REVIEW SMARCHS PRE-THESIS FALL 2015

MIT Department of Architecture MIT Architecture 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 7-337 Cambridge, MA USA 02139 617 253 7791 / [email protected] architecture.mit.edu Table of Contents

Aga Khan Program for Building Technology Islamic Architecture Richaed Aeck 17 Muneerah Alrabe 01 Irmak Turan 18 Tanya Ismail 02 Francesca Liuni 03 Design and Computation

Architectural Design Ines Ariza 19 Alexandros Charidis 20 Ricardo Jnani Gonzalez Ramirez 04 Chin-Yi Cheng 21 Nikolaos Vlavianos 05 Joshua Choi 22 Merav Gazit 23 Architecture & Urbanism Victor Leung 24 Julia Litman-Cleper 25 Benjamin Albrecht 06 Carlos Sandoval Olascoaga 26 Josh Eager 07 Byongjun Lee 08 History, Theory and Criticism Andre Malan 09 Dalia Munenzon 10 Caroline Murphy 27 Mayank Ojha 11 Caner Oktem 12 Larisa Ovalles 13 Melina Philippou 14 Notes 28 Qiuying Sun 15 Advisors & Readers Laura Williams 16 Review Schedule Back Cover

Spatial Practice: The Politics of Public Space in the State of Kuwait

Muneerah Alrabe Advisors: Nasser Rabbat, Jim Wescoat

In this thesis I analyze the emergence of two public space; at the same time, they break down socio-spatial youth-led movements in Kuwait: authoritative power barriers through the use of the political ‘Orange Movement’ which was ini- social media throughout their proceedings to tiated in 2005 and continued to 2012, and what I reinvent the defnition of social spaces. will refer to as the ‘Urban Movement’, a design- Te main anticipated fndings of this centric movement that emerged in early 2009 research will show that the Orange Movement, and continues today. Te frst narrative, initiated which was short lived for its strong political by urban youth activists and members of the op- opposition, demonstrated collective efort in position in parliament, identifed with a political demarcating spatial and political rights. On agenda and sought political reform. Te second the other hand, the second Urban Movement narrative, initiated by architects and designers, was able to maintain its spatial production as exists within upper-class urbanites and identifes a result of its upper-class social and economic with ‘beautifying’ the city and accelerating the status while remaining “apolitical” under the level of ‘design’ and creativity within the Kuwaiti name of “design”. Te two movements present urban sphere. Te comparison of these two dis- useful contemporary case studies to investigate tinctly diferent social movements in Kuwait is the power of spatial agents within social forces crucial in understanding how multiple individu- and how such power can infuence and re-shape als and collective users can transcend spatial the defnitions of “public” space. Moreover, this forms and alter its intended functions. study seeks to defne what constitutes a “public” Tis thesis argues that these youth- as an intellectual idea and political ideal within a led social movements seek more active and given time and space. How do these two socio- participatory developments in changing their spatial movements help defne “public space”, own city and are motivated by the urgent need and how has the spatiality of these movements to become agents of change in response to a changed the value of space within society or nation facing economic slowdown and political political systems? stagnation. Tis analysis will demonstrate that both of these narratives act as powerful spatial Protestors in Kuwait City, October 2012. agents in recognizing and redefning the value of Photo: Reuters/Stringer 1 Passive Strategies for Residential Architecture in Arid Climates: A Case Study Of Qatar

Tanya Ismail Advisor: Jim Wescoat

Until the middle of the 20th century, the efciency of the built environment. Drawing tiny desert state of Qatar was sparsely inhab- from this compilation of strategies, a series of ited by Bedouin tribes mainly reliant on pearl prototypical single family villas will be evaluated fshing for trade. It wasn’t until 1973 when oil to critically assess energy and cost performance production and revenues increased dramati- in comparison to a baseline conventional build- cally that Qatar vaulted out of the ranks of the ing to demonstrate the potential of an integrated world’s poorest countries to the other end design engine. Seeking to clarify the relationship of the spectrum. New hydrocarbon wealth between cost, energy, and design, the interface combined with artifcially cooled environ- will utilize new and existing tools to synthesize ments permitted an unprecedented scale of city analyses in an application that requires little development. Consequently, today Qatar is one technical knowledge to operate and under- of the highest consumers of energy per capita, stand, allowing for quick experimentation and with 70% of energy in the residential sector feedback to aid in early design decisions. Te attributed to air conditioning. simulation will simultaneously assess both em- In raising a metropolis from the sand, bodied and operating energy alongside capital reliance on mechanical systems has led to the and operating costs. abandonment of traditional building techniques Tough we may be unable to escape the that evolved from the hyper arid environment dependence on artifcially cooled spaces, this to ameliorate harsh thermal conditions. Iden- thesis hopes to provide a critical dialogue of tifying the single family residence in an urban the efciency of passive strategies and their context as a key sector for future development, economic implications. In promoting continu- this thesis advocates for a forgotten ethos of ous negotiation between diferent confgura- implementing climate sensitive design strategies tions, such an instrument ofers ease of adoption as drivers of the design: providing low energy through insight into compromises of key solutions at a variety of scales to maximize the constraints for a variety of stakeholders involved potential of building and site. in the early stages of the design process. Te thesis aims to develop an interactive framework for evaluating passive techniques Qatar, 2015 and 1950 to reduce cooling loads and improve energy

2 Experiencing Mathematical Proves: Syntax of an Astrolabe

Francesca Liuni Advisors: Azra Akšamija, George Stiny; Readers: Elisabeth Cavicchi, Rob Simcoe

Te goal of this thesis is to discuss how histori- construction is a tangible proof of the exactness cal scientifc instruments are exhibited in art or of the mathematical theorems it relies upon. science museums. Te astrolabe and the related Te language of this object is the language of mathematical theories, as developed in the mathematics. Its terms and primitives compose Arabic and Persian tradition between tenth- and the grammar of the axiomatic method (derived eleventh-century, are taken as the case for this from Euclid) and the proof is the syntax of this analysis. Te proposed solution is the design of linguistic system. a museum space which translates the language Te design proposes a three-dimensional of this instrument through the syntax of the version of mathematical proves of several theo- exhibition space. rems used for the construction of the astrolabe. Te debate has its premise in Walter Te thesis is an attempt to bring the proof from Benjamin’s concept of historical experience; it is its two-dimensional description to a three- essential not only for clarifying the approach to dimensional spatial experience for the museum the discipline of History of Science but is also a visitor. I argue that visualizing the proof improves pivotal point for questioning how to understand the understanding of the mathematical concepts, these objects. A historical scientifc instrument the instruments used, and materializes the scien- is the by-product of the scientifc knowledge tifc knowledge behind the instrument; it serves of a specifc time and place. Te instrument is as an “explosion” of the theory of the object. a synthesis which concentrates the plurality of Te design technique makes visible the knowledge in the materiality of one object; it is idea of approximation (a common factor in the the picture of Benjamin’s concept of History. Arabic and Persian proofs) through a non-fnito Te astrolabe represents the way Ara- technique. Te architectural objects resemble bic and Persian mathematicians were able to the drawing of a geometrical demonstration analytically calculate volumes, angles, and developed on paper. Each object in the design other geometries which difers from the way is located in order to follow the rules of the geo- they verbally described the same objects based metrical construction of the proof and shape the on an intuitive understanding of Nature. Its design of the exhibition space. 3 Cybernetic Interventions: Autopoietic Agents in Natural Ecosystems

Ricardo Gonzalez Ramirez Advisor: Mark Goulthorpe, Terry Knight; Readers: Brad Cantrell, Skylar Tibbits

Historically, designs that function within direct correlations between the subsurface the realm of ecological interventions have structures of a glacier and the activity observed heavily gravitated towards attempting to gain on its surface, as well as how it decays and full authority and control over the particular moves through time. 2 Similarly, the study of ecosystem in order to reform it. Tis approach ice suggests that depending on its composition, is seen far more ofen than that of working in environmental fux, and method of freezing, its tandem with the ecosystem through an adaptive structure has an array of properties varying in and autopoietic manner. 1 According to Andrew ductility and plasticity. 3 Pickering, this predominant, hegemonic, and Te thesis investigates the potential of static modus operandi “ignores emergence cybernetic micro-interventions as an approach [and] assumes that we know all the chains to monitor, mediate, and activate the evolving of cause and efect.” Te thesis proposed needs of a dynamic equilibrium within various here instead suggests that through a sof, ice formation in the cryosphere. As a preface, it cybernetic approach of aggregated micro- will explore the agency and correlation between interventions a higher degree of adaptability and form and performance as related to the integrity autopoeisis could be attained within the realm of such formations. Tis initial set of studies will of interventions in natural ecosystems. Te serve to inform how the micro-interventions approach attempts to highlight the importance need to be reactive and fexible, as well as how of a reactive quality in systems designed to they might function to strategically activate in monitor, mediate, and activate the evolving order to increase resilience. needs of a given context. In order to investigate this hypothesis, the 1 Pickering, Andrew. “Being in an Environment: A ongoing degradation of the ice caps in the cryo- Performative Perspective.” Natural Sciences Societies sphere is examined as the setting. Te increas- 21 (2013): 77-83. Database. ing speed at which melting is taking place, and 2 “Subsurface Investigations on Virkisjökull.” British will continue to take place, calls for a focused Geological Survey. Web. exploration of intervening directly in such a re- 3 Schulson, Erland M. “The Structure and Mechanical mote and fragile ecosystem in order to mitigate Behavior of Ice.” JOM, 1999. Database. the ongoing atrophy. Recent research shows

4 Seeing Grammars: Calculating With Shapes

Nikolaos Vlavianos Advisor: George Stiny; Reader: Terry Knight

When we have a two-dimensional or three- the eyes bypasses all other parts, or tracts, of dimensional representation of a design, I argue and within the brain and goes directly to its that we see design potential through our eyes. own cortex. A cortex by defnition is the outer In this thesis, I look at seeing through the layer of something; in neuroscience the cortex lens of a unique computational theory: shape is where all higher thinking is thought to occur, grammars. Shape Grammars was introduced or at least the higher thinking one is conscious in 1972 by George Stiny and James Gips. My of. All other senses hit a relay center frst and vision is that if we consider the acquisition of then the brain decides what to do with this the ability to represent design knowledge and information. Ofen, we get a choice on how visual schemata in Shape Grammars then we we wish to react. We have this choice because can create a pedagogical rule-based system our prefrontal cortex, which deals with logical of seeing or talking about design. In this line matters, is parsimonious. Tere is an initial of work, I will expand on the role of vision perception and we do eventually have a chance and perception in shape grammars as well as for introspection once the initial processs propose an application: a vision device. through the brain. My hypothesis is that vision Whether seeing and perception are con- is the primary faculty in design because design nected with our cognition is a debatable issue potential already exists in shapes and spaces; across the disciplines. Vision is the only sense they become visible by the way we look at them. that contains its own cortex. Our vision from

5 The Speed of Architecture: Ideals, Symbols, Politics

Benjamin Albrecht Advisor: Rafi Segal

As I exit the subway, the escalators take me up to the DNA of the city, resurrected the perimeter Alexanderplatz, the former representative center block structure of nineteenth century Berlin, of Socialist East Germany. I emerge into the further amplifying the city’s ever-expanding light and fnd myself surrounded by newly built architectural palette. shopping malls, fve stories high, generic in their “Berlin is a city condemned forever to shape and with interchangeable logos on the becoming and never being,” Karl Schefer fa- department stores. Te place is crowded, mostly mously lamented in 1910. Over a century later, with tourists, many of whom are taking pictures his evaluation holds true, and the city still sits, in front of the iconic Urania World Time Clock. an unfnished canvas, undulating with the tides Te skyline of the radio tower is the backdrop. of generations of citizens, political regimes, I make my way south towards the Museum and architectural styles. Yet, the city is a global Island, walking along the endless facade of the presence with a distinct identity now more Berlin Markethall, a 250 meter-long concrete than ever. As such, it begs the question—how mass hosting retail and housing. To the right I can the fragments of a city converge to create a can see St. Marienkirche, built in 1663, looking defnitive whole, and how do the intersecting rather lost in a vast open feld surrounded by rhythms of the varying speeds of its constitu- soon-to-be-gone lefovers of the Soviet center tive elements, namely, ideals, symbols, and the of East Germany. As I approach the island I see public, afect the urban condition? Trough it—a massive construction site with the con- analysis and conceptual projection this thesis crete structure of a high-tech building formed to will use Berlin as a lens to explore speed in ar- the exact shape of a castle from 1845. chitecture and its role in nationalism, symbol- Tis is one of many examples ism, and the public sphere. of a very specifc tradition in the history of Berlin’s urbanism. Tere has always been a search for the right form and representation of the city. Each succeeding stylistic episode attempted to overwrite its immedi- ate past, a performance of killing its parents and looking for inspiration from its ancestors. Albert Speer’s Nazi Architecture reached back to ancient Roman forms of power; afer the war many approaches emerged to reinvent the city in ways that distanced it from Nazism and recalled German Expres- sionism from the early twentieth century. Mies van der Rohe’s National Gallery, Hans Scharoun’s Philhar- monie, and the Socialist Architecture in East Berlin represent the variety of approaches that multiplied the cur- rents of change manifesting in Berlin afer the war. Afer reunifcation the controversial “critical reconstruction,” spurred once again by the search for 6 Dismantling the Subdivision: New Housing Models for the Post-Suburban Century

Joshua Eager Advisor: Rafi Segal

While the second half of the twentieth-century combined to put our urban development at risk. was characterized by mass migration to the Homeownership has been put even further out suburbs, it wasn’t until 2000 that the popula- of reach for low and moderate income groups, tion in the suburban United States matched and rental prices have increased signifcantly. that of city centers. Te single-family detached Te mono-programmatic zoning, limited home on single plots of development within fnance options, and lack of fexible typologies isolated subdivisions has gradually dominated have made many areas around the country the American landscape. During the euphoria borderline unlivable. of the housing boom, many families sought out Te aggressive expansion of subdivisions this model, borrowing beyond their means in as the primary formula for urbanization has lef an efort to achieve home ownership. As lenders future generations with very limited options. continued to develop new fnancial methods of Suburbanization has been widely criticized, yet granting access to home ownership, very few few have scrutinized its underlying forces as eforts were made to match the innovation of problems to be addressed by urban design. Tis fnance structures with drastically new housing thesis aims to introduce new models of housing confgurations. by dismantling the structure of the subdivision In the wake of the housing crisis, however, and provide alternative methods of land use, f- the favor toward this development model has nancing, and formal articulation. Tis new layer waned. Te supposed infallibility of home of urbanization will work to combat the status ownership as a mechanism for building equity quo and engage more directly with the needs of and a lack of creativity in providing formal the contemporary city. responses to a rapidly changing society have

7 Trans+Cribed Architecture

Byongjun Lee Advisor: Dennis Frenchman, Jim Wescoat

Tis thesis is based on the hypothesis use to understand some of the benefts and costs that transportation infrastructure and its sur- of proximity between parcels and infrastruc- rounding urban parcels are closely related in ture. Finally, I conduct a detailed site analysis of a fascinating historical, important functional, existing positive and negative conditions. Tis but ofen negative design ways. “Urban fabrics analytic portion of the thesis synthesizes these co-evolve with transportation infrastructure.” three sources and methods. Te thesis will fnd In each phase of development, parcels adjacent the best way to utilize the parcels next to the to transportation infrastructure have specifc transportation infrastructure recognizing the roles to support and beneft from that infra- importance of its unique roles in dealing with structure. Some parcels are well-adapted to the pollution from the infrastructure. new infrastructure while others are adversely Te Projective: What precedents are afected. Especially, spaces inside of each block relevant for imagining the future of this area? shows strong contrast from their outsides, Tis study will include the comparison between which have accommodate for the pollution in a the Bulfnch Triangle and the other urban cities city. To address these problems, it is necessary to in which the transportation infrastructure has jointly design new infrastructure and strate- evolved dramatically. My study of precedents gic urban fabric interventions. Mid-twentieth involves projects from realized infrastructure century methods of “urban renewal” failed and schemes to the futuristic urbanism ideas. I this thesis seeks a new approach. I call this new build upon these precedents by making strong approach “Trans+cribed Architecture,” and use relationship between architecture and transpor- the Bulfnch Triangle as a case study. tation infrastructure. Te Analytic: Te research starts with ana- Te Normative: In 1922, Le Corbusier pro- lyzing a series of historical maps that shed light posed that in the future “Contemporary City,” on changes in the physical infrastructure-fabric the transportation infrastructure will be separate relationships and construct an interpretive time- from the residences to achieve a pleasant en- line of these changes. Tis part will address the vironment for dwellers. Te new revolution of current issues of the Bulfnch Triangle by a study self-driving cars raises new questions. What is of the transportation infrastructure and its his- the future of transportation infrastructure and tory. I also study change in land value and land its surrounding area in cities? 8 Informal Everything: Making Room for Nairobi’s Rapid Urban Growth

Andre Malan Advisors: Gabriella Carolini, Rafi Segal

Over sixty percent of the African urban popula- has resulted from Nairobi’s history of segrega- tion live in informal settlements . Informality tion along various lines of power: frst, as a or extra legal settlement is now the dominant colonial railway town; later in ethnic clashes condition of African cities in the twenty-frst following independence; and today in economic century. By the year 2050 Nairobi, along with divides exemplifed in the contrast between the many African cities like it, will occupy roughly United Nations headquarters, the surrounding ten times the amount of land they do now. “Blue Zone” demarcated as safe for foreign resi- Despite conventions of good city form, smart dents, and Kibera, Sub-Saharan Africa’s single growth, compact cities, etc., this expansion will largest slum. happen at increasingly lower densities. Te ma- Te urban design project plays out in three jority of new homes will be self-built, incremen- parts along the bottom-up/top-down spectrum: tally, with local materials. a ‘Tactical Guide to Extra-legal Settlement’ Te thesis embraces the trajectory of aimed at new arrivals to the city hoping to stake spatial expansion as a positive strategy to man- out a plot of land and begin the self-build pro- age land prices and promote healthy develop- cess; speculations on the resulting urban land- ment patterns as an alternative to the current scapes and observed settlement patterns; and trend of fragmented segregation and endemic a government-led initiative to secure land and slum conditions. design civic spaces to serve as crucial transport Te research uses urban design to critically interchanges, market places, and administrative explore the notion Fragmentary Urbanism as it hubs to the burgeoning residential settlements.

9 The Future of Ceuta and Gibraltar: A Typological Research of Transactional Territories and the Possible Futures of their Spatial Forms Dalia Munenzon Advisor: Alexander D’Hooghe; Readers: Brent D. Ryan, Hashim Sarkis

Continental Islands (CIs) are a geomor- a result of this remoteness both exclaves have phologic formation of land disconnected from economic incentives: Ceuta is duty free since the mainland while sharing the same conti- 1868 and Gibraltar has a favorable tax regime. nental shelf. Tis characteristic of connectiv- Whereas both CIs have a glorious past as the only ity and remoteness blurs the CIs’ relation and passage from East to West, today they represent identity with the geopolitical territory of the the geopolitical and economic relationship ‘mainland’. Te geographical constraints and between North and South. In this research I will geopolitical ambiguity set the CIs in an im- study the urban form of both Ceuta and Gibraltar portant infrastructural role in global economy. as derived from their major economic streams Consequently, the CIs attract competition over including the transport of goods, capital, and political and economic resources, resulting in labor and their operational function as places of social and spatial re-organization. Although transport, storage, and geopolitical currency. various urbanization theories study the efects Te thesis will present a design strategy to of global economy and politics on urban form, synthesize the dynamic nature of the CIs with sta- little has been done to propose possible design ble and accessible public spatial forms; I take into strategies for this transformation in geographi- account local inhabitants, transient populations, cal enclaves. Tis thesis will explore the CI as legal and illegal economic infrastructures, ter- a typology of operational, transactional, and ritorial associations, geographic constraints, and infrastructural spaces and develop a design existing spatial forms. Te design strategy will be strategy that will address the possible transfor- examined with a new scenario that will suggest a mations in spatial form. future where the global geopolitical forces change Te CIs I explore are located on both banks the intensity of operation on Gibraltar and Ceuta. of the Strait of Gibraltar in the Mediterranean: Tis research will examine these planetary condi- Ceuta, a Spanish territory in Africa surrounded tions in the scale of the typology and strive to by Morocco; and Gibraltar, a British autonomy understand the highly sensitive spatial form as in Europe surrounded by Spain. Both derived from dramatic changes in economy on a territories are separated geopolitically and bounded geographic territory. geomorphologically from their hinterlands. As

10 Post-liberalization Industrial Urbanism in India

Mayank Ojha Advisor: Miho Mazereeuw

Te debate over development pathways for plishment of the transition from the Nehruvian India is at a critical juncture. Its growing middle state-sponsored modernization project. class and corporations mandate an increase in Unlike the Nehruvian model, the con- manufacturing, infrastructure creation, and temporary state’s imperatives are not targeted market-oriented restructuring measures. Te towards socio-economic advancement of aim is to facilitate access to resources and boost underdeveloped communities. Notably, India’s private investments for an accelerated economic indigenous, tribal communities accounted for growth, enabling the government to pay of its over 50 percent of all people displaced due to debts and bring millions out of poverty. Such a development projects while they constitute growth-propelled, market-led model of develop- only eight percent of its total population. Te ment also faces severe criticism. As the earth’s larger territory beyond the industrial complex changing climate demands immediate, drastic at Kalinganagar also hosts these communi- reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, India’s ties. Although constitutional frameworks grant choice for this path and the pace at which it is protective rights to villages in the region for pursued will have irreversible, global implica- self-governance and management of ‘commons’, tions. Within India, it will govern the future of corporate lobbyists perceive them as hindrances its vulnerable communities. against development. Teir traditional lifestyles, Te thesis analyses a paradigmatic case economic poverty, dependency on natural of post-liberalization industrial urbanism. Te resources, and lack of skills desired by industrial mineral rich North-Eastern Peninsular Belt of corporations negate their chances to beneft India ofers huge competitive advantages for from the positive externalities of industrializa- setting up manufacturing units, especially for tion. Likewise, the infux of migrant labor and the metals industry. Odisha’s state government resultant pressures of urbanization upon the projects Kalinganagar as Asia’s hub for produc- surrounding territory, stimulated by industrial tion and downstream manufacturing in steel, growth, would lead to contestations for the aluminum and alloy segments, with claims of commons. Te thesis projects that under cur- generating 350,000 jobs. It ofers semi-autono- rent frameworks for urbanization, and even- mous governance, pre-cleared land for its inves- tual ‘commodifcation’ of the commons, these tors along with development and maintenance communities will be further marginalized as of utilities and infrastructure under public- subaltern classes in their native lands. private partnerships. It thus marks an accom- 11 Urban Archipelago Reconsidered: Developing an Agenda for Contemporary Coastal Urbanism in Tokyo Bay

Caner Oktem Advisors: Jim Wescoat, Fadi Masoud; Reader: Alexander D’Hooghe

Coastal areas are home to more than half of the Tokyo Bay is taken as the site of experi- world’s population and many of its most popu- mentation. With a very limited area of land lated urban areas. Coastal urbanism remains suitable for building, Japan and its densely very much in demand despite major risk fac- populated urban areas represent coastal envi- tors such as sea level rise, long-term shoreline ronments operating under heightened pressure. erosion, storm surges, land liquefaction, and Building on a long tradition of land reclamation, subsidence. City-building on reclaimed land is Tokyo Bay saw the gain of over 25,000 hectares an aggravated form of development and is also of land from the sea during its rapid post-war prevalent around the world, especially where an urban growth as a site of both utopian and real- economic growth agenda is pursued aggressively ized projects envisioning expansion in proximity against the availability of land resources. to major urban centers. Te outcome is a highly Tis thesis aims to develop a critical design articulated urban coast, featuring reclaimed agenda to respond to how pro-growth forces shorelines, and near- and of-shore artifcial and environmental change can be negotiated islands with a mix of uses and investments. towards a reconsidered coastal urbanism. Te However, much of the coastline and most thesis argues that the contemporary urban of the islands are vulnerable to coastal food- archipelago and coastlines cannot be seen as ing and seismic events. Even so, the demand outcomes of static delineations on land that are for reclaimed land is still alive. Te Tohoku oblivious to risk, catering to pure functionalism Earthquake (2011) debris is expected to feed or aerial imagery. Rather, they should be treated into current land reclamation eforts. Te city is as dynamic frontier zones of the urban territory also hosting the 2020 Olympics and most of the which operate through transformations in mul- facilities are to be built on the artifcial islands in tiple time scales, following coastal succession as Tokyo Bay. a design analogy. Te design exploration will couple the Olympic Vil- lage program with a coastline resiliency agenda into an ur- banism project for an Olympic Archipelago, designed for a clearly defned peak period during the Games, as well as for succession towards less predictable transformations in the long run. Te design hypothesis is that the coastal urban and territorial form do not follow a static master plan based on a risk model but rather a dynamic gradient of permanence and ephemerality based on a succession model.

12 Temporal Territories: The Mantas-Manaus Trans-Oceanic Slice

Larisa Ovalles Advisors: Miho Mazeereew, Rafi Segal; Reader: Fadi Masoud

Tere is an increasing demand for tempo- projective scenario will capitalize on change and ral strategies to respond to u ndetermined but future moments of transition brought about by inevitable climatic, social, technological, pro- these large economic incentives as their impacts grammatic, and economic changes. Tis thesis will set forth a series of reverberating actions. will investigate the idea of ‘staging uncertainty’ Examining the proposed axis as more than and the potential of urbanism as a timebased a transportation artery to facilitate extraction and preconcerted condition. Te initiative for and export of goods, this thesis will investigate Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South the opportunities of a temporal feld to co exist America (IIRSA) serves as a point of departure with conficting uses for mutual added value. I for investigating the growing development propose a design strategy of interplay between along the Amazonia axis. Tis rapidly trans- multifunctional surfaces in an efort to explore forming urban territory provides a testing new active forms of urbanization in a site ground for how large infrastructural invest- expected to undergo simultaneous metabolic ments can serve as the catalyst to reimagine exchanges. Tese dynamic processes will require their inevitable externalities. an organizational framework and the iden- Te Mantas-Manaus Transoceanic Cor- tifcation of stable parameters where spatial ridor was proposed in 2000 under IIRSA as a variables are able to respond to diferent scales faster alternative to the Panama Canal, cutting of temporalities such as fuctuating food cycles, travel time by 20 days. Tis hydroway and road rapid population shifs, market boom-and-bust expansion opens up new routes and connec- cycles, and industrial logistic fows. tions to the global market, sparking the interest Tis thesis aims to test the balance between of international corporations in order to gain the permanence of infrastructure and its greater access to much needed resources of the capacity for fexibility and calls for a strategy in region. Tis will drive economies and acces- which change, interplay, contingency, entropy, sibility to the global south, while exposing local obsolescence, erasure, and voids can turn into territories along the corridor to be colonized productive urban tools. for industrial use and future urbanization. Te 13 Routes to Asylum: Departing from the Paradigm of Containment

Melina Philippou Advisor: Alexander D’Hooghe, Readers: Azra Akšamija, Serena Parekh, Jota Samper

International concern over displacement has world geographically, socially, economically, and increased dramatically afer the mass feeing of politically, camps deprive humans from their refugees to Europe during the summer of 2015. primary capacity to act meaningfully. Accord- Te most recent United Nations High Com- ingly, it is important to redistribute resources missioner for Refugees’ annual Global Trends in a way that is efective to the improvement of Report reveals that worldwide displacement is lives of refugees. at the highest level ever recorded. Globally, one My thesis suggests an alternative to spaces in every 122 humans is now either a refugee, of containment (camps, detention centers) as internally displaced, or seeking asylum.1 the basic medium for providing humanitarian Te inadequacy of spaces of containment, help to de jure refugees and de facto stateless such as camps, to serve this humanitarian crisis people within the context of the European resulted in the publication of the memo “Alter- Refugee Crisis. Accordingly, I investigate natives to Camps Making It Work” by UNHCR the potential of a network of facilities in the this year. UNHCR suggests that camps should mainland of Europe that will serve the needs of only be a strategy of exception and instead ad- refugees in their journey to local integration. vocates for an alternative of local integration. I Tis legal route will ensure the right of stateless argue that spaces of containment are both prag- people to seek asylum and in doing so, re-con- matically and philosophically inadequate. Te stitute their political identity. Passing through long-term encampment of 32.5 million people cities and landscapes of Europe this space will for up to 20 years is resource intensive and ensure the accommodation of refugees when in does not provide a viable solution for refugees. need and stand as a pilgrimage to refugee-hood On a philosophical dimension and as Hannah when inactive. Arendt suggests in Te Origins of Totalitarian- ism camps are spaces of ontological harm. By 1 “UNHCR Global Trends 2014.” UNHCR. Accessed separating stateless people from the common November 1, 2015. www.unhcr.org/556725e69.html.

14 Integrating China’s Distorted Rural Lands through the Administration of Settlement Networks

Qiuying Sun Advisor: Adèle Naudé Santos; Reader: Brent Ryan

Te leader of China has to balance the 1 country’s rapid growth with potential infation and excess capacity. Like the United States in the 1930s and Japan in the 1990s, China is also predicted to face an economic crisis afer decades of continuous rapid GDP growth. China, however, has unique advantage in its vast rural areas. Industrial upgrading in these areas would provide an expanded consumer market to drive China’s future economic development. Tis thesis will discuss prototypes of village structures and explore competitive 2 industrial chains in an internal village network. Instead of looking at villages through the lens of conservation value as cultural relics, this thesis will explore ordinary villages mainly in the desakota regions on the North China plain. Urban designers in China faced challenges in the last 15 years of urban development. On the one hand, exotic formal experiments were built rampantly all around China. Tese “fake architectures” made city environments acquire a ‘duplicated’ appearance. Most of the rural 3 development models imported directly from Western context also proved to be invalid over a long period. On the other hand, to rebalance the urban-rural sandbox, planners and designers have to think of a resource “channel” to assist with rural construction or an innovative model for future rural planning based on local conditions. By exploring rural resources and the consumer market, villages could fnd a path of sustainable and spontaneous development. Tis thesis will study the prototype of 4 China’s existing village pattern together with specifc social conditions and competitive industrial networks. For comparison, I will also study successful towns globally. Te practice of urban design will be implemented in Jinzhai, in the Anhui province, afer a series of feld investigations and site mappings. Te thesis will propose strategies for this site as a new paradigm and reference for other village developers.

1 Wangliao Town, Fuping County, Weinan, Shanxi; 3 Xiuli Village, Huangshan, Anhui; 2 Danhang Town, Xichuan County, Nanyang, Henan; 4 Jietouxing, Tengchong County, Baoshan, Yunnan. Stuck in the Middle: Productive Opportunism in the Los Angeles Hinterland

Laura Williams Advisor: Alexander D’Hooghe; Readers: Neeraj Bhatia, Fadi Masoud

Tis thesis explores the dichotomy of being Angeles, its productive potential as the agri- stuck in the middle—between the hard and cultural heartland of the west, or its accessible sof, urban and rural, liberal and conservative, residential land prices? coastal and land-locked. In particular, there is Californians live in urban areas at a higher an interest in the spatial and social implications rate than the rest of the nation, close to 95 per- of living on the metropolitan fringe but between cent compared to 80 percent overall, but the cat- megalopolises. Tis edge can extend for miles, egorically urban megalopolises of northern and trapping living and working spaces, resources southern California are actually more describable and unique ecologies in its girth but is charac- as expansive metropolitan sprawls. Consequently, terized spatially by repetitive subdivisions that the notion of metropolitan in California needs ignore the productive opportunities of the land to be re-defned to incorporate the omnipresent they sit upon. In this proposal the dichotomy condition of the urban hinterland. Megalopo- between front and back of house will be ex- lises necessitate vast quantities of resources and amined through the case of Los Angeles and logistical networks to connect the productive Bakersfeld, oppositional conditions of hub and hinterland to the core, creating an interdepen- infnite feld. It questions why the cookie-cutter dent but geographically vast tether between the home has been deployed in this expanded edge formal core and the metropolitan edge. condition, if is there is an inherent desire to link However there is potential in the transect: the urban and rural through some equalizing in its diversity of site, access to both urban and fabric, and how form can be re-imagined as site rural markets, and its advantageous position in specifc and productive. Moreover, the proposal the Los Angeles - San Francisco transportation seeks to understand what gives the fringe value: network. Tis potential will be explored by using its logistical position as the back of house to Los Bakersfeld, Castaic, and Santa Clarita as testing grounds for the urbanization of the metropolitan fringe, in the design of a new typology for the commuter town that evokes a sense of belonging and place, and provides the economic and social opportunities to at- tract a permanent community. Tus, the tangential relation- ship between Los Angeles and Bakersfeld can be redefned as productive, diverse, and con- nected: a new urban hinterland on the metropolitan fringe.

16 Free4orm Framing: Sustainable High-performance via Cold-formed, Strap-tensioned, Stressed-skins

Richard Aeck Advisors: Caitlin Mueller, John Ochsendorf; Readers: Justin Lee, Dennis Michaud, Christoph Reinhart, Mark West

Tis exploratory efort focuses on the post- digital re-thinking and re-making of residential and small-scale framing in search of formal, structural, and thermal performance and a deeper integration in which every assembly component performs more than one role (e.g. insulation as structure). Te objective of the research is the development of a viable, sustainable, accessible, and personalizable enclosure system comprised of “grown” structural-material inputs. Following a review of several preliminary hybrid and typologically diverse (structurally) precedents, I develop, prototype, and test a per- manent, cold-formed, stressed-skin formwork system. De-constrained by the ever-expanding modeling, fabrication, and material technolo- gies, methods are the design space and material agency is once again precious.

17 From Sink to Stock: Mining Construction Materials in the Urban Built Environment

Irmak Turan Advisor: John Fernandez, Christoph Reinhart; Readers: Paulo Ferrao, Elsa Olivetti

Buildings consume a large portion of the mate- rial input into a city. Tere is a massive initial physical resource investment when a city is frst constructed, followed by a recurrent injection of materials as buildings are renewed and re- placed over time. Few components are salvaged when a building is demolished at the end of its lifespan; the majority of the mass is removed as waste. Within this linear material stream the built environment is a temporary resource sink, lasting as long as the structures stand. Seldom is the urban form considered the inverse: a stock that can yield as much as it accrues. Nonetheless, the urban built environ- ment maintains the alluring prospect of being a source for our impending resource needs. Jane Jacobs proclaimed in Te Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) that “cities are the mines of the future.” Developing this idea further, industrial ecologists have calculated the material concentrations embedded in urban form just as a geologist would for a newly dis- covered mineral deposit. Tis thesis explores the prospect of min- ing buildings for construction materials prior to their demolition. Under what architectural, urban, and economic circumstances is large- scale material recovery from buildings feasible? Using an existing neighborhood in Lisbon, Por- tugal as a case study, I intend to construct a sys- tems dynamics model that simulates the fows of materials through the built environment. Systems dynamics, a mathematical approach developed to examine complex networks, characterizes the changes in the stock and fows over time based on multiple stimuli. Trough this analysis, I aim to propose methods for new material cycling within the local context, there- by reconsidering the existing linear resource streams that feed urban construction.

18 Decoding Details: A Method to Evaluate the Fabrication and Assembly of Joints

Ines Ariza Advisor: Caitlin Mueller; Reader: Larry Sass

Today’s digital representations of material details that incorporate and evaluate fabrication information can fow from design and simula- and assembly information in the earliest stages tion programs to fabrication and assembly of the design process. I argue that this fow of devices, including CNC machines and indus- information creates a new opportunity to embed trial robots. However, in spite of the availability instructions in the details and can lead to a new, of this comprehensive design-to-fabrication innovative approach to the crafing of details. As process, the information necessary to assess a case study, I explore the precast concrete joint. manufacturing possibilities for a well-informed crafing of details is still fragmented and dis- Top: Precast Concrete Connection Details: Structural continuous. Frequently, this results in empirical Design Manual; Stupré, Society for Studies on the testing or partial evaluations during fabrication. Use of Precast Concrete; 1978. Tis thesis explores the way digital fabrication Bottom: Precast Concrete CAD and CATIA models and material properties can be used to develop for The Broad Museum, CreativeTeknologies, Diller computational descriptions of architectural Scofidio + Renfro, Gensler, 2013. 19 Improvising Specifications of Design Worlds: A Computational Method

Alexandros Charidis Advisors: Terry Knight, Caitlin Mueller

In the context of design, symbolic knowledge into account the improvisational and temporal representation assumes [a] a set of ontological dimension of design must be developed. commitments that frame a design world—the I propose a computational method for the things that we design with—such as design improvisational specifcation of designs and variables, geometric descriptions, and ways of to develop a design environment in the form organizing them in semantic structures and of a computer graphics application that sup- [b] that the process of design is a constrained ports the method. I make use of the fact that search through the world that can be automated geometric representations of shapes, as stored in using a computer. In this thesis, I question a data structure in a computer’s memory (ob- the very nature of the duality of representation ject space), and their visual representation, as and search and the role each plays in design, depicted on a computer’s screen (image space), architectural, or other. I argue that if design as are two diferent technologies. Terefore, visual computation is to be viewed from this prescrip- calculation in image space can be used for the tive lens then there exist important aspects of exploration of two-dimensional designs and al- design that will remain necessarily neglected. low for a decoupling of the shape on the screen Tese are the exploratory aspects of design from its internal geometric structure. Te where representational idioms—whether geo- environment will allow operations on any part metric, functional, aesthetic or other—are not and subpart of a design. Additionally, at any preconditions but rather the outputs of explora- stage, my method will allow parameterization tion. I call this view towards the act of design as of a design. In this way, a parameterized design improvisation because it puts forth the aspects can be elaborated further to satisfy constraints of design that are temporal and situated. It also using traditional search techniques. I show shifs the concept of a representation from a through examples that the proposed system static framing to a dynamic reframing as the allows for a transitional defnition of a design design goes by. Terefore, if we are to provide world punctuated by momentary notions of designers with meaningful ways of comput- fxed states of designs. ing designs then methods and tools that take

20 Interactive Design Process Based On Augmented Intelligence

Chin-Yi Cheng Advisor: Takehiko Nagakura; Reader: Hiroshi Ishii

My research explores how to create a real-time Te spirit of this process is that Augmented interactive design process using augmented Intelligence works closely and collaboratively intelligence. An interactive design process can with the user; it extends the user’s ability. To ofer instant feedback during trial-and-error prove the feasibility of this idea, I will create two design iterations in order for designers to easily specifc design platforms in which users can de- explore solutions, accumulate knowledge and sign certain objects: a kinetic robot and a small experience, and fnally, create a good design. I housing community. Each of the platforms will will argue that compared to the contemporary utilize diferent types of augmented intelligence. Computer Aided Design system, such as Te users will be tested by turning on and of the generative design and BIM, the interactive augmentation features; their design outcomes design process I propose can be a signifcant and user feedback will be compared and evalu- improvement not only for solving complex ated. Finally, although there are some precedents problems, but also preserving the freedom of for this research, such as interactive optimiza- design for the designer. I will also introduce tion, this idea is not broadly used by designers. the concept of augmented intelligence which Terefore, I will create a simple online platform was originally defned by Douglas Engelbart where researchers and designers can share their in the 1960s and exists everywhere in our projects, frameworks, and “augmentations,” daily life. I will explain how to create diferent which can be either an AI library or machine types of augmentations by embedding artifcial learning models/data sets. intelligence and machine learning techniques into the design process to help designers deal Douglas Engelbart and his teams built the with constraints and goals. oNLine System (NLS) in 1960s as a device for augmenting human intellect.

21 Hacking Architectural Representation: Learning from the Video Game Industry for Immersive Experiences

Joshua Choi Advisor: Takehiko Nagakura

Traditional ways of representation create dif- frst experiment ‘hacks’ a traditional two dimen- fculties in projecting ourselves a presence in sional drawing with a moveable fgure. Tis a space; this limits our perception of the space will force people to navigate and experience the when designing or evaluating. Te thesis pro- drawing in smaller segments instead of studying poses an alternative way of representing archi- it as a whole; it reveals the unseen parts of the tectural design by gamifcation which will assist design. I intend to study more closely how this both designers and non-designers in perceiving interactive environment changes the way people the spatiality of a design. behave and perceive the design through eye- Te main aim of the thesis is to adopt tracking and heat-map technologies and I will theory and technologies from the video game then visualize the data. industry and to apply them to architectural Ultimately, the thesis will focus on experi- representation. Tis gamifcation process will mentating with representing design through deliver an immersive and interactive experience virtual reality technology. Tis thesis aims to which would assist designers to project them- create a virtual reality platform which will assist selves in a space they are designing; it will also designers in creating digital representations for allow people without architectural knowledge immersive interaction. Te thesis will question to easily interact, understand design intent, and if virtual reality actually benefts architects and provide feedback. Te thesis will begin with non-architects in understanding and perceiv- short experiments to test how gamifcation can ing the space. enhance the way architects perceive space. Te

22 Exploring the Potential and Implications of Using Bio-Materials for Design and Construction

Merav Gazit Advisor: Terry Knight

For over a decade, we have witnessed a turn in Bacterial cellulose is produced by certain digital architecture that emphasizes modes of pro- types of bacteria that create membranes of cellu- duction and material-based approaches over form, lose, layer by layer, in a fashion similar to additive geometry, and representation. Tis turn opens manufacturing. Te cellulose can grow into virtu- new design possibilities and blurs the boundaries ally any given shape. Te great tensile strength, between mental work and manual production, biodegradability, and renewable nature of bacterial between design and construction, and potentially cellulose make it especially suitable as an environ- between designers and builders. As a result, fabri- mentally-friendly construction material. However, cation techniques and material systems originally before implementing the use of this material in the not accessible to architects can now become an construction industry, major challenges will need integral part of the design workfow. Using bio- to be addressed. I wish to tackle some of these materials for construction is one of these new challenges and aim for the development of a bio- design possibilities. Bio-materials are typically un- material specifcally applicable for construction. derstood as ‘any matter, surface, or construct that By constructing speculative design scenarios, interacts with living systems’. Future implementa- I wish to provide insights into the following tion of these materials in the building industry issues: With the introduction of bio-materials has the potential to create new relationships and for construction, will the boundaries between dependencies in design-construction workfows manmade and nature-made become sofer? Te and is bound to tackle ethical, philosophical, and idea of growing versus making a material provoke social questions. philosophical questions but also pragmatic ones In this thesis, I wish to critically speculate regarding modes of production in terms of time, on the possible design scenarios and implications precision, durability, waste, shipping, assembly, of using bio-materials in the building industry. and organization of labor. What are the ethical, As a case study, I will present my part in ongoing moral, and philosophical implications of using and research conducted by PhD student Katia Zoloto- manipulating living cells for construction? And vsky and the Ortiz group towards the development fnally, can we consider the structures we build as of a bio-material based on bacterial cellulose. ‘living’? If so, how should we address the changing nature of bio-materials and think of concepts such as decaying, dying, and impurities?

23 Animating Machine Assembly Instructions for Novices

Victor Leung Advisor: Neil Gershenfeld, Terry Knight, Alexander Slocum

Recent developments in modular robotic parts al engineers and that the assembly logic can be (such as Makeblock and VEX) and open source inferred from static 3D models. Tis is ofen not sofware and electronics (such as grbl and the case for novices. Furthermore, producing TinyG which run on Arduino Uno and Due) high quality text, drawings, images, and video ofer an opportunity for rapidly designing and content requires careful planning and editing. making CNC machines. Tese of-the-shelf Tis is ofen out of the comfort zone of machine parts obviate much of the part-making process, designers and is therefore ignored. allowing machine-making to focus on an Tis thesis presents sofware to assist efective combination of these parts. this information exchange: the aim is to aid Te Maker Movement quickly embraced the generation of this content and to present this culture of the “rapid prototyping of rapid an interactive interface. My goal is to embed prototyping machines”. Designers and hob- the knowledge of creating instructions in the byists with no background in engineering sofware and automate the steps to create visu- were motivated by a desire to make custom or ally compelling animation. In this sofware, the cheaper-than-market machines. Tis entailed designer begins with a 3D CAD model and can an unconventional method of learning. Tis specify the assembly relationship between each teaching and learning process, ofen referred part. Te sofware is designed to automatically to as “show and tell,” relied on seeing working create an interactive animation to convey the examples of existing projects which are freely motions of assembly. Tis 3D animation can be available on the Internet in the form of texts, viewed and interacted with through Internet images, videos, and CAD models. browsers, allowing a novice designer to easily While CAD models are efective at com- use, understand, and follow the process. I will municating shapes and spatial relationships, create a series of machine design instructions common CAD sofware used by novices (such and test their efectiveness through teaching as Inventor, Sketchup, Rhino, and Tinkercad) do workshops. I will collect user feedback to evalu- not emphasize how parts are assembled. Many ate the efectiveness of the instruction-authoring CAD systems assume the users to be profession- tool and the instruction-viewing tool. 24 Synthetic Spaces: Weaving CyberSpace with Everyday Material Interaction

Julia Litman-Cleper Advisors: Terry Knight, Ruth Rosenholtz

While a child can intuitively model a spoon in teractions and computational processes through clay, learning to shape a virtual spoon with a mutual human and machine learning. Te thesis simulation of clay would take much longer and project takes up the example of a person playing uses diferent combinations of the senses. In with oil clay and hopes to demonstrate a method, the process of trying to achieve “realism” in 3D using computer vision and machine learning, computer graphics and material simulation, we by which the transformations in the clay also have created a language of uncanny, synthetic transform a 3D model. Te idea, and challenge, space that is d iferent from our lived experi- is to allow the context of a situation to inform ences of environments and their constituent how the material is interpreted computation- objects. Our interactions with computation are ally. Te presentation will survey some genera- mediated by animated graphics and by symbols, tive statistical modeling methods which allow such as cursors on device displays, which feature extraction from a video feed of the clay require us to learn those specifc visual symbols even as it is being deformed in real time. Tis as they correlate to gestures over time, such as extends the Gibsonian afordances of materials “swip ing.” In order to inhabit and work with the since they can be used in many new ways. By visuo- spatial tools aforded by technological creating systems for bridging the synthetic space interfaces, humans adapt; we actively engage in of 3D graphics, computational processes, and a suspension of disbelief and sometimes even of real material interaction, we might also begin body schema. to reveal and understand the dynamics behind With this in mind, this thesis proposes human learning and adaptation to novel and diferent ways of connecting human material in- unexpected changes over time.

25 Holistic Urban Models and Visual Computing

Carlos Sandoval Olascoaga Advisor: George Stiny; Readers: Terry Knight, Sarah Williams

Te world is continuous: the number of ele- cybernetics. By inquiring into the structural ments acting upon cities is numerous, intercon- functions and capacities of such mathematical nected, and in constant transformation. In these techniques and their application to planning terms, we can think of the city as a problem of tools, I aim to reveal alternative approaches to organized complexity, not only because of the urban calculation. ecological systems that comprise it, but also In particular, I propose a representational because of the complex set of social interactions tool that moves beyond quantifcation mecha- that shape it. Historically, urban design tools nisms as the primary driver of urban modeling. have been infuenced by deterministic math- Trough an act of visual computation, designers ematical models that constrain the computation will have the capacity to continuously reframe to mechanisms based on a fxed set of symbolic visual representations, enabling the discovery primitives or discrete layers of information and creation of new relationships within the within a closed representation. However, despite urban system. the large economic and social capital invested in While it is impossible to construct a single the development of such tools during the 1960’s, complete model of the city through a distrib- the results were overly simplistic and did not uted and open-ended design approach to urban provide new insights. computing, it is possible to arrive at a contex- Trough a historical study of the mathe- tual urban computing methodology. Te thesis matical and computational structures of thought presents an alternative computational approach that shaped contemporary urban design tools, to urban computing, where the interaction, I aim to understand this borrowed representa- organization, and calculation among data sets tion’s original contextual meaning, original use, is not fxed or determined by the computational and posterior application in urban design. Tree structure; rather, it is non-deterministic and mathematical constructs are most representa- transformed by the exploration of the designer. tive in the development of current digital tools It allows for the discovery of the conditions that and models: game theory, systems analysis, and bring urban life into being. 26 Picturing Religious Architecture in Post-Reformation England: The Monasticon Anglicanum, 1655-1673

Caroline Murphy Advisors: Lauren Jacobi, Timothy Hyde

My thesis employs an English antiquarian tome, creators, and asks whether additional motives the Monasticon Anglicanum (Te Monasteries of compelled this project. England), to explore how seventeenth-century At a time when reformed Protestant theol- English antiquaries conceived of their monastic ogy condemned both the monastic past and the past at a time when the religious and political use of images, what tensions surrounded the upheavals of the Protestant Reformation and creation of an illustrated history of England’s the English Civil War made it controversial to monasteries? Further, what are the functions of do so. Tis work, a compilation of transcribed the images that illustrate this work, and what charters and records relating to England’s reli- knowledge are they meant to convey about Eng- gious orders, was arranged by the Warwickshire land’s monastic past? Scholars have argued that antiquary William Dugdale and the Yorkshire European historiography underwent a “visual scholar Roger Dodsworth, and was published turn” over the seventeenth century, whereby in three volumes between 1655 and 1673. Each antiquaries became increasingly interested in volume is illustrated with full-page plates cre- physical, material objects as items of historical ated by the engraver Daniel King and the etcher evidence, and began reproducing images of the Wenceslaus Hollar that depict exterior views of objects they studied as visual testimony in their various monastic churches. Intriguingly, it is the published works. frst work of antiquarian scholarship in England I contend that in the Monasticon, images to contain printed images of historic edifces. of church buildings do not only provision In the century before this book was cre- visual evidence for a neutral, factual history, ated, Henry VIII dissolved England’s monastic but also function to make ideological claims establishments, and several of their structures about the enduring sanctity of church spaces. were either taken over for domestic use or were In this way, my thesis is in conversation with destroyed by iconoclasts and lef to ruin. Dug- recent scholarship that aims to highlight the dale and Dodsworth state that the Monasticon complex continuities between late medieval and was intended to preserve a memory of these reformed religion. On a broader level, I also seek dissolved religious orders and their church to draw parallels between the ways in which buildings for the purposes of supplementing objects were imputed with agency as indexes England’s history. Te few studies that examine in both religious and historical contexts during this work largely propagate this view. My study, England’s long reformation. in contrast, questions the surface claims of the

Winchester Cathedral, Monasticon Anglicanum vol. 1 (1655), facing p. 32, etched by Daniel King.

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Dept HQ Men’s 9-451 9-455

Mass Ave

Stella Room To Women’s 9-450A 9-450B

9-450A 9-450B 9-451

10:15–10:45 10:15–10:45 10:15–10:45 Melina Phillippou Merav Gazit Joshua Eager

10:50–11:20 10:50–11:20 10:50–11:20 Benjamin Albrecht Ricardo Jnani Gonzales Mayank Ojha Ramirez 11:25–11:55 11:25–11:55 Julia Litman-Cleper 11:25–11:55 Andre Malan Joshua Choi 12:00-12:30 12:00-12:30 Tanya Ismail 12:00-12:30 Carlos Sandoval Caroline Murphy Olascoaga

Lunch in the Stella Room

1:30-2:00 1:30-2:00 1:30-2:00 Alexandros Charidis Dalia Munenzon Caner Oktem

2:05-2:35 2:05-2:35 2:05-2:35 Nikolaos Vlavianos Muneerah Alrabe Larisa Ovalles

2:40-3:10 2:40-3:10 2:40-3:10 Ines Ariza Francesca Liuni Byongjun Lee

3:15-3:45 3:15-3:45 3:15-3:45 Victor Leung Laura Williams Irmak Turan

3:50-4:20 3:50-4:30 3:50-4:30 Chin-Yi Cheng Qiuying Sun Richard Aeck