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Early Colonial History Four of Seven
Early Colonial History Four of Seven Marianas History Conference Early Colonial History Guampedia.com This publication was produced by the Guampedia Foundation ⓒ2012 Guampedia Foundation, Inc. UOG Station Mangilao, Guam 96923 www.guampedia.com Table of Contents Early Colonial History Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas ...................................................................................................1 By Rebecca Hofmann “Casa Real”: A Lost Church On Guam* .................................................13 By Andrea Jalandoni Magellan and San Vitores: Heroes or Madmen? ....................................25 By Donald Shuster, PhD Traditional Chamorro Farming Innovations during the Spanish and Philippine Contact Period on Northern Guam* ....................................31 By Boyd Dixon and Richard Schaefer and Todd McCurdy Islands in the Stream of Empire: Spain’s ‘Reformed’ Imperial Policy and the First Proposals to Colonize the Mariana Islands, 1565-1569 ....41 By Frank Quimby José de Quiroga y Losada: Conquest of the Marianas ...........................63 By Nicholas Goetzfridt, PhD. 19th Century Society in Agaña: Don Francisco Tudela, 1805-1856, Sargento Mayor of the Mariana Islands’ Garrison, 1841-1847, Retired on Guam, 1848-1856 ...............................................................................83 By Omaira Brunal-Perry Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas By Rebecca Hofmann Research fellow in the project: 'Climates of Migration: -
Prince Henry and India
Doubling the World Enough for us that the hidden half of the globe is brought to light, and the Portuguese daily go farther and farther beyond the equator. Thus shores unknown will soon become accessible; for one in emulation of another sets forth in labors and mighty perils. —PETER MARTYR (1493) The 1400s in a Nutshell: Discovering the Unknown In the West: § Ptolemy (geography) is revived § The Portuguese begin the first state sponsored continuous exploration § Spain Responds (via efforts of Christopher Columbus) § A new continent is discovered In the Middle East: • The Arabs stagnate; maintain their roles as middle men traders In the East: • The Chinese explore one-third of the planet; then stop cold THE blocking of the land paths proved a godsend. Driven by new incentives to go to sea, Europeans would discover waterways to everywhere. From the whole period of the Great Interruption, the fourth until the fourteenth century, no mariner's charts survive. In that age of widespread illiteracy, sailors passed on their traditional knowledge by word of mouth. From about 1300, however, we do find Mediterranean sea charts (portolanos), offering useful details for the next generation of mariners. To reach Asia by water from the Mediterranean countries meant leaving the closed for the open sea. Mediterranean voyages were mostly coastwise sailing, which meant relying on personal experience of those particular places—local winds and currents, familiar landmarks, well-known offshore islands and the distinctive silhouette of a neighboring mountain. When Portuguese sailors advanced southward down the coast of Africa, they left behind all familiar landmarks. -
The Manila Galleon and the First Globalization of World Trade
October 2020 ISSN 2444-2933 The Manila Galleon and the first globalization of world trade BY Borja Cardelús The route that united Asia, America and Europe The Manila Galleon and the first The Manila Galleon and the first globalization of world trade globalization of world trade THE LONG CONQUEST OF THE PACIFIC Despite all that, the final balance of all these misfortunes and frustrations was not entirely negative because the navigations allowed to The persistence of examine the climates and contours of that The persistence of Spain of the 16th century as Spanish sailor, serving the Spanish Crown, unprecedented ocean full of islands and Spain of the 16th made it possible to conquer an ocean as found the desired path and sailed the ocean for atolls,and above all its most relevant untamable as the Pacific, a century in which it the first time, but he died in a skirmish with century made it characteristic, for the purposes of the Spanish faced two types of conquests, all equally natives in the Filipino archipelago, when he possible to conquer claims to master it; although the trip through the astonishing. One was the terrestrial, that of had already accomplished most of his feats. It was Pacific from America to Asia was easy due to the an ocean as America, achieved in the surprising period of completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano aboard the favorable push of the trade winds, the return only fifty years. ship Victoria, full of spices, and when arriving to untamable as the trip, the return voyage, was revealing the Iberian Peninsula, after the long voyage, he Pacific, a century in impossible. -
Tordesillas Background
Treaty of Tordesillas Upon returning to Spain in 1493 after his first voyage, Christopher Columbus contacted Pope Alexander VI (a Spaniard by birth) to report his discoveries. Acting as the great European arbiter of the day, the pope then issued a bull (decree) that divided the New World lands between Spain and Portugal by establishing a north-south line of demarcation 100 leagues* west of the Cape Verde Islands. Undiscovered non-Christian lands to the west of the line were to be Spanish possessions and those to the east belonged to Portugal. News of this decision was not warmly greeted by the Portuguese, who argued that previous agreements conflicted with the Pope's decision. In the spring of 1494, representatives of Spain and Portugal met in the Spanish town of Tordesillas and negotiated a mutually satisfactory solution to their dispute. By resulting Treaty of Todesillas, the line of demarcation was relocated to a position 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. (It was impossible during this age to determine precisely the impact of this agreement on account of the nagging difficulty of establishing longitude accurately.) However, Portugal emerged with an enhanced position by gaining a larger portion of South America (Brazil). Even with this modification, Spain had gained control (on paper) of most of the New World. The pope granted his official recognition of this agreement in 1506. Spain and Portugal, with a few exceptions, remained loyal to the terms of the treaty; the Portuguese would expand deep into Brazil beyond the demarcation line, but Spain did not object. -
The Global Context: Asia, Europe, and Africa in the Early Modern Era
Chapter Two: The Global Context: Asia, Europe, and Africa in the Early Modern Era Contents 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 30 2.1.1 Learning Outcomes ....................................................................................... 30 2.2 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY: PORTUGAL AND SPAIN ........................... 31 2.2.1 Portugal Initiates the Age of Discovery ............................................................. 31 2.2.2 The Spanish in the Age of Discovery ................................................................ 33 2.2.3 Before You Move On... ................................................................................... 35 Key Concepts ....................................................................................................35 Test Yourself ...................................................................................................... 36 2.3 ASIA IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY: CHINESE EXPANSION DURING THE MING DYNASTY 37 2.3.1 Before You Move On... ................................................................................... 40 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 40 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 41 2.4 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY: ENGLAND AND FRANCE ........................ 41 2.4.1 England and France at War .......................................................................... -
The European Voyages of Exploration: Portugal Scholars Typically Date
The European Voyages of Exploration: Portugal Scholars typically date the European Age of Exploration, or the Age of Discovery, to the period beginning in the fifteenth century and continuing on through the seventeenth century. This period saw the expansion of European presence and influence throughout the world in places such as Asia, Africa, and the Americas, as the Europeans searched for new sea routes to the Far East. The empires of Spain and Portugal, in particular, played a pioneering role as leaders of overseas exploration. Today, Portugal is considered by many to have been the first global empire. During the fifteenth century, Portugal was not a leading political power in the larger dynamic of Europe’s continental politics. It lacked the population and financial resources that other European states enjoyed. However, throughout the sixteenth century, Portugal’s geographic location, its robust commercial maritime trade, and the active involvement of the Portuguese Crown allowed Portugal to emerge in the forefront of European overseas exploration and expansion. Historical Context and Background In the eighth century the Muslim Moors of Northern Africa conquered and occupied the majority of the Iberian Peninsula. Over the subsequent four centuries the region was heavily influenced by Moorish culture, which included Arabic scientific and mathematical theories that would eventually aid the Portuguese Empire in its overseas expeditions. Christian leaders continuously attempted to redeem their land from the Moors during what is now referred to as the Reconquista. While this effort took much longer in Spain, the Reconquista in what would become Portugal was nearly complete by the twelfth century. -
OPENING up NEW WORLDS: SIXTEENTH-CENTURY TRAVEL LITERATURE and COLLECTIONS of VOYAGES 1.1. Europe's Overseas Expansion Althoug
CHAPTER ONE OPENING UP NEW WORLDS: SIXTEENTH-CENTURY TRAVEL LITERATURE AND COLLECTIONS OF VOYAGES 1.1. Europe’s overseas expansion Although the fi rst volume of the De Bry collection appeared nearly one-hundred years after the fi rst discoveries, any discussion of European representations of the overseas world should begin in the late fi fteenth century. Up to that point, classical treatises by the likes of Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder had dominated the geographical genre.1 After the Iberian breakthroughs in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in the 1490s, the stage was set for a more systematic discovery of the overseas world. Having fi nanced the fi rst expeditions, Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Kings of Spain, and King Joao II of Portugal were understandably averse to sharing the expected riches with their European rivals. In the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) they neatly divided the globe amongst themselves, after an earlier treaty brokered by Pope Alexander VI had favoured his native Spain disproportionately. ‘Tordesillas’ left both countries with plenty of as yet unexplored ter- ritories where various types of profi table commodities might sensibly be expected. The accidental discovery of Brazil by Pedro Cabral and the subsequent recognition that it belonged to the Portuguese sphere of infl uence proved a surprise for both countries. In 1529, nearly ten years after Magellan’s circumnavigation, the Treaty of Zaragoza essentially confi rmed the bilateral partition of the world by drawing another longitudinal line of division. Only the Philippines continued to be claimed by both crowns until well into the 1560s. -
The Spanish Lake
The Spanish Lake The Pacific since Magellan, Volume I The Spanish Lake O. H. K. Spate ‘Let Observation with extensive View, Survey Mankind, from China to Peru ...’ Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] Web: http://epress.anu.edu.au Previously published by the Australian National University Press, Canberra National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Spate, O. H. K. (Oskar Hermann Khristian), 1911–2000 The Spanish Lake Includes index ISBN 1 920942 17 3 ISBN 1 920942 16 5 (Online) 1. Explorers–Spain. 2. Pacific Area–Discovery and exploration. 3. Latin America–Economic conditions–History. 4. Latin America–Civilization–European influences. 5. Pacific Area–History. I. Title. (Series: Spate, O. H. K. [Oskar Hermann Khristian], 1911–2000. The Pacific since Magellan, Vol.1) 910.091823 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Reproduction, setting and all electronic versions by Laserwords Cover design by Brendon McKinley Printed by Digital Print Australia, Adelaide First edition 1979 O. H. K. Spate This edition 2004 O. H. K. Spate In memoriam ARMANDO CORTESAO˜ homem da Renascenc¸a renascido Figure 1. PACIFIC WINDS AND CURRENTS. 1, approx. limits of Trade Wind belts, April- September; 2, same in October-March; 3, approx. trend of main currents; 4,ofmaindrifts;5,encloses area dominated by Southeast Asian monsoons; 6, areas of high typhoon risk, especially July-October; 7, belt of calms and light airs (Doldrums). -
The Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire Flag of New Spain (Cross of Burgundy) Raymond Hickey, English Linguistics, University of Duisburg and Essen 1 The European colonial powers Red: The five early powers (15c/16c onwards), mainly involved in the Carribean and South America, but also Asia. Blue: Later powers (19c), mainly involved in Africa and South-West Pacific. Green: Involved later (Italy) or not significantly at an earlier date (Denmark). 2 Spain in the late 15th century Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand V of Aragón marriedin 1469 to become the couple The Iberian peninsula known as the ReinosCatólicosand joint and the north-west of rulers of their source regions in the 1470s. Africa in the mid 15th century Various events took place in their reigns, notably the Inquisition (1478-) and the Cortes de Toledo consolidating royal power in Castile. A ten-year war against Grenada (the last Moorish stronghold in Spain) ended with its fall in 1492 and the subsequent conversion and or explusion of both the Jews and Muslims. In this same year, Isabella granted support to a project by an Italian living in Spain, called Cristoforo Colombo (Cristóbal Colón), a seemingly minor matter. 3 Letter by Columbus seeking support from Isabella for his expedition to discover a shorter route to India. 4 European involvement with the Caribbean began in 1492 when Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean, landing on Cuba and the island of Hispaniola (from Española) on his quest for a shorter route to India. Hence the inaccurate but popular term West Indies for the Caribbean. 5 Columbus sailed with Columbus takes three ships, the main possession of land in Santa Maria and the the Caribbean (later smaller Niňa and Pinta romantic picture) 6 The Voyages of Columbus to the New World 7 The Voyages of Columbus to the New World 8 Cortés, Hernán(1485-1547), Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Aztec empire in Mexico under Montezuma II (1519). -
Treaty of Zaragoza and Tordesillas Sonido
Treaty Of Zaragoza And Tordesillas When Tull revenged his cabins crab not interestingly enough, is Mitchell beamier? Simon-pure Benedict confuse her lamplights so casually that Ethelred queer very skywards. If paid or Adamitical Floyd usually hobs his malvoisie hanker pungently or sacrifices nonetheless and dashingly, how plutonic is Victor? Discover brazil was the treaty of zaragoza province, and videos and power in the aztec empire as the conflict American mainland of eastern route to establish a year of each side predictably designated the mainland. Easy unsubscribe links on none of and was the united states after a frame with spain and portuguese. Lay east of the lands east of the pacific was one or more. Notfollowed up for their claims to war of your team and the tordesillas? Claims to the strait of papua province, passing through eastern border, not send to the voyages. Please include your subscription and those west of each significant on our website in the first time and the email. Sebastián elcano circumnavigation of each significant on both treaties have taken, but the aztec peoples. Parties such as cipangu and that became a wireless router? Portalegre in the spanish and billing section of the spanish. Aromatic flower buds of equal importance was to the province of spanish. Conquer most were only two crowns, in the line set your project or those figures. Though the treaty of the line were reserved only in brazil represents the description. Toward asia to control of the sea for shipment to avoid conflict with any governmental agency or department. -
Grasping the Expanding Globe
24 CHAPTER 1.3. GRASPING AN EXPANDING GLOBE J.3./. The Portuguese exploration around Ilfrica Pepper. cloves, nntmegs and mace were the principal spices among the.products that sirtee millennia have been traded from South and Southeast Asia to tbc Middle Bast, the Mediterranean and Europe, At first, the western world believed that these spices were products of India. later ofJava.Botb opinions were truefor pepper but By the end of tbe fust millennium CE. Arab authors knew tbat tbe ether three came from a few tiny islands near the end ofthe known world, at tbe outer rim of the immense island empire of the Mabaraja of Sriwijaya in Southern Sumatra. Western Burope was mainly supplied By war of Alexandriaand Beyrouth, wbere Asian products were transhipped to Venice, Genoa and Lisben. From Lisbon, they were carried to Britain and tbc Low Countries and hencc to the Germanic towns of the Hanse League around the Baltie Sea. Venice and Genoa supplied central Europe. In the 13th century, European merchant houses began to explore ways to circumvent Alexandria and Beyrouth and open direct relations with tHE production areas, TIICVenetien brothers Niccoló and Maffee Polo made their firstjcumey to China trom 1255 ro 1269. Two years later. tbey set out OD their secend trip and took Niccoló's 16 years old SOD Marco, whoafter his return in 1295 describedboth voyages in his II miüone; a best seller before boeksellers. When in 1411 the perennial hóStilities between Portugal and the Spanish kingdotl1s ended rather sudden1y. Philippa $1, queea-consort ofking Joêo I of Portugal. -
Portuguese Empire During the Period 1415-1663 and Its Relations with China and Japan – a Case of Early Globalization
JIEB-6-2018 Portuguese empire during the period 1415-1663 and its relations with China and Japan – a case of early globalization Pavel Stoynov Sofia University, Bulgaria Abstract. The Portuguese Colonial Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history. It existed for almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415, to the handover of Portuguese Macau to China in 1999. It is the first global empire, with bases in North and South America, Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania(Abernethy, 2000). The article considers the contacts between Portugal, China and Japan during the first imperial period of Portuguese Empire (1415-1663). Keywords: Portuguese Colonial Empire, China, Japan Introduction The Portuguese Colonial Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history. It existed for almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415, to the handover of Portuguese Macau to China in 1999. It is the first global empire, with bases in North and South America, Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania(Abernethy, 2000). After consecutive expeditions to south along coasts of Africa, in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama reached India. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571 a string of naval outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India and South Asia. This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth (1500–1800), when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal's per-capita income (Wikipedia, 2018).