ARCH 1870: Environmental Archaeology Rhode Island Hall Room 008

Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World Environmental Archaeology Brown University Spring 2014

ARCH 1870: Environmental Archaeology Rhode Island Hall Room 008 | MWF 2:00-2:50 Instructor: Dr. Suzanne Pilaar Birch Email: [email protected] / Office Phone: (401) 863-2306 Office Hours: Rhode Island Hall Room 210, MW 3-4

Course Description

How are our lives shaped by the environment around us? And, as scientists argue about whether or not we've entered a new age called "The Anthropocene", how great an impact have humans really made on the environment, from prehistory right up until today? This course will consider the complexities of human-environment interactions using a diachronic and comparative perspective only possible through an archaeological lens. It will explore the ecological relationships between people, animals, and plants in the past and discuss the implications of these dynamic relationships in an increasingly globalized world.

Required Textbook:

Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice, Dena F. Dincauze (2000).

Grading and Assignments:

Each week will consist of two lectures and one practical (during Part 2, Methods) or seminar (during Part 3, Interpretation). Attendance is important and practical worksheets and seminar presentations will form a substantial percentage (25%) of your final grade. Other graded components of the course include one short topical paper (4-5 pages, double spaced) and a longer research paper that synthesizes two or more types of environmental archaeology data (3,000 words for undergraduates, 8-10,000 words for graduate students); no late papers will be accepted without prior approval. There will be a final exam. This course may be taken as satisfactory/no credit (S/NC). All non-textbook readings will be posted on the wiki (http://proteus.brown.edu/environmentalarch14private/home). The password is env1ronmentalpr1vate. These should be completed before class.

Your final grade will be determined as follows: Participation (includes practical and seminar assignments): 25% Short paper: 20% Research paper: 35% Final exam: 20%

Additional Information

Student and Employee Accessibility Services Please inform me (after class or during office hours) if you have a disability or other condition that might require some modification of any of these course procedures. For more information contact Student and Employee Accessibility Services (SEAS) at 401-863-9588 or [email protected]

Libraries Our subject librarian is Ian Straughn ([email protected]). You can contact him with any research or library-related questions.

Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World Environmental Archaeology Brown University Spring 2014

Course Schedule

Part 1: Introduction

Week 1 An Introduction to Environmental Archaeology

01/22 Lecture People and environments: an introduction to environmental archaeology 01/24 Lecture Geography, climate, and ecology

Readings:

 “Introduction to environmental archaeology” by Elizabeth J. Reitz, Lee A. Newsom, Sylvia J. Scudder, and C. Margaret Scarry, in Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, 2nd ed., pp. 3- 13

Week 2 Approaches to Environmental Archaeology

01/27 Lecture What is environmental archaeology? 01/29 Lecture Archaeological science: methods and techniques 01/31 Lecture Taphonomy and site formation processes

Readings:

 Environmental Archaeology, pp. 3-35, 36-79, 139-162  The Economy of Nature, by Robert E. Ricklefs, 4th ed., pp. 1-25  Zooarchaeology, by Elizabeth J. Reitz and Elizabeth S. Wing, 2nd ed., pp. 88-116

Part 2 Methods

Week 3 Geomorphology and geoarchaeology I

02/03 Lecture Soils 02/05 Lecture Landscapes 02/07 Practical Local geology

Readings:

 Environmental Archaeology, pp. 257-319, pp. 193-250

Week 4 Geomorphology and geoarchaeology II

02/10 Lecture Stratigraphy 02/12 Lecture Micromorphology 02/14 Practical From GIS to micromorph: applications of geoarchaeology

Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World Environmental Archaeology Brown University Spring 2014

Readings:

 Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology, by Paul Goldberg and Richard I. Macphail, pp. 11-27, 42-71, pp. 72-150

Week 5 Archaeobotany I

02/17 NO CLASS 02/19 Lecture Seeds and paleoethnobotany 02/21 Lecture The importance of charcoal

Readings:

 Paleoethnobotany, by Deborah M. Pearsall, 2nd ed., pp. 99-153  “Selective quantitative measurements in paleoethnobotany” by Virginia S. Popper, in Current Paleoethnobotany, pp. 53-71  “Ratios in paleoethnobotanical analysis” by Naomi F. Miller, in Current Paleoethnobotany, pp. 72-85  “Environmental interpretation of archaeological charcoal” by Tristine L. Smart and Ellen S. Hoffman, in Current Paleoethnobotany, pp. 167-205  “Reconstructing woodland vegetation and its exploitation by past societies, based on the analysis and interpretation of archaeological wood charcoal macro-fossils” by Eleni Asouti and Phil Austin, Environmental Archaeology 10:1-18.

Week 6 Archaeobotany II

02/24 Lecture Pollen counts in archaeobotany 02/26 Lecture Making the invisible, visible: phytoliths and starch grains 02/28 Practical Applications of archaeobotany in the field and lab

Readings:

 Environmental Archaeology, pp. 343-368  Paleoethnobotany, by Deborah M. Pearsall, 2nd ed., pp. 178-182, 249-353  Phytoliths, by Dolores R. Piperno, pp. 1-44  Paleoethnobotany, by Deborah M. Pearsall, 2nd ed., pp. 11-65  Watch videos at http://archaeobotany.googlepages.com/

Week 7 Zooarchaeology I

03/03 Lecture Animals and environments 03/05 Lecture Another story: the value of microfauna in zooarchaeological studies 03/07 Practical Working with faunal remains

Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World Environmental Archaeology Brown University Spring 2014

Readings:

 Environmental Archaeology, pp. 411-467, pp. 468-488  Zooarchaeology, by Elizabeth J. Reitz and Elizabeth S. Wing, 2nd ed., pp. 117-181, 316-334, pp. 251-315  Butler, V.L. 1993. Natural versus cultural salmonid remains: origin of the Dalles Roadcut bones, Columbia River, Oregon, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science20:1-24.  Van Neer, W. & A.M. Muniz. 1992. Fish Middens: anthropogenic accumulations of fish remains and their bearing of archaeoichthyological analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 18: 579-603.  Eastman, A. 1997. The potential of bird remains for environmental reconstruction International Journal of Osteoarchaeology7: 422-429  Serjeantson, D. 1997. Subsistence and symbol: the interpretation of bird remains in archaeology. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7: 255-259

Week 8 Zooarchaeology II

03/10 Lecture “To Everything There is a Season”: The seasonal use of animals in prehistory its implications for environmental archaeology 03/12 Lecture The process of domestication and its consequences 03/14 Practical Faunal assemblages from recovery to interpretation

Readings:

 Carter, R.J. 1998. Reassessment of seasonality at the early Mesolithic site of Star Carr, Yorkshire based on radiogrpahs of mandibular tooth development in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Journal of Archaeological Science25: 851-856  Monks, G. G., 1981, Seasonality Studies, in M.B. Schiffer (ed): pp. 177–240.  Davis, S. 1987. The Archaeology of Animals. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Chapter 4, In what season was a site occupied?) (pp. 75-90).  Crabtree, P.J. 1993. Early animal domestication in the Middle East and Europe, in M.B. Schiffer (ed.), Archaeological Method and Theory Volume 5: 201-245. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.  Legge, T. 1996. The beginning of caprine domestication in Southwest Asia, in D.R. Harris (ed.), The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia:238-262. London: UCL Press.  Price, E.O. 1999. Behavioural development in animals undergoing domestication. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 65: 252-271.  Pringle, H. 1998. Reading the signs of ancient animal domestication. Science 282: 1448-1450.

Week 9 Human Osteology and Molecular Studies

03/17 Lecture Human osteology and paleopathology 03/19 Lecture Stable isotopes and human diet 03/21 Practical Reconciling osteological and biomolecular data

Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World Environmental Archaeology Brown University Spring 2014

Readings:

 Skeletons in Our Closet: Revealing Our Past through Bioarchaeology by Clark S. Larsen, pp. 65-120  Paleoethnobotany, by Deborah M. Pearsall, 2nd ed., pp. 520-578  “Bone Chemistry and Paleodiet” by Donald F. Pate, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1:161-209  “Using nitrogen-isotopes to study weaning behavior in past populations” by Mark R. Schurr, World Archaeology 30:327-342

Week 10 03/24-03/28 NO CLASS-SPRING BREAK

Part 3: Interpretation

Week 11 Climate and Environmental Change

03/31 Lecture Climate Change and Sea Level Rise 04/02 Lecture Environmental contexts and reconstruction 04/04 Seminar Case Study: The Younger Dryas and the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition

Readings:

 Environmental Archaeology, pp. 163-191, 369-408;  The Holocene: An Environmental History, by Neil Roberts, 2nd ed., pp. 9-54, pp. 56-126  “A Paleoindian response to Younger Dryas climate change” by Paige Newby et al., Quaternary Science Reviews 24:141–154

Week 12 Human Ecology and Mobility

04/07 Lecture Hunter-gathers, foraging ecology, and the Broad Spectrum Revolution 04/09 Lecture Forager, farmer, pastoralist, nomad: what’s in a name? 04/11 Seminar Case Study: Central Asia

Readings:

 Demography in Archaeology, by Andrew Chamberlain, pp. 1- 24, 81-132; “No room to move: mobility, settlement and conflict among mobile peoples” by Roger L. Cribb, in The Archaeology of Mobility: Old World and New World Nomadism, pp. 543-556; “NOMAD: An agent based model (ABM) of pastoralist-agriculturalist interaction” by Lawrence  Kuznar and Robert Sedlmeyer, in The Archaeology of Mobility: Old World and New World Nomadism, pp. 557-583  “Variability and dynamic landscapes of mobile pastoralism in ethnography and prehistory” by Michael D. Frachetti, in The Archaeology of Mobility: Old World and New World Nomadism, pp. 366-396;  “Mobility and sedentism of the Iron Age agropastoralists of Southeast Kazakhstan” by Claudia Chang, in The Archaeology of Mobility: Old World and New World Nomadism, pp. 329-342  “Ancient inner Asian nomads: their economic basis and its significance in Chinese history” by Nicola Di Cosmo, The Journal of Asian Studies, 53:1092-1126

Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World Environmental Archaeology Brown University Spring 2014

Week 13 Agriculture

04/14 Lecture Human diet and agriculture 04/16 Lecture The effects of agriculture and land use 04/18 Seminar Case Study: Long-term landscape change in the Mediterranean

Readings:

 “Low-level food production” by Bruce Smith, Journal of Archaeological Research 9:1-43  “An evolutionary ecology perspective on diet choice, risk, and plant domestication” by Bruce Winterhalder and Carol Goland, in People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany, pp. 123-160  “A holistic approach to examining ancient agriculture” by Alexia Smith and Natalie D. Munro, Current Anthropology 50:925-936  “The farmed and the hunted: integrating floral and faunal data from Tres Zapotes, Veracruz” by Tanya M. Peres, Amber M. VanDerwarker, and Christopher A. Pool, in Integrating Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany, pp. 281-308  Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology, by Paul Goldberg and Richard I. Macphail, pp. 193-210  Human Impact on Ancient Environments, by Charles L. Redman, pp. 53-126  “Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: crossdisciplinary investigation of cause- and-effect for degradation and soil erosion” by Karl W. Butzer, Journal of Archaeological Science 32:1773- 1800

Week 14 The Future from the Past: Applications of Environmental Archaeology

04/21 Lecture Culture contact and the modern era 04/23 Lecture Implications of environmental archaeology for the future 04/25 Final Review

Readings:

 An Environmental History of the World, by J. Donald Hughes, 2nd ed., pp. 154-186 “Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the San Joaquin Valley, California” by Gerrit Schoups et al., PNAS 102:15352-15356  “The power of the past: environment, Aborigines, archaeology, and a sustainable Australian society” by Tim Murray, inQuestioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire, pp. 299-329  The Holocene: An Environmental History, by Neil Roberts, pp. 208-242  “Who ate what? Archaeological food remains and cultural diversity” by Elizabeth M. Scott, in Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, 2nd ed., pp. 357-374  “Daily practice and material culture in pluralistic social settings: an archaeological study of culture change and persistence from Fort Ross, California” by Kent G. Lightfoot, Antoinette Martinez, and Ann M. Schiff, American Antiquity 63:199-222

FINAL EXAM: Date TBA