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The Archaeology and Historical Ecology of Late Holocene San Miguel Island by Torben C

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The Archaeology and Historical Ecology of Late Holocene San Miguel Island by Torben C T HE A RCHAE The O L OGY Archaeology and A ND H Historical Ecology IST of Late Holocene O RICAL San Miguel Island E C O By Torben C. Rick L OGY OF L alifornia’s northern Channel Islands have one of the longest and best preserved archaeological records in the Americas, spanning some 13,000 calendar years. When CEuropean explorers first traveled to the area, these islands were inhabited by the Chumash, some of the most populous and culturally complex hunter-gatherers known. ate Chumash society was characterized by hereditary leaders, sophisticated exchange networks and HO interaction spheres, and diverse maritime economies. Focusing on the archaeology of five sites Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 8 dated to the last 3,000 years, this book examines the archaeology and historical ecology of San L O Series Editor: Jeanne E. Arnold Miguel Island, the westernmost and most isolated of the northern Channel Islands. Detailed CE faunal, artifact, and other data are woven together in a diachronic analysis that investigates the N interplay of social and ecological developments on this unique island. The first to focus solely on E Cotsen Institute of Archaeology S San Miguel Island archaeology, this book investigates issues ranging from coastal adaptations to A University of California, Los Angeles emergent cultural complexity to historical ecology and human impacts on ancient environments. N M I “This is an exceptionally fine piece of research ... It is well written, well researched, and presents G UEL important findings from a fascinating but under-researched corner of the Chumash archaeology world. It definitely represents a major contribution to California archaeology and prehistory.” I SLA — Terry L. Jones, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo ND R Torben C. Rick received his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Oregon. Currently Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Southern Methodist University, he has published widely on the archaeology and historical ecology of maritime hunter-gatherers. With research interests in coastal and maritime societies, social and economic complexity, and zooarchaeology, he has worked on the Channel Islands, southern California coast, and Pacific Northwest. IC K ISBN: 978-1-931745-36-9 Rick_softcover.indd 1 2/1/07 3:05:45 PM PERSPECTIVES IN CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Perspectives in California Archaeology The volumes in this series cover substantive and theoretical topics focusing on archaeological research in California. Volume 8 The Archaeology and Historical Ecology of Late Holocene San Miguel Island, Torben C. Rick Volume 7 Foundations of Chumash Complexity, Jeanne E. Arnold (editor) Volume 6 Catalysts to Complexity: Late Holocene Societies on the California Coast, Jon Erlandson and Terry L. Jones (editors) Volume 5 Native Americans at the Mission Santa Cruz, 1791-1834: Interpreting the Archaeological Record, Rebecca Allen Volume 4 Archaeology of the California Coast during the Middle Holocene, Jon M. Erlandson and Michael A. Glassow (editors) Volume 3 Central California Coastal Prehistory: A View from Little Pico Creek, Terry L. Jones and Georgie Waugh (editors) Volume 2 Stone Tool Procurement, Production, and Distribution in California Prehistory, Jeanne E. Arnold (editor) Volume 1 Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, Jon Erlandson and Roger Colten (editors) THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL ECOLOGY OF LATE HOLOCENE SAN MIGUEL ISLAND BY TORBEN C. RICK COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES 2007 THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY at UCLA is a research unit at the University of California, Los Angeles that promotes the comprehensive and inter-disciplinary study of the human past. Established in 1973, the Cotsen Institute is a unique resource that provides an opportunity for faculty, staff, graduate students, research associates, volunteers and the general public to gather together in their explorations of ancient human societies. Former President and CEO of Neutrogena Corporation Lloyd E. Cotsen has been associated with UCLA for more than 30 years as a volunteer and donor and maintains a special interest in archaeology. Lloyd E. Cotsen has been an advisor and supporter of the Institute since 1980. In 1999, The UCLA Institute of Archaeology changed its name to the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA to honor the longtime support of Lloyd E. Cotsen. Cotsen Institute Publications specializes in producing high-quality data monographs in several different series, including Monumenta Archaeologica, Monographs, and Perspectives in California Archaeology, as well as innovative ideas in the Cotsen Advanced Seminar Series and the Ideas, Debates and Perspectives Series. Through the generosity of Lloyd E. Cotsen, our publications are subsidized, producing superb volumes at an affordable price. THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT UCLA Charles Stanish, Director Shauna K. Mecartea, Executive Editor & Media Relations Officer Amy L. Silver, Publications Coordinator EDITORIAL BOARD OF THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Jeanne Arnold, Christopher B. Donnan, Shauna K. Mecartea, John K. Papadopoulos, James Sackett, and Charles Stanish EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD OF THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Chapurukha Kusimba, Joyce Marcus, Colin Renfrew, and John Yellen This book is set in Janson Text. Copyedited by Rena Copperman Produced by Leyba Associates Cover design by William Morosi Index by Robert and Cynthia Swanson Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rick, Torben C. The archaeology and historical ecology of Late Holocene San Miguel Island / by Torben C. Rick. p. cm. -- (Perspectives in California archaeology ; v. 8) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-931745-36-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-931745-37-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Paleo-Indians—California—San Miguel Island. 2. Chumash Indians—California—San Miguel Island—Antiquities. 3. Paleoecology—Holocene. 4. Excavations (Archaeology)— California—San Miguel Island. 5. San Miguel Island (Calif.)—Antiquities. I. Title. II. Series. E78.C15R53 2007 979.4'91--dc22 eBook ISBN: 978-1-938770-31-9 2007000294 Copyright © 2007 Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. Contents List of Figures . vii List of Tables . ix Preface . xi Chapter 1. Introduction . 1 Chapter 2. Environments and Peoples of the Channel Islands . 13 Chapter 3. Project Methods . 31 Chapter 4. An Early Late Holocene Settlement on Cuyler Harbor . 41 Chapter 5. Late Holocene Occupation of Otter Harbor . 61 Chapter 6. Historic Period San Miguel Island . 93 Chapter 7. Late Holocene Cultural and Environmental Dynamics . 127 References Cited . 151 Index. 175 v List of Figures Figure 1.1. The southern California coast and Channel Islands . 1 Figure 1.2. San Miguel Island and major archaeological sites and locations discussed in the text. 2 Figure 2.1. Aerial photographs of San Miguel Island. (A) 1978 photo showing substantial sand and vegetation clearing. (B) 1994 photo illustrating substantial vegetation and landscape stabilization. Note disappearance of spit at Cardwell Point (far right of photo) following vegetation recovery . 15 Figure 2.2. Marsh at the mouth of Old Ranch House Canyon, Santa Rosa Island, with peaks of Santa Cruz Island visible in the distance. A section of this marsh complex was cored for paleoecological research. 16 Figure 2.3. Torrey pine grove on eastern Santa Rosa Island. Torrey pines are found only in a small area of San Diego and on Santa Rosa Island. Stands of pine and oak are primarily confined to the larger islands of Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa . 16 Figure 2.4. Large dunes on Cuyler Harbor, San Miguel Island . 17 Figure 2.5. Caliche forest on San Miguel Island showing calcified plant casts. .17 Figure 2.6. Freshwater spring at Running Springs, San Miguel Island, with large sand dune in background. 18 Figure 2.7 Surface circulation of major currents along the southern California coast (adapted from Dailey et al. 1993:9) . 19 Figure 2.8. Seals and sea lions hauled out on Otter Point, San Miguel Island . 19 Figure 2.9. Point Bennett pinniped rookery on western San Miguel Island. 20 Figure 2.10. Prince Island located on the north end of Cuyler Harbor, San Miguel Island, as seen from the island campground . 21 Figure 2.11. Castle Rock located on the western portion of San Miguel Island is an important area for breeding sea birds and pinnipeds . 21 Figure 2.12. Rocky intertidal and kelp beds at Otter Point, San Miguel Island . 22 Figure 2.13. Late Holocene climate in the Santa Barbara Channel region. (SST = sea-surface temperature, marine productivity based on upwelling record, water temperature based on oxygen isotopic data, and precipitation record based on tree rings for the southern California coast). Adapted from Kennett and Kennett (2000) . 24 Figure 2.14. Chumash towns in the Santa Barbara Channel region at the time of European settlement (adapted from Johnson and McLendon 1999a:31). 28 Figure 2.15. Distribution of radiocarbon dates from northern Channel Island sites over the last 2,000 years (50-year intervals; Erlandson et al. 2001b) . 29 Figure 3.1. Julia Knowles, Leah Largaespada, and Tony Largaespada excavating at SMI-163 . 32 Figure 3.2. The author augering at SMI-468 on San Miguel Island, with Julia Knowles and Leah Largaespada excavating in the background . 33 Figure 4.1. Site setting of SMI-87 showing location of West and East units . 43 Figure 4.2. Rock platform on West Dune (note rocks eroding downslope in background). 43 Figure 4.3. Stratigraphic profile from West Unit, south wall at SMI-87 . 44 Figure 4.4. Stratigraphic profile from East Unit, south wall at SMI-87 . 44 Figure 4.5. Shell beads from SMI-87. Clam disk beads (Top), Olivella spire-lopped beads (middle), and Olivella barrel beads (bottom) . 48 Figure 4.6. Single-piece abalone shell fishhooks from SMI-87 (left) and SMI-152 (right); both specimens have been directly AMS dated to ca. 2500 cal BP . 48 Figure 4.7.
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