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Excoecaria Agallocha L ANNEE : 2015 THESES 2015/ TOU3/ 2020 THESE POUR LE DIPLOME D'ETAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Présentée et soutenue publiquement par ALBINET Lucile Excoecaria agallocha L. Le 16 Mars 2015 Directrice de thèse : VANSTEELANDT Marieke JURY Président : FABRE, Nicolas 1er assesseur : VANSTEELANDT, Marieke 2ème assesseur : AMOUROUX, Noël 1 REMERCIEMENTS Au Président du jury : Mr Fabre, Professeur des Universités à la Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de Toulouse, je vous remercie de votre disponibilité et d’avoir accepté la présidence de ce jury. Aux membres du jury : Mme Vansteelandt, Maître de Conférences des Universités, et directrice de cette thèse je vous remercie de m’avoir accompagnée dans ce travail et pour votre aide précieuse tout au long de cette thèse. Mr Amouroux, Pharmacien et intervenant à la Faculté de Pharmacie, je vous remercie d’avoir accepté avec spontanéité de faire parti du jury de cette thèse ainsi que pour votre pédagogie tout au long de nos études. A mes parents, qui m’ont toujours encouragée et soutenue. A ma sœur, mon frère, Clau et Jean–Christophe merci pour votre présence et votre soutien. Et comme on dit : « La famille, c’est important la famille ! » A mes amies, Philippine et Sandrine que j’ai eu l’honneur de rencontrer grace à nos études de pharmacie, et dont l’amitié durera encore pour longtemps. Et merci à tous mes amis qui m’accompagnent au quotidien. Enfin, MERCI Rémi pour ton amour et ta grande patience qui, face à cette thèse, ont été mis à rude épreuve mais qui ne t’a pas empêché de vouloir m’épouser ! De tout mon cœur merci. 2 TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 12 PARTIE I : ETUDE BOTANIQUE ET ENVIRONNEMENTALE DES MANGROVES........................ 13 I. LA MANGROVE ............................................................................................................ 14 1) DEFINITION .............................................................................................................. 14 1.1) La mangrove en tant que plante ......................................................................... 14 1.2) La mangrove en tant que communauté ............................................................... 15 2) CLASSIFICATION SELON PR TOMLINSON ...................................................................... 15 2.1) Les mangroves vraies ........................................................................................ 16 2.2) Différenciation des mangroves vraies majeures et mineures ............................... 17 2.3) Les mangroves associées .................................................................................. 17 3) SUPERFICIE ET LOCALISATION .................................................................................... 18 3.1) Superficie ........................................................................................................... 18 3.2) Localisation ........................................................................................................ 19 3.2.1) Au niveau mondial .................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2) Au niveau des zones côtières ................................................................................... 20 4) ADAPTATIONS BIOLOGIQUES ...................................................................................... 23 4.1) A la salinité de l’eau ........................................................................................... 23 4.2) A l’immersion des racines dans l’eau .................................................................. 23 II. LA MANGROVE D’ASIE DU SUD EST ..................................................................... 25 1) LOCALISATION .......................................................................................................... 25 2) REPARTITION ........................................................................................................... 25 3) ESPECES PRESENTES EN ASIE DU SUD-EST ................................................................ 26 III. EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA .................................................................................... 29 1) NOMS ..................................................................................................................... 29 1.1) Nom scientifique ................................................................................................. 29 1.2) Noms vernaculaires ........................................................................................... 30 2) CLASSIFICATION ....................................................................................................... 30 2.1) Historique ........................................................................................................... 30 2.2) Classification selon CRONQUIST (1981) ............................................................ 31 2.3) Classification phylogénétique ............................................................................. 31 3) DESCRIPTION BOTANIQUE .......................................................................................... 32 3.1) Famille des Euphorbiacées ................................................................................ 32 3.2) Genre Excoecaria ............................................................................................... 32 3.2.1) Arbre décisionnel pour le genre Excoecaria au sein de la famille des Euphorbiacées ……………………. .............................................................................................................................. 32 3 3.2.2) Appareil végétatif...................................................................................................... 36 3.2.3) Appareil reproducteur ............................................................................................... 36 3.3) Excoecaria agallocha ......................................................................................... 36 3.3.1) Appareil végétatif...................................................................................................... 37 3.3.2) Appareil reproducteur ............................................................................................... 39 3.3.3) Mode de pollinisation ................................................................................................ 43 3.3.4) Dispersion ................................................................................................................ 43 3.3.5) La germination ........................................................................................................ 44 3.4) Effet de la salinité de l’eau sur le développement d’Excoecaria agallocha ........... 45 4) CLASSIFICATION AU SEIN DES MANGROVES .................................................................. 47 4.1) Selon des caractères physiques et environnementaux : classification du Pr. Tomlinson …………….. ................................................................................................. 47 4.2) Selon des caractères biologiques ....................................................................... 48 4.2.1) Paramètres étudiés .................................................................................................. 48 4.2.2) Résultats .................................................................................................................. 49 5) REPARTITION GEOGRAPHIQUE ................................................................................... 52 5.1) Au niveau mondial .............................................................................................. 52 5.2) Place de Excoecaria agallocha au niveau de la côte ........................................... 53 PARTIE II : COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE ........................................................................................... 54 I. LES DITERPENES : ...................................................................................................... 55 1) LES LABDANES ......................................................................................................... 57 2) LES PIMARANES ET ISOPIMARANES ............................................................................. 62 3) LES ATISANES .......................................................................................................... 65 4) LES KAURANES......................................................................................................... 67 5) LES BEYERANES ....................................................................................................... 70 6) LES DAPHNANES....................................................................................................... 73 7) LES TIGLIANES ......................................................................................................... 74 8) AUTRES DITERPENES ................................................................................................ 76 II. LES TRITERPENES .................................................................................................. 77 III. LES FLAVONOÏDES ................................................................................................. 80 IV. LES TANINS ............................................................................................................. 84 V. AUTRES ...................................................................................................................
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