24 CHAPTER 1.3. GRASPING AN EXPANDING GLOBE J.3./. The Portuguese exploration around Ilfrica Pepper. cloves, nntmegs and mace were the principal spices among the.products that sirtee millennia have been traded from South and Southeast Asia to tbc Middle Bast, the Mediterranean and Europe, At first, the western world believed that these spices were products of India. later ofJava.Botb opinions were truefor pepper but By the end of tbe fust millennium CE. Arab authors knew tbat tbe ether three came from a few tiny islands near the end ofthe known world, at tbe outer rim of the immense island empire of the Mabaraja of Sriwijaya in Southern Sumatra. Western Burope was mainly supplied By war of Alexandriaand Beyrouth, wbere Asian products were transhipped to Venice, Genoa and Lisben. From Lisbon, they were carried to Britain and tbc Low Countries and hencc to the Germanic towns of the Hanse League around the Baltie Sea. Venice and Genoa supplied central Europe. In the 13th century, European merchant houses began to explore ways to circumvent Alexandria and Beyrouth and open direct relations with tHE production areas, TIICVenetien brothers Niccoló and Maffee Polo made their firstjcumey to China trom 1255 ro 1269. Two years later. tbey set out OD their secend trip and took Niccoló's 16 years old SOD Marco, whoafter his return in 1295 describedboth voyages in his II miüone; a best seller before boeksellers. When in 1411 the perennial hóStilities between Portugal and the Spanish kingdotl1s ended rather sudden1y. Philippa $1, queea-consort ofking Joêo I of Portugal. fesred that massive dismisaal of soldiery would caase a crisis. She persuaded her entourage to start a war against the Sultan of Fez as a fust step to open an overland routEsouth of Egypt to tbc empire of rhE half-legendary Prester John in Bast Africa and Iorm an alliance against tbc Islam. Tbe objeetive of this expansion was -Al least officially- as much the Iiberation of me Holy Land from the Moors sA as opening a direct trade road 10 India, Philippa's son Prince Henry tbc Navigator (1394..1460), Grand Master of tbc Knights of Christ n. promised his mother on her death-bed to continue her policy of discovering the way to the spices and riohes ofIndia, to christianize the heathen and chase the Mamelukes frorn Jerusalem. SI Philippa (1360-1415), named aller her grand.mOl~r f>bilippa of Holland and Hainault, was a daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and a sister of King Henry IV of England. Sbe WIlS tauglu by Froiasart, Friar Joh» and Chaucer and played a dominant eöle in Portuguese ~ovemment. l Moor: from Ok. (u)j.t<lupt>Ç, weak (light, sight), shaded, blaçk, tnhabitant of Mauritania, In the present context: Mustlm, H The name the Portuguese KnightsTemplars took after the disselatien of the Order in 1312. lts primary tuk remained the liberatlon of Jerusalem, Format rehabilitation in 2007. 25 In the Portuguese quest for the way to India around Africa, Gil Eanes rounded Cape Bojador (Western Sahara) in 1434. Fouryears Iater.pope Eugenius IV donated to king Afonso V of Portugal and hia heirs tbc title to allterritory discovered and to be discovered frrnn Cape Bojador to -end including-- the east ceastofIndia S4. Hls successorNichclas V confirmed this prerogative and enlarged it with the right to rednee tbe Saracens, infidels and paganssouth of'Bojador to perperaal slavery and to dispose freely of their possessions, rnovable and immovable $5, whicb laid tbc tnoral basis tor worldwide slave trade by Christiens. The Atlantic rivalry between Portugal and Castile led to the 1479 Treaty of Alcaçovas, which eonfirmed the.Castilian rights 10 the Canarias but declared the Azores, the Cape Verde Islands and the coast and hinterland of Africa south ofBQ.jadorpossessionsofthe king of Portugal. Ir also forbade eaeh party to sail or.trade in thearea of the otber without permission". About sixry years befere the discovery of America, this left only the Bast- and Southeast- Asian island worJd to be explored. Pero da Covilhä set out in 1489 on a voyage from Portugal 10 Egypt, the Arabian Sen and the west coast of India to collectcommercialandgeographic.:information on the spioe-trade, In 1492, king Jona Ilcharged him wttb a mission to the Ethiopian court, which never permitted him to return toPortugal; bewas still.living there when Rodrigo de Lima and Fraacisco Alvaresarrived in t 5200n a secend diplomatie mission. By then Spain had discovered America, the Portuguese had established maritime hegemony in the Indian Oceanand the liberarion of Jerusal.em had receded in the background. 1.3.2. The Spanish westword cxpJQYatiC>l1 Portugal concentrared its efforts Ort discovering eastward land- and sea-ronteato India and was not interested in Columbus' project to open a westwerd route, Castile accepted his plan and in 1492, in the belief thar the cast coast of India formed part. of the western shores of the Atlantic Ocean, Columbus claimed to have reached some 'Indian' islands, Portugal protested at once that Spain had breken the treary of Alcaçovas and preparedan armada to occupy these islands, while Spainmoved in Rome to obrain Û1C same title to this discovery as Eugenius IV and Nieholas V had granted Portugal ro India. T 0 settle the dispute, in 1493 pope Alexander VI Borgia divided the world in two hemispheres along the meridian of 100 leguas west of the.Azoresandfhe Cape Verde Cf. Barres, 1. I. vii. Bulls 'DUin dtversas' of l S June 1452and'Romarms Ptmti/ex'ofS January 1455. 36 The treaty wasconflrmed in 1481 by pope Sixtus IV in hîsbuU 'lEterni regîs", 26 Islands", whieh were believed tc>lie all on the same longitude. With the exceptlon the territories belonging on Christmasday 1492 to christian princes, he donated all islands and mainlano to thewest and south of'this demarcatien line~.already fonnd or to he discovered in the direetion oflndia oe towards any ether quarter, 10 queen Isebella of Castile andking Ferdinand of Aragon and their hem, Alt islands and mamland to the cast and soutb of this Raya, the Canarias excepted, remained or became Portuguese, A few months later, the pope extended this title with the right to make discoveries in 'the regions of the south and eastand of India' and to take possession thereof S8. It soon became evident that Columbus' newly found islands were neither Cipango with the Golden Roofs nor the Spice Islands of'eloves.nutmegs and mace. Without papal interrnediary or allesion to previous bulls.Castile andPortugal concluded the following year the Treaty of Tordesillas 59, whieh moved the dernarcationliae to 370 legtlas (ca. 2,000 km.) west of the Cape Verde Islands, in modern terrus a shift of 18 degrees to ca. 43"'W. 00. Apart fromthe Canarias, heneeforth all islands and mainlands, already discovered or to he discevered, belonged to tbc monarch in whose hemisphere they were located, Ships could freely pass on a direct course through the waters of the other nation to attain their destinations IJl but no ship was to be despatched into the ether hemisphere for exploration or trade, Should a discovery on the 'wrong' side occur nevertheless, then the privilege offirst occupation would not be applicable; the disoovery remained tbc possessio» of tbe monarch inwhose hemisphere it wasIocated and had to he surrendered to rum at oace, On only a few of the extant 16tb and 17th century Portuguese maps tbc Atlantic demarcation of'Tordesillas is shown, sometimes disguised as a scale of latitude and/or thezero meridian. The Pacific Raya is mostly lacking; Oh some maps, it crosses the Moluceas or Central Java 67 In 1498, Vasco da Gama opent,'<i the way to the Indias around Amen. Affonse de Alboquerque conquered Malacea in 1511> The following year António d'Abren explored the route to Bands and the Moluccas 63, Onthe way back to Mslaoca, bis secend in cernmand Franciseo Scrmo was shipwreeked south of modem Amboina in n Bull Inter caetera of 4 May 1493, ss Bull Dudum siquidem of26 Septembetl493, )<) Papalsanction was given by Julius n în hisbllll of24 January 1506. 6fl This demarcarion crossed the Brazilian coast near Sàö Luis de Maranhào, whereln l601 Henera's map n" 1 labelled a large river 'Rio ManmÓn'. Sec f'igure6. 61 The fitst documented appearanee ofthe Right·ofInnooent Passage. 61 Diogo Ribeiro, 1529, PMC est. 39, 40. 63 For details ()ftbis expedidon seeSoUewijn Gelpke 1995. 27 the Nusa Penyu (Tortoise Islands), whence he made his way to Temate, The Raia of Ternate, hoping to establish hisprimacy in the Moluecas 64 by opening direct trade with the Portugeese in Malacca, sent a letter of.submissien to the kingof Portugal. After the rapid advsnee of the Portuguese to Malacea, pope LeoX renewedand confirmedin 1514 'all andsingular' tbc bulls of1452, 1455~1456alld 1481. Hè also granted Dom Marmel and his heirs 'for greater security' the right to illly terrirory they would discover by sailing from Cape Bojador 'to the Indies, in any place or region whatsoever, even AlthouGH perchance At present unknown to us' 65, in line with the tights granted in 1493 to Spain by Alexander V!. In annoyance, king Mamlei allowed Magalhêes in 1517 to give up his nationaIity and enter in Spanish service. Charles V, then still in his teens, eagerly accepted the project \0 open a westerly route to.the Spice lslands and theriches ofthe Far East In 1520, Magalhäes explored thepassage between South America and Tierra del Fuego and on 6 March 1521 diseovered the Mariaaas Islands in the West Pacific. He was slain in the islet Mactan in me Philippines, in a fight over burning "idols' by newly baptised converts, When the flagship finatl)' reaehed Tidore 00 8 November 1521, ilwas found that the Raja ofTemate andFrancisco Serräo had recently been poisonedand r:hat Dom Tristäo de Meneses.fherepresentarive of'King Manuel, had sailed.off'to Malacca - perhaps to escape IJ similar fate.