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Chapter 3 Digital Archaeology UC Merced UC Merced Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Redefining Digital Archaeology: New Methodologies for 3D Documentation and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5718511j Author Galeazzi, Fabrizio Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, MERCED Redefining Digital Archaeology New Methodologies for 3D Documentation and Preservation of Cultural Heritage A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in World Cultures by Fabrizio Galeazzi Committee in charge: Professor Mark S. Aldenderfer, Chair Professor Kathleen L. Hull Professor Teenie Matlock Professor Holley Moyes © Fabrizio Galeazzi, 2014 All rights reserved ii The Dissertation of Fabrizio Galeazzi is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Professor Kathleen L. Hull Professor Teenie Matlock Professor Holley Moyes Professor Mark S. Aldenderfer, Chair University of California, Merced 2014 iii To Paola…constant presence in our never-ending journey, and Edoardo…my little big world citizen A Paola…presenza costante nel nostro viaggio senza fine, e Edoardo…il mio piccolo grande cittadino del mondo If on arriving at Trude I had not read the city’s name written in big letters, I would have thought I was landing at the same airport from which I had taken off…Why come to Trude? I asked myself. And I already wanted to leave. “You can resume your flight whenever you like,” they said to me, “but you will arrive at another Trude, absolutely the same, detail by detail. The world is covered by a sole Trude which does not begin and does not end. Only the name of the airport changes.” (Italo Calvino) Se toccando terra a Trude non avessi letto il nome della città scritto a grandi lettere, avrei creduto d'essere arrivato allo stesso aeroporto da cui ero partito...Perché venire a Trude? mi chiedevo. E già volevo ripartire. “Puoi riprendere il volo quando vuoi,” mi dissero, “ma arriverai a un'altra Trude, uguale punto per punto, il mondo è ricoperto da un'unica Trude che non comincia e non finisce, cambia solo il nome all'aereoporto.” (Italo Calvino) iv Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Curriculum Vitae ........................................................................................................... xviii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... xxi Abstract .......................................................................................................................... xxiii Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Chapter 2. Archaeological excavation methods: state of the art ........................................10 2.1. The notion of stratigraphy: from geology to archaeology .......................................... 10 2.2. Strategy: vertical vs. horizontal excavation ................................................................ 13 2.3. Arbitrary vs. stratigraphic excavation ......................................................................... 15 2.4. The contribution of Italian archaeology to the development of the archaeological excavation method .............................................................................................................. 19 2.5. The importance of interfaces in archaeological stratigraphy...................................... 22 2.6. Site recording sheet ...................................................................................................... 23 2.7. The Harris Matrix ........................................................................................................ 33 3. Digital Archaeology: status of existing research in 3D documentation and analysis of archaeological sites ........................................................................................................37 3.1. Overview on Digital Archaeology .............................................................................. 37 3.2. 3D spatial and descriptive data acquisition ................................................................. 43 3.3. Visualization systems for the analysis of the archaeological record .......................... 55 4. Case studies ....................................................................................................................65 4.1. Xi’an (ancient Chang’an), China................................................................................. 65 4.1.1. Xi’an University of Technology mural tomb (M27) ........................................66 4.1.2. Green Bamboo Garden mural tomb (M1) ........................................................74 4.2. Çatalhöyük Site, Turkey .............................................................................................. 77 4.3. Las Cuevas, Chiquibul Reserve, Belize ...................................................................... 79 5. Digging digitally using integrated technologies: data acquisition and comparison ......83 5.1. Comparison of time of flight laser and triangulation light laser scanning techniques . 84 v 5.2. Comparison of triangulation light laser scanning and dense stereo matching techniques ............................................................................................................................ 89 5.3. Comparison of phase shift variation laser scanning and dense stereo matching techniques .......................................................................................................................... 103 5.3.1. Cave environment ...........................................................................................103 5.3.1.1. Cave system 3D acquisition ......................................................................105 5.3.1.2. Techniques comparison in cave environment (cave’s entrance chamber) ..109 5.3.2. Techniques comparison: structure 1 (eastern pyramid, plaza A) ...................122 5.3.3. Techniques comparison: ballcourt ..................................................................130 5.4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 134 6. 3D interactive systems for the spatial analysis, preservation and simulation of the archaeological record .......................................................................................................144 6.1. 3D virtual reproductions and simulations of the past: real or fake representations . 144 6.1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................144 6.1.2. 3D replicas of the real.....................................................................................149 6.1.3. Reconstructing the past: original or fake ........................................................155 6.1.4. Fake vs. original: from the physical to the digital ..........................................159 6.2. 3D visualization and analysis of the archaeological record ..................................... 166 6.2.1. Immersive visualization systems in research .................................................166 6.2.2. 3D visualization systems in education ...........................................................171 6.3. Comparing 2D pictures with 3D replicas for the digital preservation and analysis of tangible heritage ........................................................................................................... 178 6.3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 178 6.3.2. Two and three dimensional archives for preserving tangible heritage: state of the art ............................................................................................................................. 180 6.3.3. Experiment 1 ....................................................................................................... 185 6.3.3.1. Background ...............................................................................................185 6.3.3.2. Participants, materials, and methods .........................................................186 6.3.3.3. Results .......................................................................................................188 6.3.4. Experiment 2 ....................................................................................................... 193 6.3.4.1. Background ...............................................................................................193 vi 6.3.4.2. Participants, materials, and methods .........................................................194 6.3.4.3. Results .......................................................................................................195 6.3.5. Discussion and conclusions ................................................................................ 201 7. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................204 References ........................................................................................................................214
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