/ Francois Sergent-Marceau (1751–1847) / Private Collection / The Stapleton Collection / Bridgeman Images Bridgeman Images” Chapter 3, Card 5 Christian Goupi/age fotostock/SuperStock Chapter 9, Card 21 Japan: Dejima Island, with Dutch flag flying. Chromolithograph of a painting by Johan Chapter 4 , Card 7 Dustin Mackay Maurits (1807–1874)./Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images Chapter 4, Card 8 Signing of Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal, June 7, 1494/De Agostini Chapter 9, Card 22 Scott Hammond Picture Library/G.
[Show full text]
The European Voyages of Exploration: Portugal Scholars Typically Date
The European Voyages of Exploration: Portugal Scholars typically date the European Age of Exploration, or the Age of Discovery, to the period beginning in the fifteenth century and continuing on through the seventeenth century. This period saw the expansion of European presence and influence throughout the world in places such as Asia, Africa, and the Americas, as the Europeans searched for new sea routes to the Far East. The empires of Spain and Portugal, in particular, played a pioneering role as leaders of overseas exploration. Today, Portugal is considered by many to have been the first global empire. During the fifteenth century, Portugal was not a leading political power in the larger dynamic of Europe’s continental politics. It lacked the population and financial resources that other European states enjoyed. However, throughout the sixteenth century, Portugal’s geographic location, its robust commercial maritime trade, and the active involvement of the Portuguese Crown allowed Portugal to emerge in the forefront of European overseas exploration and expansion. Historical Context and Background In the eighth century the Muslim Moors of Northern Africa conquered and occupied the majority of the Iberian Peninsula. Over the subsequent four centuries the region was heavily influenced by Moorish culture, which included Arabic scientific and mathematical theories that would eventually aid the Portuguese Empire in its overseas expeditions. Christian leaders continuously attempted to redeem their land from the Moors during what is now referred to as the Reconquista. While this effort took much longer in Spain, the Reconquista in what would become Portugal was nearly complete by the twelfth century.
[Show full text]