University College London INSTITUTE of ARCHAEOLOGY UCL - INSTITUTE of ARCHAEOLOGY

University College London INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY UCL - INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

GEOARCHAEOLOGY: METHODS AND CONCEPTS ARCL0097 Term I, 2018-9,

Masters Option, 15 credits Turnitin Class ID: 3545497 Turnitin Password: IoA1819

Assessment deadlines: 14 December 2018, 25 January 2019 Provisional marks and feedback will be provided four weeks (excluding holidays) after deadlines.

Co-ordinator: Dr Manuel Arroyo-Kalin E-mail: [email protected] - Room 401, Tel 02076797523 (Internal 27523)

Phil Stoffer (2005) – http://geologycafe.com

ARCLG104 - Geoarchaeology: Methods and Concepts 1. OVERVIEW

Short description

This course provides a broad overview of the discipline of geoarchaeology and its application in a range of different environmental settings and archaeological contexts. Specifically, the course illustrate how geoarchaeology draws on earth-scientific thinking, approaches, and techniques to tackle archaeological questions.

Week-by-week summary

Week Tuesday Wednesday 1 2 OCT (room B13) 3 OCT Briefing: Introduction to ARCL0097 L01 Geoarchaeology and the Anthropocene 2 9 OCT (room B13) 10 OCT (room 412) L02 Soils and Sediments S01 Slopes and soils L03 Landforms & Process 1 3 16 OCT (room B13) 17 OCT – G (room 412) L04 Landforms & Process 2 S02 Geoarchaeological laboratory L05 Landforms & Process 3 techniques 4 23 OCT (room B13) 24 OCT L06 Strat., paleosols, archaeosols S03 Geoarchaeology, stratigraphy 5 30 OCT (room B13) 31 OCT (Room B10) L07 Occupation deposits P01 Soil micromorphology S04 Occup. deposits 1: cave geoarchaeology

6 13 NOV (room B13) 14 NOV – PQ (Room B10) S05 Occup. deposits 2 : open air sites P02 Rock micromorphology L08 Human impact and landscapes 7 20 NOV (room B13) 21 NOV (Room B10) S06 Agrarian landscapes P03 Soil micromorphology L09 Experimental Geoarchaeology 8 27 NOV (room B13) 28 NOV – JG (Room B50) S07 Geo-Ethno-Archaeology P04 Geoarchaeology project intro L10 Tells and Mounds 9 4 DEC (Room B50) 5 DEC – JG (Room B50) P05 Geoarchaeology project P06 Geoarchaeology project 10 11 DEC (Room B50) 12 DEC – JG (Room B50) P07 Geoarchaeology project P08 Geoarchaeology project

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Basic texts

Butzer, K. W. (1976). Geomorphology from the Earth. New York, Harper & Row. -> BEST INTRODUCTION TO GEOMORPHOLOGY Butzer, K. W. (1982). Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. -> A MUST READ Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. (2006). Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell. -> CORE TEXTBOOK FOR COURSE, ESPECIALLY MICROMORPHOLOGY Holliday, V. T. (2004). Soils in Archaeological Research. New York, Oxford University Press. -> KEY REFERENCE FOR GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF SOILS Stoops, G. and C. Nicosia, Eds. (2017). Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology. New York, Wiley and sons. Rapp, G., & Hill, C. L. (1998).Geoarchaeology: the earth-science approach to archaeological interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press. -> EXCELLENT INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS Stoops, G., V. Marcelino and F. Mees, Eds. (2010). Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Waters, M. R. (1992). Principles of Geoarchaeology: a North American perspective. Tucson: University of Arizona Press -> EXCELLENT CHAPTERS ON SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES

In addition to those listed above, the following books contain important position statements about what geoarchaeology is. Students should familiarise themselves with these positions:

French, C. A. I. (2003). Geoarchaeology in Action: Studies in Soil Micromorphology and Landscape Evolution. London: Routledge. Herz, N. and E. G. Garrison (1998). Geological methods for archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Methods of assessment: this course will be assessed as follows: a) A max. 2000-word scientific catalogue, contributing 50% of the course grade, and b) A max. 2000-laboratory report, contributing 50% of the course grade1.

Assessments: SCIENTIFIC CATALOGUE due on 14 December 2018 LAB REPORT DUE on 25 January 2019

Please see Assessment Tasks (below) for further details about individual assessments

Teaching methods: The course is organised as a series of lectures, seminars, and laboratory sessions. All meetings are compulsory and most have recommended readings. Lectures provide general overviews of key geoarchaeological themes: the more you read beforehand, the better you will understand the subject matter. The finer details of specific themes are expanded and discussed during seminars, where students are expected to have undertaken at least two thirds of the readings for each session (sometimes reading may be assigned to groups of students – this means that students are expected to have read at least all of the specifically assigned readings). Seminars are a crucial part of the course and students should ensure the pay attention to specific inferential pathways employed in different case studies. Laboratory practicals – which include work with bulk sediment samples and an introduction to the use of soil and sediment micromorphology in

1 Word counts exclude the title page, the table of contents, any lists of figures and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions, contents of tables and figures, and appendices.

ARCL0097 - Revised: 30 Sep 2018/MA-K – ver 1.0 2 geoarchaeological research – provide demonstrations of how specific techniques are used. These demonstrations are essential for students to understand how geoarchaeology develops and analyses its basic data. Lessons and insights from all three types of meetings (lectures, seminars and practicals) will be used when producing assessed coursework.

Workload: There will be 10 hours of lectures, 9 hours of seminars, and 21 hours of laboratory practicals. Students can be expected to undertake around 40 hours of reading for lectures, seminars and laboratory tutorials, as well as additional 70 hours producing assessed work (of which 50% are likely to be spent in the lab). This adds up to a total workload of 150 hours for the course.

Prerequisites: This course does not have a prerequisite and does not demand a strong a priori background in science.

2. AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT

Aims and Objectives: This course introduced Geoarchaeology at the Masters Level. The aim of the course is to provide students with the knowledge base and practical tools necessary to critically evaluate geoarchaeological research, formulate geoarchaeological research questions, and undertake entry-level geoarchaeological investigations.

On successful completion of this course, students will

• Understand the main concepts, themes, and approaches that make up the discipline of geoarchaeology, including how it relates to broader archaeological and earth science concerns. • Understand how a geoarchaeological perspective can be employed to formulate and tackle archaeological research questions in different landscape contexts. • Acquire a comprehensive overview of the practical approaches that can be employed to study sediments and soils in the course of geoarchaeological research. • Acquire practical laboratory skills to implement some of these approaches, specifically with a view to undertaking geoarchaeological research during and after the postgraduate course.

Learning Outcomes: A range of generic skills will be sharpened or developed during the course, including summarising scientific papers, the manipulation of data with spreadsheets, and technical report writing based on laboratory work. In addition, those students who did not possess a background in science will find that they now do!

Assessment tasks:

A. The Scientific Catalogue (deadline: 14 December 2018) is a catalogue of signature macros, meso and micromorphological characteristics associated with particular archaeological depositional environments. These features must be relevant to identify specific earth dynamics, understand associated site formation process and/or pertinent to deciphering specific forms of human impact on the landscape. Some examples of choice topics/settings:

- alluvial environments - aeolian environments -coastal enviroments - Tells and mounds in - Paleosols - Karstic caves - shell middens - Colluvial deposits - burning features - raised fields -anthrosols - another topic you choose (talk to MA-K first)

The catalogue should be conceptualised as an image catalogue that reviews published reference works and case studies paying critical attention to descriptions. It should incorporate clearly- explained good quality photographs (ideally colour and high resolution) and/or drawings of specific relevant features. Students should register a topic with the course coordinator by email no later

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than 3 November 2018. Formative feedback can be requested by 1 December and will be offered provided that the catalogue by then has expanded to 1000 words. The completed assignments must be uploaded to TurnitIn as a single word file. The hardcopy can be printed in b/w. The total length (minus referencing) should be 2200 words.

B. The Assessed Laboratory Report (deadline: 25 January 2019) will consist of sediment descriptions, data from analyses, micromorphological observations, and a summary discussion of results of a laboratory exercise with real archaeological samples that will be undertaken by the entire class under supervision of MA-K and Sandra Bond during December.

3. SCHEDULE and SYLLABUS

Week I.

Tuesday 2 October

11-12 hrs Introduction to ARCL0097

12-13 hrs L01. Introduction: Archaeology, the Geosciences, and the Anthropocene

We start with a double lecture discussing the broad scope of geoarchaeology, its historical origins and links to the geosciences, its multiple approaches, and its pertinence within current discussions about the Anthropocene. The lecture will be preceded by a general briefing on the course structure.

Sources:

English Heritage. (2004). Geoarchaeology: Using earth sciences to understand the archaeological record. Swindon: English Heritage Publications.

Approaches to geoarchaeology:

Butzer K.W. (1980). Context in archaeology: An alternative perspective. Journal of Field Archaeology 7: 417-422. Butzer, K. W. (2008). "Challenges for a cross-disciplinary geoarchaeology: The intersection between environmental history and geomorphology." Geomorphology 101: 402-411. French, Charly A.I. 2003. Geoarchaeology in Action: Studies in Soil Micromorphology and Landscape Evolution. London: Routledge. Gladfelter, Bruce G. 1977. "Geoarchaeology: The Geomorphologist and Archaeology." American Antiquity 42 (4):519-538.. Stein, J. K. (1993). Scale in Archaeology, Geosciences, and Geoarchaeology. Effects of scale on Archaeological and Geoscientific perspectives. J. K. Stein and A. R. Linse, Geological Society of America. Pp 1-10 Rapp, G. and JA Gifford (1982). "Archaeological Geology." American Scientists 70(1). Wilson, L. (2011). The Role of Geoarchaeology in Extending Our Perspective. In L Wilson (ed.) Human Interactions with the Geosphere: The Geoarchaeological Perspective. London, Geological Society Special Publication. 352: 1-9.

On the Anthropocene:

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Cremaschi, M. (2014). "When did the Anthropocene begin? A geoarchaeological approach to deciphering the consequences of human activity in pre-protohistoric times: selected cases from the Po Plain (northern Italy)." Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 25: 101-112. Ellis, E. C., Kaplan, J. O., Fuller, D. Q., Vavrus, S., Goldewijk, K. K., & Verburg, P. H. (2013). Used planet: A global history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(20), 7978- 7985. Harvey, Adrian W. 2002. 'Effective timescales of coupling within fluvial systems', Geomorphology, 44: 175-201. Lewis, S. L. and M. A. Maslin (2015). "Defining the Anthropocene." Nature 519(171-180). Olofsson, J., & Hickler, T. (2008). Effects of human land-use on the global carbon cycle during the last 6,000 years. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 17(5), 605-615. Ruddiman, W. F. (2007). The Early Anthropogenic hypothesis: challenges and responses. Reviews of Geophysics, 45, 4001. Thomas, M. F. 2001. 'Landscape sensitivity in time and space - an introduction', Catena, 42: 83-98.

Week II.

Tuesday 9 October 11-12 hrs L02. Soils and Sediments

This lecture sets out the contrast between soils and sediments and reviews key types of soil forming dynamics, providing a background to assess the integrity of environmental archives lodged in soils and sediments.

Sources:

* Arroyo-Kalin, M. (2014). Anthropogenic sediments and soils, Geoarchaeology. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. C. Smith. New York, Springer. 1: 279-284. Birkeland, P. W. (1999). Soils and Geomorphology (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 53- 66; 184-185; 238-240 French, C. A. I. (2003). Geoarchaeology in Action: Studies in Soil Micromorphology and Landscape Evolution. London: Routledge. Ch 4 * Davidson, D., & Simpson, I. (2005). The time dimension in landscape ecology: cultural soils and spatial pattern in early landscapes. In J. A. Wiends & M. R. Moss (Eds.), Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology (pp. 152-158). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. (2006). Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell, Ch 3 * Holliday, V. T. (2004). Soils in Archaeological Research. New York, Oxford University Press, Ch. 7, 8 and 9 Johnson, D. L. 2002. Darwin would be proud: Bioturbation, dynamic denudation, and the power of theory in science. Geoarchaeology 17(1): 7-40. Johnson, D. L., Domier, J. E. J., & Johnson, D. N. (2005). Reflections on the nature of soil and its biomantle. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(1), 11-31. Limbrey, S. (1975).Soil science and archaeology. New York: Academic Press. * Phillips, J. D., & Lorz, C. (2008).Origins and implications of soil layering. Earth-Science Reviews, 89, 144-155. Schaetzl, R. and S. Anderson (2005). Soils. Genesis and Geomorphology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Pages 93-105; 239-293. Waters, M. R. (1992). Principles of Geoarchaeology: a North American perspective. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Ch 7

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* Walkington, H. (2010). "Soil science applications in archaeological contexts: A review of key challenges." Earth-Science Reviews 103(3-4): 122-134. Woods, W. I. (2003). Development of anthrosol research. In J. Lehmann, D. Kern, B. Glaser & W. Woods (Eds.), Amazonian Dark Earths: Origins, Properties and Management (pp. 3-14). Dordrecht: Kluwer Press.

Other reference works on soils: Duchaufour, P. (1982). Pedology: Pedogenesis and Classification. London: George Allen &Unwyn.

Jenny, H. (1941). Factors of soil formation. New York, McGraw-Hill.

Stoops, G, V Marcelino, F Mees (2010) Interpretation of micromorphological features of soils and regoliths. London: Elsevier -> LINKS BETWEEN SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND MICROMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES – DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE BOOK AND STUDY IT

12-13 hrs L03. Landforms and Processes 1

In this (L4) and two subsequent lectures (L5 & L6) we examine we emphasise key aspects of geomorphological knowledge and their interface with geoarchaeological questions by examining 5 broad depositional contexts, their associated landforms, and the range of earth-surface processes that characteristically display.

Readings (L03, L04, and L05):

Brown, A. G. (1997). Alluvial geoarchaeology: floodplain archaeology and environmental change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Butzer, K. W. (1976). Geomorphology from the Earth. New York, Harper & Row. Butzer, K. W. (1982). Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dunne, T. and R. E. Aalto (2013). 9.32 Large River Floodplains. Treatise on Geomorphology. J. F. Shroder. San Diego, Academic Press: 645-678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374739- 6.00258-X * French, C. A. I (2016) Colluvial settings. In AS Gilbert (ed) Encyclopaedia of Geoarchaeology. New York: Springer, pp. 157-170 French, C. A. I. (2003). Geoarchaeology in Action: Studies in Soil Micromorphology and Landscape Evolution. London: Routledge. Ch. 3 Pp 20-25, 30-34, Ch 5, ch 9 French, C. A. I. (2017). Colluvial Settings. Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology. A. S. Gilbert. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 157-170. * Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. (2006). Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell. Ch 4,5,6,7 Goudie, A. S. (2017). Eolian Settings: Sand. Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology. A. S. Gilbert. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 239-245. Hassan, F. A. (1985). Fluvial Systems and Geoarchaeology in Arid Lands: With Examples from North Africa, the Near East and the American Southwest. In J. K. Stein & W. R. Farrand (Eds.), Archaeological sediments in context (pp. 53-68).Orono: Center for the Study of Early Man, Institute for Quaternary Studies, University of Maine at Orono. Haynes, C. V. (2000). Geochronology and Climate Change of the Pleistocene–Holocene Transition in the Darb el Arba’in Desert, Eastern Sahara. Geoarchaeology, 16(1), 117-141. Herz, N. and E. G. Garrison (1998). Geological methods for archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University Press. pp. 56-63 Hill, C. L. (2017). Glacial Settings. Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology. A. S. Gilbert. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 327-336.

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* Howard, A. J., and M. G. Macklin. "A Generic Geomorphological Approach Archaeological Interpretation and to Prospection in British River Valleys: A Guide for Archaeologists Investigating Holocene Landscapes." Antiquity 73 (1999): 527-41. Lathrap, D. W. (1968). Aboriginal occupation and changes in river channel on the central Ucayali, Peru. American Anthropologist, 33(1), 62-79. * Morhange, C., M. Magny and N. Marriner (2017). Paleoshores (Lakes and Sea). Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology. A. S. Gilbert. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 613-628. Nunn, P. (2016) Coastal settings. In AS Gilbert (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Geoarchaeology. New York: Springer, pp. 145-156. Pärssinen, M. H., Salo, J. S., & Räsänen, M. E. (1996). River floodplain relocations and the abandonment of Aborigine settlements in the Upper Amazon Basin: A historical case study of San Miguel de Cunibos at the Middle Ucayali River. Geoarchaeology, 11(4), 345-359. Rapp, G., & Hill, C. L. (1998).Geoarchaeology: the earth-science approach to archaeological interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp 54-57, 74-81 Reading, H. G. (Ed.). (2004). Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy. London: Blackwell Science. Ch 3,4,5 and 11 Waters, M.R. 1992. Principles of geoarchaeology: A North American perspective. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Wells, L. E. (2001). Archaeological Sediments in Coastal Environments. In J. K. Stein & W. R. Farrand (Eds.), Sediments in Archaeological Context (pp. 149-181). Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press. Zárate, M. A. (2017). Eolian Settings: Loess. Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology. A. S. Gilbert. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 233-239.

~Wednesday 10 October

14-16 hrs S01. Slopes And Soils

Field, J., & Banning, E. B. (1998). Hillslope Processes and Archaeology in Wadi Ziqlab, Jordan. Geoarchaeology, 13(6), 595-616. Leigh, David S. 1998. Evaluating artifact burial by eolian versus bioturbation processes, South Carolina Sandhills, USA. Geoarchaeology 13(3): 309-330. Leopold, M. and J. Völkel (2007). "Quantifying prehistoric soil erosion - A review of soil loss methods and their application to a Celtic square enclosure (Viereckschanze) in Southern Germany." Geoarchaeology 22(8): 873-889. McBrearty, S. (1990). Consider the Humble Termite: Termites as Agents of Post-depositional Disturbance at African Archaeological Sites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 17, 111-143.

Week III.

~Tuesday 16 October

11-12hrs L04. Landforms and surface processes 2

In this (L5) and two other lectures (4 & L6) we examine we emphasise key aspects of geomorphological knowledge and their interface with geoarchaeological questions by examining 5 broad depositional contexts, their associated landforms, and the range of earth surface processes that characteristically display

See Lecture 4 for reading list.

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12-13hrs L05. Landforms and surface processes 3

In this (L05) and the two preceding lectures (L03 & L04) we examine we emphasise key aspects of geomorphological knowledge and their interface with geoarchaeological questions by examining 5 broad depositional contexts, their associated landforms, and the range of earth surface processes that characteristically display

See Lecture 4 for reading list

Readings:

~Wednesday 17 October

14-16hrs S02. Geoarchaeological laboratory techniques

All students should read:

French, Charles. 2015. A Handbook of Geoarchaeological Approaches to Settlement Sites and Landscapes. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Appendix A

And either Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. (2006). Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell. Ch 16

Garrison, E. G. (2003). Techniques in Archaeological Geology. New York: Springer. PP. 121- 140

In addition, individual readings will be assigned from the following :

Avery, B. W. and C. L. Bascomb, Eds. (1982). Soil Survey Laboratory Methods. Soil Survey Dorking, Soil Survey of England and Wales. Chagué-Goff, C., & Wong, H. K. Y. (2013). 14.23 Wet Chemical Methods (pH, Electrical Conductivity, Ion-Selective Electrodes, Colorimetric Analysis, Ion Chromatography, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, and Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry). In J. F. Shroder (Ed.), Treatise on Geomorphology (pp. 274-281). San Diego: Academic Press. Dinis, P., & Castilho, A. (2012). Integrating Sieving and Laser Data To Obtain Bulk Grain-Size Distributions. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 82(9), 747-754. doi:10.2110/jsr.2012.62 Gale, S.J. & Hoare, P.G. 1991. Quaternary Sediments: Petrographic Methods for the Study of Unlithified Rocks, 2nd edition, The Blackburn Press, New Jersey. Ch 4.1 Gale, S.J. & Hoare, P.G. 1991. Quaternary Sediments: Petrographic Methods for the Study of Unlithified Rocks, 2nd edition, The Blackburn Press, New Jersey. Ch 4.7 Gale, S.J. & Hoare, P.G. 1991. Quaternary Sediments: Petrographic Methods for the Study of Unlithified Rocks, 2nd edition, The Blackburn Press, New Jersey. Ch 5.9 Gee, G.W. and J.W. Bauder. 1986. Particle-size analysis, pp. 383-0411. In A. Klute (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. SSSA Book Ser. 5. SSSA, Madison, WI.

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Goodman-Elgar, M. A., Bettencourt, N. S., & Conrey, R. (2014). Geochemical Characterization of Bolivian Formative Earthen Architecture by Wavelength-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence. Geoarchaeology, 30(1), 32-58. doi:10.1002/gea.21500 Heiri, Oliver, André F. Lotter and Gerry Lemcke. 2001. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. J. Paleoliminology 25: 101-110. Kennedy, D. M., & Woods, J. L. D. (2013). 14.22 Determining Organic and Carbonate Content in Sediments. In J. F. Shroder (Ed.), Treatise on Geomorphology (pp. 262-273). San Diego: Academic Press. Konert, M. and J. Vandenberghe. 1997. Comparison of laser grain size analysis with pipette and sieve analysis: a solution for the underestimation of the clay fraction. Sedimentology 44: 523- 535. Shackley, M. S. (2011). An Introduction to X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis in Archaeology. In M. S. Shackley (Ed.), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology (pp. 7-44). New York, NY: Springer New York. Soil Survey Staff (1996). Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. Washington DC, National Soil Survey Center. Sun H., Nelson M., Chen F., and J. Husch. 2009. Soil mineral structural water loss during loss on ignition analyses. Canadian J. Soil Science 89: 603–610. Switzer, A. D. (2013). 14.19 Measuring and Analyzing Particle Size in a Geomorphic Context. In J. F. Shroder (Ed.), Treatise on Geomorphology (pp. 224-242). San Diego: Academic Press.

Week IV.

~Tuesday 23 October

11-12 hrs L06. Stratigraphy, paleosols, archaeosediments

In this lecture we examine basic principles of stratigraphy and how they shape our understanding of paleosols and archaeosediments

Butzer, Karl W. 1994 [1982]. Archaeology as Human Ecology. CUP. 67-77 * Courty, M.-A. (2001). Microfacies analysis assisting archaeological stratigraphy. Earth Sciences and Archaeology. P. Goldberg, V. T. Holliday and C. R. Ferring. London, Kluwer: 205-239. Coe, A L. 2010. Recording Features of Sedimentary Rocks and Constructing Graphic Logs In: Coe, A L (ed.) Geological Field Techniques. Milton Keynes: Blackwell Publishin / Open University * French, Charles. 2015. A Handbook of Geoarchaeological Approaches to Settlement Sites and Landscapes. Oxford: Oxbow Books. FAO (2006). Guidelines for Soil Description. Fourth Edition. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. * Evans, David J. A., and Douglas I. Benn, eds. 2004. A Practical Guide to the Study of Glacial Sediments: Taylor and Francis. -> Available Onlline Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. (2006). Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell. Ch 2, Ch 15 – Section 15.5 Holliday, V. T. (1989). Paleopedology in archaeology. In A. Bronger & K. W. G. Valentine (Eds.), Paleopedology. Nature and Application of Paleosols (pp. 187-206). Cremlingen: Catena- Verlag. Holliday, V. T. (2004). Soils in Archaeological Research. New York, Oxford University Press: Chapters 5 and 6 Keene, P. (1982). "The examination of exposures of pleistocene sediments in the field: a self-paced exercise." Journal of Geography in Higher Education 6(2): 109-121.

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Schoeneberger, P. J., et al. (2012). Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils. Version 3.0. Lincoln, Nebraska, National Soil Survey Center. Tucker, M. E. (2003). Sedimentary rocks in the field. Chichester, Wiley Academic Publishers. Waters, M.R. 1992. Principles of geoarchaeology: A North American perspective. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Ch 2: pp. 60-88.

12-13 hrs S03. Geoarchaeology and stratigraphy

All students should read:

Fedoroff, N, M-A Courty, Z Guo (2010) Palaeosoils and Relict Soils. In Stoops, G, V Marcelino, F Mees et al. (eds.) Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths. Amsterdam, Elsevier: 633-662

Seminar readings will be assigned from the following

Butzer, K. W. (2004). Coastal eolian sands, paleosols, and Pleistocene geoarchaeology of the Southwestern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(12), 1743-1781. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2004.05.005 French, Charles, Richard Periman, Linda Scott Cummings, Stephen Hall, Melissa Goodman-Elgar, and Julie Boreham. 2009. "Holocene Alluvial Sequences, Cumulic Soils and Fire Signatures in the Middle Rio Puerco Basin at Guadalupe Ruin, New Mexico." Geoarchaeology 24 (5):638-676. Kemp, Rob A., Nick Branch, Barbara Silva, Frank Meddens, Alan Williams, Anne Kendall, and Cirilio Vivanco. 2006. "Pedosedimentary, cultural and environmental signiﬁcance of paleosols within pre-hispanic agricultural terraces in the southern Peruvian Andes." Quaternary International 158:13-22. Uribelarrea del Val, D., & Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. (2017). Geoarchaeology in a meandering river: A study of the BK site (1.35Ma), Upper Bed II, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 488, 76-83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.05.006 Usai, M. R. (2001). Textural Pedofeatures and Pre-Hadrian's Wall Ploughed Paleosols at Stanwix, Carlisle, Cumbria, U.K. Journal of Archaeological Science, 28(5), 541-553. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0609 Van Andel, T. H. (1998). Paleosols, red sediments, and the Old Stone Age in Greece. Geoarchaeology, 13(4), 361-390.

Week V. Tuesday 30 October

11-12 hrs L07. Occupation deposits

Required readings: * Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. (2006) Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell, Ch 8, 10, 11 Butzer, K. W. (1982). Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Ch. 6, 7 Courty, M.-A., Macphail, R., & Goldberg, P. (1989). Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 63-74 Dempsey, E. C. and R. D. Mandel (2017). Living Surfaces. Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology. A. S. Gilbert. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 486-492.

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Farrand, W. R. (2001). Archaeological Sediments in Rockshelters and Caves. In J. K. Stein & W. R. Farrand (Eds.), Sediments in Archaeological Context (pp. 29-66). Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press. Goldberg, P., & Mandel, R. D. (2008). Caves and Rockshelters. In M. P. Editor-in-Chief: Deborah (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Archaeology (pp. 966-974). New York: Academic Press. Karkanas, P., P Goldberg (2016) Cave settings. In AS Gilbert (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Geoarchaeology. New York: Springer, pp. 108-118. Laville, H. (1976). Deposits in calcareous rock shelters: analytical methods and climatic interpretation. In D. A. Davidson, M. L. Shackley (Eds.), Geoarchaeology. Earth Science and the Past (pp. 137-157). London: Gerald Duckworth and Co. Mentzer, S. M. (2017). Rockshelter Settings. In A. S. Gilbert (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology (pp. 725-743). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Miller, C. E., Conard, N. J., Goldberg, P., & Berna, F. (2010). Dumping, sweeping and trampling: experimental micromorphological analysis of anthropogenically modifie d combustion features. Palethnologie, 2(25-37). Rapp, G., & Hill, C. L. (1998). Geoarchaeology: the earth-science approach to archaeological interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 66-71 Waters M.R. (1992). Principles of Geoarchaeology. Tucson: University of Arizona. In Chapter 5, Rockshelters and caves, pp 240-247.

12-13 hrs S04. Occupation deposits 1: Cave sites

Araújo, A., J. Feathers, M. Arroyo-Kalin and M. M. Tizuka (2008). "Lapa das Boleiras rockshelter: stratigraphy and formation processes at a Paleoamerican site in Central Brazil." Journal of Archaeological Science 35(12): 3186-3202 Bar-Yosef O., Vandermeersch B., Arensburg B., Belfer-Cohen A., Goldberg P., Laville H., Meignen L., Rak Y., Speth J.D., Tchernov E., Tillier A.-M., and Weiner S. (1992). The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel.Current Anthropology 33: 497-550. Boschian, G. and Montagnari-Kokelj, E. (2000) Prehistoric shepherds and caves in the Trieste Karst (Northeastern Italy). Geoarchaeology 15(4): 331-371. Brochier, J. E., et al. (1992). "Shepherds and Sediments - Geo-Ethnoarchaeology of Pastoral Sites." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11(1): 47-102. Butzer K.W. (1982). Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. A Pleistocene prototype: cave sediments, pp 79-85 and An example of cave geo-archaeology: Cueva Morin, pp 85-87. Gagan, M.K., Ayliffe, L.K., Smith, G.K., Hellstrom, J.C., Scott-Gagen, H., Drysdale, R.N., Anderson, N., Suwargadi, B.W., Aplin, K.P., Zhoa. J-x., Groves, C.W., Hantoro, W.S., Djubiantono, T., 2015. Geoarchaeological Finds below Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia): A split-level cave system for Homo floriensis?, Palaeogeogrpahy, Paleoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 440, 533-550. Hunt, C., Davison, J., Inglis, R., Farr, L., Reynolds, T., Simpson, D., et al. (2010). Site formation processes in caves: The Holocene sediments of the HauaFteah, Cyrenaica, Libya. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(7), 1600-1611. Karkanas, P. and P. Goldberg (2010). "Site formation processes at Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa): resolving stratigraphic and depositional complexities with micromorphology." Journal of Human Evolution 59(3-4): 256-273. Mercader, J., Martí, R., González, I. J., Sánchez, A., García, P. (2003). Archaeological site formation in rain forests: insights from the Ituri rock shelters, Congo. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30, 45-65. Vallverdú i Poch, J. (2017). Soil-stratigraphy in the cave entrance deposits of Middle Pleistocene age at the Trinchera del Ferrocarril sites (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). Quaternary International, 433, 199-210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.031

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~Wednesday 31 October

14-16 hrs P01. Soil micromorphology

Practical tutorials P01 and P03 will introduce the main features of soil and sediment micromorphological analysis as employed within geoarchaeological research. The readings below are important for this and other micromorphology tutorials. Kemp (1985) still provides one of the best short introductions to the technique. Many of the reading lists for other lectures include important case studies that employ soil micromorphological analysis.

Required readings:

Goldberg, P. and F. Berna (2010). Micromorphology and context. Quaternary International 214(1-2): 56-62. Courty, M.-A., Macphail, R., & Goldberg, P. (1989). Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 63-74 Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. (2006). Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell. - >PERUSE BOXES FOR RANGE OF USES OF GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL MICROMORPHOLOGY. LOOK at APPENDIX SHOWING HOW TO APPROACH DESCRIPTION OF THIN SECTIONS Kemp, R A. 2007. "Soil Micromorphology." In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, edited by Scott A. Elias, 2103-2114. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Macphail, R. I. and P. Goldberg (2010). Archaeological Materials. Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths. G. Stoops, V. Marcelino and F. Mees. Amsterdam, Elsevier: 589-621.

Note the following important reference texts:

Bullock, P., Fedoroff, N., Jongerius, A., Stoops, G., & Tursina, T. (1986). Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description (1st ed.). Wolverhampton, UK: Waine Research Publications. Courty, M.-A., Macphail, R., & Goldberg, P. (1989). Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fitzpatrick, E A. 1993. Soil Microscopy and Micromorphology, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons. Kemp, R A. 1985. Soil Micromorphology and the Quaternary, Cambridge, Quaternary Research Association Technical Guide No. 2. Nicosia, C., Stoops, G. (eds) Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Stoops, G. (2003). Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections. Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America. Stoops, G, V Marcelino, F Mees Eds. (2010). Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Week VI. ~Tuesday 13 November

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11-12 hrs S05. Occupation Deposits 2: Open air sites

Readings will be assigned from the following list:

Butzer, K. W., Miralles, I., & Mateu, J. F. (1983). Urban Geo-archaeology in Medieval Alzira (Prov. Valencia, Spain).Journal of Archaeological Science, 10, 333-349. Couture, A, Bhiry, N and Woollett, J. 2017. Micromorphological Analyses of Inuit Communal Sod Houses in Northern Labrador, Canada. Geoarchaeology, 32, 267-282. Fanning, P. C., Holdaway, S. J., Rhodes, E. J., & Bryant, T. G. (2009). The surface archaeological record in arid Australia: Geomorphic controls on preservation, exposure, and visibility. Geoarchaeology, 24(2), 121-146. Friesem, D E, Wattez, J and Onfray, M. 2017. Earth Construction Materials. Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Goodman-Elgar, M. (2008). "The devolution of mudbrick: Ethnoarchaeology of abandoned earthen dwellings in the Bolivian Andes." Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 3057-3071. Huisman, D. J. and K. B. Milek (2017). Turf as Construction Material. In: Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology (eds C. Nicosia and G. Stoops), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK. doi: 10.1002/9781118941065.ch12. C. Nicosia and G. Stoops. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons. Karkanas, P. and A. Van de Moortel (2014). "Micromorphological analysis of sediments at the Bronze Age site of Mitrou, central Greece: patterns of floor construction and maintenance." Journal of Archaeological Science 43(Supplement C): 198-213. Macphail, R. I., Bill, J., Crowther, J., Haită, C., Linderholm, J., Popovici, D., & Rødsrud, C. L. (2017). European ancient settlements – A guide to their composition and morphology based on soil micromorphology and associated geoarchaeological techniques; introducing the contrasting sites of Chalcolithic Borduşani-Popină, Borcea River, Romania and Viking Age Heimdaljordet, Vestfold, Norway. Quaternary International, 460, 30-47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.049 Schmidt, M. J., et al. (2014). "Dark earths and the human built landscape in Amazonia: a widespread pattern of anthrosol formation." Journal of Archaeological Science 42: 152-165.

12-13 hrs L08. Human Impact on landscapes

Arroyo-Kalin, M. 2017. Amazonian Dark Earths. Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Deák, J., Gebhardt, A., Lewis, H., Usai, M. R., & Lee, H. (2017). Soils Disturbed by Vegetation Clearance and Tillage Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology (pp. 231-264): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bell, M. (1992). The Prehistory of Soil Erosion. In M. Bell & J. Boardman (Eds.), Past and present soil erosion: archaeological and geographical perspectives. Oxford: Oxbow. Blume, H.-P. and P. Leinweber (2004). "Plaggen Soils: landscape history, properties, and classification." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 167(3): 319-327. Boardman, J., & Bell, M. (1992). Past and present soil erosion: linking archaeology and geomorphology. In M. Bell & J. Boardman (Eds.), Past and present soil erosion: archaeological and geographical perspectives (pp. 1-7). Oxford: Oxbow. Brown, A. G. (2008). "Geoarchaeology, the four dimensional (4D) ﬂuvial matrix and climatic causality." Geomorphology 101: 278-297. Butzer, K. W. (1982). Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Ch 5 and 8

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Butzer, K. W. (2005). "Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: cross-disciplinary investigation of cause-and-effect for degradation and soil erosion." Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 1773-1800. Fisher, C. T. (2005). "Demographic and landscape change in the Lake Patzcuaro Basin, Mexico: Abandoning the garden." American Anthropologist 107(1): 87-95. French, C. A. I. (2003). Geoarchaeology in Action: Studies in Soil Micromorphology and Landscape Evolution. London: Routledge. Ch 13 van Andel, T. H., C. N. Runnels and K. O. Pope (1986). "Five thousand years of land use and abuse in the Southern Argolid." Hesperia 55: 103-128. Wilkinson, T. J. (2005). "Soil erosion and valley fills in the Yemen highlands and southern Turkey: Integrating settlement, geoarchaeology, and climate change." Geoarchaeology 20(2): 169- 192.

~Wednesday 14 November

2-4pm P02. Introduction to Optical Petrography

Dr Patrick Quinn will introduce minerals and rocks and their study in thin section. Students will apply these to soil and sediment micromorphological analysis.

Required readings:

MacKenzie, W. S. and Adams, A. E. 1994. A Colour Atlas of Rocks and Minerals in Thin Section. Manson Publishing, London (Pages 1-64). Pichler, H., et al. (1997). Rock-forming Minerals in Thin Section. London, Chapman & Hall.

Week VII. ~Tuesday 20 November

11-12 hrs S6. Agrarian landscapes

Readings will be assigned from the following list:

Adderley, W. P., C. A. Wilson, I. A. Simpson and D. A. Davidson (2010). Anthropogenic features. Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths. G. Stoops, V. Marcelino and F. Mees. Amsterdam, Elsevier: 569-587. Ayala, G, C. French. 2005. Erosion modeling of past land-use practices in the Fiume di Sotto di Troina river valley, north-central Sicily. Geoarchaeology 20(2): 149-167. Beach, T. (1999). Soil constraints on Northwest Yucatán, Mexico: Pedoarchaeology and Maya subsistence at Chunchucmil. Geoarchaeology, 13(8), 759-761. Beach, T., Dunning, N., Luzzadder-Beach, S., Cook, D. E., &Lohse, J. (2006).Impacts of the ancient Maya on soils and soil erosion in the central Maya Lowlands. Catena, 65(2), 166-178. Beach, T., et al. (2006). "Impacts of the ancient Maya on soils and soil erosion in the central Maya Lowlands." Catena 65(2): 166-178. Beach, T., S. Luzzadder-Beach, N. Dunning, J. Jones, J. Lohse, J. Guderjan, S. Bozarth, S. Millspaugh and T. Bhattacharya (2009). "A review of human and natural changes in Maya Lowland wetlands over the Holocene." Quaternary Science Reviews 28(17-18): 1710-1728.

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Bevan, A., J. Conolly, S. Colledge, C. Frederick, C. Palmer, R. Siddall and A. Stellatou (2013). "The Long-Term Ecology of Agricultural Terraces and Enclosed Fields from Antikythera, Greece." Human Ecology 41: 255-272. Bintliff, John. 2005. Human impact, land-use history, and the surface archaeological record: A case study from Greece. Geoarchaeology 20(2): 135-1 Borejsza, Aleksander. 2013. "Village and field abandonment in post-Conquest Tlaxcala: A geoarchaeological perspective." Anthropocene 3:9-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2014.02.001. Butzer, K. W. (1996). Ecology in the Long View: Settlement Histories, Agrosystemic Strategies, and Ecological Performance. Journal of Field Archaeology, 23(2), 141-150 Butzer, K. W. (2005). Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: cross-disciplinary investigation of cause-and-effect for degradation and soil erosion. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32, 1773-1800. Frederick, Charles D. 2007. "Chinampa Cultivation in the basin of Mexico: observations on the evolution of form and function." In Seeking A Richer Harvest: The Archaeology of Subsistence Intensification, Innovation and Change, edited by Tina L. Thurston and Christopher T. Fisher, 107-124. New York: Springer Scientific Publishing. French, C., H. Lewis, R. Scaife and M. Allen (2005). "New perspectives on Holocene landscape development in the southern English chalklands: The upper Allen valley, Cranborne Chase, Dorset." Geoarchaeology 20(2): 109–134. Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. (2006). Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell, Ch 9 Goodman-Elgar, M. (2007). Agricultural fields, identification and study. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. D. M. Pearsall. New York, Academic Press: 110-115. Huckleberry, Gary, Frances Hayashida, and Jack Johnson. 2012. "New Insights into the Evolution of an Intervalley Prehistoric Irrigation Canal System, North Coastal Peru." Geoarchaeology 27 (6):492-520. doi: 10.1002/gea.21420. Huisman, D. J., A. G. Jongmans, and D. C. M. Raemaekers. 2009. "Investigating Neolithic land use in Swifterbant (NL) using micromorphological techniques." Catena 78 (3):185-197. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2009.03.006. Krupski, M., Kabala, C., Sady, A., Gliński, R., & Wojcieszak, J. (2017). Double-and triple-depth digging and Anthrosol formation in a medieval and modern-era city (Wrocław, SW Poland). Geoarchaeological research on past horticultural practices. CATENA, 153, 9- 20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.01.028 Lee, H, French, C and Macphail, R I. 2014. Microscopic Examination of Ancient and Modern Irrigated Paddy Soils in South Korea, with Special Reference to the Formation of Silty Clay Concentration Features. Geoarchaeology, 29, 326-348. Lewis, H. A. (2012). Investigating Ancient Tillage. An experimental and soil micromorphological study. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports. Lombardo, U, Denier, S, May, J-H, Rodrigues, L and Veit, H. 2013. Human-Environment Interactions in Pre-Columbian Amazonia: The Case of the Llanos De Moxos, Bolivia. Quaternary International, 312. Storozum, M. J., Qin, Z., Liu, H., Fu, K., & Kidder, T. R. (2018). Anthrosols and ancient agriculture at Sanyangzhuang, Henan Province, China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 19, 925-935. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.08.004 Various Authors (2005) Geoarchaeology (Special Issue: Landscape and Land Use— Geoarchaeological Approaches to Human Impact), 20(2):

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Zhuang, Yijie, Pin Ding, and Charles French. 2014. "Water management and agricultural intensification of rice farming at the late-Neolithic site of Maoshan, Lower Yangtze River, China." The Holocene 24 (5):531-545. doi: 10.1177/0959683614522310.

12-13 hrs L09 Experimental Geoarchaeology

Reading list Bell, M., et al., Eds. (1996). The experimental earthwork project, 1960-1992. York, Council for British Archaeology. Crowther, J. (2002). "The Experimental Earthwork at Wareham, Dorset after 33 Years: Retention and Leaching of Phosphate Released in the Decomposition of Buried Bone." Journal of Archaeological Science 29(4): 405-411. Crowther, J., R. Macphail and G. Cruise (1996). "Short‐term, post‐burial change in a humic rendzina soil, Overton Down Experimental Earthwork, Wiltshire, England." Geoarchaeology 11(2): 95-117. Friesem, D, Boaretto, E, Eliyahu-Behar, A and Shahack-Gross, R. 2011. Degradation of Mud Brick Houses in an Arid Environment: A Geoarchaeological Model. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38, 1135-1147. Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. (2006). Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology. Oxford: Blackwell. Ch. 12 Goren, Y. and A. Goring-Morris (2008). "Early pyrotechnology in the Near East: Experimental lime-plaster production at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Kfar HaHoresh, Israel." Geoarchaeology 23(779–798). Lawson, T., et al. (2000). "The experimental earthwork at Wareham, Dorset after 33 years, 3, Interaction of soil organisms with buried materials." Journal of Archaeological Science 27(4): 273-285. Macphail, R. I., et al. (2003). "The experimental earthwork at Wareham, Dorset after 33 years: Changes to the buried LFH and Ah horizons." Journal of Archaeological Science 30(1): 77-93.

~Wednesday 21 November 1-3pm P03. Soil micromorphology

See readings for P01.

Week VIII.

~Tuesday 27 November

11-12 hrs S07. Experimental & Geo-Ethno-Archaeology

Fernández, F. G., Terry, R. E., Inomata, T., & Eberl, M. (2002). An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Chemical Residues in the Floors and Soils of Q’eqchi’ Maya Houses at Las Pozas, Guatemala. Geoarchaeology, 17(6), 487-519.

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Friesem, D E, Karkanas, P, Tsartsidou, G and Shahack-Gross, R. 2014. Sedimentary Processes Involved in Mud Brick Degradation in Temperate Environments: A Micromorphological Approach in Anethnoarchaeological Context in Northern Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science, 41, 556-567. Goodman-Elgar, M. (2008). "The devolution of mudbrick: Ethnoarchaeology of abandoned earthen dwellings in the Bolivian Andes." Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 3057- 3071. Mallol, C., F. W. Marlow, B. M. Wood and C. C. Porter (2007). "Earth, wind, and fire: ethnoarchaeological signals of Hadza fires." Journal of Archaeological Science 34(12): 2035-2052. Milek, K. B. (2012). "Floor formation processes and the interpretation of site activity areas: an ethnoarchaeological study of turf buildings at Thverá, northeast Iceland." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(2): 119-137. Miller, C. E., N. J. Conard, P. Goldberg, and F. Berna. 2010. "Dumping, sweeping and trampling: experimental micromorphological analysis of anthropogenically modified combustion features." Palethnologie 2:25-37. doi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/3080/. Shahack-Gross, R., et al. (2003). "Geo-ethnoarchaeology of Pastoral Sites: The Identification of Livestock Enclosures in Abandoned Maasai Settlements." Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 439-459. Villagran, X. S., A. L. Balbo, M. Madella, A. Vila and J. Estevez (2011). "Experimental micromorphology in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina): Building a reference collection for the study of shell middens in cold climates." Journal of Archaeological Science 38(3): 588-604.

12-13 hrs L10. Tells and Mounds

Davidson, D. A. (1976). Processes of Tell Formation and Erosion. In D. A. Davidson & M. L. Shackley (Eds.), Geoarchaeology. Earth Science and the Past (pp. 255-266). London: Gerald Duckworth and Co. Maghsoudi, M, IA Simpson, N Kourampas, HF Nashli (2014) Archaeological sediments from settlement mounds of the Sagzabad Cluster, central Iran: Human-induced deposition on an arid alluvial plain. Quaternary International 324:67-83 Matthews, W. (2017). Tells. Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology. A. S. Gilbert. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 951-972. Rosen, A. M. (1985). Cities of clay: the geoarchaeology of tells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Shahack-Gross, R., Albert, R.-M., Gilboa, A., Nagar-Hilman, O., Sharon, I., & Weiner, S. (2005). Geoarchaeology in an urban context: the uses of space in a Phoenician monumental building at Tel Dor (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 1417- 1431. Shillito, L. M. and P. Ryan (2013). Surfaces and streets: phytoliths, micromorphology and changing use of space at Neolithic Çatalhöyük (Turkey) Antiquity 87(337): 684-700. Thompson, Victor D., William H. Marquardt, Alexander Cherkinsky, Amanda D. Roberts Thompson, Karen J. Walker, Lee A. Newsom, and Michael Savarese. 2016. "From Shell Midden to Midden-Mound: The Geoarchaeology of Mound Key, an Anthropogenic Island in Southwest Florida, USA." PLOS ONE 11 (4):e0154611. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154611.

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Villagran, X S, Balbo, A L, Madella, M, Vila, A and Estevez, J. 2011. Stratigraphic and Spatial Variability in Shell Middens: Microfacies Identification at the Ethnohistoric Site Tunel Vii (Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 3, 357- 378. DOi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-011-0074-z Wilkinson, T. J. (2003). Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. Ch 6

~Wednesday 28 November

2-4pm P04. Assessed Geoarchaeology project - Intro

During this and the following sessions, students will work on their assessed laboratory project, which will employ different procedures to undertake basic physical and chemical characterisation of sediments in the laboratory.

Week IX.

~Tuesday 4 December 11-13 hrs P05. Assessed Geoarchaeology project

During this session students will work on their assessed laboratory project.

~Wednesday 5 December – facilitated by Julian Garay 1-3 pm P06. Assessed Geoarchaeology project

During this session students will work on their assessed laboratory project.

Week X.

~Tuesday 11 December 11-13 hrs P07. Assessed Geoarchaeology project

During this session students will work on their assessed laboratory project.

~Wednesday 11 December – facilitated by Julian Garay 1-3 pm P08. Assessed Geoarchaeology project

During this session students will continue working on their assessed laboratory project.

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES

General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=40867

. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your course coordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Course Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/

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