DOCSLIB.ORG

Coringa Mangrove of Andhra Pradesh in the East Coast of India (Fig

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coringa Mangrove of Andhra Pradesh in the East Coast of India (Fig 1 DEVELOPMENT TEAM Project organisation : ICMAM Project Directorate and Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University Primary, secondary data collection : Prof. A. V. Raman and team Marine Biological Laboratory Andhra University Database design and development : Dr. S. Sundaramoorthy Dr. T. Shunmugaraj and Mr. V. Ramanathan of ICMAM-PD Dr. V. Ravi Dr. S. Rajaguru and Mr. K. Sivakumar of IOM, Anna University Remote sensing and GIS : Mr. V. Balamurugan and Dr. S. Sundaramoorthy of ICMAM-PD Development of information system : Dr. S. Sundaramoorthy and Mr. V. Balamurugan of ICMAM-PD Multimedia design and development : Ms. K. Radha and Dr. S. Sundaramoorthy of ICMAM-PD Project review : Dr. B. R. Subramanian and Dr. V. Sampath of ICMAM-PD 2 1. I ntroduction Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems on earth, deriving nourishment from terrestrial and tidal waters. Mangroves serve as important feeding, nursery and breeding grounds for a variety of commercially important organisms and also serve as protected areas for endangered species. Mangroves act as a barrier against cyclones, thus protecting the human settlement and other properties. They stabilize coastal sediments, thus preventing coastal erosion. However, worldover, mangroves are facing degradation, owing to the intertidal areas being extensively developed for aquaculture or other purposes. Loss of mangroves is a cause of serious environmental and economic concern. Therefore, mangrove habitats need to be protected. In India, mangroves are distributed at selected locations along the east and west coasts in the mainland and in the islands of Andaman and Nicobar. In the mainland, the mangroves are relatively well developed in the east coast than in the west coast. In order to assess the status and suggest suitable management plan for protection of mangroves, coral reefs, etc., the Department of Ocean Development (DOD) has initiated an activity namely, “Development of a Critical Habitat Information System (CHIS)” using modern tools like GIS, RDBMS, remote sensing, etc. DOD has established an Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Project Directorate at the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) campus in Chennai to implement this programme. Critical Habitat Information System has been developed for 11 critical habitats along Indian coast, one of which is Coringa mangrove of Andhra Pradesh in the east coast of India (Fig. 1). The major objective of this study is to develop an Information system on Coringa mangrove using GIS, incorporating components of remote sensing and an external database. This would help in assessing the status of the habitat, in suggesting suitable management action plan for protection and long term monitoring of the Coringa mangroves. Fig. 1 - Location of Coringa mangroves 3 2. Coringa – General Description Coringa mangrove (Lat. 1644’ to 16 53’ N and Long. 82 14’ to 82 22’ E) is situated south of Kakinada Bay and is about 150 km south of Visakhapatnam. Coringa is named after the river Corangi. Coringa mangroves receive freshwater from Coringa and Gaderu rivers, distributories of Gautami Godavari river and neritic waters from Kakinada bay. Numerous creeks and canals traverse this ecosystem (Fig. 2). Kakinada Bay Coringa mangroves Bay of Bengal Gautami Godavari river Fig. 2 - An imagery of Coringa mangroves 2.1 Coringa Wild Life Sanctuary In order to rehabilitate the salt water crocodile which was at the verge of extinction and to protect the other endangered species, such as Olive Ridley turtles and Indian Otter, the Government of Andhra Pradesh declared a part of Godavari mangrove system as Coringa Wild Life Sanctuary in July, 1978. The Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of about 208 sq.km. It is located between Lat. 1630’ and 17 00’ N and Long. 82 14’ and 82 23’ E in the East Godavari District. About 120 species of resident and migratory birds (egrets, cormorants, etc) depend on this area for breeding and nesting. 4 3. Major Types of Habitat 3.1 Mangrove Coringa is the second largest mangrove formation in India, next to Sundarbans. The Coringa mangroves are bordered on the northern side by Kakinada Bay. The area of Coringa Reserve forest is 3156 hectares and of Coringa Extension forest is 9442 hectares including waterways. In Coringa, totally 15 species of mangroves were recorded. The dominant genera are Avicennia, Excoecaria, Aegiceras, Rhizophora and Sonneratia (Fig. 3). Fig. 3 - View of mangrove in Coringa 3.2 Turtle Nesting Ground Minor nesting of Olive Ridley turtle, an endangered species, was reported in the Andhra Pradesh coast (Whitaker and Kar, 1984). Silas et al. (1984) were of the opinion that while many of the turtles migrate to Orissa (Gahirmatha) coast, a few of them reached the Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh coast for nesting. Along the Andhra Pradesh coast, a 25 km stretch from Kakinada (Lat. 1657' N and Long. 82 12' E) to Konapakapeta was identified as nesting place of marine turtles. In Coringa region, the sand spit and the Hope island are important nesting grounds (Rao, 1985). The nesting season was reported to be during Oct- Feb. 4. Climate The distribution and health of mangrove plants are largely governed by climatic factors such as solar radiation, temperature, rainfall, wind, etc. During 1995-97, atmospheric temperature ranged from 24.8 to 32.6C. The annual rainfall was 871, 1627 and 1156 mm for the years 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. Annual mean wind speed ranged from 2.1 to 2.3m/sec. The observed high rainfall and temperature seem to be conducive for the health of mangroves in Coringa. 5 5. Development of I nformation System The Information System was developed in GIS by integrating the data collected from various sources, viz., (1) theme maps from conventional and remote sensing data, (2) data on water quality and biological parameters from field investigations, and (3) data on socio- economics, etc., from Govt. organisations. The Information System comprises the following: [ Spatial distribution of mangroves. [ Hydrographical features such as bathymetry, tides, currents. [ Qualitative and quantitative data on distribution of flora and fauna, viz., mangroves, phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos. [ Causes for changes in mangrove environment. 6. Methodology Primary data comprise remote sensing data and data collected from field measurements on various parameters. Satellite data alongwith ground truth observations provided information on spatial features. Field data on water quality parameters were collected using standard methodologies. Data on biological parameters were collected for three seasons, using standard methodologies described in the Manual (ICMAM-PD, 1998). Sampling locations were fixed using GPS in the study area. These field data were stored in Oracle RDBMS as tables. GIS provided the capability to store both the spatial features and the attribute data from field investigations from RDBMS. 6.1 Remote Sensing Satellite data of 1988 (IRS 1A) and 1998 (IRS 1C) were analysed using ERDAS image processing software, alongwith ground check using GPS for geographic reference to prepare the landuse /landcover maps. The base maps were used to rectify the digital satellite data for positional accuracy. Landuse maps of 1988 and 1998 were analysed to detect the changes using overlay facility of GIS. 6.2 Geographic I nformation System GIS is a powerful tool to store, manipulate, analyse and retrive spatial and attribute data. Using bases prepared from toposheets, maps on geology, geomorphology, soil, etc., were prepared from the data provided by Govt. departments and stored as themes in ArcView. Attribute data of environmental parameters from RDBMS were attached to respective themes in GIS. 6 6.3 Database Oracle, a powerful Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS), was used to store various attribute data collected from field investigations. Field data on water quality, substratum and living organisms during the period 1998-99 were collected. Socio-economic data were also collected. All the attribute data were stored in Oracle as tables. 6.4 Field Data Collection Data on water quality and biological parameters were collected during June-July 1998 (southwest monsoon), December 1998 (post-monsoon) and May-June 1999 (pre-monsoon) at selected locations in the Bay-Estuary complex of Coringa mangroves. Data were collected at 24 stations, one in the open sea, 9 in Kakinada Bay, and 14 in Coringa-Gaderu mangrove environment. For convenience, 10 stations in Bay were grouped into North Bay (6 stations) and South Bay (4) and 14 stations in mangrove environment were grouped into Coringa (3) and Gaderu (11). In addition, 17 more locations were selected to study mangrove species composition and density (Fig. 4). Aquatic T Mangroves *i Fig. 4 - Sampling locations in the study area 7 7. Physical Environment 7.1 Geomorphology Coringa does not show any major topographical feature, with the exception of the Kakinada coast, which is largely a low-lying area. The lower part of the delta is made of a series of sand ridges interpreted to be ancient beach ridge forms, due to high waves and detrital material brought by the river from its drainage basin. Fractures have controlled the drainage and truncated some of the river courses. Geomorphology of this area is classified as mudflat, mangrove swamp, sandy beach and sandy island (Fig. 5). Mudflat Mangrove Sandy beach Oxbow lak e Point bar Sand spit I sland Flood plain Plain land Upland Fig. 5 - Geomorphology of Coringa region 7.2 Soil The deltaic region mostly contains black cotton soil with deep extensions in subsurfaces. They are moderately drained. The texture of the soil is ‘silty clay’ with 50-65% of clay. The dominant clay mineral is smectite. These soils are low in organic carbon, which ranges from 0.3-0.5% indicating rapid mineralisation. 8 7.3 Topography The Coringa mangroves are bordered on the northern side by Kakinada Bay. On the western side is the mainland, formed of deltaic and flood plains. The coastal strip north of Kakinada consists of wind blown sand and sand dunes which are succeeded landward by laterites, sandstones and khondalites.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Excoecaria Agallocha L
    ANNEE : 2015 THESES 2015/ TOU3/ 2020 THESE POUR LE DIPLOME D'ETAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Présentée et soutenue publiquement par ALBINET Lucile Excoecaria agallocha L. Le 16 Mars 2015 Directrice de thèse : VANSTEELANDT Marieke JURY Président : FABRE, Nicolas 1er assesseur : VANSTEELANDT, Marieke 2ème assesseur : AMOUROUX, Noël 1 REMERCIEMENTS Au Président du jury : Mr Fabre, Professeur des Universités à la Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de Toulouse, je vous remercie de votre disponibilité et d’avoir accepté la présidence de ce jury. Aux membres du jury : Mme Vansteelandt, Maître de Conférences des Universités, et directrice de cette thèse je vous remercie de m’avoir accompagnée dans ce travail et pour votre aide précieuse tout au long de cette thèse. Mr Amouroux, Pharmacien et intervenant à la Faculté de Pharmacie, je vous remercie d’avoir accepté avec spontanéité de faire parti du jury de cette thèse ainsi que pour votre pédagogie tout au long de nos études. A mes parents, qui m’ont toujours encouragée et soutenue. A ma sœur, mon frère, Clau et Jean–Christophe merci pour votre présence et votre soutien. Et comme on dit : « La famille, c’est important la famille ! » A mes amies, Philippine et Sandrine que j’ai eu l’honneur de rencontrer grace à nos études de pharmacie, et dont l’amitié durera encore pour longtemps. Et merci à tous mes amis qui m’accompagnent au quotidien. Enfin, MERCI Rémi pour ton amour et ta grande patience qui, face à cette thèse, ont été mis à rude épreuve mais qui ne t’a pas empêché de vouloir m’épouser ! De tout mon cœur merci.
    [Show full text]
  • Stillingia: a Newly Recorded Genus of Euphorbiaceae from China
    Phytotaxa 296 (2): 187–194 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.2.8 Stillingia: A newly recorded genus of Euphorbiaceae from China SHENGCHUN LI1, 2, BINGHUI CHEN1, XIANGXU HUANG1, XIAOYU CHANG1, TIEYAO TU*1 & DIANXIANG ZHANG1 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract Stillingia (Euphorbiaceae) contains ca. 30 species from Latin America, the southern United States, and various islands in the tropical Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. We report here for the first time the occurrence of a member of the genus in China, Stillingia lineata subsp. pacifica. The distribution of the genus in China is apparently narrow, known only from Pingzhou and Wanzhou Islands of the Wanshan Archipelago in the South China Sea, which is close to the Pearl River estuary. This study updates our knowledge on the geographic distribution of the genus, and provides new palynological data as well. Key words: Island, Hippomaneae, South China Sea, Stillingia lineata Introduction During the last decade, hundreds of new plant species or new species records have been added to the flora of China. Nevertheless, newly described or newly recorded plant genera are not discovered and reported very often, suggesting that botanical expedition and plant survey at the generic level may be advanced in China. As far as we know, only six and eight angiosperm genera respectively have been newly described or newly recorded from China within the last ten years (Qiang et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr Pratima S Jadhav* Review Paper Biochemistry
    Review Paper Volume-8 | Issue-1 | January-2018 | PRINT ISSN - 2249-555X Biochemistry EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA: PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Poonam M B Salve Institute of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Mumbai. Dr Pratima S Institute of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Mumbai. *Corresponding Author Jadhav* ABSTRACT Excoecaria agallocha a milky mangrove, blind your eye mangrove, or a river poison tree is widely distributed in Indian coastal regions. This article deals with the overview of Excoecaria, its phytochemical constituents pharmacological applications and its various medicinal uses. The extract of leaves and stems has different phytochemicals as polyphenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and volatile components. The ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves isolate various compounds. There are antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcer, anticancer, antireverse transcriptase, antihistamine-release, antifilarial, DNA damage protective, antidiabetic, and antitumor protecting activities carried out on this plant. This review could help the researchers to undertake the further investigations in these directions. KEYWORDS : Mangroves, phytochemicals, pharmacology. Introduction: MS, howed the presence of dodecanediol, L-alanine-4-nitroanilide, Mangroves occur as tall forests through shrub lands in the intertidal benzene methanol, 1,1-diethoxyundecane, hexadecane, Metaraminol, zone along those parts of the coast subject to low wave energy1. 1,2-benzenediol, tetradecane, hexadecane, benzyl alcohol, Mangrove swamps form a type of coastal wetland founad in the tropics benzenemethanol, 4-trifluoroacet benzyl alcohol, L-alanine -4- and subtropics. They act as a source of energy in coastal food chain and nitroanilide, alanine, 2,6-Octadiene-4, undecane, Pentanoic acid, also protects against various natural calamities such as cyclone and hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, diethyl methylphosphonate, acridine, tsunami2.
    [Show full text]
  • Excoecaria Agallocha L. Antimicrobial Properties Against Important Pathogenic Microorganisms
    International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290 Vol.1, No.4, pp 865-867, Oct-Dec 2009 EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA L. ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES AGAINST IMPORTANT PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS Varahalarao Vadlapudi1, Varaprasad Bobbarala1*, Somasekhar Penumajji2, K. Chandrasekhar Naidu1 1Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-3, A.P.,India. 2Vivimed labs Limited, 2nd, 4th Floor, Veeranag towers, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, A.P.,India. * Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Excoecaria agallocha L. leaves were extracted by various extracting procedures, using different solvents for testing the antimicrobial activities against important microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. Chloroform and methanolic extracts were found to be effective against these organisms, whereas hexane extracts were inactive. The purpose of this study was to find preliminary data for the development of alternative treatments to chemical microbicides for the control of plant diseases from natural plant extracts. Keywords: Excoecaria agallocha, Agar well diffusion method; Antimicrobial activity. INTRODUCTION phytochemical and bioactivity studies on mangrove Medical plants have been used for years in daily plants from Kakinada and Godavari, we now report life to treat disease all over the world. It is well known assessment of in vitro antimicrobial activity including that some plants containing active compounds are able to pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. inhibit the microbial growth. The potential of antimicrobial properties of plants are related to their MATERIALS AND METHODS ability to synthesize compounds by the secondary E. agallocha L. commonly known as milky metabolism. Secondary metabolites proved to be the most mangrove and its vernacular name is Tilla and this important group of compounds that showed wide range species of mangrove tree classified in the plant family of antibacterial and antifungal activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article ANTINOCICEPTIVE and GASTROPROTECTIVE
    Turk J. Pharm. Sci. 5 (3) 143-154, 2008 Original Article ANTINOCICEPTIVE AND GASTROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF THE CRUDE ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA LINN. Nusrat SUBHAN1, Ashraful ALAM2*, Firoj AHMED3, Israt Zahan SHAHİD3 1 Northern University, Department of Pharmacy, Dhaka, BANGLADESH 2 Stamford University, Department of Pharmacy, Dhaka, BANGLADESH 3 Khulna University, Pharmacy Discipline, Phytochemical and Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Khulna, BANGLADESH Abstract The effect of alcoholic extracts of bark from Excoecaria. agallocha Linn. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) was evaluated in experimental models of pain and ulceration. Crude extracts of Excoecaria agallocha (300 mg/kg dose) showed maximum time needed for the response against thermal stimuli (6.72±0.43 seconds) which is comparable to diclofenac sodium (8.20±0.21seconds) in the hot plate test. Hot tail immersion test also showed similar results as in hot plate test. The bark extracts at 500 and 250 mg/kg showed significant reduction in acetic acid induced writhings in mice with a maximum effect of 53.87% reduction at 500 mg/kg dose. The effect produced by the alcoholic extract at the highest dose was comparable to that of diclofenac sodium at 100 mg/kg (70.56%). It has also been seen anti-ulcerogenic activity compared to acetylsalicylic acid, which may be due to the protective effect of the extract. The result suggest that the analgesic effect of the extract as claimed in folklore medicine, which may be mediated via both peripheral and central mechanism having gastro-protective effect. Key Words: Excoecaria agallocha, Euphorbiaceae, hot plate test, gastric protection. Excoecaria Agallocha Linn. in Etanoldeki Ham Ekstresinin Antinosisieptif Gastroprotektif Etkisi Excoecaria agallocha Linn.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Environment Facility
    MONIQUE BARBUT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY Chif!f Uf!CutiVf! Officf!r and Chairperson VEST ! G IN OUR PlA ET 1818 HStreet, NW Washington, DC 20·03 USA Tel: 202.~73.3Z02 fax: 202.5U.32401J2~5 E-mail: mbarbutttTheGEf.org February 16, 2011 Dear Council Member, The UNDP as the Implementing Agency for the project entitled: India: IND-BD Mainstreaming Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Conservation into Production Sectors in the Godavari River Estuary in Andhra Pradesh State under the India: IND-BD: GEF Coastal and Marine Program (IGCMP), has submitted the attached proposed project document for CEO endorsement prior to final Agency approval of the project document in accordance with the UNDP procedures. The Secretariat has reviewed the project document. It is consistent with the project concept approved by the Council in June 2009 and the proposed project remains consistent with the Instrument, and GEF policies and procedures. The attached explanation prepared by the UNDP satisfactorily details how Council's comments and those of the STAP have been addressed. We have today posted the proposed project document on the GEF website at www.TheGEF.or£! for your information. We would welcome any comments you may wish to provide by March 19, 2011 before I endorse the project. You may send your comments to [email protected] . If you do not have access to the Web, you may request the local field office of UNDP or the World Bank to download the document for you. Alternatively, you may request a copy of the document from the Secretariat. If you make such a request, please confirm for us your current mailing address: Sincerely, Attachment: Project Doc ume nt Copy to : Countly Operational Focal Point.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Gulf, Queensland
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Iasbaba's Daily Quiz
    IASbaba’s Daily Quiz January 23, 2018 Q.1) Global Talent Competitiveness Index – 2018 is released by 1. Adecco 2. Insead 3. Tata Communications Select the correct code: a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3 c) 1 and 3 d) All of the above Q.1) Solution (d) The 2018 study is released by Adecco, Insead and Tata Communications. India has moved up on a global index of talent competitiveness to the 81st position. It is released every year on the first day of the World Economic Forum (WEF) annual meeting. China has moved up to 43rd now, Russia to 53rd, South Africa to 63rd and Brazil to 73rd position. Source: https://www.ndtv.com/business/india-ranks-81st-on-global-talent- competitiveness-index-1803347 Q.2) National Regulatory Authority of India (NRAI) comprises of a) Pharmaco-vigilance Programme of India (PvPI) b) Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) c) Both (a) and (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b) Q.2) Solution (c) The National Regulatory Authority of India (NRAI), the vaccine regulating authority of India, has been given the highest ratings by global health body World Health Organization for vaccine regulations. IASbaba’s Daily Quiz January 23, 2018 WHO carried out assessment of the NRA of India comprising the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), State Drug Regulatory Authorities, Pharmaco-vigilance Programme of India (PvPI) and Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) structures at the Central and States level. National Regulatory Agencies (NRAs) are responsible for ensuring that pharmaceuticals and biological products, such as vaccines released for public distribution are evaluated properly and meet international standards of quality and safety.
    [Show full text]
  • Fl. China 11: 280–282. 2008. 65. EXCOECARIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat
    Fl. China 11: 280–282. 2008. 65. EXCOECARIA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1288. 1759. 海漆属 hai qi shu Li Bingtao (李秉滔 Li Ping-tao); Hans-Joachim Esser Commia Loureiro. Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, glabrous. Leaves alternate or opposite, petiolate; stipules small, caducous; leaf blade entire or serrulate, penninerved. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious), apetalous, without disk, in axillary or terminal racemelike thyrses. Male flowers (sub)sessile; sepals 3, small, imbricate, free; stamens 3; filaments free; anthers longitudinally dehiscent, without pistillode. Female flowers sessile to pedicellate; calyx 3-lobed or 3-partite; ovary 3-celled, smooth; ovules 1 per locule; stigmas extended or recurved, free to slightly connate at base, undivided, eglandular. Capsules dehiscent into 2-valved cocci; columella persistent, winged. Seeds globose, estrophiolate; episperm crustaceous; endosperm fleshy; cotyledon broad and flattened. About 35 species: Africa, Asia, Australia, Pacific islands; five species (two endemic) in China. 1a. Leaves opposite above, alternate on lower parts. 2a. Leaf blade purple or dark red abaxially........................................................................................................ 1. E. cochinchinensis 2b. Leaf blade green or greenish abaxially when old. 3a. Leaf blade ca. 3 × as long as wide, apex acuminate, not falcate, petiole 3–13 mm ............................ 1. E. cochinchinensis 3b. Leaf blade more than 5 × as long as wide, apex acuminate-falcate, petiole 3–5 mm .................................... 2. E. venenata 1b. Leaves alternate on all parts. 4a. Leaf blade serrulate; male bracts 2- or 3-flowered ............................................................................................... 5. E. acerifolia 4b. Leaf blade entire or nearly so; male bracts 1-flowered. 5a. Petioles 2-glandular at apex; plants dioecious ................................................................................................ 3. E. agallocha 5b.
    [Show full text]
  • State and Non-State Marine Fisheries Management: Legal Pluralism in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
    STATE AND NON-STATE MARINE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT: LEGAL PLURALISM IN EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA …. Sarah Southwold-Llewellyn Rural Development Sociology Department of Social Sciences Wageningen University Wageningen, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] Sarah Southwold-Llewellyn, 2010 Key words: marine fisheries, traditional fishing, mechanised fishing, management, legal pluralism, East Godavari District This 2010 report is a revision of an earlier working paper, Cooperation in the context of crisis: Public-private management of marine fisheries in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India. IDPAD Working Paper No. 4. IDPAD: New Delhi and IDPAD: The Hague, 2006 (www. IDPAD.org). The Project, Co-operation in a Context of Crisis: Public-Private Management of Marine Fisheries in South Asia, was part of the fifth phase of the Indo-Dutch Programme for Alternative Development (2003-2006). IDPAD India Secretariat: Indian Institute of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi IDPAD The Netherlands secretariat: Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO), The Hague, The Netherlands 2 Acknowledgements My research in East Godavari District would not have been possible without the cooperation and help of many more than I can acknowledge here. The help of many Government officers is greatly appreciated. On the whole, I was impressed by their professionalism, commitment and concern. They gave me their valuable time; and most of them were extremely candid. Much that they told me was ‘off the record’. I have tried to protect their anonymity by normally not citing them by name in the report. There are far too many to individuals to mention them all.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Treatise of Shore Dynamics and Spit Growth Near Kakinada Coast, Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh
    HISTORICAL TREATISE OF SHORE DYNAMICS AND SPIT GROWTH NEAR KAKINADA COAST, GODAVARI DELTA, ANDHRA PRADESH K.Mruthyunjaya Reddy*1 and B.L.Deekshatulu2 1Director General, A.P. State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (APSRAC), B-Block, 8th Floor, Swarnajayanthi Complex, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 038, India; Tel: +91-40-23755543. +91-9949626969 E-mail: [email protected] 2FNA, FIEEE (USA), FTWAS (Italy), Padmasri, Chairman, BOG NIT Warangal, Former Professor, IISC, Bangalore, Distinguished Scientist & Director NRSA, Director CSSTEAP (UN), Visiting Professor, University of Hyderabad 10-3-123/3, East Marredpally, Secunderabad-500 026, India E-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: Progradation, accretion, erosion, spit, shoreline ABSTRACT: India has 7517 km long coastline with major deltas on the east coast. Godavari delta is the 3rd largest, located in Andhra Pradesh, and it is familiar as rice bowl of the State. The presence of spit makes Kakinada a natural harbor. It is home for an anchorage port and a deep water port. Kakinada's deep-water port is the second largest in the state after Visakhapatnam port built in the year 1996.Hence its time sequential study is vital to understand the coastal processes and its environment. The study of multi-date remote sensing data and the historical maps revealed that during the period 1851-1893 the delta progradation is insignificant, but there was substantial growth from 1893-1957 to an extent of about 150 km2 at the rate of 1.66 km2 per year. For a period of 44 years i.e., from 1957-2001 the growth of the delta is marginal or almost stable.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/09/2021 12:24:23AM Via Free Access 2 IAWA Journal, Vol
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 26 (1), 2005: 1-68 WOOD ANATOMY OF THE SUBFAMILY EUPHORBIOIDEAE A comparison with subfamilies Crotonoideae and Acalyphoideae and the implications for the circumscription of the Euphorbiaceae Alberta M. W. Mennega Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht University branch, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 es Utrecht, The Netherlands SUMMARY The wood anatomy was studied of 82 species from 34 out of 54 genera in the subfamily Euphorbioideae, covering all five tribes recognized in this subfamily. In general the woods show a great deal of similarity. They are charac­ terized by a relative paucity of vessels, often arranged in short to long, dumbbell-shaped or twin, radial multiples, and by medium-sized to large intervessel pits; fibres often have gelatinous walls; parenchyma apotracheal in short, wavy, narrow bands and diffuse-in-aggregates; mostly uni- or only locally biseriate rays, strongly heterocellular (except Hippomane, Hura and Pachystroma). Cell contents, either silica or crystals, or both together, are nearly always present and often useful in distinguishing between genera. Radiallaticifers were noticed in most genera, though they are scarce and difficult to trace. The laticifers are generally not surrounded by special cells, except in some genera of the subtribe Euphorbiinae where radiallaticifers are comparatively frequent and conspicuous. Three ofthe five tribes show a great deal of conformity in their anatomy. Stomatocalyceae, however, stand apart from the rest by the combination of the scarcity of vessels, and mostly biseriate, vertically fused and very tall rays. Within Euphorbieae the subtribe Euphorbiinae shows a greater vari­ ation than average, notably in vessel pitting, the frequent presence of two­ celled parenchyma strands, and in size and frequency of the laticifers.
    [Show full text]