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Digital Archaeology DIGITAL ARCHAEOLOGY Digital Archaeology is a unique edited work addressing the changing and growing role of digital technologies in all aspects of archaeology and heritage management. Exploring the wide potential of IT across the discipline, this book goes beyond the prevailing notion that computers are merely a methodological tool, and considers their influence on the very nature of archaeological study. Blending rigorous archaeological theory with the extensive practical knowledge of professionals in the field, Digital Archaeology is a highly accessible text that shows and discusses the ways in which computing can be holistically incorporated into archaeology. The book discusses elements of archaeological theory and reveals how computers can be used to reintegrate theoretical questions into the application of field work and analysis. Beginning with a history of the growth of computing within the field, the book goes on to look at examples of how and why different technologies have been implemented into archaeological theory and method. It includes GIS, virtual reality modelling, internet publishing and archiving, and on-site digital recording using such examples as the integrated digital recording of the Ferrybridge Chariot and other case studies from around the world. This volume also discusses ways in which technology can now be used in normal excavations and how this affects the study of archaeology as a whole, from planning to publication. Thomas L.Evans is Head of Geomatics for Oxford Archaeology and a Research Associate at the University of Oxford’s Institute of Archaeology. Patrick Daly is currently a British Academy Reckitt Travelling Fellow in Archaeology based at the McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. DIGITAL ARCHAEOLOGY Bridging method and theory Edited by Thomas L.Evans and Patrick Daly Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2006 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & brands Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/. © 2006 Thomas L.Evans and Patrick Daly All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Evans, Thomas L. (Thomas Laurence) Digital archaeology: bridging method and theory/Thomas L.Evans & Patrick Daly. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Archaeology—Methodology. 2. Digital electronics. 3. Electronic digital computers. 4. Archaeology— Philosophy. 5. Antiques—Collection and preservation. 6. Cultural property—Protection. I. Daly, Patrick T, 1975– II. Title. CC75.7.E93 2005 930.1′028—dc22 2004028972 ISBN 0-203-00526-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-31048-2 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-31050-4 (pbk) TLE TO DR CARMEN ELISA OQUENDO CIFUENTES My wife, my love, my best friend. Without her support and affection, this would never have been completed. PD TO EZRA, MIKE, AND PHIL For the push down the road to where I am now—the blame or credit lies at least partially with you all. CONTENTS List of figures and tables viii Notes on contributors xiii Acknowledgements xvi 1 PART I Where we’ve been and where we are going Introduction: archaeological theory and digital pasts 2 PATRICK DALY AND THOMAS L.EVANS 1 Digital archaeology: a historical context 8 EZRA B.W.ZUBROW 28 PART II Data collection 2 Archaeological survey in a digital world 29 MATT BRADLEY 3 Drowning in data? Digital data in a British contracting unit 43 PAUL BACKHOUSE 50 PART III Quantification made easy 4 You, me and IT: the application of simple quantitative techniques in the 51 examination of gender, identity and social reproduction in the Early to Middle Iron Age of northeastern France THOMAS L.EVANS 82 PART IV Modelling the past 5 Jouma’s tent: Bedouin and digital archaeology 83 CAROL PALMER AND PATRICK DALY 6 Digital archaeology and the scalar structure of pastoral landscapes: 113 modeling mobile societies of prehistoric Central Asia MICHAEL FRACHETTI 7 What you see is what you get? Visualscapes, visual genesis and hierarchy 132 MARCOS LLOBERA 153 PART V Virtual worlds 8 ‘Digital gardening’: an approach to simulating elements of 154 palaeovegetation and some implications for the interpretation of prehistoric sites and landscapes BENJAMIN R.GEAREY AND HENRY P.CHAPMAN 9 At the edges of the lens: photography, graphical constructions and 173 cinematography GRAEME P.EARL 190 PART VI Disseminating the data 10 Electronic publication in archaeology 191 JULIAN D.RICHARDS 11 Computers, learning and teaching in archaeology: life past and present 202 on the screen GARY LOCK 12 What’s another word for thesaurus? Data standards and classifying the 210 past ANDREW BAINES AND KENNETH BROPHY 222 PART VII Conclusion Afterword 223 PATRICK DALY AND THOMAS L.EVANS Index 227 FIGURES AND TABLES Figures 1.1 Intellectual dialectic 10 1.2 List of spatial physical realities 17 2.1 Internal north elevation nave, Dorchester Abbey 33 2.2 Internal north elevation quire, Dorchester Abbey 34 2.3 Internal east elevation People’s Chapel, Dorchester Abbey 35 2.4 Simplified version of real-time CAD based line drawing of 39 Ferrybridge Chariot 2.5 GIS contour model of Ferrybridge Chariot, during excavation 39 2.6 Photorectified CAD model of Ferrybridge Chariot, used during 40 excavation 2.7 Simple photorectified GIS contour model of Ferrybridge 42 Chariot used for initial post-excavation phase 4.1 Geographic situation of sites 53 4.2 Cemetery population and number of cemeteries by phase 59 4.3 Comparison of USB populations by gender category 60 4.4 Gender artefact mean frequencies by phase 62 4.5 Non-engendered artefact frequency 63 4.6 Comparison of USB frequencies of warrior to torc bearing 66 assemblage 4.7 Ceramics in all categories 67 4.8 Ceramics: masculine to feminine only 68 4.9 Personal ornamentation, excluding torcs 68 4.10 Fibula 69 4.11 Bracelets 70 4.12 Total artefact frequency and population 72 5.1 The Wadi Faynan study area 86 5.2 Map of study area showing sites included in the Bedouin 89 Camp Survey in 1999, coded by tribal affiliation 5.3 A black tent, bayt al-sha’r, in the Wadi Faynan 91 5.4 Distribution of all finds for sites (a) WF92, (b) WF869 and (c) 94 WF982 5.5 View of WF942 looking south-east 97 5.6 Distribution of all finds at WF942 98 5.7 Discarded articulated left hind limb from primary butchery at 100 WF942 5.8 Distribution of all finds at WF869 101 5.9 A sardine tin modified into a toy and a plastic piping 104 shepherd’s flute and broken music cassette 5.10 Distribution of all finds at WF982 105 5.11 WF909 showing platforms and hearths from an encampment 106 5.12 WF909 after clearing loose soil. There is a hardened surface 107 around the hearth 6.1 Study zone and surrounding region context 115 6.2 Detailed view of study zone 122 6.3 Course of Koksu River 123 6.4 Distance to settlements set against productivity of the pasture 124 6.5 Network of potential pathways between settlements and the 125 richest pastures 6.6 Flow accumulation map for travel to rich pasture resources 126 noting additional pathways over lowland areas 6.7a Pathways tracing routes between pastures and rock-art 127 6.7b Pathways tracing routes between settlements and rock-art 128 7.1 Yorkshire Wolds archaeology 135 7.2 Cumulative viewshed for the BA round and IA square barrows 136 respectively 7.3 Visual genesis flowchart 137 7.4 Visual genesis for BA round barrows 138 7.5 Visual genesis for IA square barrows 139 7.6 A comparison of the visual variability for round and square 140 barrows 7.7 Visual variability at each location for round and square 141 barrows 7.8 Visual structure generated by round barrows after their visual 141 variability has been accounted for 7.9 Visual change 142 7.10 Histogram showing the distribution of locations according to 144 the visual intensity generated by round and square barrows 7.11 Visual weight for round barrows in decreasing order 145 7.12 Visual weight for square barrows in decreasing order 146 7.13 Visual clustering of round barrows 147 7.14 Visual clustering of square barrows 148 7.15 Visual patterns associated with each cluster 149 8.1 Location map showing the principal archaeological features 159 and the route through the site 8.2 Reconstructed areas of standing water on the site in relation to 161 the two enclosures 8.3 Areas of modelled alder vegetation and areas of deep water 163 added to the reconstructed archaeological landscape 8.4 Reconstructed landscape with archaeological features cleared 164 of alder vegetation 8.5a– Changes in visibility patterns when moving through the 165 d ‘minimum’ landscape 8.6a– Changes in visibility patterns when moving through the 166 d ‘maximum’ landscape Tables 1.1 History of computing and archaeological theory 14 4.1 List of examined sites in the Upper Seine Basin 74 5.1 Density of items recovered from campsites 96 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Paul Backhouse is currently Manager of Graphics and Digital Media at Oxford Archaeology.
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