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of of Gift Gift The The
OTAGO OTAGO
OF OF UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY LIBRARY EN EN HOCK HOCK
1986. 1986.
University University of of Otago Otago
at at the the
Bachelor Bachelor of of Arts Arts (Honours) (Honours) in in History History
requirements requirements for for the the degree degree of of
Dissertation Dissertation presented presented in in partial partial fulfilment fulfilment of of the the
EARL EARL C. C. GRAY GRAY
J.T. J.T. PAUL PAUL AND AND PRESS PRESS CENSORSHIP CENSORSHIP DURING DURING WORLD WORLD WAR WAR TWO TWO
"THE "THE GAG GAG AGAIN" AGAIN" ii
Hon. J . T . Paul (1874 - 1964) CONTENTS
Page List of Illustrations iv
List of Abbreviations v
Introduction l
CHAPTER ONE: 6 The Good Story vs The True Story - Paul, Censorship and Newspapers.
CHAPTER TWO: 39
11 Sent To War Twice"- Censorship and the Furlough Drafts
CHAPTER THREE: 70
A Challenqe to ''The Powers of the Pontiff" - The Billens Case
Conclusion 102
Appendices 106
Bibliography 116
Manawatu Manawatu Times, Times, 6 6 December, December, 1943. 1943. facing facing p70 p70
Editorial Editorial "The "The Gag Gag Again" Again" from from
Directive Directive to to editors editors facing facing from from p55 p55 Paul, Paul, 25 25 February, February, 1944. 1944.
Auckalnd Auckalnd 39 39 Star, Star, 22 22 1943. 1943. Octobe~ Octobe~
Letter Letter to to correspondent correspondent from from editor editor
' '
Cartoon Cartoon from from New New facing facing Zealand Zealand pl7 pl7 Herald Herald 21 21 March, March, 1941. 1941.
Progress Progress and and facing facing Farming Farming pl6 pl6 First, First, 25 25 March, March, 1941. 1941.
An An Indication Indication of of censorship censorship from from
Letter Letter from from
editor editor Star Star Sun Sun to to Paul, Paul, 26 26 June, June, 1945. 1945. facing facing p8 p8
1 1 Cartoon Cartoon from from Auckland Auckland l l Star, Star, 31 31 March 1942. 1942.
Photograph Photograph of of ii ii J.T. J.T. Paul. Paul.
Page Page
ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATIONS iv iv
War War Archives, Archives, National National Archives. Archives. W. W. A. A. , ,
Sol-Gen., Sol-Gen., Solicitor Solicitor General. General.
Sitting Sitting Magistrate. Magistrate. S.M. S.M. , ,
p.M. p.M. ' ' Prime Prime Minister. Minister.
NZPD., NZPD., New New Zealand Zealand Parliamentary Parliamentary Debates. Debates.
NZLR., NZLR., New New Zealand Zealand Law Law Reports. Reports.
N.D., N.D., Navy Navy Department, Department, National National Archives. Archives.
n. n. no no date. date. d. d. , ,
M.p.' M.p.' Member Member of of Parliament. Parliament.
Min., Min., Minister Minister of of the the Crown. Crown.
G.L.R., G.L.R., Gazette Gazette Law Law Reports. Reports.
Ed., Ed., editor. editor.
E E .A., .A., External External Affairs Affairs Department, Department, National National Archives. Archives.
D.p. D.p. ' ' Director Director of of Publicity. Publicity.
W.A. W.A. 2l/3d. 2l/3d. II II
H. H. Witheford, Witheford, C. C. N. N. , , 'Censorship 'Censorship of of the the Press', Press',
A.D. A.D. , , Army Army Department, Department, National National Archives. Archives.
ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS v v
Auckland Auckland Star, Star, 31 31 March March 1942 1942
" " This This Freed Freed om om " " ' '
ject ject of of this this dissertation. dissertation. Censorship Censorship of of newspaper newspaper reporting reporting
books, books, radio radio and and newspapers. newspapers. The The last last of of these these is is the the sub-
'uring 'uring World World War War II II New New Zealand Zealand censorship censorship covered covered mail, mail,
of of this. this.
New New Zealand's Zealand's experience experience during during World World War War Two Two is is an an example example
it, it, especially especially when when its its supervision supervision is is entrusted entrusted to to one one man. man.
in in its its operatio~which operatio~which increases increases the the controversy controversy surrounding surrounding
the the national national will. will. Censorhsip Censorhsip thus thus becomes becomes more more subjective subjective
censorship censorship of of matters matters calculated calculated to, to, or or likely likely to, to, divide divide
the the national national war war effort. effort. This This extension extension often often includes includes the the
beyond beyond pornography pornography and and violence violence to to matters matters likely likely to to effect effect
war war belligerent belligerent nations nations extend extend the the aegis aegis of of censorship censorship
censorship censorship of of any any kind kind is is a a controversial controversial issue. issue. During During a a
Because Because of of the the strength strength of of Western Western democratic democratic traditions traditions
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION l l
censorship censorship that that fact fact the the by by commentaries commentaries other other in in obscured obscured
been been has has This This war. war. the the during during censorship censorship of of breaches breaches for for
newspapers newspapers daily daily against against brought brought were were prosecutions prosecutions two two only only
that that fact fact the the by by tempered tempered be be must must censorship censorship his his of of Criticism Criticism
most. most. the the him him interested interested and and concerned concerned which which area area the the was was
this this and and newspapers, newspapers, daily daily the the with with dealt dealt activities activities censor's censor's
the the of of proportion proportion greatest greatest the the far far by by Firstly, Firstly, factors. factors.
basic basic some some to to attending attending by by proportion proportion in in censorship censorship press press
of of question question the the keep keep to to attempted attempted have have I I However, However, tation. tation.
limi- this this has has also also dissertation dissertation My My successes". his his of of than than
2 2
rather rather difficulties, difficulties, Publicity's Publicity's of of Director Director the the of of ...... reads reads
historian historian "The "The censorship. censorship. administering administering those those by by encountered encountered
problems problems the the and and what what censored censored was was of of issues issues negative negative the the on on
concentrate concentrate censorship censorship of of studies studies the the All All valuable. valuable. very very was was
Library Library Hocken Hocken the the in in War, War, the the during during Publicity Publicity of of Director Director
the the Paul, Paul, J.T. J.T. of of papers papers the the of of presence presence dissertation.The dissertation.The
this this in in covered covered be be to to material material the the of of reconsideration reconsideration drastic drastic
some some caused caused 1986 1986 during during book book Taylor's Taylor's of of publication publication The The
War. War. at at People People Zealand Zealand New New The The Wood's Wood's F.L.W. F.L.W. in in and and Act",
1 1
Conservation Conservation Safety Safety Public Public ''The ''The entitled entitled dissertation dissertation Logan's Logan's
Alistair Alistair of of two two chapter chapter Front, Front, Home Home The The of of history history official official
Taylor's Taylor's Nancy Nancy of of 19 19 chapter chapter by by detail detail varying varying in in covered covered is is
censorship, censorship, press press including including Zealand, Zealand, New New in in Censorship Censorship
ideal? ideal?
democratic democratic a a as as press' press' the the of of freedom freedom 'the 'the of of importance importance
the the from from detract detract this this does does not, not, If If time''? time''? any any at at medium medium
objective objective and and independent independent time. time. totally totally a a war war newspapers newspapers Are Are
in in even even security security national national over over precedence precedence take take would would tial, tial,
essen considered considered is is press press the the of of freedom freedom which which to to democracy, democracy,
not not or or whether whether is is questions. questions. issue issue big big important important The The raises raises 2 2 3 was brought to bear most noticeably and effectively on factional periodicals. Secondly, censorship affected news- paper editors directly. Thus, any issue involving censorship received exaggerated coverage in the press. An editorial naturally followed because it gave the editors a chance to proselytise on a topic near to the heart. This exaggeration has been continued to an extent by subsequent commentators.
However, I have made no direct attempt to assess the importance of the issue of press censorship in the public mind. It is enough to say that it was one of thousands of concerns during war-time. Some members of the public were probably not even aware it existed and, therefore, its relative importance was minor.
The first chapter gives an account of press censorship during World War Two. It is not intended as a detailed narrative, which may be found elsewhere. 3 Instead, I point out the major issues which arose and attempt to illustrate
the attitudes of the participants in these. The account is
centered on the activities and opinions of J.T. Paul. In
pursuing this emphasis, it must be remembered that censorship was not wholly in his hands . According to the Regulations
he was responsible to a Board under the chairmanship of the
Prime Minister. 4 This Board did not meet regularly. In
fact in most cases Paul reported to and acted on the advice of the Prime Minister, the Armed Services or British
Admiralty.
Chapters two and three provide two case studies of the working of press censorship. Chapter Two covers the cen-
sorship of the problems arising from the furlough drafts.
influence. influence.
activities activities in in the the public public sphere sphere over over which which he he had had the the most most
the the war war years. years. It It is is an an attempt attempt to to narrate narrate and and analyse analyse his his
This This is is not not an an attempt attempt at at a a biography biography of of Paul Paul during during
a a discernible discernible hardening hardening of of his his approach approach to to the the censorship. censorship.
basic basic philosophy philosophy was was not not altered, altered, but but the the case case climaxed climaxed
its its development development and and its its effect effect upon upon his his views. views. Paul's Paul's
of of chapter chapter tnree. tnree. My My major major concern concern is is Paul's Paul's reaction reaction to to
of of theManawatuTimes, theManawatuTimes, Robert Robert Billens. Billens. This This is is the the subject subject
administration administration was was the the prosecution prosecution brought brought against against the the editor editor
reaction reaction to to crises. crises. The The major major public public crisis crisis for for Paul's Paul's
Nothing Nothing illustrates illustrates a a person's person's attitudes attitudes better better than than his his
working working without without any any major major problems. problems.
censorship, censorship, perhaps perhaps because because it it is is an an example example of of the the censorship censorship
This This has has been been given given scant scant coverage coverage in in commentaries commentaries on on the the 4 4
A. A. Appendix Appendix See See 4. 4.
2l/3d. 2l/3d. II II W.A. W.A. Press, Press, the the of of Censorship Censorship Witheford, Witheford, H. H. 3. 3.
p.275. p.275. War, War, at at People People Zealand Zealand New New The The Wood, Wood, 2. 2.
1976. 1976. University, University, Otago Otago History, History, (Hans) (Hans) B.A. B.A. l. l.
FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES 5 5 6
Chapter 1
THE "GOOD STORY" vs THE TRUE STORY
- Paul, Newspapers and Censorship
The Censorship and Publicity Regulations 1939 became law on 1 September, 1 two days before war was officially declareGl; , Drafts of these Regulations had been circulating in the relevant Government Departments since September 1938, the time of the Munich Agreement. 2 The Regulations provided for a Post and Telgraph censorship under a Controller of
Censorship, and for censorship of newspapers and periodicals, photographs for publications, books and pamphlets, and radio broadcasts under a Director of Publcity. In 1935 the
Censorship and Publicity Committee had reported,
"While we must ensure that nothing will reach the enemy which can assist him, this purely negative action cannot be dissociated from the equally vital positive action of disseminating useful information to our people." 3
The Director was, therefore, also charged with this function.
The Committee had been established as the Imperial
Communcations and Censorship Committee in 1930 under the
auspices of the New Zealand Committee of Imperial Defence1 later Organisation for National Security. Its members included representatives of External Affairs, Internal
Affairs, the Prime Minister's Department, Customs, the Air
Force, the Army, the Navy, the Post ahd Telegraph Department and the National Broadcasting Service. The question of censorship in New Zealand during the war had, therefore, been under consideration for quite some time, although press 7
4 censorship was not specifically tackled until August 1935.
Many of the censorship regulations in force during World
War II were based on those in World War I.
In its November 1937 final report, the Committee recommended that the Director of Publicity be
"a man of outstanding ability with a thorough knowledge of newspaper procedure ... and who fully appreciates the potentialities of broadcasting."
He must also be in the complete confidence of the Govern ment.5
The main chosen to fill the position, John Thomas (Tom)
Paul, fulfilled all the requirements. He had been involved in journalism in Dunedin since his arrival in New Zealand from Australia in 1899, at the age of 25. Paul had been on the staff of the Evening Star, before becoming the editor of the weekly Otago Witness from 1924 until it ceased publi- cation in 1932, when he transferred to write a column for 6 the Otago Daily Times. His journalistic experience ensured he had a broad understanding of the motivations of editors and newspapermen. The Prime Minsiter, Peter Fraser, when announcing Paul's resignation at the end of the war, commended this:
"As a veteran journalist he knew the urge among newspapermen to obtrain news, and within the limits which were set by security and the importance of not impairing the war effort he did his utmost to help them with all the information available.• 7
A private letter from the editor of the Christchurch Star
Sun, A.G. Henderson, expressed similar sentiments, U:bt lll}ri.sh:i}nrrr.'1 •. .,..::.1 Rt'~ ..~ nn" P.O. Box SIB7 CHRISTCHURCH Y?A:..~hfu.u(
( b 2ft----·---~.9...~ s-
~J~f. ~~da he~~ ~~~~ ~r~ ~ .(9-o' ~ ~ ~.~ It; ~1:-L
~ Wv14_ .~~I ~ J "'-'jAl .ft' ot~ !W- & ~~ ~-~~~·~a~~~ y-?1-o ~~ ~ ~ ~. ~£~
~M ~/) ~ ~ W ti ~ lvvti.- 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~· t(/h.~ c--..h. I · r~'-h
J
ASun. tribute (Paul to papPaul ers, f romfile the Editor). of th e Christchurch star 454
one: one: political political a a
been been had had appointment appointment Paul's Paul's that that Parliament Parliament in in accusations accusations
to to led led later later association association this this fact, fact, In In candidate. mentary mentary
11 11
parlia a a and and President, President, first first its its been been had had He He inception. inception.
its its to to back back went went Party Party Labour Labour the the with with association association His His Union. Union.
Goods Goods Soft Soft Otago Otago the the and and Union Union Workers' Workers' Electrical Electrical the the
Union, Union, Tailoresses Tailoresses the the of of executives executives the the in in prominent prominent and and 1903 1903
in in Council Council Labour Labour and and Trade Trade Otago Otago the the of of president president as as ment, ment,
move- union union trade trade the the in in active active very very been been had had He He Government. Government.
Labour Labour the the of of confidence confidence the the command command definitely definitely could could
and and broadcasting] of of experience experience some some had had had had Paul Paul
0 0
security. security. national national of of siderations siderations
con- to to inadvertently, inadvertently, often often or, or, truth truth absolute absolute the the to to tion tion
atten- overrode overrode sometimes sometimes preference preference the the that that considered considered and and
not•~ is is virtue virtue and and news news
9 9
is is 'vice 'vice - sensationalism sensationalism for for preference preference
" " marked marked a a shows shows newspaperman newspaperman modern modern the the
him. him. to to believed believed He He submitted submitted
stories stories the the of of many many too too into into motives motives those those read read have have may may
Paul Paul hand hand other other the the on on while while story', story', 'good 'good a a publish publish to to ing ing
attempt- editors editors of of part part the the on on frustration frustration occasional occasional to to led led
have have may may motivations motivations journalistic journalistic with with familiarity familiarity Paul's Paul's
journalism." of of understanding understanding
8 8
no no and and mind mind military military a a with with censor censor a a had had
have have easily easily so so might might We We been. been. have have you you as as
helpful helpful as as and and tolerant tolerant as as censor censor a a find find
to to fortunate fortunate were were editors editors the the that that now now
say say to to ought ought I I and and principles principles with with persons persons
confuse confuse to to politics politics in in long long too too been been have have
us us of of both both but but arguments, arguments, our our had had have have "We "We 8 8
Press. Press. the the of of freedom freedom the the on on encroachments encroachments undue undue avoid avoid to to
determination determination a a from from as as well well as as reasons reasons political political for for men; men;
Depart- Minister's Minister's Prime Prime the the in in man man Labour Labour a a by by administered administered
censorship, censorship, the the against against reacted reacted often often Government Government Labour Labour
the the
to to opposed opposed
unanimously unanimously almost almost Press Press A A made. be be even even
14 14
should should suggestion suggestion a a such such that that vigorously vigorously protested protested Paul Paul
campaign campaign election election an an in in machinery machinery Department Department Publicity Publicity
the the of of use use the the suggested suggested Minister Minister Government Government a a When When
himself." defend defend
13 13
cannot cannot who who man man a a attacking attacking in in unfairness unfairness is is
there there ...... down, down, laid laid rules rules the the of of direction direction
the the from from matters matters at at looks looks Publicity] Publicity] of of
Director Director [the [the Government Government no no or or "Government "Government
purposes: purposes: political political for for made made and and
unwarranted unwarranted was was attack attack this this that that considered considered Government Government The The
h appolntment. appolntment. lS lS
,,12 ,,12 . . . .
owes owes he he patronage patronage whose whose to to the the p:a~rty p:a~rty serve serve
to to office office this this holds holds and and appointed appointed is is He He
country. country. the the of of advantage advantage the the to to is is ment ment
appoint the the that that think think not not do do I I and and bias, bias,
political political with with saturated saturated is is background background
his his that that say say do do I I but but country, country, the the of of
interests interests the the in in actuated actuated not not is is he he that that
say say not not do do ..• ..• I I years years past past in in party party the the
and and Government Government the the to to services services his his for for
rewarded rewarded getting getting way way this this in in is is appointed appointed
was was who who man man the the that that say say I I and and Minister Minister
Prime Prime the the of of direction direction personal personal the the under under
all all is is it it and and up, up, set set department department whole whole a a is is
There There Minister. Minister. Prime Prime the the by by appointed appointed was was
he he that that I I told told am am ...... confidence confidence justifies justifies
background background his his think think not not do do I I appointed. appointed.
was was who who individual individual the the in in faith faith no no have have "I "I 9 9
or or goods goods any any of of carriage carriage or or delivery delivery supply, supply,
output, output, manufacture,production, manufacture,production, the the with with
interfere interfere or or prejudice prejudice to to likely likely or or ''intended ''intended
statements statements public, public, the the to to alarm alarm undue undue cause cause
to to likely likely or or intended intended statements statements include include to to 1940 1940 February February
in in expanded expanded was was statement statement subversive subversive a a of of definition definition The The
forces.•
18 18
armed armed or or population population civil civil the the of of morale morale the the
of of disruption disruption by by effort effort national national the the with with
interfere interfere to to likely likely or or intended intended report report "a "a
as: as: broadly broadly defined defined was was which which report, report, subversive subversive
any any of of publication publication the the preventing preventing included included This This safety". safety".
"public "public the the protect protect to to was was Regulations Regulations the the of of purpose purpose The The
dictatorship.• a a as as action action in in formidable formidable
17 17
and and swift swift as as be be can can democracy democracy a a that that show show
to to mean mean we we because because war, war, the the win win shall shall "We "We
Commons: Commons:
of of House House British British the the of of member member a a Sinclair, Sinclair, Archibald Archibald Sir Sir
quoting quoting by by powers powers such such for for need need the the defended defended Fraser Fraser Peter Peter
war.•• at at is is Majesty Majesty His His
16 16
which which with with State State any any to to useful useful indirectly indirectly
or or directly directly be be might might or or would would which which to to
as as information information whatsoever, whatsoever, matter matter other other "any "any
of of publication publication prevent prevent to to right right the the him him
gave gave also also but but publication, publication, before before Director Director the the to to referred referred
be be to to had had which which matters matters military military specific specific identified identified
Eegulations Eegulations The The Publicity. Publicity. of of Director Director the the in in powers powers
wide wide vested vested Regulations Regulations Publicity Publicity and and Censorship Censorship The The
correspondent. correspondent. war war a a
15 15
become become to to left left soon soon however, however, Deputy. Deputy. Hall, Hall, his his as as Dominion, Dominion,
conservative conservative the the of of editor editor former former a a Hall, Hall, J.H. J.H. of of appointment appointment
the the by by balanced balanced initially initially was was appointment appointment Paul's Paul's 10 10 ll
articles required ... in connection with the
and any statement intended or likely to 'cause unlawful resistance to or interference with the enforcement or administration' of the law, 'Reasonable and temperate' 19 dlSCUSSlOn. . o f any l aw was not to b e consl"d ere d su b verslve. .
The wide definition given to a subversive statement may suggest a lack of confidence on the part of the Govern- ment in New Zealander's unity of purpose. Such a doubt was almost certainly unjustified; the influence of dissident groups was re l atlve. l y mlnor . d urlng . t h e war. 20
Paul's first major problems with the censorship
originated from the activities of Communists and conscien-
tious objectors. The trial of two Communists, T.B. Christie
and H.A. Ostler, for publishing a subversive statement was
held on 13 February 1941. Ostler, son of a High Court
judge, claimed in evidence that the Solicitor General had
taken him to dinner and offered to have the Attorney-General
drop the prosecution if Ostler agreed to join the army. Paul
made an on the spot decision to have publication of this
claim delayed until the Solicitor-General's explanation
and refutation could be published alongisde. This was duly done. The Otago Daily Times protested:
"Only through an excess of zeal could [the Director] extend hi' authority to a super vision over the publication of reports of proceedings in the Supreme Court, even though the names of the Prime Minister and the Attorney-General might be mentioned in them.• 21
[because] [because] Goebbels Goebbels Dr Dr by by relished relished be be would would
Page Page Magazine Magazine the the of of perusal perusal continued continued
that that imagine imagine to to difficult difficult not not is is It It
Page Page Magazine Magazine the the of of publication publication
the the to to party party a a is is it it that that ground ground the the on on
quarters quarters certain certain in in questioned questioned been been has has
effort effort war war Government's Government's the the of of ity ity sincer sincer
the the that that fact fact the the overlook overlook cannot cannot "I "I
editor: editor: the the to to wrote wrote Paul Paul
businesses." and and persons persons for for
capital capital make make to to 25 25
simply simply maintained maintained and and conducted conducted being being
is is war war present present the the that that [sic] [sic] infer infer
and and Government Government Majesty's Majesty's His His discredit discredit
to to effort effort an an than than less less or or more more "nothing "nothing
were: were: they they because because Police Police the the
and and Solicitor-General Solicitor-General the the Paul, Paul, by by subversive subversive as as regarded regarded
were were and and magazines magazines foreign foreign from from culled culled were were articles articles
these these of of Many Many articles. articles. submitted submitted Communists Communists known known two two which which
to to Page Page Magazine Magazine a a ran ran it it because because war war the the in in early early Police Police
the the by by investigated investigated was was Argus Argus River River Grey Grey Greymouth Greymouth The The
not. or or justified justified were were actions actions
Paul's Paul's whether whether of of judgement judgement 24 24
their their in in split split were were newspapers newspapers The The readers." 100,000 100,000 over over
23 23
to to conveyed conveyed is is which which lie lie a a on on up up catch catch to to impossible impossible is is "It "It
added added He He concern'. concern'. 'domestic 'domestic a a purely purely not not was was
cerned, cerned, 22 22
con- was was Army Army the the in in service service where where especially especially Government, Government,
of of heads heads the the in in confidence confidence public public undermine undermine to to attempt attempt an an
with with associated associated Justice, Justice, of of adminsitration adminsitration the the on on attack attack An An
war. war. present present the the of of aspects aspects moral moral and and economic economic social, social, the the
ignoring ignoring 1914-18, 1914-18, of of terms terms in in thinking thinking still still were were editors editors
newspaper newspaper many many that that considered considered He He propaganda. propaganda. enemy enemy
minimal minimal been been had had there there when when 1914-18 1914-18 in in than than application application
wider wider much much a a had had 'military' 'military' term term the the that that explained explained Paul Paul 12 12
. . war war 1st 1st 1mper1a 1mper1a
l' l' . . · · , , n30 n30 1 1
an an was was it it before before - war' war' 'holy 'holy a a is is it it in in come come
has has Russia Russia that that Now Now people. people. intelligent intelligent all all to to
appear appear must must it it stupid stupid how how know know I I things. things. these these
underneath underneath is is that that rottenness rottenness the the all all know know ''I ''I
allegiance: allegiance: of of
switch switch this this for for contempt contempt felt felt Paul Paul 1941. in in six six to to cutions cutions
29 29
prose reduced reduced Allies Allies the the of of support support in in war war the the into into Union Union
Soviet Soviet the the of of entrance entrance The The ceased. ceased. publication publication ensure ensure to to
enough enough was was Tomorrow, Tomorrow, periodical, periodical, Communist Communist another another of of editor editor
the the to to warn1ng warn1ng A A at1ons. at1ons. regu regu
empower1ng empower1ng new new
er er un un se1ze se1ze
. . 28 28 . 1 . . 1 . . d d d d .
eventually eventually was was press press printing printing whose whose Voice, Voice, People's People's periodical periodical
inspired inspired Communist Communist the the included included This This statement. subsersive subsersive
27 27
a a publishing publishing for for prosecutions prosecutions 59 59 were were there there 1940 1940 In In
discontinued. discontinued. was was Page Page Magazine Magazine The The line. line.
front front the the from from miles miles of of thousands thousands was was Zealand Zealand New New that that fact fact
the the outweighed outweighed factor factor this this considered considered Paul Paul that that appears appears It It
dangerous." dangerous." be be may may effect effect general general the the
26 26
communtiy, communtiy, small small our our in in presented presented is is only only side side
one one when when but but opinion, opinion, of of conflict conflict existent existent
the the to to relation relation in in and and setting setting special special their their
in in considered considered are are community community populated populated thickly thickly
a a in in discussed discussed are are which which Topics Topics own. own. our our as as
such such community community small small a a in in than than Britain Britain Great Great
like like country country a a in in influence influence its its in in dangerous dangerous
less less much much is is matter matter controversial controversial certain certain of of
publication publication the the that that forgotten forgotten be be not not must must "It "It
publications: publications: English, English, especially especially foreign, foreign,
in in appeared appeared had had which which articles articles of of censorship censorship justified justified Paul Paul
responsibility." responsibility." the the
shouldering shouldering are are they they behalf behalf whose whose on on natioan natioan
the the to to even even or or war war the the conducting conducting of of ity ity
responsibil great great the the carrying carrying men men the the to to
favourable favourable anything anything contains contains seldom seldom it it ...... 13 13 14
Much censored material related to military matters.
In these cases Paul acted on the advice of the relevant
Service. In addition to those referring to technical details, articles criticising inefficiency in the Armed
Forces or alleging bad conditions were often held until the criticisms could be investigated. Criticism without specific detail was often denied publication because the accuracy of the allegations could not be tested. 31 Paul explained the reason for some censorhip early in the war:
"The country's war effort and its forces were expanding, but they had not yet reached the standard where public revelation was possible without the risk of informing the enemy that the country was not ready.• 32
Paul's relations with the Services' publicity officers was generally smooth. However, the Army did complain of "many technical blunders" resulting from the fact that questionable articles were not infallibly relayed. 33 In another instance
Paul complained that a sub~itted article he had relayed had been placed in the hands of a branch of Intelligence who had instituted inquiries into the source of the information.
He regarded this as a breach of his trust with the press and refused to act as an intermediary or as a party to a . 34 prosecu t lon.
Throughout 1940 Paul's relationship with the daily newspapers was congenial. The Southland Times attributed this to the fact that both Paul and Hall were trained journalists and to the Government's sympathy for civil, rather than military1 control of the censorship. Differences between Australia, Great Britain and New Zealand in censor- ship of troop movements and of the sinking of ships were 15
36 blamed on inconsistent instructions from Admiralty or 37 simply "a sad lack of co-ordination". There were complaints that matters frequently of common knowledge could not be 38 published and suggestions that an authoritative statement, not secrecy, was the b est way to d lspe. 1 d . amaglng rumours. 39
A meeting of the New Zealand Newspaper Proprietors
Assocation immediately after the Ostler case generally endorsed the censorship administration. Mr C.W. Earle, its President, said
"[We] would like again to express appreciation of the manner in which the director has carried out his duties regarding the daily newspapers Mr Paul was good enough to attend a recent Conference of Newspaper Proprietors ... and a number of matters regarding the censorship were then discussed and opinions and suggestions of mutual value were exchanged"
Mr Earle conceded that complete agreement on all issues was too much to expect, but the Director's helpful attitude had assisted to promote an "admirable spirit of co-operation
... , it was freely conceded that Mr Paul was carrying out a difficult task with a minimum of inconvenience to the 40 newspapers". A word of warning came from Sir Henry Horton, chairman of the New Zealand branch of the Empire Press Union, who observed "an increasing tendency to suppress information which cannot have any military importance". He added that censors' necessary inexperience should make them responsive . d . d t . t o sugges t lOns eslgne o lron out lnconslstencles.. . . 41
Censorship of news of strikes was an example of suppression of information without a direct military significance. An illegal strike began at the Woburn railway CENSORSHIP AND THE FREEDOM OF ·THE ·PRESS Mr. Fraser and the Hutt Railway Strike
(This is where the article we should ·like to have written would have been p1-inted if the censorship regulations did not make it imprudent for us to express an opinion about the censorship regulationa.)
Progress and Farming First, 25 March 1941, (Paul papers, file 460) 16
workshops in the Hutt Valley on 6 March 1941. The workshops
were doing some munitions work. The newspapers met the the
strike with general disapproval but printed the statements 42 and resolutions of the striking men. Other branches of
the Railway Tradesman's Association and members of related 43 unlons. b egan to consl'd er a sympat h y s t rl'k e. Consequently,
on the Prime Minister's instructions,Paul issued the follow-
ing directive to editors on 12 March~
"From this date the publication of all resolutions, reports of meetings, statements in support, or any information relating to the railway strike cannot be published wlt. h ou t . . permlsslon ,,44
The Prime Minister recieved a complaint from the Newspaper 45 Proprietors' Association about this ban.
On 19 March the strike, and its censorship, was
discussed in Parliament. Mr Holland, leader of the Opposition,
pointed out that it was significant that, although the
strike was a reprehensible one, the employees had been denied
the right to state their case when the Government was both the employer and a party to the dispute. He added
'when we restrict Liberty, we strike at the very heart of the democratic system, and nothing engenders suspicion and hatred more than suppression."
Holland quoted President RoosNelt:
''Since in the last analysis democratic government is government by public opinion, it is of paramount importance that public opinion be fully informed. This must be guaranteed by the press• 46 NZ Herald, 21 March, 1941. The tall man with spectacles is the Prime Minister. 17
Fraser was unrepentent. The country did not want an illegal strike to be supported,
"I think I did the right thing and I will do it again on every occasion when the necessity arises Under the specious plea for freedom of the press, we are not going to allow the enemies of the country, outside or inside, to attack or sabotage our war effort .... The forgoing of small items of news that may tickle the palates of some readers is a small matter in comparison with columns being used ... unwittingly to foment disturbance and turmoil .47
Fraser, however, admitted that there was ''a legitimate point of difference" of opinion likely ta arise as to the stage at which the Regulations should be utilised. "The
Regulations are not perfect, .•. there may be some that we 48 try to apply and are not applicable.•• Other industrial disputes subject to censorhip were the Westfield freezing 49 workers' strike in January 1942 and the Huntley coal strike 50 in mid-1942.
The Parliamentary debate on the Woburn strike was fully reported in the newspapers. Editorials widely criticised the censorship of the issue, but there was little outright criticism of the censorhip. The most virulent attack came from the Auckland Star. which compared the censorship with that used by the totalitarian powers. "It has not happened consistently in New Zealand, there have been one or two minor abuses, and this major one.• 51
Reverses in Crete and Greece in April and May 1941 combined with the controversy surrounding the Woburn strike
British British and and Australian Australian systems, systems,
Leys Leys to to contrasted contrasted one one man. man. this this with with the the far far more more extensive extensive
Much Much of of the the criticism criticism focused focused on on the the wide wide powers powers given given
within within the the category category are are absolute absolute prohibitions.•
54 54
on on the the part part of of one one or or more more newspapers, newspapers, but but none none which which come come
been been made made necessary necessary in in every every case" case" by by serious serious indiscretions indiscretions
Paul Paul responded responded that that the the recent recent ''blanket" ''blanket" orders orders had had
gr1evous gr1evous y y at at fau fau
t." t." . 1 1 1 1 . 53 53
calibre calibre of of the the average average New New Zealander Zealander is is
so, so, the the official official estimate estimate of of the the mental mental
news news and and sunshine sunshine expressions expressions of of views? views? If If
carefully carefully selected selected diet diet of of sunshine sunshine i i terns terns of of
"Must "Must we we be be kept kept upon upon our our proper proper course course by by a a
national national unity unity or or the the war war effort: effort:
publication publication of of much much of of the the news news would would truly truly jeopardise jeopardise the the
public public were were not not fit fit to to be be trusted trusted with with the the truth truth and and whether whether
Leys Leys asked asked whether whether the the Government Government really really believed believed that that the the
censorn censorn
can can be be published published without without reference reference to to the the
there there is is scarcely scarcely an an item item of of war war news news which which
are are being being issued issued in in increasing increasing numbers, numbers, until until
should should rightly rightly be be in in the the hands hands of of the the public, public,
that that class class of of information, information, much much of of which which
"Orders "Orders prohibiting prohibiting publication publication of of this this or or
restrictive" restrictive" was was preventing preventing fulfilment fulfilment of of the the latter latter duty: duty:
A A "timid "timid ...... censorship censorship which which has has become become unnecessarily unnecessarily
ventilate ventilate abuses abuses and and bring bring slackness slackness of of effort effort to to light. light.
morale morale and and stimulate stimulate the the national national effort, effort, as as well well as as to to
said said that that it it was was the the duty duty of of the the press press to to maintain maintain public public
Newspapers Newspapers Limited, Limited, its its
managing managing director, director, Sir Sir Cecil Cecil Leys, Leys,
52 52
regarding regarding the the war. war. In In a a speech speech to to a a meeting meeting of of New New Zealand Zealand
to to bring bring a a plea plea from from the the newspapers newspapers for for more more information information 18 18
Empire Empire
the the in in
exception exception single single the the is is it it istration istration
admin
my my about about
said said be be may may else else Whatever Whatever effort. effort.
war war
national national
the the to to harm harm possibly possibly and and Government Government
the the
for for
trouble trouble certain certain with with limelight limelight more more much much
attract attract
could could
buccaneer buccaneer publicity publicity or or go-getter go-getter "A "A
appointee: appointee: possible possible any any of of that that
match match
would would
judgment judgment
practical practical his his that that egotism" egotism" "without "without
claiming claiming
suggestion, suggestion, this this
dismissed dismissed Paul Paul schemes.
58 58
publicity publicity
devise devise to to
Information Information of of Director Director full-time full-time a a
advocated advocated
Wilson Wilson
Wilson. Wilson. David David Broadcasting, Broadcasting, of of Minister Minister
the the
by by
February February in in
Committee Committee Publicity Publicity and and Censorhip Censorhip the the
to to
put put
been been had had
proposition proposition
this this fact, fact, In In Information. of of
57 57
Ministry Ministry a a
of of
establishment establishment
the the alternative, alternative, another another proposed proposed
(RSA) (RSA)
Association Association
Servicemen's Servicemen's Returned Returned the the May May 30 30 On On
editors." editors."
the the 56 56
with with
co-operation co-operation
in in
authority authority exercise exercise to to made made been been had had
endeavour endeavour
constant constant
a a and and
joint joint is is responsibility responsibility the the matters matters
major major
Regarding Regarding
published." published." is is what what for for responsibility responsibility take take
must must and and
......
censors censors
own own their their are are editors editors measure measure large large
''In ''In war. war. the the
to to
relating relating matters matters of of publication publication regarding regarding
responsibility responsibility
dual dual
on on rested rested administration administration his his that that
replied replied
Paul Paul
restrlctlons. restrlctlons. lp lp h
censors censors any any s o o s f f lt lt resu resu
term term 55 55 ......
long-
the the on on
advise advise
and and
judge judge to to qualified qualified experts experts of of group group
consultative consultative a a of of
establishment establishment the the by by supplemented supplemented be be whould whould
Director Director of of
office office
the the
that that suggest suggest to to on on went went Cecil Cecil Sir Sir
man." man." one one to to entrusted entrusted
has has Government Government other other no no which which task task a a
task, task,
impossible impossible an an set set been been has has [he] [he] that that
is is
truth truth
The The answer... answer... his his by by abide abide must must
newspapers newspapers the the and and everything, everything, to to answer answer
the the
knows knows who who man man the the be be to to Governemnt Governemnt the the
by by
expected expected is is Publicity] Publicity] of of Director Director ''[The ''[The 19 19
only only
the the be be to to proved proved This This £75. him him fined fined and and Star Star
65 65
the the of of
editor editor the the convicted convicted SM SM Luxford Luxford articles. articles. Herald Herald
the the in in contained contained not not was was information information vital vital the the of of some some ever, ever,
How-
Herald. Herald. Zealand Zealand New New the the in in articles articles similar similar indicated indicated
Star Star the the defence defence In In area. area. the the from from transmission transmission ligence ligence
64 64
intel- valuable valuable end end and and patriot" patriot" great great a a of of capture capture "the "the to to
lead lead could could articles articles the the that that considered considered Secretary Secretary Naval Naval The The
not. did did Japanese Japanese the the
positive positive was was source source reliable reliable more more 63 63
a a investigation, investigation, later later on on but, but, existence existence radio's radio's the the of of knew knew
Japanese Japanese the the that that Star Star the the assured assured story story the the of of source source The The
Islands. Gilbert Gilbert the the in in
Tarawa Tarawa of of island island the the on on transmitter transmitter 62 62
radio radio secret secret a a of of presence presence the the revealed revealed which which articles articles
two two publishing publishing for for prosecuted prosecuted was was Star Star Auckland Auckland The The
lCatlons. lCatlons. pu pu
er er ot ot ln ln e e rna rna een een b d d b
. . bl. bl. . h h . 61 61
had had references references similar similar that that stating stating case, case, the the out out threw threw SM SM
Luxford Luxford Zealanders. New New by by Fiji Fiji in in
built built being being base base air air 60 60
large large a a to to reference reference for for prosecuted prosecuted was was Print Print In In magazine magazine the the
of of editor editor The The consideration. consideration. greater greater given given be be to to matters matters
military military regarding regarding censorship censorship the the of of breaches breaches for for ecutions ecutions
pros- of of possibility possibility the the caused caused war war the the of of proximity proximity closer closer
The The Zealand. Zealand. New New in in establishments establishments military military and and shipping shipping
coastal coastal to to references references regarding regarding especially especially censorship, censorship,
the the of of tightening tightening a a caused caused war war the the into into entry entry Japan's Japan's
complementary. complementary.
~~9 ~~9
but but antagonistic, antagonistic, not not were were publicty publicty and and censorship censorship ..• ..•
brains brains with with applied applied is is censorship censorship Providing Providing ...... inevitable': inevitable':
were were censor'' censor'' as as act act would would who who man man "the "the and and Information Information
of of Director Director proposed proposed the the between between clashes clashes that that added added Paul Paul
disputation." disputation." serious serious
in in Government Government its its involved involved not not has has which which 20 20
American American an an for for "Prepare "Prepare entitled entitled 1942 1942 January January 30 30 on on article article
An An outcry. outcry. public public large large a a caused caused party, party, Credit Credit Social Social
the the of of Democracy,organ Democracy,organ Hogan's Hogan's John John of of Suppression Suppression
conviction. conviction. a a guarantee guarantee not not could could law law
the the of of breach breach technical technical A A Regulations. Regulations. the the of of impotence impotence
the the illustrate illustrate cases cases two two These These verdict. jury's jury's a a
about about 68 68
confident confident feel feel not not did did Solicitor-General Solicitor-General the the but but counts, counts,
of of
variety variety a a on on subversive subversive considered considered was was 1943 1943 January January 20 20
on on Weekly Weekly Lee's Lee's A. A. John John in in article article an an Likewise, Likewise,
publicity.• wide wide
receive receive would would press press the the 67 67
of of
freedom freedom the the of of question question the the as as especially especially embarrassment embarrassment
considerable considerable cause cause might might conviction conviction a a secure secure to to failure failure
A A views." views." his his endorse endorse and and writer writer the the with with sympathise sympathise
not not may may or or may may twelve twelve of of jury jury a a "whether "whether of of question question
the the on on decided decided be be would would case case the the and and following following wide wide a a had had
'McLure' 'McLure' because because unwise unwise be be would would prosecution prosecution a a considered considered
Prosecutor Prosecutor Crown Crown the the However, However, subversive. subversive. considered considered also also was was
February February 13 13 of of
Star Star Auckland Auckland the the in in Lure' Lure' 'M 'M by by column column A A
c c
this. of of ster ster
66 66
Mini
Prime Prime the the persuaded persuaded and and case case weak weak a a it it considered considered Paul Paul
words." words." more more action action ~ot ~ot
want want We We talk. talk. their their and and politicians politicians muddling muddling
the the in in placed placed be be can can confidence confidence No No destiny. destiny.
Zealand's Zealand's New New of of control control take take to to in in stepped stepped
authorities authorities military military the the time time high high is is ''It ''It
read read
which which correspondent, correspondent, a a by by statement statement a a for for Herald Herald Zealand Zealand New New
the the prosecute prosecute to to anxious anxious was was attention. attention. Minister Minister Prime Prime The The
· · Paul's Paul's to to drawn drawn be be to to continued continued statements statements subversive subversive
war. war.
the the during during R~gulations R~gulations Publicity Publicity and and Censorship Censorship the the of of
breach breach a a for for newspaper newspaper daily daily a a of of prosecution prosecution successful successful 2-l 2-l
was was
directives directives such such
for for
reason reason
the the When When ravaged. be be to to
75 75
potatoes potatoes of of
supply supply
the the caused caused
had had shortage shortage potato potato a a regarding regarding
article article
an an
after after June, June,
in in reinstated reinstated was was order order original original
the the
before before May, May,
in in
textiles textiles
cotton cotton to to extended extended and and February, February,
in in
foodstuffs foodstuffs imported imported to to
amended amended
was was This This shortages. shortages. any any
to to
made made
be be to to
was was
reference reference
no no him, him, by by approved approved unless unless that that
1942 1942
January January 20 20
on on directive directive
a a sent sent Paul Paul Thus, Thus, shortage. shortage.
any any
excacerbate excacerbate thus thus
and and
demand demand artificial artificial an an create create would would
shortages shortages to to
reference reference
published published that that considered considered authorities authorities
The The
tea. tea. and and
sugar sugar
as as
such such commodities commodities essential essential in in ages ages
short- of of
fear fear a a
off off
touched touched war war the the into into entry entry Japan's Japan's
war. war. the the of of end end the the until until ically ically
sporad-
reappeared reappeared
Democracy, Democracy, of of issues issues and and story, story, Hogan's Hogan's
censorship.
the the
of of use use
'politial' 'politial' such such 73 73 condemned condemned Star-Sun Star-Sun
urc urc
c c rls rls
e e
an an
. t h h h h t . Ch Ch
th th d d suppresslon, suppresslon,
. . a e e a
lng lng es es t t pro pro th th St St . t t . ~ ~ 72 72
Evening Evening and and
Times Times
Daily Daily Otago Otago
the the in in published published were were Editorials Editorials
Courts.
the the
outside outside
suppression suppression secret secret of of use use 71 71 the the against against
protesting protesting
Minister Minister
Prime Prime
the the to to sent sent were were letters letters many many and and
organised organised was was
petition petition A A
mail. mail. the the in in intercepted intercepted were were which which
of of many many
newsletters, newsletters,
produce produce to to continued continued Hogan Hogan pression pression
sup- the the Despite Despite
policies. policies.
financial financial 'unorthodox' 'unorthodox' his his and and
Hogan,•
Mr Mr to to
surrender surrender
to to preapred preapred was was 70 70 Government Government the the
unless unless
suppression suppression to to
alternative alternative no no was was "There "There that that considered considered
Paul Paul
April. April.
24 24 on on
Exposed" Exposed" Swindle Swindle ''Debt ''Debt and and April April 10 10 on on
Swindle", Swindle",
Bombs Bombs
"Bomber "Bomber
entitled entitled were were These These policy. policy. loan loan war war a a
by by war war the the
financing financing of of
policy policy Government's Government's the the undermine undermine to to
attempt attempt an an
as as seen seen
articles articles
were were however, however, suppression, suppression, the the of of
cause cause
real real
The The
subjects.• its its or or
State State foreign foreign friendly friendly 69 69
any any
and and subject subject
Majesty's Majesty's
His His
between between relations relations prejudice prejudice to to
likely likely or or
"intending "intending as as
subversive subversive considered considered was was Invasion" Invasion" 22 22
l94s. March March until until force force
84 84
in in remained remained issues issues police police of of publication publication the the resticting resticting
directives directives The The period•. war war the the during during
agitate agitate to to order order 83 83
and and law law of of forces forces the the for for right right no no be be will will "There "There forces. forces.
armed armed the the as as Zealand Zealand New New of of defence defence the the of of part part a a much much
as as was was which which body body a a in in efficiency efficiency and and disciplina disciplina impair impair
could could which which disaffection disaffection of of spread spread the the prevent prevent to to used used was was
it it claiming claiming censorship, censorship, the the defended defended Fraser Fraser improved. improved. been been
had had pay pay police police time time that that by by but but heard, heard, be be to to body, body, vital vital
81 81
and and loyal loyal a a as as right, right, Association's Association's Police Police the the championed championed
Opposition Opposition the the of of Leader Leader The The made.• representations representations
80 80
the the with with members members own own our our acquainting acquainting of of have have we we method method only only
"the "the was was Journal Journal the the of of medium medium the the because because publication publication allow allow
to to Paul Paul exhorted exhorted twice twice Journal Journal Police Police the the of of editor editor The The
safety.•• public public the the to to "prejudicial "prejudicial
be be could could publication publication 79 79
because because proceedings, proceedings, legal legal in in sustained sustained be be would would directives directives
these these of of validity validity the the that that Paul Paul informed informed Solicitor-General Solicitor-General
The The pay. police police of of subject subject the the of of discussion discussion restricting restricting
76 76
Journal, Journal, Police Police the the to to sent sent also also telegram, telegram, further further a a to to led led
This This issue. issue. the the outlining outlining articles articles published published both both January January 2 2
of of Star Star Evening Evening and and Times Times Daily Daily Otago Otago the the and and remuneration, remuneration,
police police of of problet'"ls problet'"ls and and demands demands the the of of discussion discussion pre.vent pre.vent
not not did did this this However, However, approval. approval. his his without without Association, Association,
Police Police the the of of branch branch any any by by passed passed resolutions resolutions of of publication publication
banning banning 1942 1942 December December in in directive directive a a issued issued Paul Paul Police, of of
77 77
Minister Minister and and Minister Minister Prime Prime the the of of instructions instructions the the On On police. police.
for for work work of of hours hours better better and and pay pay in in increase increase an an for for campaign campaign
the the was was problems problems censorhsip censorhsip caused caused which which issue issue Another Another
y. y. l l lncre lncre ases ases pure pure le le multlp multlp a a h d d h shortage shortage d"bl d"bl
d h . . h d l" l" . . 76 76
a a of of news news where where instances instances specific specific other other sited sited Paul Paul sought, sought, 23 23
wasmostendangered wasmostendangered morale morale public public that that claimed claimed he he Secondly, Secondly,
weaknesses. weaknesses. service service or or political political remediable remediable for for cloak cloak a a
becoming becoming
its its against against guard guard to to .vigilance .vigilance be be must must there there and and
security security
was was
censorship censorship for for reason reason the the that that out out pointed pointed he he
Firstly, Firstly,
censorship. censorship. the the of of administration administration the the to to changes changes
various various
recommended recommended Leys Leys newspapers. newspapers. British British in in published published
was was
which which
information information much much denied denied was was public public Zealand Zealand New New the the
that that and and
power power Director's Director's the the of of extension extension the the at at indignant indignant
was was
country country
the the that that claimed claimed he he which which in in 1942, 1942, October October 7 7 on on
Association Association
Press Press the the to to speech speech a a in in attack attack his his renewed renewed had had
critic, critic,
chief chief censorhip's censorhip's the the Leys, Leys, Cecil Cecil Sir Sir Meanwhile Meanwhile
Zealand.•• New New of of
outside outside applied applied 86 86
not not are are which which prohibitions prohibitions observe observe to to
Zealand Zealand New New of of press press the the ask ask to to continue continue
to to having having of of prospect prospect the the by by "disturbed "disturbed
was was he he wishe~but wishe~but
American's American's the the apply apply effectively effectively and and observe observe faithfully faithfully
would would
he he that that adding adding Zealand, Zealand, New New in in stationed stationed troops troops
American American to to
publications publications overseas overseas in in references references prominent prominent of of
strongly strongly
complained complained He He extended. extended. be be troops troops own own our our covering covering
publicity publicity
regarding regarding principles principles tested tested and and establishea establishea the the that that
urged urged and and
press press Zealand Zealand New New the the in in references references all all restrict restrict
to to
impossible impossible and and absurd absurd was was it it that that Ghormley Ghormley Vice-Admiral Vice-Admiral
to to
wrote wrote
Paul Paul However, However, Director. the the by by
reproved reproved were were 85 85
leakages leakages
Minor Minor one. one. Zealand Zealand New New the the to to addition addition in in ship ship
censor-
American American
an an by by approved approved be be to to had had information information military military
much much and and
Zealand, Zealand, New New in in stationed stationed were were troops troops American American
that that
fact fact the the reveal reveal ro ro not not instructed instructed were were Editors Editors Zealand. Zealand.
New New in in
presence presence American American the the of of reporting reporting the the regarded regarded 1943 1943
in in
arose arose which which question question controversial controversial other other only only The The 24 24
the the explained explained then then and and made, made, been been had had misuse misuse of of accusation accusation
general general a a whenever whenever instances instances specific specific for for asked asked had had He He
censorship." censorship."
of of act act every every and and any any time time any any at at explain explain
to to offered offered have have and and meetings meetings Association] Association]
[Press [Press the the of of some some attended attended have have I I
censorship. censorship. of of exercise exercise the the in in co-operation co-operation
closest closest the the sought sought have have I I times times all all "At "At
administration: administration: his his defended defended Paul Paul
publication.• suppress suppress to to be be
89 89
would would it it interest interest individual individual whose whose persons persons of of
assent assent the the without without mention mention public public receive receive not not
could could importance importance of of matters matters Zealand Zealand New New "In "In
stating stating leader leader a a published published Star Star
Auckland Auckland the the example, example, For For Cecil. Cecil. Sir Sir by by made made complaints complaints the the
wholeheartedly wholeheartedly
supported supported
editors editors Various Various l l ternatlve. ternatlve. a a an an
88 88 . .
as as advocated advocated was was system system British British The The functions. functions. opposing opposing it it
ga<'e ga<'e Department Department same same the the in in publicity publicity and and censorship censorship of of
combination combination the the that that was was complaint complaint Another Another passed. passed. had had need need
87 87
the the after after maintained maintained often often were were and and incident, incident, particular particular the the
beyond beyond censorship censorship the the of of scope scope the the extended extended prohibitions prohibitions
General General indicated. indicated. prohibition prohibition any any of of purpose purpose specific specific
the the and and newspapers newspapers to to in in instructions instructions discontinued discontinued ~ ~
be be should should prohibitions prohibitions general general ideas. ideas. Lastly, Lastly, constructive constructive
and and co-operation co-operation citizenship, citizenship, good good for for opinion opinion popular popular
strong strong a a creating creating thereby thereby fully, fully, public public the the inform inform to to
be be should should policy policy the the matters, matters, such such and and disputes disputes industrial industrial
shortages, shortages, commodity commodity to to relating relating news news censoring censoring of of instead instead
Thirdly, Thirdly, co-operation. co-operation. their their enlisting enlisting and and truth truth the the
public public the the telling telling by by up up built built be be only only could could morale morale Sound Sound
censored. censored. being being were were facts facts that that suspicion suspicion a a was was there there if if 25 25
that that
and and Information Information of of Ministry Ministry British British the the in in centred centred were were
censorship censorship press press and and publicity publicity of of functions functions two two the the that that
added added
Paul Paul
newspapers. newspapers. the the in in circulating circulating was was propaganda propaganda
enemy enemy of of piece piece a a that that knew knew he he if if in in step step to to power power no no have have
would would
Director Director the the way way their their had had editors editors the the If If borders. borders.
own own
its its within within conditions conditions the the of of judge judge best best the the is is country country
Each Each
deserve. deserve. not not does does it it significance significance and and importance importance an an on on
takes takes
country country another another in in newspaper newspaper a a from from quoted quoted statement statement A A
scurrilous". scurrilous". how how matter matter "no "no censor, censor, attentive attentive least least the the passed passed
had had which which anything anything publish publish to to freedom freedom wanted wanted supporters supporters
his his
and and
Leys Leys that that considered considered He He security. security. endanger endanger not not did did
it it as as long long so so newspaper newspaper British British a a in in appeared appeared had had which which
anything anything publish publish could could newspaper newspaper a a that that out out pointed pointed Paul Paul
it.• know know editors editors
responsible responsible and and necessary- 91 91
prohiqitions' prohiqitions' 'general 'general the the makes makes editor editor
responsible responsible least least The The taken. taken. be be cannot cannot risk risk
the the that that prove prove carelessness carelessness gross gross of of cases cases
isolated isolated but but prohibitions', prohibitions', 'general 'general ...... for for
need need less less be be would would there there matter, matter, dangerous dangerous
of of publication publication before before him him consult consult
would would newspaper newspaper any any that that certain certain be be could could
[he] [he] If If approval. approval. with with publication publication for for
provides provides it it that that sense sense the the in in absolute absolute
not not and and conditional conditional is is prohibition' prohibition'
'general 'general so-called so-called every every "Practically "Practically
instance, instance, For For
censorship. censorship. the the of of impression impression misleading misleading a a gave gave Cecil Cecil Sir Sir
considered considered Paul Paul disservice.• a a press press whole whole
the the "rendering "rendering 90 90
was was Cecil Cecil Sir Sir considered considered Paul Paul unjustifiably unjustifiably withheld withheld
being being were were facts facts important important that that suggesting suggesting By By Association. Association.
Proprietor's Proprietor's Newspaper Newspaper the the to to commendation commendation Earle's Earle's Mr Mr
recalled recalled cases. cases. He He specific specific the the ln ln censorship censorship the the for for reasons reasons 26 26
a a against against appeal appeal an an and and censorship censorship Australian Australian in in crisis crisis
a a including including 1944 1944 during during arose arose issues issues censorship censorship Various Various
administration." the the and and
94 94
Government Government the the in in worse worse and and incompetence incompetence up up
cover cover to to used used being being is is censorship censorship the the that that
suggest suggest to to Government Government Labour Labour the the on on attack attack
defined defined clearly clearly a a is is Publicity Publicity of of Director Director
the the on on attack attack editorial editorial the the through through "Running "Running
issue: issue: censorship censorship the the from from capital capital political political
make make to to attempting attempting of of Leys Leys Cecil Cecil Sir Sir by by led led journals" journals"
Tory-minded Tory-minded of of coterie coterie "small "small the the accused accused then then Paul Paul
army." army." an an destroy destroy
93 93
practically practically You You movement. movement. military military
a a of of leaders leaders the the in in confidence confidence public public
destroy destroy you you down, down, tear tear to to start start you you "When "When
April, April, in in pressmen pressmen
Australian Australian to to McArthur McArthur General General by by given given speech speech a a quoted quoted He He
criticism." criticism."
press press from from immune immune themselves themselves are are time time
same same the the at at who who and and questions questions all all on on truth truth
the the profoundly profoundly so so express express who who war; war; a a lost lost
never never have have who who institutions; institutions; and and individuals individuals
criticise criticise to to hesitate hesitate never never who who right; right;
terribly terribly so so always always are are who who men men of of section section other other
no no is is There There ...... accepted accepted generally generally now now not not
is is Press Press the the of of infallibility infallibility The The community. community.
the the in in class class favoured favoured a a to to belong belong spokesmen spokesmen
their their though though even even cause, cause, own own their their in in judges judges
ideal ideal the the be be not not may may proprietors proprietors newspaper newspaper but but
criticism, criticism, unbiased unbiased and and informed informed to to subject subject be be
should should censorship censorship instituions instituions human human all all "Like "Like
objectively. objectively. censorship censorship the the
criticise criticise to to qualifications qualifications editors' editors' the the questioned questioned Paul Paul
same. same. the the fundamentally fundamentally was was system system Zealand Zealand New New the the
92 92 27 27
British British practice practice actual actual in in that that added added He He offence. offence. an an is is
it it ignore ignore decision,to decision,to his his given given has has censor censor the the when when Zealand, Zealand,
New New
In In illegal. illegal. was was this this whether whether decide decide to to Courts Courts the the
leave leave and and it it ignore ignore limits, limits, certain certain within within may, may, guidance guidance
censor's censor's
the the 1 1 sought sought have have who who newspapers newspapers British British theory
was was that~in that~in divergence divergence of of point point only only the the that that explained explained Paul Paul
declared. declared. he he
,,100 ,,100
on,' on,' going going opinion opinion of of censorship censorship damnable damnable and and
definite, definite, deliberate, deliberate, a a is is 'There 'There sed. sed. suppress suppress
being being colleagues,was colleagues,was his his of of that that and and work, work,
his his of of 60% 60% that that declared declared had had Mirror Mirror Daily Daily
the the of of editor editor news news night night Clarke, Clarke, E.C. E.C. '"Mr '"Mr
reported reported which which agitation agitation Press Press British British recent recent
a a quoted quoted he he addition addition In In concerned." concerned." are are they they as as far far as as
99 99
censorship censorship compulsory compulsory but but anything anything of of question question no no is is "There "There
publication. to to prior prior
submitted submitted be be must must what what and and published published 98 98
be be not not could could matter matter what what indicating indicating releases releases and and stops stops were were
there there practice practice in in that that out out pointing pointing by by this this rebutted rebutted Paul Paul
voluntary. voluntary. was was censorhsip censorhsip
96 96
to to submission submission that that and and opinion opinion of of censorship censorship no no was was there there
that that were were differences differences main main The The censorship.'' censorship.'' of of conception conception
different different a a gave gave which which tolerance tolerance of of atmosphere atmosphere refreshing refreshing
and and pervasive pervasive the the to to and and country, country, other other any any in in than than Britain Britain
in in stronger stronger and and older older are are which which freedom, freedom, of of traditions traditions
the the to to attributable attributable "partly "partly was was this this that that claimed claimed They They
there. there. freedom freedom censorship censorship of of degree degree greater greater a a was was there there
fighting fighting the the to to closer closer was was England England although although that that stating stating
home home statement statement a a cabled cabled England England to to delegation delegation Press Press Zealalnd Zealalnd
New New
1944 1944 early early an an in in editors editors five five the the of of Three
96 96
newspaper. daily daily
95 95
provincial provincial a a by by censorship censorship the the of of breach breach a a for for conviction conviction 28 28
censorship: censorship: of of dangers dangers the the on on Laski Laski
Professor Professor
quoted quoted
member member One One incompetence. incompetence. veil veil to to censorship censorship
the the using using was was Government Government the the that that claimed claimed and and relaxation relaxation
further further
its its advocated advocated Opposition Opposition The The Parliament. Parliament. ln ln
extensively extensively discussed discussed was was censorship censorship the the 1944 1944 August August In In
danger." the the increase increase and and
damage damage of of area area 102 102
the the extend extend even even might might Prosecution Prosecution harm. harm.
the the undo undo cannot cannot imprisonment imprisonment even even or or
fine fine a a published published is is enemy enemy the the to to value value
of of information information war-time, war-time, in in where, where, But But
adequate. adequate. be be can can law law of of process process the the through through
Punishment Punishment endangered. endangered. immediately immediately not not
is is nation nation the the of of life life the the steals, steals, burglar burglar
a a If If published. published. be be not not shall shall news news
dangerous dangerous that that is is essential essential first first The The Courts. Courts.
the the in in law' law' of of process process the the to to 'subject 'subject
be be must must newspapers newspapers that that enough enough not not is is It It
caution. caution. of of side side the the on on err err must must
it it errs errs it it if if and and nation, nation, the the of of security security
the the to to dangerous dangerous information information of of publication publication
the the prevent prevent must must Censorship Censorship speech. speech. or of of or
press press the the of of freedom freedom the the of of element element great great
the the than than greater greater newspapers, newspapers, the the than than
greater greater is is nation nation The The posesslons. posesslons. their their
and and liberty, liberty, their their people, people, its its of of lives lives
the the - stake stake at at is is nation nation the the of of substance substance
whole whole the the war war In In issues. issues. the the of of gravity gravity
the the appreciate appreciate to to failure failure a a from from springs springs
and and fallacy fallacy a a is is This This prosecuted. prosecuted. be be can can it it
security security national national against against offends offends newspaper newspaper a a
if if that that argument argument the the of of made made been been has has "Much "Much
punitive, punitive, not not preventive, preventive, be be must must censorship censorship that that well, well,
views views his his explains explains which which passage passage a a in in out, out, pointed pointed He He
advice. censor's censor's the the i-gnore i-gnore not not did did
newspapers newspapers 101 101 29 29 30
''To penalise the critic is not only to poison the moral foundations of the State,
but to make it difficult1 when peace comes, for the Government and the mass of the people to resume the habits of modern 103 democracy."
This attack gave the Government an opportunity to vent its frustrations at its treatment by the newspapers during the war.
"From Invercargill to Whangarei, the daily press attacks the Labour party, morning and evening, magnifying the small matters and stirring up trouble and strife quite unnec essarily even in wartime."
They considered that freedom of the press was an overrated
principle because editorial policy was dictated to a large degree by the vested interests which controlled the news-
papers. Thus censorship was carried out well before the
Director of Publicity became involved. Those editors who
attempted to defy the instructions of their proprietors did
not survive. 104 "The press has no more freedom than has a
butcher behind his counter in his relations with his 105 customers. 11
Paul agreed with these sentiments,
"Only by dint of unusual sacrifice can the voice of the people be presented through its own Press, and then in no comparative volume to that raised in thunderous tones by the daily Press on behalf of vested interests and in support of a static 106 economic order."
He considered that the modern press had declined in influence
because of this facto~which led to "special sins of omission
press press the the that that fact fact fundamental fundamental the the ignores ignores this this because because
amity," amity," international international
for for influence influence an an be be would would unhampered unhampered
press press the the that that suggest suggest to to simplicity simplicity
elementary elementary of of evidence evidence and and foolish foolish be be would would "It "It
this: this: dismissed dismissed Paul Paul
power. power. military military and and
pacts pacts of of need need the the without without peace peace world world 110 110
to to lead lead would would this this that that claimed claimed They They internationally: internationally: true true
becoming becoming understanding understanding and and interest interest community community of of principle principle
the the to to lead lead ultimately ultimately would would news news of of exchange exchange truthful truthful
the the internationalnews," internationalnews," of of freedom freedom and and press press free free world-wide world-wide
iibenevolent.•attitude information. information. world world of of freedom freedom to to barriers barriers military military and and economic economic political, political, all all of of removal removal the the was was peace peace world world of of achievement achievement the the to to step step first first the the that that claiming claiming 1944 1944 December December in in statement statement a a issued issued Newspapers Newspapers of of Society Society American American The The world." world." the the of of part part major major the the to to 109 109 peace peace guarantee guarantee can can words words eloquent eloquent most most the the nor nor sentiments sentiments loftiest loftiest the the "Neither "Neither er. er. surren surren surv1ve surv1ve never never ld ld wou wou ,,108 ,,108 d d . . it it but but war war survive survive to to ability ability the the shown shown has has freedom freedom Our Our [resisting]. [resisting]. are are we we danger danger very very the the of of fear fear the the by by defeated defeated be be not not must must We We democracy. democracy. its its defend defend to to struggle struggle successful successful a a by by democracy democracy its its lost lost nation nation a a has has world world the the of of history history the the 1n 1n ''Never ''Never glibly: glibly: too too condemned condemned was was wartime wartime in in censorship censorship that that considered considered Paul Paul Roosevelt, Roosevelt, President President d d Quoting Quoting an an COITlffilSSlOlle COITlffilSSlOlle ,,107 ,,107 . . . . 31 31 story." 115 115 true true the the for for story' story' traditional'good traditional'good the the sacrifice sacrifice to to and and nations nations between between goodwill goodwill of of seed seed the the sow sow to to anxious anxious intensely intensely are are They They interests]. interests]. vested vested of of influence influence the the [minimise [minimise and and good good is is that that all all maintain maintain to to helping helping are are which which voices voices smaller smaller and and organisations organisations world world are are There There preserved. preserved. be be must must it it time] time] life Paul's Paul's during during practised practised [as [as press press the the of of freedom freedom the the from from inspearable inspearable evils evils and and disappointments disappointments the the "Notwithstanding "Notwithstanding However, However, ideal. ideal. this this from from far far was was press press modern modern the the of of reality reality The The related." necessarily necessarily not not 114 114 are are fact fact and and opinion opinion because because opinion opinion of of clashes clashes be be would would there there but but countries, countries, foreign foreign against against hate hate of of campaign campaign no no be be would would There There instantly. instantly. made made be be would would correction correction necessary necessary and any any and monger monger rumour rumour the the for for scope scope no no be be would would There There published. published. be be would would journalist, journalist, unfettered unfettered an an by by for for vouched vouched be be would would which which of of accuracy accuracy the the facts, facts, Only Only meap. meap. would would news news in in truth truth what, what, imagine imagine us us "Let "Let poles. poles. the the as as wide wide 113 113 as as was was 'news' 'news' was was what what of of interpretation interpretation the the that that and and print print to to wished wished it it news news the the only only interpret interpret to to right right the the desired desired press press the the that that meant meant actually actually claim claim the the because because was was This This operative. operative. be be never never could could and and impracticable impracticable was was news' news' the the 'all 'all print print to to right right the the of of claim claim the the that that considered considered He He judgement." intelligent intelligent own own his his of of only only 112 112 protection protection the the has has he he polluted polluted are are information information of of wells wells the the If If law. law. the the of of protection protection the the has has drugs drugs dangerous dangerous or or food food bad bad of of buyer buyer "A "A that that noted noted Paul Paul However, However, other. other. any any like like industry industry an an was was 111 111 32 32 fully. fully. more more administration administration censorship censorship of of ery ery machin- the the of of working working the the illustrate illustrate will will study study case case A A at1ons. at1ons. 1c1ty 1c1ty Pu Pu an an 1p 1p Censors Censors t e e t 1n 1n e e Regu Regu prov1 prov1 . l . . l . bl" bl" d d h" h" d . h h . d "d "d 116 116 as as censorship censorship of of cancelling cancelling the the announcing announcing August August 1945 1945 21 21 on on editors editors the the to to memo memo a a sent sent Paul Paul Finally, Finally, accordingly. accordingly. relaxed relaxed was was censorship censorship the the receded receded danger danger war war the the As As regime. regime. his his with with disagreed disagreed who who those those with with terms, terms, abstract abstract and and idealistic idealistic quite quite on on dialogue dialogue into into enter enter to to prepared prepared was was and and (sometime~ (sometime~ press press the the about about deeply deeply felt felt Paul Paul that that indicate indicate comments comments These These 33 33 413. 413. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1944; 1944; April, April, l l Times, Times, Daily Daily Otago Otago editor editor to to D.P. D.P. 23. 23. 1941. 1941. February, February, 27 27 Standard, Standard, 419, 419, file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 22. 22. 1941. 1941. February, February, 18 18 Times, Times, Daily Daily Otago Otago 21. 21. p.l23. p.l23. War, War, at at People People Zealand Zealand New New The The Wood, Wood, 20. 20. B. B. Appendix Appendix See See 3(e)(f)(g). 3(e)(f)(g). Regn Regn 1940/26, 1940/26, Ibid, Ibid, 19. 19. A. A. Appendix Appendix See See l4(l)(ii). l4(l)(ii). Regn Regn 1939/121, 1939/121, Regulations Regulations Statutory Statutory 18. 18. 1941. 1941. March, March, 19 19 p.8l, p.8l, 259, 259, NZPD, NZPD, 17. 17. A. A. Appendix Appendix See See l3(l)(f). l3(l)(f). Regn Regn 1939/121, 1939/121, Regulations, Regulations, Statutory Statutory 16. 16. 1933-7. 1933-7. Dominion, Dominion, 1927; 1927; Sun, Sun, Christchurch Christchurch 1925; 1925; Star, Star, Hawera Hawera Editor Editor (1897-1975). (1897-1975). Herbert Herbert John John Hall, Hall, 15. 15. Broadcasting). Broadcasting). of of (Minister (Minister Wilson Wilson David David Hon Hon 455, 455, file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 14. 14. Finance). Finance). of of (Minister (Minister Nash Nash Mr Mr p.382, p.382, Ibid, Ibid, 13. 13. West). West). (Wellington (Wellington tion tion Opposi - Bowden Bowden Mr Mr 1944, 1944, August, August, ll ll 265, 265, p.~69. p.~69. NZPD, NZPD, 12. 12. p.758. p.758. McLintock, McLintock, 11. 11. 91. 91. 90, 90, 70, 70, files files Ibid, Ibid, see see 10. 10. 468. 468. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 9. 9. 454. 454. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1945, 1945, June, June, 26 26 Paul, Paul, to to Henderson Henderson 8. 8. 1945. 1945. October, October, l l Dominion, Dominion, 7. 7. p.758. p.758. 2, 2, vol vol Zealand, Zealand, New New of of Encyclopedia Encyclopedia An An McLintock, McLintock, A.H. A.H. ed ed 6. 6. l. l. part part 84/2/9, 84/2/9, E.A. E.A. 5. 5. 2l/3d. 2l/3d. W.A.II W.A.II pp.3-5; pp.3-5; chl, chl, (C.N.), (C.N.), Narrative Narrative Censorship Censorship Witheford, Witheford, 4. 4. l. l. part part 84/2/9, 84/2/9, E.A. E.A. 1935. 1935. Committee, Committee, Publicity Publicity and and Censorship Censorship of of Report Report 3. 3. 2l/3d. 2l/3d. WAII WAII p.l2; p.l2; chl, chl, Press", Press", the the of of "Censorship "Censorship Witheford, Witheford, H. H. 2. 2. 1932. 1932. Act, Act, Conservation Conservation Public Public the the Safety Safety of of authority authority the the Under Under A. A. 1939/121. 1939/121. Appendix Appendix See See 1. 1. Regulations, Regulations, Statutory Statutory FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES 34 34 p.l4. p.l4. 6, 6, ch ch C.N., C.N., 50. 50. 683. 683. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul Diary, Diary, 1942, 1942, January, January, 24,26 24,26 49. 49. pp.77-8. pp.77-8. Ibid, Ibid, 48. 48. pp.77-80. pp.77-80. Ibid, Ibid, 47. 47. pp.73-5. pp.73-5. 259, 259, NZPD, NZPD, 46. 46. p.7. p.7. 4, 4, ch ch C.N., C.N., 45. 45. p.73. p.73. 259, 259, NZPD, NZPD, 44. 44. 1941. 1941. March, March, 12 12 Herald, Herald, Zealand Zealand New New 43. 43. 1941. 1941. March, March, ll ll Dominion, Dominion, 42. 42. 1941. 1941. February, February, 21 21 Post, Post, Evening Evening 41. 41. 1941. 1941. February, February, 27 27 Dominion, Dominion, 40. 40. 432. 432. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1940; 1940; July, July, 4 4 D.P., D.P., to to Star Star Auckland Auckland editor editor 39. 39. 1940. 1940. February, February, 22 22 News, News, Evening Evening Dannevirke Dannevirke '38. '38. 1940. 1940. November, November, 29 29 Times, Times, Southland Southland 37. 37. 1940. 1940. March, March, ll ll Star, Star, Thomas Thomas 36. 36. 1940. 1940. February, February, 28 28 35. 35. 17/ll/2. 17/ll/2. N.D. N.D. 1942; 1942; January, January, 9 9 Secretary, Secretary, Navy Navy to to D.P. D.P. 34. 34. l. l. part part 288/2/4, 288/2/4, A.D. A.D. 1942; 1942; January, January, 15 15 memo., memo., Publicity Publicity Army Army 33. 33. 455. 455. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1942; 1942; July, July, 8 8 P.M., P.M., to to Report Report 32. 32. 84/13/8. 84/13/8. E.A. E.A. 1942; 1942; March, March, 2 2 Print, Print, In In editor editor to to D.P. D.P. 31. 31. 638. 638. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1941; 1941; September, September, 29 29 weekly), weekly), Catholic Catholic (Roman (Roman Zealandia Zealandia editor editor with with conversation conversation telephone telephone of of Transcript Transcript 30. 30. p.ll. p.ll. 3, 3, ch ch C.N., C.N., 29. 29. C. C. Appendix Appendix See See 1940/93. 1940/93. Regulations, Regulations, Statutory Statutory 28. 28. p.9. p.9. 3, 3, ch ch C.N., C.N., 27. 27. 1941. 1941. January, January, 27 27 Ibid., Ibid., 26. 26. 428. 428. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1940; 1940; November, November, 14 14 Knight, Knight, H.E. H.E. Detective-Sergeant Detective-Sergeant of of Report Report 25. 25. p.4. p.4. 4, 4, ch ch C.N., C.N., 24. 24. 35 35 36 51. Auckland Star, 20 March, 1941. 52. Leys, Sir William Cecil (1877-1950), chairman NZ News papers Ltd (Auckland Star, Star-Sun, NZ Woman's Weekly, Farmers Weekly) 1925-50; delegate Empire Press Conference 1925, chairman UnitgS~ Press 1932, 1938-9. 53. Grey River Argus, 28 May 1941. 54. Memo to editors, 23 June, 1941., Paul papers, file 471, 55. Timaru Herald, 22 May, 1941. 56. Memo to editors, 23 June, 1941; Paul papers, file 471. 57. Otago Daily Times, 31 May, 1941. 58. Minutes to Publicity Committee meeting, 24 February, 1941; Paul papers, file 455. 59. Draft, DP to Min. of Broadcasting, 22 February, 1941; Ibid. 60. In Print, 16 January, 28 January, 1942. 61. Auckland Star, 25 February, 1942. 62. Ibid, 31 March, 4 April, 1942. 63. Dr K.R. Steenson, former medical officer at Tarawa to Police, 8 April, 1942; Paul papers, file 461. 64. Naval Secretary to D.P., 14 April, 1942; Ibid. 65. New Zealand Herald, 7 May, 1942. 66. Diary, 10, 15 January, 1942; Paul papers,file 682. 67. Meredith, Meredith and Barr to Sol-Gen, 23 February, 1942; Paul papers, file 461. 68. Sol-Gen to D.P., Paul papers, file 415. 69. Statutory Regulations, 1939/21. Regn l4(l)(vii). See Appendix A. 70. Memo to R. Wilson, Private Secretary to D.G. Sullivan, Min. of Finance, 20 May, 1942; Paul papers, file 435. 71. Ibid. 72. 26 May, 1942. 73. 27 June, 1942. 74. E.A. 8/13/16. 75. C.N., ch 6, pp.l-2. Fraser. Fraser. Mr Mr p.365, p.365, Ibid, Ibid, 104. 104. 1944. 1944. August, August, ll ll Doidge, Doidge, Mr Mr p.36l, p.36l, 265, 265, NZPD, NZPD, 103. 103. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul n.d., n.d., 102. 102. 3. 3. chapter chapter also also See See 1944. 1944. May, May, 25 25 Herald, Herald, Wanganui Wanganui 101. 101. 1944. 1944. March, March, 9 9 Press, Press, 100. 100. 1944. 1944. May, May, 25 25 Herald, Herald, Wanganui Wanganui 99. 99. 1944. 1944. March, March, 9 9 Press, Press, 98. 98. 1944. 1944. 7 7 March, March, Star, Star, Auckland Auckland 97. 97. . . Tribune) Tribune) Bay Bay Herald Herald (Hawke's (Hawke's E.V. E.V. Whitlock Whitlock , , Star) Star) (Auckland (Auckland Dumbleton Dumbleton E.B. E.B. (Press), (Press), Freeth Freeth 96. 96. P.H.N. P.H.N. 3. 3. chapter chapter with with in in dealt dealt are are These These 95. 95. 413. 413. Ibid, Ibid, file file , , d. d. n. n. response, response, Draft Draft 94. 94. file file 418. 418. 1943; 1943; Ibid, Ibid, October, October, 27 27 response, response, Draft Draft 93. 93. 413. 413. ; ; file file d. d. n. n. Ibid, Ibid, response, response, Draft Draft 92. 92. file file 418. 418. 1943; 1943; Ibid, Ibid, October, October, 27 27 response, response, Draft Draft 91. 91. 413. 413. papers, papers, file file Paul Paul 1943; 1943; October, October, 27 27 response, response, Draft Draft 90. 90. 1943. 1943. June, June, 4 4 89. 89. 1943. 1943. May, May, 12 12 Press, Press, 88. 88. 1943. 1943. October, October, 7 7 Dominion, Dominion, 87. 87. 413. 413. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 86. 86. 1943. 1943. June, June, 19 19 June, June, 12 12 Listener, Listener, NZ NZ 85. 85. 84/13/2. 84/13/2. E.A. E.A. 84. 84. 73. 73. p. p. Ibid, Ibid, 83. 83. p.324. p.324. Ibid, Ibid, 82. 82. p.73. p.73. 262, 262, NZPD, NZPD, 81. 81. Ibid. Ibid. 1943; 1943; January, January, 19 19 January, January, 12 12 80. 80. Ibid. Ibid. 1943; 1943; January, January, 19 19 79. 79. 84/13/3. 84/13/3. E.A. E.A. 1943; 1943; January, January, 5 5 78. 78. p.324. p.324. 262, 262, NZPD, NZPD, 77. 77. 682. 682. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1942; 1942; January, January, 17 17 Diary, Diary, 76. 76. 37 37 635. 635. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 116. 116. p.l48. p.l48. Politics, Politics, in in Humanism Humanism 115. 115. 682. 682. file file 1945, 1945, March, March, Diary,23 Diary,23 Ibid, Ibid, 114. 114. 468. 468. file file n.d., n.d., Ibid, Ibid, 113. 113. 682. 682. file file 1945, 1945, March, March, 22 22 Diary, Diary, Ibid, Ibid, 112. 112. Ibid. Ibid. n.d., n.d., 111. 111. 468. 468. file file Ibid, Ibid, 1944; 1944; December, December, l l 110. 110. 1945. 1945. November, November, l l Ibid, Ibid, 109. 109. 682. 682. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1 1945; 1945; June, June, 3 3 Diary, Diary, in in p.281 Fear, Fear, to to Nothing Nothing Roosevelt, Roosevelt, 108. 108. p.l49. p.l49. Ibid, Ibid, 107. 107. p.l48. p.l48. Politics, Politics, in in Humanism Humanism Paul, Paul, 106. 106. McFarlane. McFarlane. Mr Mr p.353, p.353, Ibid, Ibid, 105. 105. 38 38 39 Chapter 2 "BEING SENT TO WAR TWICE": CENSORSHIP AND THE FURLOUGH DRAFTS THE AUCKLAND STAR AUCKL/IIJD. Nf'N ztALANi) P.Q Bo¥ 3ti TelephonQ ~-677 October 22nd 1943 Dear Madam, I am sorry to say that for reasons over which we have no control, ond which \ole are debarred from giving, it is now impossible to publish your or any other letter upon the return of the furlough men to the !1iddle East. Y~Yf.S faithfully, 'if\. Q'"' I . (signed) F'. A. Clarke l1anaging Editor Reproduced from John McLeod, Myth and Reality, p.l44. ***** The coverage of the furlough drafts ln John McLeod's contro versial 1 Myth and Reality shows them to be an interesting case study of press censorship during the war. This was the one censorship issue, beside that of shortages, which directly affected the "grass-roots'' of New Zealand society: the furlough soldiers, their families and friends. Other issues primarily affected newspapermen, trade unionists, or party politicians. Censorhsip of matters arising out of the furlough drafts is only fleetingly covered by Taylor2 3 and Logan , and is only a side issue to the central furlough story in McLeod's book. The furlough scheme was one by which men of the Second Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) with long service in the Middle 1 1 and and in, in, reported reported was was which which industry in in men men fit fit by by draft draft furlough furlough the the of of replacement replacement full full the the advocating advocating RSA RSA Oamaru Oamaru the the by by resolution resolution a a prompted prompted had had return return men's men's The The served. served. had had industry industry essential essential in in working working men men 1 1 Grade Grade all all until until front front the the to to return return to to have have not not should should they they that that draft draft the the within within feeling feeling growing growing the the support support to to tended tended opinion opinion public public sacrifice'' sacrifice'' of of ''equality ''equality catchphrase catchphrase the the Under Under war. war. to to return return the the to to disincentive disincentive psychological psychological further further a a provided provided number number diminished diminished Their Their ended. ended. was was furlough furlough 6 6 months months four four extended extended the the when when front front the the at at service service further further for for liable liable men men 1637 1637 of of "rump" "rump" a a only only left left regrading regrading medical medical Furthermore, Furthermore, favour. favour. Allies Allies the the in in moving moving clearly clearly was was war war the the since since especially especially home, at at remain remain to to men men the the on on pressure pressure 5 5 put put often often and and encouraged encouraged (RSA), (RSA), Association Association Servicemen's Servicemen's Returned Returned the the as as such such groups groups interested interested and and friends friends Family, Family, beckoned. beckoned. life life civilian civilian of of security security and and comforts comforts The The sipated. sipated. dis- since since long long was was provided provided had had war war the the adventure adventure of of sense sense Any Any resentment. resentment. men's men's the the to to added added arrogance, arrogance, nation nation big big and and confidence confidence women, women, the the with with popularity popularity wealth, wealth, parative parative com- their their with with Zealand, Zealand, New New in in troops troops American American of of presence presence The The disgust. disgust. and and contempt contempt of of levels levels varying varying with with them them filled filled shirking shirking of of instances instances and and wages, wages, of of level level high high generally generally the the wharves, wharves, the the on on difficulties difficulties 1942, 1942, September September of of strike strike miners' miners' Huntly Huntly the the of of News News public. public. Zealand Zealand New New the the of of members members by by effort effort war war the the to to commitment commitment of of lack lack a a considered considered they they what what of of evidence evidence saw saw they they them them Around Around draft. draft. furlough furlough the the of of members members the the among among discontent discontent roused roused factors factors Various Various 1943. 1943. July July 12 12 on on Zealand Zealand New New in in arrived arrived men men 4 4 5137 5137 of of draft draft furlough furlough first first The The front. front. the the to to returning returning before before Zealand Zealand New New in in relief relief months months three three have have would would East East 40 40 any any advance advance can can who who and and fit fit medically medically are are who who Those Those returned. returned. be be to to furlough furlough on on those those for for comes comes time time the the before before men men the the all all of of claims claims the the to to consideration consideration full full give give to to intention intention Government's Government's the the is is It It Army. Army. the the in in were were who who men men among among discontent discontent of of up up stirring stirring possible possible the the to to lead lead would would that that published published were were statements statements ...... " " directive: directive: the the for for reason reason the the explained explained Minister Minister Prime Prime The The immediately." withdrawn withdrawn [be] [be] notification notification tive tive 9 9 restric ''such ''such that that asked asked Opposition Opposition the the and and question, question, urgent urgent an an as as Parliament Parliament in in raised raised was was matter matter the the August August ll ll On On explanation. explanation. an an for for Paul Paul telephoned telephoned editors editors various various that that case, case, the the usually usually was was as as supposed, supposed, be be may may it it although although telegram, telegram, this this followed followed letter letter explanatory explanatory No No overseas. forces forces Zealand Zealand New New of of 8 8 disposition disposition or or composition composition future future the the to to nor nor occupations occupations essential essential other other in in or or farms farms on on working working now now men men exempted exempted by by furlough furlough on on soldiers soldiers replacing replacing namely namely topic topic following following the the to to relating relating matter matter any any of of Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the of of approval approval and and to to submission submission without without publication publication no no be be must must There There Confidential. Confidential. 1943 1943 August August 5 5 editors: editors: newspaper newspaper the the to to furlough furlough the the regarding regarding directive directive first first his his telegrammed telegrammed Paul Paul arrived, arrived, had had draft draft the the after after month month a a than than less less Consequently, Consequently, engender. engender. could could publicity publicity such such effects effects the the of of nervous nervous became became Government Government The The them". them". to to replace replace - can can undoubtedly undoubtedly 7 7 they they as as - found found be be men men can can fit fit if if and and wish wish their their is is that that if if Zealand Zealand New New in in retention retention of of reward reward the the merit merit now now which which hardships hardships endured endured long long home home back back just just men men the the fighting, fighting, actual actual the the in in service service distinguished distinguished their their from from "Apart "Apart Post: Post: Evening Evening Wellington Wellington the the by, by, supported supported 41 41 testily: testily: trifle trifle a a perhaps perhaps it, it, withdrew withdrew He He August. August. 5 5 of of directive directive Paul's Paul's of of mockery mockery a a made made newspapers newspapers the the in in received received speech speech this this coverage coverage wide wide The The once." once." gone gone has has everybody everybody before before twice twice war war 12 12 to to sent sent be be should should man man no no opinion opinion my my "in "in added added and and manpower manpower country's country's the the over-committing over-committing for for Government Government the the attacked attacked Holland, Holland, Mr Mr Oppostiion, Oppostiion, the the of of Leader Leader the the campaign, campaign, his his opening opening speech speech broadcast broadcast a a In In build-up. build-up. election election its its for for sentiment sentiment public public dominant dominant the the seized seized Oppostiion Oppostiion The The lives. more more of of loss loss the the to to lead lead 11 11 ultimately ultimately would would inexperience inexperience and and disruption disruption army army the the in in while while first, first, the the in in production production in in decline decline subsequent subsequent a a and and inefficiency inefficiency cause cause would would This This retraining. retraining. of of amount amount vast vast subsequent subsequent a a and and experience experience of of loss loss the the mean mean would would 2NZEF 2NZEF in in or or industry industry in in serving serving men men Replacing Replacing war. war. the the during during time time other other any any at at than than further further stretched stretched was was manpower manpower Zealand's Zealand's New New when when time time a a at at returned returned draft draft furlough furlough first first The The front. front. the the at at and and home home at at both both continuity, continuity, on on centred centred East East Middle Middle the the to to men men the the returning returning for for Arguments Arguments permitted." be be should should 10 10 statements statements "reasonable "reasonable considered considered he he that that added added Fraser Fraser Mr Mr consideration." consideration." first first our our is is effort effort war war The The effort. effort. war war the the and and men men the the of of discipline discipline the the dissever dissever simply simply would would that that continued, continued, were were that that if if and, and, appeared appeared have have statements statements preposterous preposterous some some Already Already press. press. the the in in appear appear they they before before nature nature that that of of statements statements all all see see first first should should Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the that that right right only only is is it it and and minded, minded, under be be will will Army Army the the of of discipline discipline whole whole the the obviously obviously discussion, discussion, public public for for subject subject a a made made is is that that If If consideration. consideration. due due given given be be will will remaining remaining for for reason reason 42 42 An An press. the the in in reported reported were were RSA RSA the the of of branches branches 15 15 Valley Valley Butt Butt and and Auckland Auckland the the by by Protests Protests announcement. announcement. Fraser's Fraser's by by rekindled rekindled was was papers papers the the in in Comment Comment tlme. tlme. on on returning returning 14 14 . . draft draft the the of of possibility possibility any any proscribed proscribed announcement announcement the the of of timing timing The The circumstances. circumstances. special special or or skills skills civilian civilian particular particular had had they they if if Boards Boards Appeal Appeal Forces Forces Armed Armed the the to to apply apply to to right right the the had had included included not not were were who who Those Those Maori. Maori. all all and and over, over, and and 41 41 aged aged men men married married all all children, children, with with men men married married all all were: were: categories categories Those Those 1. 1. October October on on election, election, the the after after days days three three until until announced announced not not were were Zealand Zealand New New in in remain remain could could who who men men of of categories categories the the August, August, in in made made been been had had decision decision a a Although Although election. election. general general approaching approaching the the with with eye eye public public the the in in kept kept was was draft draft furlough furlough the the towards towards policy policy issue issue political political a a As As grasp. grasp. to to difficult difficult is is him him to to attributed attributed newspapers newspapers the the what what and and said said actually actually Holland Holland what what between between meaning meaning in in difference difference The The abroad. or or home home at at forces forces 13 13 our our of of unity unity of of disruptive disruptive or or country country own own our our in in morale morale citizen citizen of of disruptive disruptive enemy, enemy, the the to to encouraging encouraging and and helpful helpful be be may may which which matter matter any any of of publication publication the the discourage discourage to to primarily primarily was was purpose purpose That That revoked. revoked. now now therefore therefore is is It It 5. 5. August August of of directive directive my my of of purpose purpose the the destroyed destroyed have have night, night, Tuesday Tuesday on on Christchurch Christchurch at at speech speech his his in in Holland Holland Mr Mr to to [sic] [sic] attributed attributed wrongly wrongly employment, employment, civil civil to to returning returning or or Division Division the the to to returning returning voluntarily voluntarily of of option option the the given given be be should should furlough furlough on on men men service service long long such such after after that that statement statement the the of of papers papers news some some in in publication publication The The Confidential. Confidential. newspapers) newspapers) 26 26 (to (to 1943 1943 September September 2 2 43 43 agltatlon. agltatlon. lnuous lnuous t con con ,,19 ,,19 ...... any any into into grew grew this this if if morale morale of of breakdown breakdown a a be be would would there there but but letter, letter, isolated isolated an an in in harm harm much much be be not not may may "There "There commenting commenting Paul Paul to to note note a a sent sent Mason, Mason, H.G.R. H.G.R. Justice, Justice, of of Minister Minister The The FODDER. CANNON CANNON 18 18 understand." understand." to to hard hard is is apathy apathy Their Their now. now. better better know know we we once, once, Zealand Zealand New New of of people people the the in in faith faith had had We We back back sent sent are are fired, fired, shot shot a a heard heard never never have have who who camp, camp, in in soldiers soldiers that that fact fact the the is is swallow swallow to to pill pill bitter bitter Another Another ...... homes homes their their defending defending away away were were they they while while husbands husbands their their betrayed betrayed who who women women the the of of what what And And ...... men men furlough furlough Zealand Zealand New New but but anyone anyone on on favours favours their their bestow bestow who who girls girls the the ...... or or behalf, behalf, their their on on bullets bullets machine-gun machine-gun and and bombs bombs dodging dodging are are who who men men strained strained nerve nerve eyed, eyed, hollow the the to to thought thought give give ever ever week week a a pounds pounds 15-20 15-20 earning earning are are who who people people the the if if wonder wonder I I ..•. ..•. for for fighting fighting are are we we what what soldier soldier ered ered bewild poor poor a a inform inform please please person person kind kind some some Would Would party. party. furlough furlough the the of of member member a a am am "I "I bitter: bitter: particularly particularly was was STar STar Auckland Auckland the the in in published published letter letter One One Zealand. New New in in 17 17 stay stay to to allowed allowed be be appealed appealed who who man man every every recommend recommend would would he he that that said said have have to to reported reported was was Board Board Appeal Appeal Forces Forces Armed Armed the the of of member member a a one, one, In In themselves. themselves. men men the the occasionall» occasionall» and, and, friends friends family, family, by by complaint complaint of of form form common common most most the the were were columns columns correspondence correspondence the the in in letters letters Anonymous Anonymous Cabinet. 16 16 War War the the of of Secretary Secretary the the Mcintosh, Mcintosh, A.D. A.D. with with pondence pondence corres- following following Paul Paul by by up up held held was was Appeal Appeal an an desired desired they they if if to to write write to to who who men men furlough furlough the the telling telling advertisement advertisement 44 44 45 Meanwhile, Paul had recognised the worsening nature of the problem and, after consultation with, and instructions from the War Cabinet, reimposed and expanded the original directive on October 21: In view of the imperative necessity to preserve the unity and efficiency of our military forces there must be no publi- cation without submission to and approv¢1 by the Director of Publicity of matter relating to the following topics, namely: a) Replacing soldiers on furlough by exempted men now working on farms or in other essential occupations; b) The proceedings in Armed Forces Appeal Boards except as far as the name of the appellant and the statement setting out the particulars of his special hardships; c) Any opinion regarding the return of the furlough or their replacement by any other men. All future published references must be confined strictly to individual cases and not to any section or sections of troops and particular attention is directed to the provisions of the Regulations in their reference to the military forces.• 20 This time Paul sent a comprehensive letter the next day explaining why the directive had been issued: "a section of the press has failed to exercise a sufficient sense of responsibility concerning the serious issues at stake .... If the current agitation is effective the disintegration of the division [in the Middle East] is certain leave for other men would possibly have to be cancelled which would deprive [them] helpful, helpful, most most been been have have newspapers newspapers "some "some that that and and culpable culpable nothing nothing done done had had newspapers newspapers most most that that stressed stressed Paul Paul aired. aired. were were grievances grievances such such that that ensure ensure to to duty duty their their therefore, therefore, was, was, it it and and forum forum public public sole sole the the were were columns columns editor editor the the to to letters letters the the assume assume to to tended tended Newspapermen Newspapermen ignore. ignore. to to impossible impossible was was it it dangerous dangerous so so was was publication publication the the or or with, with, met met was was sigence sigence intran- total total where where situations situations in in resort resort last last a a was was tion tion prosecu- a a Thus, Thus, changing. changing. constantly constantly was was which which situation situation a a to to applicable applicable measure measure emergency emergency an an were were regulations regulations the the that that realised realised Paul Paul However, However, prosecution. prosecution. a a to to led led have have should should and and law law of of breach breach a a was was regulations regulations the the of of breach breach a a Technicall~ Technicall~ co-operative." co-operative." always always but but punitive punitive been been never never has has Regulations Regulations the the of of administration administration the the that that agreed agreed readily readily be be will will it it but but prosecutions, prosecutions, by by supported supported be be should should kind kind this this of of assertion assertion an an that that said said be be may may It It Regulations. Regulations. the the of of contravention contravention direct direct in in published published been been have have them them of of Many Many factor. factor. dominating dominating the the is is prejudice prejudice where where cases cases few few a a with with self-interest, self-interest, from from cases cases of of majority majority the the in in arise arise newspapers newspapers some some in in appeared appeared have have which which letters letters anonymous anonymous "The "The smoothly: smoothly: running running whole, whole, the the on on was, was, censorship censorship the the that that belief belief his his restated restated he he time time same same the the At At columns. columns. correspondence correspondence the the in in appearing appearing letters letters of of scathing scathing particularly particularly was was Paul Paul industry." industry." in in men men 1 1 Grade Grade by by held held present present at at posts posts the the up up take take willingly willingly would would men men furlough furlough released released the the that that guarantee guarantee no no is is there there hand hand other other the the On On enjoyed. enjoyed. have have men men furlough furlough the the privilege privilege the the of of 46 46 the the by by statements statements reporting reporting Articles Articles published. ever ever was was 25 25 Neither Neither Star. Star. Auckland Auckland the the by by submitted submitted was was article article similar similar A A statement. statement. the the to to foundation foundation any any was was there there whether whether tained tained ascer- was was it it until until held held being being was was article article the the that that Herald Herald the the to to replied replied and and Jones, Jones, F. F. Defence, Defence, of of Minister Minister the the to to on on article article the the passed passed Paul Paul desired." desired." so so they they unless unless return return to to have have not not would would they they that that East East Middle Middle the the leaving leaving before before notified notified officially officially been been had had furlough furlough on on 2NZEF 2NZEF of of members members that that claim claim further further "a "a containing containing article article short short a a submitted submitted Herald Herald Zealand Zealand New New the the issued issued was was directive directive the the after after day day The The Mlnlster. Mlnlster. 24 24 . . . . Prime Prime the the to to writing writing to to took took now now newspapers newspapers the the to to written written formerly formerly had had who who those those of of Many Many chapter. chapter. this this of of beginning beginning the the at at reproduced reproduced that that to to similar similar editor editor the the to to letters letters their their to to replies replies through through again again operating operating was was censorship censorship the the that that aware aware became became public public Zealand Zealand New New the the of of Members Members consequences.'' consequences.'' serious serious 23 23 with with charged charged possibly possibly was was days days few few last last the the within within position position the the that that executives executives newspaper newspaper placed placed highly highly by by me me to to made made were were tations tations represen order order this this of of issue issue the the to to "Prior "Prior added added Paul Paul questions, questions, and and complaints complaints with with inundated inundated not not was was he he that that ensure ensure to to if if As As fault. fault. at at were were fit fit were were who who industry industry in in those those that that 22 22 say say to to unfair" unfair" "cruelly "cruelly sometimes sometimes fair, fair, always always not not was was it it and and decision" decision" the the in in rule rule not not must must "sentiment "sentiment that that stated stated article article mention. mention. The The special special for for announcement announcement October October l l Fraser's Fraser's reporting reporting Herald Herald Zealand Zealand New New the the by by published published article article leading leading a a out out singled singled He He constructive.•• and and ible ible 21 21 respons been been have have uncritical, uncritical, not not while while comments, comments, their their and and 47 47 in in censorhip censorhip of of purposes purposes the the to to correspond correspond possibly possibly could could years years three three for for country country their their for for fighting fighting been been had had who who men men against against censorhsip censorhsip this this how how see see not not could could they they that that stated stated resolutions resolutions Their Their November. November. early early in in meeting meeting a a at at drafts drafts furlough furlough the the to to applied applied been been had had censorship censorship the the way way the the to to exception exception strong strong took took RSA RSA the the of of branch branch Auckland Auckland The The job. job. his his in in competent competent and and dedicated dedicated was was and and seriously seriously work work his his took took he he that that shows shows merely merely it it Rather, Rather, . . influence influence great great any any carried carried he he that that or or ones ones correct correct the the always always were were decisions decisions his his that that imply imply to to not not is is This This change. change. effect effect could could who who someone someone reached reached it it that that ensure ensure and and incompetence, incompetence, or or abuse abuse uncovering uncovering material material or or material, material, useful useful potentially potentially recognise recognise to to enough enough astute astute usually usually was was Paul Paul discussion. for for Cabinet Cabinet War War the the to to it it 28 28 referred referred who who Minsiter Minsiter Prime Prime the the to to Paul Paul by by handed handed was was letter letter this this However, However, Paul. Paul. by by stopped stopped was was proposals proposals alternative alternative suggesting suggesting and and policy policy furlough furlough the the of of weaknesses weaknesses the the outlining outlining Star Star Auckland Auckland the the of of editor editor the the to to letter letter A A published. be be to to was was it it if if fact fact in in foundation foundation some some 27 27 have have to to need need would would Board Board Appeal Appeal the the of of competence competence the the questioning questioning article article an an Such Such verified. verified. be be not not could could story story the the included included not not was was applicant applicant the the of of name name the the because because that that explained explained He He Paul. Paul. by by stopped stopped was was Appeal Appeal first first a a on on fit fit passed passed been been had had who who sufferer sufferer malaria malaria a a reporting reporting one one controversial controversial more more one one However, However, publication. publication. for for released released were were hearings hearings Board Board Appeal Appeal of of particulars particulars reporting reporting articles articles Various Various er. er. o o Oc Oc ln ln 1 lcatlon lcatlon 26 26 b b t t ...... pub- for for released released furlough,were furlough,were the the replace replace to to men men 1 1 grade grade enough enough probably probably were were there there although although interfere interfere not not should should it it that that view view NZRSA NZRSA the the reporting reporting one one of of Defenc~and Defenc~and Minister Minister 48 48 failure failure and and line line firing firing the the in in was was Britain Britain Firstly, Firstly, reasons. reasons. two two for for Britain Britain Great Great from from request request similar similar a a to to acceded acceded have have would would Australia Australia and and Zealand Zealand New New Both Both fully. requests requests ship ship 32 32 censor others others each each respect respect to to agreed agreed earlier earlier had had Australia Australia and and Zealand Zealand New New simple. simple. that that quite quite not not was was situation situation the the However, However, Dominions. Dominions. Australasian Australasian the the of of that that than than permissive permissive more more was was censorship censorship British British that that indicate indicate well well may may This This propaganda.•• enemy enemy for for 31 31 material material afford, afford, might might or or affords, affords, it it because because merely merely news news censor censor to to powers powers no no have have we we Unfortunately, Unfortunately, pencil. pencil. blue blue the the than than rather rather persuasion persuasion use use and and try try to to have have would would "I "I replied replied Bracken, Bracken, Brendan Brendan Information, Information, of of Minister Minister British British the the but but Canberra Canberra by by value value face face at at accepted accepted was was request request The The enemy. enemy. the the to to comfort comfort afford afford and and effort effort war war Zealand's Zealand's New New to to detrimental'' detrimental'' be be would would ...... version version unofficial unofficial "any "any because because excluded excluded be be furlough furlough Zealand Zealand New New the the about about stories stories of of countries countries those those in in publicationorbeoadcasts publicationorbeoadcasts that that requesting requesting 1944 1944 January January in in London London and and Canberra Canberra to to sent sent were were Cables Cables purpose. purpose. general general its its into into fitted fitted censorship censorship of of instance instance this this how how clear clear was was it it that that underneath underneath noted noted Paul Paul press.• public public the the through through opinion opinion of of 30 30 expression expression to to right right traditional traditional its its denied denied was was public public the the Furthermore, Furthermore, public. public. the the to to claims claims their their stating stating of of liberty liberty and and right right the the them them denied denied press, press, public public the the to to access access them them denied denied censorship censorship "The "The state, state, to to on on went went resolution resolution The The Nations. Nations. United United the the between between relations relations or or cause cause Allied Allied the the injure injure to to likely likely publication publication restrict restrict or or enemy, enemy, the the from from information information keep keep to to is is that that wartime; wartime; 49 49 folk folk their their of of one one of of return return the the for for clamour clamour the the when when times times are are There There ...... place' place' your your take take to to else else someone someone to to up up is is it it now now bit, bit, your your done done have have 'You 'You others others to to say say who who those those by by engendered engendered one one the the is is ...... cancer cancer moral moral dangerous dangerous most most "The "The it: it: criticised criticised who who those those of of condemnation condemnation and and policy policy furlough furlough the the of of support support his his in in vehement vehement was was Inglis Inglis front. front. the the at at breakdown breakdown psychological psychological a a suffering suffering after after recuperate recuperate to to Zealand Zealand New New to to returned returned had had who who Inglis Brigadier Brigadier with with interview interview an an reported reported second second The The 35 35 zealand. New New in in that that with with situation situation this this compare compare to to article article 34 34 the the in in made made was was attempt attempt no no However, However, troops." troops." fresh fresh by by replaced replaced be be will will and and horne horne sent sent being being are are zone zone war war Pacific Pacific the the in in service service years years two two with with troops troops "American "American sentence sentence the the included included first first The The concern. concern. some some Paul Paul caused caused February February in in Post Post Evening Evening Wellington Wellington the the by by published published articles articles Two Two press. press. Amerlcan Amerlcan t e e t ln ln appear appear may may at at t t h h 33 33 . h . . h . reports reports misleading misleading or or false false any any dispel dispel to to 'at{d 'at{d version, version, official official an an with with arise arise may may that that questions questions any any answer answer to to position position a a in in was was he he if if satisfactory satisfactory more more far far be be would would situation situation the the considered considered he he and and circulating circulating were were rumours rumours and and stories stories Various Various Washington. Washington. in in him him to to sent sent be be to to problem problem furlough furlough the the on on information information requested requested Nash Nash Walter Walter concern. concern. causing causing were were which which press press British British the the in in reports reports only only not not was was It It power. power. her her within within totally totally was was requests requests such such refuse refuse or or accept accept to to decision decision the the believe believe to to arrogance arrogance national national the the had had Britain Britain reasons, reasons, ilar ilar sim- For For instruction. instruction. of of aura aura certain certain a a retained retained requests::. requests::. her her and and country country mother mother the the was was Britain Britain Zealand, Zealand, New New for for true true especially especially was was this this and and Secondly, Secondly, consequences. consequences. disastrous disastrous immediately immediately more more of of possibility possibility the the it it with with carried carried agree agree to to 50 50 occupation." military military or or civil civil 40 40 any any in in forces forces those those of of members members of of employment employment the the or or forces forces those those of of members members of of replacing replacing the the forces, forces, those those of of members members individual individual of of action action projected projected or or action action any any of of topics topics the the to to ..• ..• approval approval without without indirect indirect or or direct direct reference reference published published no no be be must must There There ...... regulations regulations the the to to directed directed is.aga,in is.aga,in .attention .attention requ1Te.J!Ients requ1Te.J!Ients army army meet meet to to men men certain certain of of withdrawal withdrawal the the against against protest protest a a as as work work of of stoppage stoppage a a or or meeting meeting stopwork stopwork a a to to reference reference illegal illegal and and unauthorised unauthorised an an of of newspapers newspapers some some by by publication publication the the of of out out "Arising "Arising January: January: 6 6 on on reminder, reminder, further further a a brought brought instructions instructions the the against against agitation agitation of of Reports Reports forces." of of movement movement regarding regarding 39 39 Regulations Regulations to to and and one one twenty twenty October October notice notice my my to to directed directed is is Attention Attention camp. camp. entering entering men men furlough furlough to to newspapers newspapers some some by by published published reference reference repeat repeat not not do do Please Please iden'cial. iden'cial. Conf Conf 1944 1944 January January 4 4 telegram: telegram: following following the the send send to to Paul Paul prompting prompting issued, issued, been been had had instructions instructions these these that that reported reported newspapers newspapers Various Various January. January. early early in in dates dates various various on on camps camps mobilisation mobilisation their their to to return return to to December December in in ordered ordered been been had had men men the the delays, delays, of of variety variety a a after after Meanwhile, Meanwhile, PauL by by approved approved be be to to need need not not did did men men furlough furlough returned returned 38 38 the the entertain entertain help help to to bodies bodies local local to to grant grant a a of of reports reports example, example, For For draft. draft. furlough furlough the the from from arising arising problems problems regarding regarding matters matters to to only only applied applied censorship censorship The The interviews. give give 37 37 to to not not instructed instructed was was turn, turn, in in he, he, and and Inglis Inglis interviewing interviewing from from refrain refrain to to requested requested subsequently subsequently was was press press The The else's''. else's''. someone someone of of two two of of loss loss the the means means 36 36 51 51 desire desire of of pressmen pressmen to to tell tell their their readers readers I I appreciate appreciate inestimable inestimable the the value value ...... the the enemy enemy from from receiving receiving information information of of object object in in prohibiting prohibiting ...... is is to to prevent prevent question question of of allowing allowing publicity publicity ..•. ..•. The The sole sole from from the the enemy, enemy, then then there there could could be be no no time time withhold withhold most most valuable valuable information information and and without without reservation, reservation, and and at at the the same same people people both both sides sides of of this this dispute dispute fairly fairly "If "If it it were were possible possible to to present present to to our our own own submission submission he he commented: commented: and and would would boost boost Challiner's Challiner's cause. cause. Of Of the the Wanganui Wanganui Herald Herald the the Press Press Association Association report report provided provided unbalanced unbalanced coverage coverage Paul Paul claimed claimed totally totally that that censored. censored. the the deleted deleted portions portions of of hearing hearing in in the the Magistrate's Magistrate's Court Court at at Taihape Taihape were were almost almost Wanganui Wanganui Herald Herald giving giving a a detailed detailed report report of of the the preliminary preliminary Articles Articles submitted submitted by by the the Press Press Association Association and and the the statement. statement. Waiouru. Waiouru. He He was was charged charged with with publishing publishing a a subversive subversive after after distributing distributing copies copies of of the the circular circular in in Ohakune Ohakune and and b b est est pos pos -war -war s. s. JO JO t t Challiner Challiner was was later later arrested arrested in in Taihape Taihape b b 42 42 . . defaulters defaulters remaining remaining in in New New Zealand Zealand would would receive receive all all the the distributed claiming, claiming, among among other other things, things, that that military military 41 41 return return to to camp camp and and Challiner Challiner organised organised a a circular circular to to be be resolution resolution was was passed passed that that they they would would disobey disobey the the order order to to a a room room in in the the Regent Regent Theatre Theatre Building Building on on 28 28 December. December. A A had had advertised advertised a a meeting meeting in in the the Waikato Waikato Times Times to to be be held held in in organised organised group. group. Mr Mr R.R.V. R.R.V. Challiner, Challiner, an an ex-army ex-army officer, officer, camp camp refused refused to to embark. embark. The The Hamilton Hamilton "rebels" "rebels" were were the the most most return return to to their their homes. homes. Most Most of of those those who who returned returned to to their their those those who who reached reached their their nearest nearest railway railway station station decided decided to to Some Some of of the the men men simply simply failed failed to to report report and and many many of of 52 52 unfair unfair an an is is publish publish to to asked asked was was Association Association Press Press the the that that report report the the proceedings proceedings the the of of result result a,u a,u the the charge charge the the of of details details bare bare " " to to report report theapproved theapproved confining confining by by if if added: added: Paul Paul comment, comment, cynical cynical istically istically uncharacter- an an In In problem. problem. furlough furlough the the with with it it identitfy identitfy help help and and interests interests military military concerned concerned case case the the that that inference inference the the to to lead lead could could wars wars both both in in service service and and association association military military Challiner's Challiner's to to References References favour. favour. defendant's defendant's the the in in opinion opinion public public influence influence to to attempt attempt an an as as construed construed be be therefore, therefore, possibly, possibly, could could evidence evidence this this of of Publication Publication oath. oath. on on given given not not parte, parte, ex ex merely merely been been had had character character good good Challiner's Challiner's of of Evidence Evidence affair. affair. furlough furlough the the to to trial trial the the linked linked inextricably inextricably have have would would hearing, hearing, the the in in submitted submitted circulars circulars the the regarding regarding evidence evidence the the of of publiciation publiciation the the with with coupled coupled furlough, furlough, the the on on debate debate Parliamentary Parliamentary a a in in circulars circulars the the to to made made references references Earlier Earlier censored. censored. being being evidence evidence the the of of some some for for reasons reasons explaining explaining replied replied Paul Paul released. been been have have 44 44 should should least least very very the the at at evidence evidence Police Police the the that that claiming claiming hearing hearing Challiner Challiner the the of of censorship censorship the the of of extent extent the the of of Paul Paul to to complained complained it it day day following following The The possibility. possibility. remote remote a a as as above above the the regarded regarded obviously obviously Association Association Press Press The The • ...... case case substantial substantial a a build build to to 43 43 agent agent trained trained a a enable enable to to details details sufficient sufficient give give would would evidence evidence enemy. enemy. detailed detailed The The the the to to value value of of information information publish publish they they would would circumstances circumstances no no under under that that insist insist to to ceased ceased never never has has Press Press conquer conquer The The and and divide divide of of technique technique Hitler Hitler the the to to stimulus stimulus give give would would telling telling such such of of effect effect ssible ssible po po the the but but draft, draft, furlough furlough the the about about everything everything 53 53 54 report, the newspapers and the Press Association in this country have been indulging in this form of unfair reporting for many years without considering that in this way they impaired the newspapers' prestige as impartial f·urveyors of court 45 news." The reasons for withholding publication which Paul gave appear to provide a very tenious link to the "intestimable value" he claims publication would have given to the enemy. The enemy ag~nt would have had to have been very highly trained indeed. It is arguable that it would have been easier for him to have manufactured a web of lies than follow through the implications of this case. If that is so, then censorship was possibly imposed in this instance primarily to protect public morale. However, two things must be remembered. Firstly, the men at the front were well within range of enemy radio. They would recognise various factors in enemy propaganda based upon a specific case, if substan- tiating facts were there. Secondly, the furlough problem was a long standing one. Some information was bound to have got through to the New Zealand troops at the front, and we 46 know the enemy was getting at least snippets. Paul was acting in a war situation. No one knew what the results would be. The risks involved in releasing even remotely dangerous information would have appeared immense. The safest policy looked to be, and probably was, the best policy. The breadth provided by the regulations gave him the chance to assess each situation as it arose and act in such a manner as he deemed to be in the best interests of the combined war effort. This type of theoretical discretion is \A.4U) DOIJILNION OF NEW ZEA.I.ANO. DIRECTOR Of" PUBLICITY, I PRIME MINiSTER'S DEPARTMENT, WELLINGTON C, l, CONFIDEHl'I.t;L: 25th February, 1944· Dear Sir, Please take notice that there must be no publication with- out the prior 'ilri tten conseut of the Director of Publicity of any infer-· mation r•olating directly or indirectly to uny of' tho following Topics:- (a) The holding of court-martial proceedings in connection with or in respect of alh:ged· acts or omissions of' New zealand servicemeu of' furlough drafts; (b) The institution, holding, or deternlination of' proceedings in the supreme Court or Court oi' Appeal having ~lation to the afore !:wid proceedings oi' a' court-mart.ial or courts-martial; (c) Any act of' ony person being a counselling or inciting ( 1) of New Zealand servicemen of' f'urlough drafts to refuse to return to service ovorsoas until certain things ore done Ol' condi tiona com- plied with; (2.) of' relatives or frionda of such servicemen or any other persons to procura or to endeavour to proeure by al1y means whatever the release from milttary oblig~hions or thB postponement of military obligations of servicemen of furlough drafts • .!:!Q1]]: Paragraph (b) obove prohibits without reference to the Director of' Publicity --- ( 1) Publication of pleadings. ( 2) Publication of any application for or making of a fixture or fixtures. (3) Publication of argument or connnent or observations of any kind made in the course of proceedings. (t~) Judgment or jud.gments dolivered c1uring tho course or n t th0 closo of such procoedlngs. Yours 1'aithf'ully, . / T 'lL.-..!. D~ractor of PUblicity. 55 repugnant to our minds in peace-time but its limits were safeguarded by traditional democratic institutions, such as the Law Courts and Ministerial reaponsibility. On 22 May 1944 the Supreme Court at Wanganui acquitted Challiner of the charges. The Press Association submitted a detailed report of the proceedings to Paul who censored all b..,t skeletal details. In protest, the Press Association d l'd not clrcu. l ate any story to lts. mem b ers. 47 Those members of the furlough party who had refused to embark were jointly court-martialled for disertion in late January, February and March. Reports of courts-martial were generally open to publication. However, the prospect of an Appeal against the convictions and the publicity this could engender caused Paul to issue a further notice in late February, reproduced opposite. Th~a imposed an effective ban on any discussion of the courts-martial, and the appeal from them. In addition, it reinforced the restriction on publication of "counselling or inciting" the men, their friends and relatives to resist the orders to embark. The use of the clause "without the prior written consent of the Director of Publicity'', rather than the usual "submission to and approval of" added extra formality to the notice. Appar- aently Paul was of the opinion, justified by events, that the ban would be a long standing one and the notice, there- fore, was intended to apply to other publications in addition to the usual body of newspa:pers, 48 such as publications of the Law Society. A pencilled Press Association transcript of the first day of the appeal submitted to Paul remains in the Paul papers with the words "Not approved" inked on the first leaf.49 On 5 April the Court of Appeal upheld the appeal to to begun begun had had Possibilities Possibilities ''would''. ''would''. Paul's Paul's for for ''could'' ''could'' word word underlined underlined the the substituting substituting but but agreeing, agreeing, replied, replied, Cornish Cornish opinion. opinion. his his for for Cornish, Cornish, H.H. H.H. General, General, Solicitor Solicitor the the asked asked Paul Paul enemy, enemy, the the to to valuable valuable information information convey convey would would publciation publciation such such thought thought he he that that Commenting Commenting publication. publication. achieve achieve to to editors editors of of groups groups both both by by campaign campaign sporadic sporadic a a of of beginning beginning the the was was This This request. request. similar similar a a made made Reports Reports Law Law Gazette Gazette the the of of editors editors The The only.• law law of of question question 53 53 a a with with deals deals report report the the enemy: enemy: the the to to use use of of information information of of or or news news of of question question a a not not is is "this "this claiming claiming publish publish to to permission permission requesting requesting Paul Paul to to wrote wrote editor editor Assistant Assistant The The Act. Act. Army Army the the of of 12 12 section section of of interpretation interpretation the the with with merely merely dealt dealt and and action action collective collective to to reference reference any any omitted omitted which which appeal, appeal, courts-martial courts-martial the the of of report report abridged abridged an an pared pared pre Reports Reports Law Law Zealand Zealand ,New ,New C'the C'the of of tars' tars' edi edi the the consideration consideration into into February February 25 25 of of directive directive Paul's Paul's taking taking After After Jones. Jones. Mr Mr Defence, Defence, 52 52 of of Minsiter Minsiter the the of of orders orders the the on on refused refused was was dismissal dismissal the the to to references references publish publish to to permission permission requesting requesting Star Star Auckland Auckland the the by by application application subsequent subsequent A A dismissa1. of of notices notices the the 51 51 or or decision, decision, Appeal Appeal of of Court Court the the actions, actions, their their regarding regarding decision decision Government Government men, men, furlough furlough the the of of acts acts any any of of approval approval without without publication publication no no be be there there that that ordering ordering editors editors the the to to telegram telegram a a sent sent Paul Paul dismissed. dismissed. dishonourably dishonourably be be to to those those to to handed handed or or sent sent either either was was intent intent this this of of notice notice A A insubordination. insubordination. and and misconduct misconduct for for rebels rebels I I Grade Grade the the dismiss dismiss to to decided decided had had Government Government the the afternoon afternoon previous previous The The collectively. not not individuals, individuals, against against brought brought be be must must martial martial 50 50 courts- that that held held was was it it addition, addition, with. with. In In men men the the charged charged have have to to offence offence wrong wrong the the was was desertion desertion that that basis basis the the on on 56 56 57 appear as certainties to a man who read every piece of news with an eye to its possible use to the enemy, or disruptive effect on troops or the war effort. Cornish also said that the proposed abridged report would not convey the full and true legal significance of the case because the omitted pass,ages were of material bearing to the outcome of the appea1. 54 The matter was also referred to the Assistant Secretary of the War Cabinet who agreed publciation should be deferred. The issue was raised in Parliament in August within a wider discussion of the censorship during the Imprest Supply Bill debate. An Opposition member asked during his speech: "Is there any Minister prepared to justify the censorship of certain cases that were deter mined by the Courts, affecting the rights and liberties of the first furlough draft. Those men were the very salt of the earth, the very flower of our race. They got into an unfortunate psoition because the Government attempted to make political tools of them [during the 1943 election]. Then to try and cover up its own misdeeds the Government has the temerity to censor the ''New Zealand Law Reports". These men took their case to the highest Court in the land, and their rights were upheld - they won their appeal; yet the fact was censored in this country.• 55 The question was, however, unfortunately lost in the contin- uing discussion of the censorship as a whole. In early 1945 the New Zealand Council of Law Reporting again sought permission to report the case, arguing, that "after this pericd of time there could be no possible 58 57 security reason for withholding" publication. Paul forwarded the request to Cabinet who advised that publication should still be withheld. The following day Paul sent a reply conveylng. t h'lS d eClSlon. . . 58 On 22 June 1945 Paul sent a memo to the Acting Prime Minister, Nash, recommending that a decision be made regarding publication in the New Zealand and Gazette Law Reports before a further request be received. He suggested that the deci- sion should be to permit release for a number of reasons. The war in Europe was won and "a strong reason" for witholding news of the furlough difficulties had been their value to the enemy. Secondly, the facts of the case should be made available to the members of the Law Society, although this would inevitably lead to discussion of the case in the press. Thirdly, further suppression of news of the unsuccessful prosecution would be regarded as political censorship and, although this would be illogical and baseless, ''it is capable of successful agitation." Fourthly, recent publication of the discussion of the furlough drafts at the RSA Conference now made further suppression impossible unless the Government did not regard a charge of arbitrary treatment as serious. Fifthly, there was certain to be reference to the Parliamen- tary discussion of the drafts and their past and present status. Press reports of such discussion could not be censored. 59 Paul had presented the argument for legal reporting cogently. Permission for publication could have been expected, especially because the Law Report volumes took some time to prepare for publication. In hindsight, it would have been possible for the report of the case to be released much earlier without any possible danger. Hingsight, however, does not consider the evidence. the the 63 63 giving giving without without names names mere mere publish publish not not would would he he that that testily testily replied replied Star, Star, the the of of Webster, Webster, published. published. be be could could leave, leave, without without absence absence soldiers' soldiers' the the of of mention mention including including case, case, the the of of facts facts the the only only that that replied replied Paul Paul draft. draft. furlough furlough the the to to references references not not but but proceedings proceedings the the at at given given evidence evidence the the of of details details publish publish to to permission permission requested requested Star Star Auckland Auckland The The 1944. 1944. June June 15 15 on on officer" officer" superior superior a a by by given given command command lawful lawful a a "disobeying "disobeying for for court-martialed court-martialed successfully successfully were were return return to to refused refused who who draft draft second second the the of of members members Those Those overseas." overseas." going going weren't weren't 62 62 they they decided decided draft draft [Camp] [Camp] Linton Linton the the of of cent cent per per 90 90 and and story, story, full full the the them them gave gave I I because because authorities, authorities, the the for for world world the the in in thing thing worst worst the the was was It It hearsay. hearsay. up up picked picked only only - happened happened had had what what of of much much know know didn't didn't they they and and camp camp in in were were draft draft furlough furlough second second the the back, back, reported reported I I ''When ''When McLeod: McLeod: in in quoted quoted as as camp, camp, to to return return to to ordered ordered been been had had who who rebel rebel a a by by given given account account the the by by provided provided is is issue issue this this of of censorship censorship the the of of success success the the of of indication indication An An lations. lations. Regu- Emergency Emergency Publicity Publicity and and Censorship Censorship the the of of action action the the through through delayed delayed been been had had case case the the of of publication publication that that stated stated Reports Reports Law Law Zealand Zealand New New the the in in footnote footnote A A publish. 61 61 to to proposed proposed he he that that him him informing informing Paul Paul to to wrote wrote Reports Reports Law Law Gazette Gazette the the of of editor editor the the September September 19 19 On On case. 60 60 the the report report to to Reports Reports Law Law Zealand Zealand New New the the of of editor editor the the to to permission permission sent sent Paul Paul before before months months two two further further a a almost almost be be to to was was It It Cabinet. Cabinet. War War the the of of minds minds the the in in held held have have still still could could war war the the remote, remote, however however possibilities, possibilities, of of range range 59 59 He He explained: explained: the the editors editors to to make make no no additional additional reference reference to to the the dismissals. dismissals. and and 26 26 July July 1944. 1944. At At the the same same time, time, however, however, Paul Paul asked asked drafts drafts was was published published in in the the New New Zealand Zealand Gazette Gazette on on 20 20 June June of of 552 552 men men of of the the approximately approximately 7000 7000 members members of of both both furlough furlough As As required required by by law, law, a a notice notice announcing announcing the the dismissal dismissal which which would would appeal appeal to to a a military military man. man. ideals ideals of of press press freedom, freedom, but but made made practical practical suggestions suggestions Government Government departments, departments, Paul Paul did did not not resort resort to to high-flown high-flown In In advocating advocating publication publication in in this this communication communication between between helpful.•• 65 65 on on discipline discipline ...... publication publication would would be be sentence sentence would would have have a a beneficial beneficial effect effect by by Hallam Hallam had had met met with with a a salutary salutary fact fact that that an an act act of of the the kind kind committed committed on on furlough. furlough. On On the the other other hand, hand, the the report report to to the the attitude attitude of of certain certain men men reference reference would would be be made made in in a a published published particular particular case case I I do do not not feel feel that that any any of of value value to to the the enemy enemy ...... In In this this unless unless information information made made public public would would be be ·court-martial ·court-martial should should be be suppressed suppressed I I do do not not think think the the proceedings proceedings of of a a ''Except ''Except under under very very special special circumstances circumstances case: case: the the possible possible advantages advantages of of publication publication in in such such an an individual individual should should not not spread.• Paul Paul did did not not hesitate hesitate to to point point out out 64 64 be be published published ''so ''so the the mutinous mutinous attitude attitude of of the the furlough furlough men men for for the the Adjutant-General, Adjutant-General, recommended recommended the the proceedings proceedings not not persuade persuade fellow fellow army army members members to to mutiny. mutiny. Colonel Colonel H.G. H.G. Thompson, Thompson, driver, driver, R.J. R.J. Hallam, Hallam, was was charged charged with with endeavouring endeavouring to to different different nature nature was was brought brought to to Paul's Paul's attention. attention. An An army army Earlier Earlier that that year year a a court-martial court-martial of of a a slightly slightly 60 60 Gazette. Gazette. Zealand Zealand 67 67 New New the the in in announced announced be be to to Forces Forces Armed Armed the the from from missals missals dis- of of extent extent and and form form the the required required Act Act Defence Defence the the of of 6(b) 6(b) section section but but publication publication no no absolutely absolutely for for was was desire desire the the that that replied replied Nash Nash publications. publications. other other no no in in but but organ, organ, Government Government a a Gazette, Gazette, the the in in approved approved been been had had dismissal dismissal the the of of publication publication why why asking asking Minister Minister Prime Prime Acting Acting the the to to memo memo a a sent sent Holland, Holland, S.G. S.G. Opposition, Opposition, the the of of leader leader The The take. take. to to liberty liberty at at felt felt Cabinet Cabinet War War the the nor nor Paul Paul neither neither risk risk a a was was theorising theorising psychological psychological of of type type that that but but point, point, moot moot a a is is cohesive cohesive or or divisive divisive be be would would effect effect this this Whether Whether profound. profound. been been have have could could front front the the at at listening listening soldiers soldiers Zealand Zealand New New on on effect effect The The fabrication. fabrication. right right out- is is broadcast broadcast the the that that possiblilty possiblilty the the negate negate to to tends tends city, city, major major a a not not Hamilton, Hamilton, to to Reference Reference information. information. some some gleaned gleaned also also have have may may who who listeners listeners to to plausible plausible more more becomes becomes therefore, therefore, and, and, embark, embark, to to refusal refusal true true the the near near ably ably remark is is story story Radio Radio Paris Paris the the organisations, organisations, propaganda propaganda by by held held fabrication fabrication deliberate deliberate for for licence licence the the and and travelled travelled probably probably story story the the channels channels intricate intricate the the Considering Considering enemy. the the to to encouragement encouragement give give and and soldiers soldiers Zealand Zealand New New 66 66 of of reputation reputation the the tarnish tarnish would would leakage leakage further further any any because because taken taken be be to to needed needed care care extra extra that that emphaised emphaised Paul Paul town.'" town.'" the the in in proclaimed proclaimed been been has has siege siege of of state state A A Hamilton. Hamilton. from from front front European European the the for for embark embark to to due due troops troops among among mutiny mutiny a a been been has has 'There 'There May May 5 5 on on Paris Paris Radio Radio from from received received was was broadcast broadcast following following The The achieved. achieved. been been not not had had ban ban absolute absolute an an difficulties, difficulties, furlough furlough the the over over helpful helpful most most generally generally been been have have press press the the while while " " 61 61 article. article. the the in in contained contained were were affair affair furlough furlough the the of of publicity publicity '' '' .. .. in in inherent inherent dangers dangers the the "all "all that that out out pointing pointing editors editors the the to to memo memo a a sent sent Paul Paul month. the the in in later later 71 71 RSA RSA the the of of Council Council Wellingtron Wellingtron the the of of resolution resolution similar similar a a published published Dominion Dominion the the However, However, them. for for discharge discharge 70 70 honourable honourable an an secure secure to to endeavour endeavour and and membership membership to to men men dismissed dismissed the the admit admit to to deciding deciding resolution resolution branch's branch's Wairoa Wairoa Northern Northern the the of of report report Association Association Press Press a a of of publicatiou publicatiou the the for for authority authority refused refused Paul Paul November November early early In In stopped. was was pamphlet pamphlet the the 69 69 of of Distribution Distribution opinion." opinion." public public of of court court the the in in ''justice ''justice obtaining obtaining from from them them prevented prevented which which men men the the for for city city publi on on embargo embargo the the questioned questioned which which RSA RSA Wellington Wellington the the of of Branch Branch Harbour Harbour East East the the of of resolution resolution unanimous unanimous a a recording recording circular circular distributed distributed widely widely a a of of reports reports Police Police received received Paul Paul turn. turn. to to began began men men the the to to attitudes attitudes RSA RSA harsh. harsh. inordinately inordinately as as regarded regarded was was "rebels'' "rebels'' the the dishonourably dishonourably dismiss dismiss to to decision decision Government Government the the quarters quarters many many In In approved. not not was was however, however, 68 68 This, This, "rebels". "rebels". the the of of admission admission to to attitude attitude RSA RSA the the article article an an reporti~ reporti~ submitted submitted therefore, therefore, Star, Star, Auckland Auckland The The censored. censored. be be not not would would publciation publciation assumed assumed and and debates, debates, Parliamentary Parliamentary to to dissimilar dissimilar not not property, property, public public as as bodies bodies public public such such of of resolutions resolutions the the viewed viewed press press the the of of Members Members actions. actions. 'rebels' 'rebels' the the in in involved involved insubordination insubordination military military the the condone condone not not did did RSA RSA the the situation, situation, their their to to "rebels". "rebels". sympathetic sympathetic furlough furlough the the Although Although to to ranks ranks its its open open to to not not resolved resolved had had Conference Conference RSA RSA annual annual 1944 1944 May May The The 62 62 for for camps camps in in detained detained defaulters defaulters military military to to appeal appeal of of right right a a grant grant to to decision decision Government Government the the against against protesting protesting RSA RSA Dannevirke Dannevirke the the of of Executive Executive the the of of resolution resolution a a publish publish to to permission permission requested requested Association Association Press Press the the 1945 1945 June June In In disability." no no suffer suffer also also should should 74 74 sections sections other other that that obvious obvious is is it it ience, ience, inconven even even or or penalty penalty no no suffer suffer and and line line fighting fighting the the to to return return to to refuse refuse can can men men of of body body one one If If tarnished. tarnished. further further be be would would Zealand Zealand New New of of record record fine fine the the men, men, service service long long relieve relieve to to refusal refusal second second a a of of nature nature the the in in occurred occurred anything anything If If service. service. long long with with men men relieve relieve to to overSeas overSeas proceed proceed to to not not decision decision a a in in men men influence influence might might unhelpful. unhelpful. conceiv~bly conceiv~bly ~t ~t be be must must publicity publicity this this of of effect effect "The "The editor: editor: the the to to wrote wrote Paul Paul rebuke. rebuke. similar similar a a with with met met Division, Second Second the the in in men men other other 73 73 replace replace to to up up called called be be should should Pacific Pacific the the from from industry industry to to returned returned temporarily temporarily men men those those whether whether of of discussion discussion RSA's RSA's local local the the reporting reporting protest", protest", for for considers, considers, ~ase ~ase ''RSA ''RSA entitled entitled Star, Star, Evening Evening Dunedin Dunedin the the in in article article An An enemy." enemy." the the by by 72 72 required required evidence evidence the the all all provide provide Dominion Dominion the the in in publication publication the the and and case case impressive impressive an an build build to to ...... statements statements published published slender slender most most the the They They only only need need facts. facts. by by hampered hampered not not our our are are of of enemies enemies machines machines propaganda propaganda The The Association. Association. Servicemen's Servicemen's Returned Returned the the of of backing backing the the now now has has order order army army lawful lawful a a obey obey to to soldiers soldiers Zealand Zealand New New certain certain by by refusal refusal the the that that claim claim now now could could admission], admission], withhold withhold [to [to action action original original the the of of possession possession in in enemy, enemy, ''The ''The 63 63 Ju~e Ju~e July. and and in in newspapers newspapers the the in in reported reported was was men men 76 76 dismissed dismissed the the of of status status and and prese~ prese~ past past the the of of Parliament Parliament in in Discussion Discussion lapsed. lapsed. issue issue the the of of censorship censorship Hereafter, Hereafter, Press.• the the against against proceedings proceedings legal legal take take to to 76 76 war, war, European European the the of of termination termination successful successful the the following following stage, stage, this this at at unwise unwise most most be be would would it it that that opinion opinion the the of of am am I I but but Cabinet, Cabinet, War War of of wishes wishes the the to to contrary contrary and and instructions instructions of of breach breach a a is is publication publication "this "this Nash'' Nash'' to to wrote wrote Paul Paul year. year. previous previous the the of of decisison decisison its its of of reversal reversal a a men, men, furlough furlough dismissed dismissed the the admitting admitting Conference Conference RSA RSA annual annual 1945 1945 the the of of discussion discussion the the of of reports reports published published newspapers newspapers the the later later days days few few A A Cabinet.• War War by by reconsidered reconsidered embargo embargo furlough furlough the the have have to to 75 75 necessary necessary be be now now may may "It "It Nash. Nash. Minsiter, Minsiter, Prime Prime Acting Acting the the to to sent sent he he copy copy a a to to appended appended he he However, However, drafts. drafts. furlough furlough the the to to reference reference the the delete delete to to Association Association the the advised advised Paul Paul again.'' again.'' overseas overseas serve serve to to refusal refusal unqualified unqualified an an make make not not did did but but law law military military of of breach breach a a of of guilty guilty were were overseas, overseas, service service years years half half and and three three after after 'rebels' 'rebels' labelled labelled men, men, These These draft. draft. furlough furlough second second and and first first the the of of members members certain certain to to out out meted meted treatment treatment arbitrary arbitrary the the to to " " contrast contrast bitter bitter and and unsavoury unsavoury an an ded ded provi- this this that that stated stated resolution resolution serve. serve. The The to to refusing refusing 64 64 of of acquittal acquittal the the by by illustrated illustrated factors, factors, Various Various war. war. the the in in time time this this by by incursions incursions such such to to used used become become had had people people Zealand Zealand New New the the addition addition In In suppressed. suppressed. also also [usually] 86 86 were were policy policy furlough furlough the the supporting supporting those those of of opinions opinions the the However, However, rights. rights. democratic democratic people's people's the the into into incursion incursion large large reasonably reasonably a a represents represents This This censored. censored. were were R.S.A., R.S.A., the the especially especially bodies, bodies, public public other other of of meetings meetings of of proceedings proceedings the the Thirdly, Thirdly, forum. forum. public public the the from from excluded excluded were were strations strations - demon demon in in manifestation manifestation its its of of report report or or opinion opinion this this yet yet cause, cause, men's men's the the .'Supported .'Supported generally generally have have to to appears appears opinion opinion public public Secondly, Secondly, censored. censored. effectively effectively were were case case Challiner Challiner the the and and courts-martial courts-martial the the of of reports reports other, other, or or paper, paper, news- Yet, Yet, done". done". be be to to seen seen be be must must it it but but done, done, be be only only not not must must "justice "justice that that runs runs cliche cliche the the democracy democracy a a In In ' ' democracy. democracy. time time peace peace a a to to repugnant repugnant be be would would which which happened happened actually actually what what note note to to interesting interesting is is it it However, However, serious. serious. not not was was Press Press the the by by breach breach or or protest protest odd odd The The regulations. regulations. the the of of admini~tration admini~tration the the of of example example smooth smooth relatively relatively a a provide provide problems problems furlough furlough the the of of Censorship Censorship published. soon soon was was incident incident furlough furlough the the of of coverage coverage 80 80 full full A A papers. papers. the the in in reported reported widely widely was was This This restored. restored. 79 79 privileges privileges men's men's the the and and cancelled cancelled were were notices notices sal sal dismis- the the Japan, Japan, of of surrender surrender the the after after August, August, 17 17 On On intentiona1.• purely purely are are injustices injustices these these 78 78 that that conclusion conclusion the the to to come come have have will will we we lifted lifted be be cannot cannot censorship censorship the the "If "If position: position: their their explaining explaining newspapers newspapers the the to to letters letters write write could could men men the the so so ended, ended, had had war war European European the the now now lifted lifted be be censorship censorship the the that that asking asking Danhero, Danhero, Robert Robert men, men, dismissed dismissed the the of of one one from from letter letter a a received received Paul Paul 65 65 regulations. regulations. the the of of breach breach for for Billens, R.H. R.H. 82 82 Times, Times, Manawatu Manawatu the the of of editor editor managing managing the the of of ecution ecution pros- attempted attempted an an over over sleep sleep more more lot lot a a lost lost He He headaches. headaches. any, any, if if few, few, very very Paul Paul caused caused they they Yet, Yet, incident. incident. isolated isolated an an of of that that than than effort effort war war the the to to dangerous dangerous more more tially tially paten- was was publicity publicity such, such, As As incidents. incidents. of of number number a a and and years years two two of of period period a a covered covered difficulties difficulties furlough furlough The The rights. rights. those those safeguarded safeguarded Gazette, Gazette, the the in in publication publication regarding regarding law law the the of of letter letter the the for for respect respect Government's Government's the the and and Appeal, Appeal, Courts-martial Courts-martial the the of of success success the the Challiner, Challiner, 66 66 Germany. Germany. for for commission commission control control with with major-general, major-general, as as Division Division 2 2 command command 1943 1943 and and 1942 1942 in in Brigade.Periods Brigade.Periods 9 9 Commander Commander 1941 1941 Brigade. Brigade. 4.N.Z. 4.N.Z. Brigadier Brigadier 1940 1940 major. major. to to lieutenant lieutenant 1915-19- 1NZEF 1NZEF Solicitor. Solicitor. and and Barrister Barrister (1942). (1942). .D.S.O. .D.S.O. (1944), (1944), C.B.E. C.B.E. C.B., C.B., Major-General. Major-General. Inglis, Inglis, L.M. L.M. 34. 34. 2. 2. part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 33. 33. 413. 413. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 32. 32. 2. 2. and and 1 1 part part Ibid, Ibid, 31. 31. Ibid. Ibid. 30. 30. Ibid. Ibid. 29. 29. Ibid. Ibid. 28. 28. Ibid. Ibid. 7. 7. 2 2 Ibid. Ibid. 26. 26. Ibid. Ibid. 25. 25. 1. 1. part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 24. 24. 471. 471. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 23. 23. 1943. 1943. October, October, 2 2 Herald, Herald, Zealand Zealand New New 22. 22. Ibid. Ibid. 1943; 1943; October, October, 22 22 21. 21. 471. 471. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 20. 20. 1. 1. part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 1943; 1943; October, October, 23 23 19. 19. 1943. 1943. October, October, 21 21 Star, Star, Auckland Auckland 18. 18. 1943. 1943. October, October, 21 21 Dominion, Dominion, 17. 17. Ibid. Ibid. 16. 16. 1. 1. part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 15. 15. p.l41. p.l41. McLeod, McLeod, pp.267-8. pp.267-8. War, War, at at People- The The Wood, Wood, F.L.W. F.L.W. 14. 14. punctuation. punctuation. My My 471. 471. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 13. 13. Ibid. Ibid. transcript; transcript; speech speech 1943, 1943, August August 31 31 12. 12. 87/13/14. 87/13/14. E.A. E.A. 11. 11. Fraser. Fraser. Mr Mr pp.649-50, pp.649-50, Ibid, Ibid, 10. 10. Broadfoot. Broadfoot. Mr Mr p.649, p.649, 263, 263, NZPD, NZPD, 9. 9. 471. 471. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 8. 8. 1943. 1943. July, July, 15 15 Post, Post, Evening Evening 7. 7. p.l45. p.l45. Ibid, Ibid, 6. 6. pp.l41-3. pp.l41-3. Ibid, Ibid, 5. 5. p.l40. p.l40. McLeod, McLeod, 4. 4. specifically. specifically. mentioned mentioned not not is is problem problem furlough furlough The The p.74. p.74. Act", Act", Conservation Conservation Safety Safety Public Public ''The ''The Logan, Logan, A.J. A.J. 3. 3. pp.954-7. pp.954-7. vol.2, vol.2, Front, Front, Home Home The The Taylor, Taylor, N. N. 2. 2. ch.lO. ch.lO. Reality, Reality, and and Myth Myth McLeod, McLeod, J. J. 1. 1. FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES 67 67 4. 4. part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 72. 72. 1944. 1944. November, November, 25 25 Dominion! Dominion! 71. 71. 4. 4. part part Ibid, Ibid, 70. 70. Ibid. Ibid. 9. 9. 6 6 3. 3. part part Ibid, Ibid, 68. 68. 4. 4. part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 67. 67. p.ll. p.ll. 9, 9, ch. ch. C.N., C.N., 66. 66. Ibid. Ibid. 65. 65. 1944. 1944. April, April, 24 24 3; 3; part part Ibid, Ibid, 64. 64. 1944. 1944. July, July, 28 28 4; 4; part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 63. 63. p.l54. p.l54. McLeod, McLeod, 62. 62. 340. 340. G.L.R. G.L.R. [1945] [1945] Others Others and and Maxwell Maxwell v v Others Others and and Close Close Others; Others; and and Maxwell Maxwell v v Others Others and and Agnew Agnew 688. 688. NZLR NZLR [1945] [1945] Others Others and and Maxwell Maxwell v v Others Others and and Close Close Ibid. Ibid. 61. 61. 1945. 1945. August, August, 21 21 Ibid, Ibid, 60. 60. Ibid. Ibid. 59. 59. 1944. 1944. April, April, 6 6 April, April, 5 5 Ibid, Ibid, 58. 58. 1945. 1945. March, March, 29 29 4, 4, part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 57. 57. 1944. 1944. August, August, 11 11 Bodkin, Bodkin, Mr Mr p.354, p.354, 265, 265, NZPD, NZPD, 56. 56. Ibid. Ibid. 55. 55. 1944. 1944. May, May, 9 9 3, 3, part part Ibid, Ibid, 54. 54. 1944. 1944. April, April, 19 19 Ibid, Ibid, 53. 53. 1944. 1944. April, April, 13 13 Ibid, Ibid, 52. 52. 1944. 1944. 5 5 April, April, Ibid, Ibid, 51. 51. 2. 2. part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 50. 50. 640. 640. file file Ibid, Ibid, 49. 49. 471. 471. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 48. 48. 3. 3. part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 47. 47. p.61. p.61. See See 46. 46. 1944. 1944. April, April, 3 3 Ibid, Ibid, 45. 45. 1944. 1944. March, March, 31 31 Ibid., Ibid., 44. 44. 1944. 1944. March, March, 30 30 2., 2., part part 87/13/14, 87/13/14, E.A. E.A. 43. 43. p.955. p.955. Taylor, Taylor, 42. 42. pp.l45-6. pp.l45-6. McLeod, McLeod, 41. 41. Ibid. Ibid. 0. 0. 4 4 471. 471. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 39. 39. 1944. 1944. February, February, 18 18 Post, Post, Evening Evening eg. eg. 38. 38. 1986. 1986. July, July, 10 10 author, author, to to Young Young J.A. J.A. Correspondence Correspondence 37. 37. 1944. 1944. February, February, 9 9 Ibid, Ibid, 36. 36. 1944. 1944. February, February, 4 4 Post, Post, Evening Evening 35. 35. 68 68 69 73. Evening Star, 27 November, 1944. 74. E.A. 87/13/14, part 4; l December, 1944. 75. Ibid; 14 June, 1945. 76. Ibid, 22 June, 1945. 77. Evening Post, 29 June, 5 July, 1945. New Zealand Herald, 30 June, 19 July, 1945. 78. E.A. 87/13/14, part 4; 5 July, 1945. 79. Dominion, 20 August, 1945. Evening Post, 18 August, 1945. New Zealand Gazette, 13 September, 1945. 80. Dominion, l September, 1945. New Zealand Herald, 20 August, 1945. 81. See p.Sl. 82. See Who's Who in New Zealand, 5th edition, p.24. MONDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1U4:l. --'----- The Gag Again 'l'he ]Jii·Cctul' t.~f l'uhlidty ill fl!!nin nhrn11rl in the lond. 'l'his dM'H Hflllnl'i!ll'lhal he i:-~ HIIPI'lyin~ 1\"' I'PII\'1<• uf Nt•.w z~nlnn ,.,,,,,.l'Hiillll, !Ill' llomliniull'l! Wul' 1·1l'u1·t Ul' thu duiug~ ot !1111' l!wu uu j),. ],.dddnm!H. '!'],., !til'"P!Vl' of ]'ublidly ll 'l'h~!'!~ ili, nu ,;cerl !o tel! !b~ prupl<~ uf r\'~11' ZrulnnJ thnt Ill> fat• nH uo;w~ of lhc wut' i~ cune<'l'l\l'd llol' Hl'<: Wloclll:l't·t' ult Hllkwnnl l!ono!':;li<: ~il till llu·t·<• uo;\'!IHiun~ !'l'o'l'llll,y Jil<, J.pl); hiH tw<•ll IO[op)i!'d, \Ve HI!>~' ).,, r·nwlnitlillt: n l•t'o•Hdl nl' lhu l•:,,.,,g,·n.:y !1o•!rlllalinuu ],y wnldn1; thul HIH\I'I!H:III, for !he ]"·o·nlh1r IH!.n'I '!'hen: it~ 1111 t·lr·lll t''ti:>l. 'J'!to: 1\'ut']>I'J'~ mny Ill' lllll,'f-IIUt lio1\l: !i<'lll1illt1 grii'I'HlH!l'H, We 111'1• lwl ''"l<':t:l'lll'll wilh·thnl b:-~no.: HI. !111: nwJut.•nt. Whul \It' an: <:UIIccl'uo·d willt ~~ whellwr the wol'ltr•r:-J han• HI' lnt••· W•l lip: riglot tn Hit· !loeiJ· gJ·ir·HU11·1.<11 thruugll tlH> 1'~'''''·~. whio:h, nu Ultoll•·t· lllodhl't' they adl!li!·~ il or nul, i.~ ll1n Oldy Hmoiniou-widt: lll~tliwn lht·ollgil whidr th••it· gricqtr:ee~ cuu l>u nired. \\',, nllli'IJI llmt !111•y l1111~ Hll inali<~ll!!l•lc l'i<;ld lu ail· llidl' ~:t·knln····~. 'l'hat l'i:tlll h; <1111· "r 1lu· rnur l'•···"d'"''H l'ur ll'hiod1 Z•·nlan l•:_xt:e~siv,, nud !'''''[!TC~l!il'lt MIJ']'I't·.~iun i~_J]i,, .~OJI'I'»t ~i1;11 ,,r wr;t\,lltK.~ !111<1 incfll"lt'IIC,I'. It i!l lh" l':t\'tH!I'ilc 1\l'li!ll>ll ul' 1\'l'id; 11111! ind'iic·iPIII t!idnlnr~. Btl'tllll,(lli nnd !'!llcit·llo·y lll'<'d 1111 f!'l~:l, 111 •1 do•lllnoonw.v I hi! p"uillll 111'1~ l on on and and night, night, or or day day the the of of moment moment any any at at gag gag his his applying applying for for excuse excuse an an find find to to on on relied relied be be can can expert expert gagging gagging Government's Government's the the And And Government. Government. the the for for solicitude solicitude maternal maternal a a is is gear gear top top into into machine machine gagging gagging the the drives drives What What ...... action action to to Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the moves moves that that consideration consideration prime prime the the ever ever hardly hardly is is effort effort war war Zealand's Zealand's New New But But ...... doorstep doorstep the the on on is is Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the - days days these these occurrence occurrence daily daily a a almost almost be be to to seem seem situations situations awkward awkward and and - arises arises situation situation domestic domestic awkward awkward an an "Whenever "Whenever Government: Government: the the of of instrument instrument political political a a as as used used being being was was censorship censorship the the that that claim claim to to on on went went article article The The Department. Department. Publicity Publicity " " extensive extensive an an for for all all at at need need no no is is there there operations, operations, military military concerning concerning publicity publicity on on eye eye vigilant vigilant a a from from ''apart ''apart that that enough enough far far receded receded now now had had danger danger war war the the that that claimed claimed It It Publicity. Publicity. of of Director Director the the of of hence, hence, and, and, Zealand Zealand New New in in censorship censorship press press of of exercise exercise the the of of critical critical very very was was article article This This 1943. 1943. December December 6 6 on on Times Times Manawatu Manawatu the the in in published published Again", Again", Gag Gag "The "The entitled entitled opposite, opposite, reproduced reproduced article article the the was was case case the the of of genesis genesis The The Appea1. of of court court the the by by decided decided 1 1 being being was was case case the the while while case case Billens Billens the the on on Minister Minister Prime Prime the the to to report report a a in in 1944 1944 July, July, 19 19 on on this this wrote wrote Paul Paul " " 'test' 'test' a a it it make make to to decided decided were were Zealand Zealand New New of of Press Press the the that that obvious obvious became became it it tuted, tuted, insti- been been had had Times" Times" ''The ''The of of editor editor the the of of prosecution prosecution the the after after immediately immediately "Almost "Almost CASE CASE BILLENS BILLENS THE THE - PONTIFF" PONTIFF" THE THE OF OF POWERS POWERS "THE "THE TO TO CHALLENGE CHALLENGE A A 3 3 Chapter Chapter 70 70 71 any matter from growing onions to coalminers' strikes .... readers must sometimes wonder why a "blackout" suddenly descends just when a particular news story is developing to a climax that is of vital interest to the people of the Dominion - and particularly awkward for the Government." The Director of Publicity was attacked for ostensibly extending his jurisdiction beyond what was necessary for the maintenance of the war effort: Under the Emergency Regulations he has wide powers, and in his practised hand they can become as elastic as a politician's con science. They can be stretched to cover everything, because in the opinion of the Director of Publicity everything these days has some connection, near or remote, with the war effort. Three recent examples of press censorship, all concerning workers' grievances real or imagined, were then alluded to. The writer strongly affirmed the workers right to air their grievances in the only Dominion-wide medium available to them. "That right is one of the four freedoms for which New Zealand is supposed to be fight ing - for which her splendid sons are laying down their lives. But not so the Director of Publicity. That gentleman, in effect, says the workers can only air their grievances so long as they do not criticise the Govern- ment in so doing. The Government is sacra- remotest remotest the the is is Zealand Zealand New New line. line. firing firing the the in in literally literally - line line front front the the in in is is Britain Britain considered. considered. are are Zealand Zealand New New and and Britain Britain of of position position relative relative the the when when apparent apparent becomes becomes 'dictatorship' 'dictatorship' this this of of stupidity stupidity rank rank ''The ''The concluded: concluded: It It Australia: Australia: and and States States United United the the Britain, Britain, Great Great in in that that with with Zealand Zealand New New in in situation situation the the contrast contrast to to on on went went editorial editorial The The administration. administration. war war of of realities realities daily daily the the of of ignorance ignorance displayed displayed passage passage this this view view of of point point ment's ment's Govern- the the From From sphere. sphere. its its on on encroachments encroachments unreasonable unreasonable deemed deemed were were what what at at frustration frustration jounalistic jounalistic a a reveals reveals also also It It kind. kind. any any of of intervention intervention State State of of mistrust mistrust Liberal Liberal seated seated deep deep a a reveals reveals it it such such As As be. be. could could position position the the of of extrapolation extrapolation one one what what but but was, was, actually actually position position the the what what not not out, out, pointing pointing of of effect effect the the have have to to designed designed is is tion tion exaggera- lee. lee. 0 0 The The ln ln tenure tenure lts lts out out roug roug h h h h t t Government Government ff" ff" . . . . 2 2 Labour Labour the the against against projected projected newspapers newspapers of of majority majority the the which which hostility hostility veiled veiled thinly thinly the the of of example example prime prime a a is is It It dictatorship. dictatorship. totalitarian totalitarian a a becoming becoming to to close close very very was was zealand zealand New New that that impression impression the the leaves leaves above above quoted quoted passage passage The The be." be." to to supposed supposed are are they they or or - supreme supreme are are people people the the democracy democracy a a In In gags. gags. no no need need efficiency efficiency and and Strength Strength dictators. dictators. inefficient inefficient and and weak weak of of weapon weapon favourite favourite the the is is iency. iency. It It ineffic- and and weakness weakness of of sign sign surest surest the the is is suppression suppression progressive progressive and and Excessive Excessive suspicion. suspicion. above above always always not not is is it it wife, wife, Caeser's Caeser's unlike unlike if if even even criticism, criticism, above above Fascism, Fascism, and and Nazism Nazism like like is, is, lible. lible. It It infal- is is wrong. wrong. It It no no do do can can It It sanct. sanct. 72 72 matter." of of kind kind or or matter matter any any of of ation ation 5 5 public or or printing printing the the for for authority authority his his refused refused has has censor censor a a that that or or regulations regulations these these under under censorship censorship to to submitted submitted be be to to required required been been has has matter matter of of kind kind or or matter matter any any that that indication indication or or statement statement any any ...... - document document printed printed other other any any in in or or publication publication periodical periodical any any in in publish publish or or print print shall shall person person "No "No reads reads which which l6(5)b Regulation Regulation of of breach breach 4 4 a a contained contained both both that that opinion opinion the the expressed expressed who who General General Solicitor- the the to to on on articles articles both both passed passed He He iarism.3 iarism.3 plag patent patent such such with with away away get get could could Herald Herald the the that that ment ment amaze- expressed expressed Paul Paul fact, fact, In In similar. similar. very very is is structure structure the the and and identical identical are are sentences sentences the the of of Some Some December. December. 9 9 on on Herald Herald Wanganui Wanganui the the in in appeared appeared article article similar similar A A " " in:.,_news in:.,_news certa certa ~ ~ publish publish cannot cannot they they that that stating stating from from even even newspapers newspapers the the prevents prevents promiscuously, promiscuously, so so and and persistency persistency such such with with uses uses he he which which and and developed, developed, has has Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the which which technique technique peculiar peculiar the the for for statement, statement, that that making making by by Regulations Regulations Emergency Emergency the the of of breach breach a a committing committing be be may may "We "We was: was: Regulations Regulations Emergency Emergency Publicity Publicity and and ship ship Censor- the the of of limits limits the the what what just just test test to to designed designed was was it it that that obvious obvious it it makes makes article article the the in in earlier earlier passage passage A A blackout." blackout." - Zealand Zealand New New press. press. In In the the in in freely freely grievances grievances their their air air can can workers workers Britain's Britain's Nations. Nations. of of Commonwealth Commonwealth great great the the of of family family the the all all of of war war global global this this of of seats seats the the from from 73 73 per per pound pound one one to to ounces ounces 8 8 from from increased increased was was ration ration butter butter their their unless unless strike strike to to workers workers timber timber Coast Coast West West by by threats threats from from arose arose request, request, a a of of form form the the in in directive, directive, This This redress. redress. obtain obtain grievances grievances legitimate legitimate with with persons persons of of bodies bodies or or persons persons can can strike strike to to threatening threatening or or striking striking by by only only that that suggestions suggestions any any commodity) commodity) other other any any or or butter butter of of rationing rationing to to relation relation in in (particularly (particularly matter matter press press all all from from eliminating eliminating your your appreciate appreciate would would war war of of time time in in morale morale national national affecting affecting prejudicially prejudicially dissatisfaction dissatisfaction create create to to and and action action unlawful unlawful in in result result to to tendency tendency their their of of view view In In Confidential. Confidential. 1943. 1943. November, November, 15 15 dated dated was was of of complained complained Times Times the the which which communcations communcations three three the the of of first first The The censorship. censorship. the the of of administration administration his his on on attack attack ified ified unjust- apparently apparently an an such such at at piqued piqued also also was was however, however, Paul, Paul, prosecution.• the the of of purpose purpose the the was was else else 7 7 nothing nothing and and consideration consideration That That destroyed. destroyed. be be would would censorship, censorship, by by with with dealt dealt matter matter of of kind kind or or matter matter the the regarding regarding secrecy secrecy is is which which censorship, censorship, of of basis basis fundamental fundamental the the then then published published be be could could kind kind this this of of article article an an if if that that fact fact the the by by determined determined was was ...... taken taken be be should should proceedings proceedings whether whether question question "The "The Herald. Herald. Wanganui Wanganui the the of of that that than than rather rather Times Times Manawatu Manawatu the the of of editor editor the the of of prosecution prosecution the the with with continue continue to to decided decided therefore, therefore, was, was, It It Regulations.•• the the with with variance variance at at definitely definitely is is 6 6 article] article] Herald Herald [the [the although although breach, breach, direct direct more more a a appears appears article article Times Times "the "the that that opinion opinion the the of of was was but but agreed, agreed, Paul Paul 74 74 to to seems seems concern concern The The places. places. those those in in occurred occurred which which law law the the of of breach breach or or irregularity irregularity every every with with familiar familiar were were police police the the that that claim claim the the generate generate would would operate, operate, to to known known was was book-maker book-maker a a where where example example for for places, places, certain certain in in wives wives their their of of Employment Employment Police." Police." the the of of integrity integrity the the ln ln confidence confidence public public to to conducive conducive be be not not would would places places certain certain ln ln employment employment n n that that belief belief a a from from arose arose amendment amendment The The Police. of of 10 10 Commissioner Commissioner the the of of approval approval prior prior the the without without Force Force the the side side out- work work taking taking from from wives wives their their or or policemen policemen forbade forbade which which Regualtions Regualtions Force Force Police Police the the to to amendment amendment an an over over force force police police the the without without and and within within both both arisen arisen had had Criticism Criticism Force." Force." Police Police the the of of members members of of wives wives of of employment employment military military or or civil civil the the of of or or force force the the outside outside occupation occupation any any in in Force Force Police Police the the of of members members of of employment employment the the of of topic topic the the to to reference reference indirect indirect or or direct direct any any containing containing resolution resolution or or statement statement any any of of Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the of of approval approval without without publication publication no no be be must must There There "Confidential. "Confidential. force: force: police police the the to to relating relating directive directive a a was was there there November November 17 17 On On effort. effort. war war national national the the to to integral integral as as Government Government the the by by viewed viewed was was produce. produce. This This primary primary with with Britain Britain Great Great ing ing supply- of of subject subject the the to to linked linked and and problem problem shortage shortage whole whole the the of of part part was was butter butter of of rationing rationing the the of of question question The The act." to to 9 9 Government Government compelled compelled not not have have strikes strikes of of threats threats or or strikes strikes that that believing believing into into time time the the all all workers workers the the all all fool fool could could that that country country this this in in Government Government any any known known not not have have "I "I said said have have to to reported reported week. week. was was union union their their of of secretary secretary The The 75 75 for for Parliament Parliament of of Member Member National National elected elected been been had had who who Oram, Oram, M M Mr Mr JI JI included included Counsel Counsel North. North. Palmerston Palmerston of of Struthers Struthers and and Yortt Yortt Oram, Oram, were were defendant defendant the the for for Solicitors Solicitors March, March, 1944~ 1944~ 20 20 on on Wanganui Wanganui at at Court Court Magistrates Magistrates the the in in brought brought was was Times Times Manawatu Manawatu the the against against prosecution prosecution The The qui~ qui~ trouble. unnecessary unnecessary ln ln 13 13 newspapers newspapers the the involve involve and and them them infringe infringe to to held held be be might might which which matter matter publishing publishing before before Regulations Regulations the the consult consult should should editors editors "the "the that that was was concern concern Paul's Paul's order. order. price price particular particular a a to to relation relation in in law law the the disobey disobey to to union union his his to to incitement incitement an an to to equivalent equivalent was was which which Butchers Butchers Master Master the the of of Secretary Secretary the the by by issued issued statement statement a a of of reporting reporting the the from from arose arose directive directive The The regulations. regulations. gency gency emer any any against against offence offence an an commit commit to to person person any any of of inciting inciting or or counselling counselling a a to to amounts amounts act act such such if if person person any any of of act act any any to to relating relating published published be be to to not not is is information information consent consent written written previous previous my my without without that that notice notice you you give give I I safety, safety, public public the the to to prejudicial prejudicial be be would would topic topic undermentioned undermentioned the the to to relating relating information information of of publication publication unrestricted unrestricted that that opinion opinion of of Being Being "Confidential. "Confidential. 1943. 1943. December, December, 3 3 on on issued issued was was of of complained complained directive directive third third The The were. were. services services armed armed the the as as country country the the of of defence defence 12 12 the the of of part part a a much much as as were were they they because because wartime wartime in in force force police police the the in in tolerated tolerated be be not not could could agitation agitation that that state6 state6 He He war. war. the the in in earlier earlier one one this this to to similar similar directive directive a a for for responsibility responsibility personal personal taken taken had had lons. lons. a a l l Fraser Fraser t regu regu 11 11 . . rationing rationing the the of of breaches breaches alleged alleged with with primarily primarily been been have have 76 76 is is It It mentioned. mentioned. regulation regulation the the infringe infringe clearly clearly does does of of complained complained article article the the n n them. them. contravene contravene to to order order in in statement statement precise precise a a be be to to need need not not does does article article published published the the that that implied implied Regulations Regulations the the in in ''indication'' ''indication'' word word the the of of Use Use them. them. issued issued had had who who those those of of intention intention plain plain the the effect effect into into carry carry would would which which Regulations Regulations the the on on struction struction con- a a prefer prefer to to dicta dicta established established on on relied relied S.M. S.M. Lawry, Lawry, matter." 17 17 of of kind kind or or matter matter any any publi,shing publi,shing and and printing printing the the for for authority authority his his refused refused had had censor censor a a that that indication indication or or s,tatemen_t s,tatemen_t a a to to amount amount does does ...... article article leading leading defendents defendents the the not not or or "whether "whether was was decided decided be be to to question question the the valid, valid, found found were were these these Once Once Regulations. Regulations. Publicity Publicity and and Censorship Censorship the the of of validity validity the the determining determining with with up up taken taken is is judgment judgment the the of of part part greater greater The The semantics. in in exercise exercise futile futile a a as as this this rejected rejected Lawry Lawry Judge Judge 16 16 but but l6(5)b l6(5)b Regulation Regulation of of purposes purposes the the for for ''censor'' ''censor'' a a as as appointed appointed been been not not had had Paul Paul that that defence defence the the for for contended contended was was It It ''censor''. ''censor''. a a as as Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the describe describe to to not not careful careful been been had had Again" Again" Gag Gag "The "The of of author author The The April, 6 6 on on S.M. S.M. Lawry, Lawry, H.P. H.P. by by delivered delivered 15 15 was was judgement judgement case. case. The The this this over over Government Government the the for for well well go go whole whole the the on on however, however, not, not, did did great. great. Matters Matters been been have have to to appear appear not not does does ''conspiracy" ''conspiracy" this this of of extent extent The The Regulations." 14 14 Censorship Censorship the the on on attack attack an an of of guise guise the the in in Government Government the the on on assault assault political political a a for for basis basis the the as as used used be be to to were were proceedings proceedings the the that that indicated indicated Oram Oram Mr Mr of of engagement engagement "the "the 1943. 1943. in in commented commented Paul Paul Manawatu Manawatu 77 77 the the of of welfare welfare the the or or order order public public to to relevant relevant as as ered ered consid- be be way way remote remote some some in in may may war-conditions war-conditions under under which which acts acts various various offences offences as as constitute constitute regulations regulations "the "the censored: censored: be be not not should should and and should should what what decide decide to to position position the the in in not not was was he he that that admitting admitting tacitly tacitly While While £5. £5. then then was was Appeal Appeal of of Court Court the the to to appealed appealed be be could could case case a a before before fine fine minimum minimum The The £5.ls. £5.ls. 20 20 of of fine fine a a at at set set therefore, therefore, was, was, penalty penalty The The case. case. test test a a as as regarded regarded be be case case the the that that was was consideration consideration second second The The community." the the of of welfare welfare the the or or 19 19 order order public public the the on on effect effect serious serious or or real real any any had had [not] [not] has has breach breach the the ...... operated operated they they widely widely how how so, so, if if and, and, valid valid were were publicity publicity on on restrictions restrictions the the whether whether testing testing of of object object the the with with mainly mainly written written was was question question in in article article the the ...... subversion subversion at at attempt attempt any any of of suggestion suggestion no no be be can can there there case case this this In In know know should should public public the the thought thought he he which which news news certain certain of of publication publication the the on on censor censor the the by by placed placed restrictions restrictions the the to to attention attention drawing drawing in in service service public public a a performing performing was was he he that that opinion opinion of of clearly clearly was was and and motives motives possible possible highest highest the the under under acting acting was was defendant defendant The The article: article: the the behind behind motive motive the the considered considered he he Firstly, Firstly, consideration. consideration. into into factors factors two two took took S.M. S.M. Lawry, Lawry, penalty penalty a a on on deciding deciding in in However, However, Billens. Billens. Mr Mr against against conviction conviction a a entered entered therefore therefore Magistrate Magistrate The The regulation." 18 18 the the of of spirit spirit and and letter letter the the within within self self brougr±him has has defendant defendant the the ...... article article the the of of d'etre d'etre raison raison the the is is that that fact, fact, 1n 1n - matters matters certain certain of of publication publication the the for for permission permission refused refused has has censor censor the the that that way way uncertain uncertain no no in in indicate indicate does does it it that that plain plain 78 78 prohibit prohibit to to purporting purporting in in that that v-z-res. v-z-res. Secondly, Secondly, u"tra u"tra 23 23 . . " " and and invalid invalid were were regulations regulations the the that that fourfold. fourfold. Firstly, Firstly, were were appeal appeal the the for for grounds grounds The The April. April. 8 8 on on immediately, immediately, almost almost conviction conviction the the against against appeal appeal an an lodged lodged Billens Billens success." success." its its of of proof proof "•.mm:L:c-takable "•.mm:L:c-takable was was there there 22 22 claimed claimed later, later, months months three three writing writing and, and, propaganda" propaganda" Press Press of of exhibition exhibition remarkable remarkable ''a ''a reports reports newspaper newspaper the the called called Paul Paul instances. instances. most most in in prominence prominence marked marked receive receive above above quoted quoted Paul Paul to to warning warning the the and and duty duty public public of of sense sense Billens' Billens' defendant.'' defendant.'' the the for for counsel counsel of of role role the the usurp usurp to to times times at at appear appear to to made made was was Magistrate Magistrate the the reports reports Press Press the the "in "in that that claim claim his his out out bears bears clippings clippings newspaer newspaer of of perusal perusal However, However, law. law. on on wholly wholly question question the the decide decide to to pains" pains" ''exceptional ''exceptional taken taken had had Magistrate Magistrate the the impressed:that impressed:that very very was was Paul Paul criterion criterion should should their their that that be be u2l u2l and and safety safety public public the the was was legislation legislation ...... the the enacting enacting in in Legislature Legislature intended intended the the what what that that mind mind in in keep keep always always should should They They necessary. necessary. absolutely absolutely but but expedient expedient only only not not suppression suppression render render would would which which ·factors ·factors those those consider consider and and weigh weigh carefully carefully matters, matters, any any of of publication publication the the suppressing suppressing before before should, should, censors censors democracy democracy a a in in and and dictators; dictators; of of prerogative prerogative usurped usurped the the is is justification justification adequate adequate without without Press Press the the muzzle muzzle To To ...... matters matters certain certain of of cation cation publi the the suppress suppress they they before before well well ponder ponder should should censors censors destruction, destruction, not not and and cation cation edifi to to used used be be should should which which and and invested invested are are they they which which with with power power the the of of view view "In "In censorship. censorship. the the approached approached he he how how careful careful be be to to Paul Paul to to warning warning a a to to amounted amounted what what issued issued earlier earlier Magistrate Magistrate the the community , , 11 79 79 British British the the criticised criticised had had Paul Paul that that out out make make to to attempted attempted and and subject subject the the reopened reopened editors editors the the Zealand, Zealand, New New to to returning returning On On one. one. Zealand Zealand New New the the like like voluntary, voluntary, partly partly and and compulsory compulsory partly partly was was system system British British the the that that instead instead claimed claimed and and assertion, assertion, this this challenging challenging statement statement a a issued issued Publicity Publicity of of Director Director The The voluntary. voluntary. was was censorship censorship British British the the that that declaring declaring statement statement a a Association Association Press Press the the to to report report a a through through cabled cabled independently independently newspapers newspapers daily daily of of editors editors members, members, its its of of Three Three om. om. K1ng K1ng Un1te Un1te 25 25 . d . d d . d . the the from from returned returned delegation delegation Press Press Zealand Zealand New New The The appeal. appeal. the the and and hearing hearing North North Palmerston Palmerston the the of of time time the the between between arose arose issue issue censorship censorship the the to to relating relating directly directly matters matters various various trend trend general general this this to to addition addition In In case. case. the the decide decide to to were were who who judges judges the the affected affected have have but but cannot cannot opinion opinion of of climate climate This This lives. lives. their their of of regulation regulation Government Government with with restive restive grew grew public public the the decreased, decreased, danger danger the the As As censorship. censorship. stringent stringent a a such such required required longer longer no no situation situation the the Obviously, Obviously, June. June. 6 6 on on occurred occurred had had invasion invasion D-day D-day The The steadily. steadily. receded receded had had published. published. war war been been The The had had article article leading leading initial initial the the after after months months eight eight Wellington, Wellington, in in 6 6 July July for for set set was was hearing hearing the the of of date date The The succeed. succeed. not not did did ones ones previous previous the the case case in in catch-all catch-all a a merely merely was was ground ground last last The The act. act. 1n 1n 24 24 . f f . and and law law in in both both erroneous erroneous was was regulation, regulation, that that of of breach breach a a committed committed had had defendant defendant the the that that Magistrate Magistrate the the of of finding finding the the that that Fourthly, Fourthly, l6(5b). l6(5b). Regulation Regulation of of meaning meaning the the within within censor censor a a not not was was Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the that that Thirdly, Thirdly, regulations. regulations. the the under under authority authority and and power power his his of of scope scope the the exceeded exceeded had had Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the laid laid was was information information the the which which of of respect respect in in matters matters certain certain of of publication publication the the 80 80 part: part: in in reads, reads, which which Code, Code, the the of of clause clause each each analysed analysed critically critically He He criticism. criticism. press press of of face face the the in in impotence impotence of of feeling feeling growing growing his his illustrates illustrates Code Code the the to to reaction reaction defensive defensive Paul's Paul's censorship.•• of of exercise exercise 29 29 the the in in aid aid to to principles principles practical practical any any estabiltic>l'h estabiltic>l'h not not does does Code Code much-praised much-praised the the that that note note to to interesting interesting is is "it "it commented: commented: He He them.• restates restates simply simply 28 28 censorship, censorship, of of purpose purpose proper proper the the of of definition definition its its in in code, code, Australian Australian the the principles, principles, establishing establishing than than "rather "rather that that stated stated which which Dominion Dominion the the in in article article an an find find to to pleased pleased was was however, however, Paul, Paul, Zealand. Zealand. New New in in measure measure similar similar a a adopting adopting advocated advocated and and Code, Code, this this of of support support its its in in vocal vocal was was press press Zealand Zealand New New The The May. May. 19 19 on on Principles Principles Censorship Censorship of of code code Australian Australian an an of of publication publication the the was was result result The The litigation.• of of process process any any by by solved solved completely completely be be cannot cannot 27 27 event event any any in in which which problem, problem, important important very very and and practical practical "a "a to to solution solution practical practical a a seeking seeking to to view view a a with with confer confer parties parties the the that that suggested suggested settlement. settlement. a a Justice Justice at at Chief Chief The The arrive arrive and and together together get get parties parties two two the the that that pending, pending, appeal appeal an an with with Court, Court, High High Australian Australian the the of of request request unprecedented unprecedented the the by by followed followed involved, involved, became became Courts Courts the the which which in in tangle tangle legal legal a a newspapers. newspapers. was was daily daily result result Sydney Sydney The The various various of of suppression suppression the the around around revolved revolved which which Australia, Australia, in in opment opment devel sensational sensational a a by by news news the the in in kept kept was was Censorship Censorship opinion. public public predispose predispose to to campaign campaign a a 26 26 as as saw saw Paul Paul what what in in place place its its took took appeal, appeal, to to intention intention his his published published had had Billens Billens Mr Mr after after being being received, received, censorshihp censorshihp Zealand Zealand New New the the on on attack attack this this system. system. coverage coverage wide wide The The 81 81 been been never never has has censorship censorship but but Zealand, Zealand, New New in in weighed weighed carefully carefully been been only only not not have have limits limits those those and and information, information, of of cation cation publi the the with with interference interference censorship censorship to to limits limits definite definite be be course, course, of of must, must, There There continued, continued, Paul Paul enemy. enemy. the the to to useful useful information information was was ties, ties, difficul-· difficul-· industrial industrial including including development, development, internal internal about about information information specific specific that that said said Imformation,had Imformation,had of of Minister Minister British British Bracken,the Bracken,the Brenden Brenden Mr Mr that that noted noted He He war. war. of of lU lU operations operations the the "all "all cover cover to to was was and and defined defined be be not not could could security" security" "defence "defence that that admission admission the the on on seized seized Paul Paul being. into into code code the the brought brought 30 30 which which newspapers newspapers of of seizure seizure the the of of repetition repetition a a prevent prevent to to attempt attempt specific specific a a is is fourth fourth The The code. code. the the in in embodied embodied principles principles the the of of application application the the in in censors censors a'ssi:'s.t.ing a'ssi:'s.t.ing se se security", security", "defence "defence clarify clarify to to attempt attempt further further a a constitute constitute and and explanatory explanatory wholly wholly are are clauses clauses fourth fourth and and third third The The censorship. censorship. for for aground aground be be not not shall shall expreseed, expreseed, strongly strongly however however complaint, complaint, and and Criticism Criticism stoppages. stoppages. or or disputes disputes industrial industrial of of reporting reporting the the prevent prevent not not shall shall ship ship Censor alarm. alarm. or or despondency despondency of of prevention prevention the the or or morale morale of of maintenance maintenance the the for for merely merely imposed imposed be be not not shall shall Censorship Censorship countries. countries. other other with with relationship relationship wartime wartime ralian ralian Aust of of aspects aspects particular particular include include times times at at may may It It enemy. enemy. the the to to useful useful information information of of suppression suppression the the covers covers It It war. war. of of operations operations the the all all to to and and Nations Nations Allied Allied the the all all of of forces forces armed armed the the to to relates relates security" security" "defence "defence Primarily Primarily defined. defined. exhaustively exhaustively be be cannot cannot security'' security'' "defence "defence war war the the of of phases phases changing changing and and many many the the to to Owing Owing 2. 2. security. security. defence defence of of reasons reasons for for exclusively exclusively imposed imposed be be shall shall Censorship Censorship l. l. 82 82 Myers, Myers, ae ae Mlc Mlc Slr Slr Justlce, Justlce, 32 32 . . . h l l h . . . Chief Chief the the quoted quoted He He enemy. enemy. the the to to value value of of information information constituted constituted they they unless unless comment comment or or criticism criticism either either censor censor to to Zealand Zealand New New in in custom custom the the been been not not had had it it that that noted noted Paul Paul clear-cut. clear-cut. not not was was Regulations, Regulations, the the criticised criticised who who those those for for draw draw to to easy easy so so issues, issues, war war and and issues issues domestic domestic between between line line the the that that out out pointing pointing was was Paul Paul security?"• 30 30 defence defence of of reasons reasons for for "exclusively "exclusively cumstances cumstances cir such such in in exercised exercised be be could could censorship censorship that that held held be be it it Would Would strike? strike? the the extend extend to to attempts attempts including including development, development, successive successive each each 'report' 'report' to to right right the the Press Press the the give give sentence sentence this this would would supply, supply, short short in in munitions munitions with with workers, workers, munition munition among among place place took took strike strike a a and and Zealand Zealand New New ening ening threat again again were were Japanese Japanese the the if if instance, instance, For For censorship. censorship. from from immune immune be be would would strike strike the the of of extension extension an an advocate advocate to to strikers strikers by by resolutions resolutions or or speech speech inflammatory inflammatory an an that that mean mean may may ing' ing' 'report- hand hand other other the the On On censorship. censorship. of of free free be be shall shall occurred occurred has has stoppage stoppage or or dispute dispute the the that that statement statement a a only only that that mean mean may may "'Reporting' "'Reporting' defined. defined. not not was was "reporting" "reporting" excluded, excluded, was was "reporting" "reporting" of of censorship censorship while while that, that, was was stoppages stoppages and and disputes disputes industrial industrial regarding regarding sentence sentence the the about about Paul Paul for for point point important important The The matters. matters. other other with with along along account account into into taken taken be be may may it it that that suggestion suggestion the the implied implied but but censorship, censorship, for for ground ground a a alone alone not not is is morale morale of of maintenance maintenance that that meant meant Code Code the the that that Paul Paul to to indicated indicated "merely" "merely" word word the the of of Inclusion Inclusion time. time. some some for for dispute dispute industrial industrial any any of of censorship censorship been been not not had had there there that that added added He He stoppages. stoppages. minor minor of of case case the the in in applied applied 83 83 Commerce Commerce of of Chamber Chamber Wellington Wellington the the of of chairman chairman the the Hunt, Hunt, N.S. N.S. by by statement statement A A censorship". the the of of operation operation the the of of 35 35 mation mation infor direct direct have have not not could could and and not not "did "did ed, ed, not not Paul Paul which which Commerce, Commerce, of of Chamber Chamber Wellington Wellington the the notably notably bodies, bodies, various various by by carried carried were were censorship censorship the the of of critical critical Resolutions Resolutions light. light. able able unfavour- an an in in censorship censorship the the display display to to tended tended agitation", agitation", public public up up work work to to attempt attempt organised organised thoroughly thoroughly more more even even "an "an as as described described Paul Paul which which developments, developments, other other Two Two censorship. censorship. the the of of powers powers the the from from excluded excluded specifically specifically be be to to seemed seemed commented commented Again" Again" Gag Gag "The "The which which on on grievances' grievances' 'workers' 'workers' regarding regarding directive directive of of type type the the particular, particular, In In ship. ship. censor- the the of of administration administration Director's Director's the the and and Government's Government's the the of of condemnation condemnation total total a a to to amounted amounted Code Code the the of of words words the the of of meaning meaning plain plain the the it it To To Code. Code. the the of of interpretation interpretation detailed detailed such such in in engage engage not not did did press press zealand zealand New New The The statement. statement. 34 34 inaccurate inaccurate an an to to correction correction a a publish publish to to paper paper any any compel compel to to power power no no was was there there that that remembered remembered be be must must it it that that added added and and publication" publication" Press Press from from absent absent not not are are inaccuracy inaccuracy and and exaggeration exaggeration that that admit admit do do words words "The "The wryly wryly added added He He security. security. national national endangered endangered inaccuracy inaccuracy or or exaggeration exaggeration the the when when invoked invoked only only was was Censorship Censorship Zealand. Zealand. New New in in censorship censorship cause cause not not did did inaccuracy" inaccuracy" or or exaggeration exaggeration "mere "mere Likewise, Likewise, regulations." the the of of administration administration his his and and 33 33 Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the of of conduct conduct the the of of or or Government Government the the of of administration administration the the of of criticism criticism or or cnesorship, cnesorship, the the upon upon or or tions tions regula the the upon upon comment comment prohibit prohibit to to tions tions regula the the in in whatever whatever nothing nothing find find can can ''I ''I 84 84 of of newspapers newspapers Association Association Press Press and and Dominion Dominion the the in in report report a a was was censorship censorship the the affected affected which which development development next next The The pay. police police to to reference reference restricted restricted which which 1943 1943 January January 5 5 of of 37 37 directive directive earlier earlier an an to to referred referred statement statement Hunt's Hunt's Mr Mr that that discovered discovered was was it it when when defused defused was was situation situation The The tional. tional. uninten- was was it it that that sure sure was was he he but but possible, possible, was was liability liability Court Court of of contempt contempt then then case case Billens Billens the the in in issue issue at at directive directive the the to to refer refer did did statement statement Hunt's Hunt's Mr Mr if if that that appreciated appreciated readily readily he he that that said said interviewed, interviewed, when when Earle, Earle, Mr Mr Earle. Earle. Mr Mr Dominion, Dominion, the the of of editor editor the the against against brought brought being being proceedings proceedings Court Court of of contempt contempt of of possibility possibility the the about about police police the the by by made made were were enquiries enquiries and and Solicitor-General Solicitor-General the the consulted consulted He He decision. decision. Billen's Billen's the the prejudice prejudice possibly possibly might might it it that that believe believe to to Paul Paul caused caused Appeal Appeal of of Court Court the the in in proceedings proceedings the the to to publication publication this this of of proximity proximity The The was. was. directive directive real real the the what what knew knew Dominion Dominion the the and and incorrect incorrect was was statement statement Hunt's Hunt's passage. passage. the the published published which which onlrnewspaper onlrnewspaper the the was was Dominion Dominion the the because because reference, reference, this this at at incensed incensed was was Paul Paul dispute.•• the the to to referring referring from from debarred debarred 36 36 be be Press Press the the should should why why and and security security defence defence of of question question the the on on have have landers landers Zea New New of of section section deserving deserving very very a a of of representations representations the the can can effect effect possible possible what what - ask ask to to entitled entitled are are We We is. is. it it service service the the of of branch branch which which state state to to us us for for open open not not is is it it censor, censor, the the of of dictum dictum this this of of reason reason By By remuneration? remuneration? of of rates rates in in adjustments adjustments for for service service public public the the of of branch branch certain certain a a of of claims claims the the to to columns columns their their in in made made be be may may whatsoever whatsoever reference reference no no that that newspapers newspapers the the instructed instructed has has Paul Paul Mr Mr that that fact fact a a not not it it Is Is ...... " " Dominion: Dominion: the the in in reported reported was was 85 85 degree.'' degree.'' marked marked in in partisanship partisanship reporting"revealed reporting"revealed newspaper newspaper the the that that opinion opinion the the expressed expressed Paul Paul Minster Minster Prime Prime the the to to note note a a In In censored. be be not not should should and and should should what what decide decide to to 40 40 position position best best the the in in thus, thus, was, was, and and knowledge knowledge special special to to privy privy was was Director Director the the that that stated stated reply, reply, in in Solicitor-General, Solicitor-General, The The countries. countries. those those in in circumstances circumstances similar similar in in sent sent been been have have not not would would issue issue at at directives directives three three the the consequently, consequently, and, and, States, States, United United the the and and Britain Britain Great Great Australia, Australia, in in ones ones similar similar than than greater greater far far were were powers powers these these that that indicated indicated Billens Billens for for counsel counsel by by Comments Comments Director. Director. the the of of powers powers the the and and directives directives the the of of validity validity and and scope scope the the on on concentrating concentrating widely, widely, hearing hearing the the of of proceedings proceedings Newspapersreportedthe Newspapersreportedthe Johnston. Johnston. Justice Justice Mr Mr and and Northcraft Northcraft Justice Justice Mr Mr Justice, Justice, Chief Chief the the before before July July 6 6 on on heard heard was was hearing hearing The The . . sal sal e e at at w w h h h h of of report report adequate adequate an an 39 39 "d "d not not was was it it that that indicated indicated and and press, press, the the in in statement statement above above the the on on commented commented Justice Justice Chief Chief the the hearing hearing Billens Billens the the During During decision. decision. Court's Court's the the to to reference reference any any make make or or it, it, in in involved involved issues issues the the indicate indicate culled, culled, were were words words the the which which from from case case the the mention mention not not did did and and hearing hearing Billens Billens the the before before days days few few a a only only published published was was report report The The campaign. campaign. publicity publicity press press wider wider a a of of part part was was publication publication the the thought thought Paul Paul context context its its from from divorced divorced published published was was statement statement his his because because but but Act Act Finance Finance The The of of clauses clauses certain certain to to referring referring was was Justice Justice Chief Chief The The fighting.• are are Nations Nations United United 38 38 the the which which for for and and much much so so about about prate prate we we which which freedom freedom the the protect protect to to court court the the of of duty duty the the is is It It widely. widely. so so powers powers these these interpret interpret to to court, court, any any or or me, me, get get won't won't You You ...... taken taken this this like like power power see see to to indignant indignant one one makes makes "It "It Justice: Justice: Chief Chief the the by by statement statement a a 86 86 87 He observed that reports of the first morning's proceedings pictured the judges as frequently interposing on the Solici- tor-Generals argument. In contrast reports of Mr Watson's argument in support of the appeal indicated that he was rarely interrupted and, when he was, it was done in an obviously kind and co-operative manner. Paul claimed that every word from the judges which could be presented as revealing "an attitude of critical hostility to the Regulations" was reported, using the Dominion and Evening Post reports of 6 July as examples: "the reports were actually inimical to the administration of justice by giving the public an impression that in the hearing their Honours were decidedly partisan from the outset ... The reports could not give other than an impression of unseemly wrangling and of open bias ... In this way the newspapers ... have presented the Full Court and their Honours the judges in a false light.• 41 A comment in the New Zealand Law Journal backs up Paul's claims. It states that all three members of the Court made a number of comments during argument, some highly critical, about the censor and his powers. 42 An example is the oft- quoted comment by the Chief Justice that "the powers of the Pontiff are nothing to those of the Director of Publicity." 43 'Scribblex', for the Law Journal continues by pointing out that these observations were given prominence in the news- papers and many members of the public came to believe the appeal raised wider issues than was in fact the case. Judges should not be blamed for conclusions the public wrongly reaches, Again" Again" Gag Gag "the "the in in statement statement no no However, However, matter. matter. particular particular the the of of respect respect in in authority authority of of refusal refusal a a of of proof proof demands demands authority authority without without publishing publishing of of charge charge a a that that held held was was it it Secondly, Secondly, 16(5)(b). 16(5)(b). Regulation Regulation in in publication" publication" ''periodical ''periodical term term the the in in included included be be to to not not held held was was newspaper newspaper daily daily a a Firstly, Firstly, reasons. reasons. following following the the for for dissenting, dissenting, Justice Justice Chief Chief the the with with majority, majority, one one to to two two a a by by upheld upheld was was appE>al appE>al The The announced. announced. was was conviction conviction Billens' Billens' quas~i~g quas~i~g decision decision Court's Court's going going was was debate debate o~the o~the Parliamentary Parliamentary the the While While judice. 47 47 sub sub was was case case the the because because Speaker Speaker the the by by barred barred was was case case Billens Billens the the to to refer refer to to attempt attempt An An Bill. Bill. Supply Supply Imprest Imprest the the of of debate debate during during August August 11 11 on on censorship censorship the the of of extent extent the the of of discussion discussion wider wider a a began began Parliament Parliament Significantly, Significantly, news. news. o o lnators lnators 46 46 f f . . dissem- impartial impartial as as function function primary primary their their regard regard not not did did newspapers newspapers that that claim claim the the of of acceptance acceptance general general of of evidence evidence as as that," that," about about 45 45 honest honest be be well well as as might might We We article? article? fair fair a a likes likes "Who "Who sion, sion, discus- in in Johnston Johnston Justice Justice Mr Mr by by observation observation an an viewed viewed Paul Paul Court.• the the of of part part the the on on view view of of tion tion 44 44 predd:lec any any indicating indicating as as taken taken be be to to not not are are and and counsel counsel of of submissions submissions the the testing testing of of pruposes pruposes the the for for way way exploratory exploratory an an in in simply simply made made are are argument argument an an during during Judges Judges by by made made comments comments that that understand understand Lawyers Lawyers argument. argument. the the during during observations observations the the upon upon placed placed been been limits limits stricter stricter had had better better been been have have not not might might it it whether whether wondering wondering for for forgiven forgiven be be perhaps perhaps may may one one ''nevertheless, ''nevertheless, 88 88 89 referred to a refusal by Paul to grant authority after an application for permission to publish. Thirdly, the state- ment that "the censor has refused his authority for the printing or the pub~i~ation'' of any matter is an offence only when published in or on the writing, document or periodical continuing or omitting the censored matter. 48 Mr Justice Northcraft said "[Regulation l6(5)(b)] must be read as prohibit int a statement as to what "matters" or "kinds of matters" have been required to be submitted to censorship and of which publication is for bidden. Upon that view ... the article com plained of does not involve a breach .... [If] the article gives a wrong impression of what in fact was prohibited [that] does not make it an offence. What [the regulation] purports to make an offence is the statement of what in . 49 fact was proht.bited." Thus, the case was decided on a strict interpretation of the relevant regulations, not on the validity or invalidity of the directives or any policy considerations. In his dissenting judgement Sir Michael Myers claimed that a newspaper was a "periodical publication" within the meaning of Regulation l6(5)(b). Secondly, that Regulation 16(5) contained a separate and distinct prohibition, inde- pendent of any other regulation. Thirdly, that an offence was committed by the publciation of the statement or indication that "any matter or kind of matter" had been required to be submitted to censorship, and that the censor had refused his authority for its publication, regardless of whether or not it had in fact been so required, and even said said have have judges judges the the what what "despite "despite that that replied replied Paul Paul dispute.• beyond beyond character character general general 53 53 its its put put will will which which place place a a it it give give to to and and - unfortunate unfortunate rather rather admittedly admittedly is is which which - " context context present present its its of of out out l6(5)(b) l6(5)(b) Regulation Regulation taking taking amendment amendment an an be be would would remedy remedy the the suggested suggested Cornish Cornish be. be. may may disclosure disclosure such such serious serious however however censorship, censorship, the the of of operation operation the the disclosing disclosing for for secuted secuted pro- successfully successfully be be not not could could newspaper newspaper a a Thus, Thus, newspapers. newspapers. to to application application general general have have not not did did l6(5)(b) l6(5)(b) Regulation Regulation that that Johnston Johnston and and Northcraft Northcraft Justices Justices of of decision decision the the was was ship ship censor- the the of of operation operation the the on on had had case case Billens Billens the the effect effect only only the the that that suggested suggested he he case, case, the the on on Paul Paul to to reported reported Solicitor-General Solicitor-General the the when when Likewise, Likewise, policy. ship ship 52 52 censor in in change change a a for for grounds grounds no no absolutely absolutely gave gave decision decision Court's Court's the the issue, issue, at at point point actual actual the the outside outside was was ives ives direct- the the of of quality quality the the because because that, that, concluded concluded Paul Paul directives.• the the of of invalidity invalidity the the of of defence defence 51 51 his his made made 15, 15, Regulation Regulation under under prosecution prosecution a a on on then, then, and and matters, matters, prohibited prohibited the the on on information information published published have have could could question, question, in in 'directives' 'directives' the the of of respect respect in in Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the of of action action the the test test to to wished wished he he if if appellant, appellant, "The "The judgment: judgment: his his concluded concluded Justice Justice Chief Chief The The (b). (b). 16(5) 16(5) Regulation Regulation 50 50 under under prosecution prosecution a a on on open open not not was was directives directives the the of of availability availability the the to to as as appendix) appendix) (see (see 15 15 Regulation Regulation under under laid laid charge charge a a to to defence defence possible possible a a Lastly, Lastly, workers. workers. the the of of or or by by grievances grievances of of airing airing the the to to relating relating matter matter of of tion tion publica- the the to to authority authority his his refused refused had had Director Director the the that that indicated indicated they they because because offence offence an an constituted constituted Again" Again" Gag Gag "The "The of of paragraphs paragraphs subsequent subsequent of of portions portions and and paragraph paragraph fifth fifth the the of of publication publication the the Thus, Thus, refusal. refusal. such such no no been been had had there there if if 90 90 Regulations; Regulations; the the to to made made be be amendment amendment necessary necessary the the that that Attorney-General Attorney-General the the to to recommended recommended Solicitor-General Solicitor-General The The censored.• 57 57 being being were were which which information information or or subjects subjects the the to to as as hints hints any any agents agents his his or or enemy enemy the the give give to to .undesirable .undesirable obviously obviously seemed seemed it it that that was was rule rule our our for for reason reason The The ...... force force in in censorship censorship no no was was there there that that concluded concluded have have reasonably reasonably might might Bureau, Bureau, Press Press the the against against tirades tirades occasional occasional the the miss miss to to chanced chanced he he if if observer, observer, outside outside An An all. all. at at censored censored been been having having of of trace trace palpable palpable no no bore bore they they that that was was ...... newspapers newspapers our our of of feature feature remarkable remarkable most most "the "the War-Time: War-Time: in in Press Press The The book book his his in in I, I, War War World World during during Bureau Bureau Press Press Official Official Kingdom Kingdom United United the the of of Directors Directors the the of of one one Cook, Cook, Edward Edward Sir Sir of of comments comments the the with with impressed impressed very very also also was was Paul Paul him.• to to valuable valuable is is which which information information 56 56 this this know know to to enemy enemy the the want want not not do do you you that that fact fact the the is is It It ...... censored censored being being information information the the of of nature nature or or subjects subjects the the to to as as hints hints any any agents agents his his or or enemy enemy the the to to give give to to undesirable undesirable be be obviously obviously will will it it control control press press of of case case the the "In "In 1938. 1938. in in Defence Defence Imperial Imperial of of Committee Committee the the of of recommendations recommendations the the quoted quoted He He lmportance. lmportance. o o lS lS lcatlon lcatlon bl pu pu 55 55 f . . f ...... their their that that impression impression the the convey convey themselves themselves of of not not do do Regulations, Regulations, the the to to contrary contrary while while which, which, facts facts than than enemy enemy the the to to importance importance more more of of be be could could acting acting was was censorship censorship which which in in direction direction the the of of knowledge knowledge circumstances circumstances certain certain in in that that considered considered Paul Paul censored. censored. been been had had matters matters what what of of mention mention prevented prevented which which war war 1914-18 1914-18 the the in in Regulations Regulations British British identical identical almost almost to to referred referred and and law•• the the be be not not might might that that 54 54 91 91 illustrate illustrate ...... directives directives The The ..•. ..•. suppression suppression of of lust lust inborn inborn an an restrain restrain to to powerless powerless Press, Press, the the faces faces it it when when seems, seems, censorship censorship destruction, destruction, to to urge urge irresistable irresistable an an with with seized seized seem seem crockery crockery of of presence presence the the in in who who pantry-maids pantry-maids like like ...... animosity animosity actual actual to to way way give give distrust distrust mutual mutual and and strained strained frequently frequently be be things things of of nature nature the the in in must must 'Press 'Press and and 'Censorship' 'Censorship' between between relations relations the the " " comment comment the the made made J J Johnston, Johnston, relevance. relevance. 60 60 some some had had censorship censorship of of aspect aspect policy policy the the on on views views their their that that thinking thinking in in incorrect incorrect were were they they Parliament, Parliament, by by decided decided been been already already had had policy policy of of question question the the Because Because issue. issue. the the of of nature nature the the misconceived misconceived had had judges judges two two other other the the thought thought he he law, law, of of question question a a purely purely as as case case the the approached approached had had Justice Justice Chief Chief the the that that impressed impressed was was he he While While reasoned. reasoned. well well as as criticism criticism the the of of much much regard regard not not did did Paul Paul criticism. criticism. their their in in virulent virulent particularly particularly were were and and invalid invalid were were ives ives direct- the the that that thought thought both both Johnston Johnston Justice Justice Mr Mr and and croft croft North- Justice Justice Mr Mr issue. issue. at at directives directives the the and and censorship censorship the the of of operation operation the the regarding regarding dicta obiter obiter made made judges judges 59 59 three three all all appeal appeal Billens Billens the the in in judgements judgements their their During During untenable. untenable. politically politically amendment amendment an an such such made made had had case case Billens Billens the the to to support support and and interest interest public public general general The The recede. recede. to to continued continued danger danger war war the the as as restrictions restrictions of of relaxation relaxation general general the the to to contrary contrary been been have have would would censorship censorship the the strengthening strengthening ostensibly ostensibly amendment amendment an an addition, addition, In In pressing. pressing. more more business business other other considered considered Cabinet Cabinet War War the the that that likely likely is is It It made. made. was was amendment amendment No No context.•• of of one one except except for for called called is is 58 58 change change no no that that out out point point would would I I ...... effect effect into into carried carried ...... alteration alteration the the having having of of desirous desirous is is Publicity Publicity of of Director Director "the "the 92 92 assumption assumption mere mere a a by by validated validated be be cannot cannot order order [the] [the] involved, involved, not not is is safety safety public public that that ...... bition bition prohi the the of of perusal perusal a a upon upon apparent apparent is is it it "If "If said: said: Northcraft Northcraft consent. written written ...... without without 63 63 publication publication prohibiting prohibiting (3) (3) or or publication publication prohibiting prohibiting (1) (1) ...... notice notice ...... give give may may he he safety, safety, public public the the to to prejudiced prejudiced be be would would mation mation infor- any any of of publication publication unrestricted unrestricted or or cation cation publi the the that that opinion opinion of of is is ...... Director Director the the If If part: part: relevant relevant in in reads reads which which 15(3) 15(3) and and 15(1) 15(1) regulations regulations in in opinion" opinion" "of "of words words the the of of meaning meaning the the restricted restricted J J Northcraft, Northcraft, that that noted noted Paul Paul suppress1on. suppress1on. or or f f .62 .62 . . lust lust ...... inborn inborn an an by by discretion discretion of of exercise exercise the the in in handicapped handicapped are are censors censors that that tion tion sugges the the disproves disproves war war this this in in experience experience and and crockery crockery of of presence presence the the in in control control self of of sense sense all all lose lose maids maids pantry pantry normal normal that that show show not not does does History History ...... suppression suppression for for lust lust of of kind kind any any to to resemblance resemblance any any bore bore Zealand, Zealand, New New in in exercised exercised as as censorship, censorship, Press Press that that allege allege would would editor editor responsible responsible No No fantasy." fantasy." "judicial "judicial of of expression expression an an as as metaphor metaphor pantrymaids pantrymaids the the regarded regarded He He animosity. animosity. of of possibility possibility any any negatd negatd had had claimed, claimed, Paul Paul matters, matters, censorhship censorhship in in cooperation cooperation of of policy policy definite definite A A article). article). Herald Herald Wanganui Wanganui the the getting getting for- course, course, of of was, was, (He (He war." war." of of years years five five in in accuracy accuracy factual factual of of place place in in allegations allegations extravagent extravagent and and unfounded unfounded its its in in unique unique was was article article Times Times ''the ''the that that responded responded Paul Paul extent. extent. 1ng 1ng aston1s aston1s an an to to ,,61 ,,61 h' h' . . activity activity of of sphere sphere his his expand expand to to Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the of of part part the the on on propensity propensity a a 93 93 Full Full the the that that claimed claimed editors editors Many Many country. country. the the in in paper paper news- daily daily every every possibly possibly in in appeared appeared censorhsip censorhsip the the on on o~al o~al edit- an an week week a a Within Within victory. victory. legal legal a a as as well well as as moral moral a a was was case case the the that that was was feeling feeling general general the the and and quoted quoted widely widely were were criticisms criticisms Judges' Judges' The The case. case. Billens Billens the the in in judgment judgment the the acclaimed acclaimed and and reported reported widely widely newspapers newspapers the the livelihood, livelihood, and and cause cause their their affecting affecting issue issue an an over over expected expected be be could could As As justice." of of 67 67 administration administration the the to to relating relating or or ...... Zealand Zealand New New of of law law any any of of administration administration or or enforcement enforcement the the with with interference interference or or to to resistance resistance unlawful unlawful cause cause to to likely likely or or intended intended statement statement A A (f) (f) Forces Forces Majesty's Majesty's His His or or population population civil civil the the of of morale morale the the of of disruption disruption by by effort effort national national the the with with interfere interfere to to likely likely or or intended intended statement statement A A (d) (d) include- statements statements statement.Subversive statement.Subversive subversive subversive a a ...... publish publish shall shall person person No No ''2(1) ''2(1) that that provided provided Regulations Regulations The The (f). (f). and and (d) (d) clauses clauses especially especially consideration, consideration, full full into into statement' statement' 'subversive 'subversive a a of of definition definition the the taken taken not not had had judges judges the the invalid invalid directives directives the the considering considering In In altogether." altogether." them them ignored ignored have have to to seems seems Johnston Johnston ...... but but extenso, extenso, in in regulations regulations the the quotes quotes ''Northcraft ''Northcraft Regulations. Regulations. Safety Safety Public Public the the of of view view a a narrow narrow too too taken taken had had judges judges both both that that concluded concluded Paul Paul role. Court's Court's the the of of 65 65 extension extension unjustifiable unjustifiable an an seemed seemed This This opinion. opinion. Director's Director's the the override override could could faith, faith, good good his his impugning impugning not not although although and and facts facts the the of of anything anything knowing knowing without without Court, Court, the the that that implied implied necessarily necessarily statement statement this this that that thought thought Paul Paul prejudiced." be be would would safety safety public public that that 64 64 opinion" opinion" "of "of been been have have must must Director Director the the that that 94 94 95 Court had held that the censor had exceeded his powers, 68 although the case actually hinged on an interpretation of a legal point. Paul was disappointed that almost all news- papers did not refer to the fact that the censorship had been considerably relaxed as the Japanese threat had receded. 69 Comments like "In this Dominion,in spite of the changed situation in the theatres of war, the Government has clung desperately to the autocratic and dictatorial powers it exercises through the Director of Publcity'.' 70 were common. Paul regarded this as "a serious omission and an illustration of the suppression of a most important .71 f ac t . The Southland Times was the only newspaper to refer to the relaxation of the censorship. 72 Many papers looked forward to the establishment of alternative means of censor 73 ship, whether through adoption of the Australian Code or through the exercise of censorship by the editors themselves: 74 "The right of the Press to deal with all news should be left entirely in the hands of the editors, who, with few exceptions, have proved themselves worthy of the freedom enjoyed by the Press." 75 Paul dismissed this, pointing out that no country in time of war left the right of the Press to deal with all news ln. th e h an d s o f th e e d.ltors. 76 The Manawatu Times, not surprisingly, was vocal, almost gloating, in its comments on the case. The editor 'waxed lyrical': "Freedom and justice were at stake - and to a 96 much greater extent than may have appeared on the surface .... The shackles of regimentation had steadily spread their stranglehold into nearly every sphere of endeavour. No form of enterprise remained outside the reach of this new octopus, either in actual practice or imminent intention. And each time a tentacle has grabbed another victim the ultimate goal of the octopus has become more clearly defined It was the deep sense of this growing danger to freedom and justice which sent this journal into action, and the three cases of suppression which produced the leading article typify the attitude of censorship in action.'' The article then described the directives in detail, sometimes giving them extended meanings, and praised the railwaymen and police against whom, it claimed, two of the directives had been directed. It concluded "These loyal bodies of men suffered. They could have applied the so successful weapon of the pressure groups." 77 Paul was irritated by the unfairness and perceived inaccuracies in the article which, he claimed, revealed the mind of "an excitable man.• 78 This comment, which was not intended to be published, is unique in being ad_ hominum rather than Paul's usual rational approach to controversial issues. He regarded the editor's concluding contention as amounting to an incitement to lawlessness and commented: "As an exercise in irresponsibility the article deserves to rank with any other classic effort. Reading this epic of exaggeration the question of Johnston, J comes to mind - 'Why charge as an offence the publciation of an article written from a sincere sense of public duty?•• 79 97 In Parliament, the Opposition grasped the result of the Billens case to attack the Government's adminsitration of . 80 t h e censors h lp. In keeping with general Press hostility to the Labour Government, most editors supported the 81 Opposition and added to the criticism in certain cases. The Grey River Argus, traditionally a supporter of Labour, provided the lone supporting voice claiming that the Opposition was only using the censorship issue as a source of political capital: ''[They] have notoriously telescoped the vista of five critical years, or indeed, reversed the telescope and so minimised the stress and peril and struggle .... They said the Government's only real use of [the censorship] has been to throttle criticism of itself ... The truth is that all the objections raised agsinst the censorhsip have been trivial when not baseless.or inimical ... In fact our censorship has been the most far-sighted and prudent probably of any. It has hurt nobody except would-be exploiters of the national 82 emergency for selfish or sectional interests.•• This passage provides a marked contrast to the flood of criticism Paul faced from newspapers following the decision in the Billens case. The Gisborne Herald provided a balanced editorial in which the attitudes of the Government, the Opposition and some newspaper editors were criticised: ''Unfortunately it is true that one or two newspapers in the Dominion have formed the habit, actually harmful to the cause which they so boviously espoused, of finding fault with everything the Government does. It is 98 a procedure which reduces leader writers to the propaganda level." 83 Paul commented defensively that if the "harmful habit" was truly confined to only one or two newspapers no wide excep- tion could be taken to the press on the grounds of unfair ness. Much leader writing appeared to him to be propaganda. 84 Whether the Billens case actually accelerated the relaxation of the censorhsip is debateable. By the time the judgment was delivered the Government had ceased to impose 'morale' censorship. However, by bringing the danger of excessive censorship to the public forum, the case ensured that there could not be any reversion to a stricter censor- ship. It "burnt the Government's bridges for them", as it were. For Paul the case involved eight months of seemingly endless critical attack from the Press and Parliament, some of it totally unwarranted. His natural reaction was defensive. His comments as the case continued illustrate a growing impatience with what he saw as partisanship and lnaccuracy.. 85 1944. 1944. August, August, 17 17 Dominion, Dominion, 28. 28. Ibid. Ibid. 27. 27. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1944; 1944; July, July, 19 19 P.M., P.M., to to D.P. D.P. 26. 26. l. l. Chapter Chapter See See 25. 25. 1944. 1944. July, July, 6 6 Standard, Standard, Evening Evening Manawatu Manawatu 24. 24. 1932. 1932. Act, Act, Conservation Conservation Safety Safety Public Public the the case case this this in in Act, Act, authorising authorising the the of of powers powers the the beyond beyond vires: vires: ultra ultra 23. 23. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1944; 1944; July, July, 19 19 P.M., P.M., to to D.P. D.P. 22. 22. p.396. p.396. Ibid, Ibid, 21. 21. p.397. p.397. Ibid, Ibid, 20. 20. pp.396-7. pp.396-7. Ibid, Ibid, 19. 19. p.396. p.396. Ibid, Ibid, 18. 18. p.395. p.395. Ibid, Ibid, 17. 17. p.394. p.394. Ibid, Ibid, 16. 16. p.387. p.387. Il944] Il944] Decisions Decisions Court Court Magistrates Magistrates 15. 15. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1944; 1944; July, July, 19 19 P.M.,. P.M.,. to to D.P. D.P. 14. 14. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 13. 13. p.324. p.324. 262, 262, NZPD, NZPD, 12. 12. 614. 614. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1944; 1944; May, May, 6 6 Star, Star, Hawera Hawera ed. ed. to to D.P. D.P. 11. 11. 1943. 1943. November, November, 17 17 November, November, 16 16 Post, Post, Evening Evening 10. 10. 1943. 1943. November, November, 15 15 Post, Post, Evening Evening 9. 9. 471. 471. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul in in are are three three All All 8. 8. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1944; 1944; July, July, 19 19 P.M., P.M., to to D.P. D.P. 7. 7. lA. lA. part part 84/2/10/l. 84/2/10/l. E.A. E.A. 1943; 1943; December, December, 21 21 Sol-Gen, Sol-Gen, to to D.P. D.P. 6. 6. A. A. Appendix Appendix See See 1939/121. 1939/121. Regulations, Regulations, Statutory Statutory 5. 5. Ibid. Ibid. 1943; 1943; December, December, 16 16 D.P., D.P., to to Sol-Gen Sol-Gen 4. 4. lA. lA. part part 84/2/10/l, 84/2/10/l, E.A. E.A. 1943; 1943; December, December, 15 15 Sol-Gen, Sol-Gen, to to D.P. D.P. 3. 3. 1942. 1942. February, February, 22 22 Times, Times, Manawatu Manawatu information; information; adverse adverse handle handle not not could could who who infants infants as as treated treated being being were were people people The The Britian. Britian. Great Great in in occurred occurred as as criticism criticism and and 'shake-ups' 'shake-ups' periodical periodical for for need need a a was was there there iency iency ineffic breeds breeds silence silence Because Because morale. morale. lowered lowered definitely definitely this this that that and and rumour, rumour, every every to to prey prey were were informed informed not not people people a a that that claimed claimed editorial editorial The The camps. camps. military military of of whereabouts whereabouts the the regarding regarding censorship censorship the the of of scathing scathing was was which which Hush" Hush" "Hush "Hush entitled entitled editorial, editorial, earlier earlier an an published published had had Billens Billens 2. 2. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul l. l. FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES 99 99 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 65. 65. p.733. p.733. NZLR, NZLR, [1944] [1944] 64. 64. A. A. Appendix Appendix See See 1939/121. 1939/121. Regulations, Regulations, Statutory Statutory 63. 63. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 62. 62. pp.722-3. pp.722-3. NZLR, NZLR, [1944] [1944] 61. 61. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul P.M., P.M., to to D.P. D.P. 60. 60. case, case, the the deciding deciding legally legally not not observations, observations, casual casual dicta: dicta: obiter obiter 59. 59. lA. lA. part part 84/2/10/l, 84/2/10/l, E.A. E.A. 1944; 1944; August, August, 23 23 58. 58. 424. 424. file file pa.pers, pa.pers, Paul Paul 57. 57. 427. 427. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul in in Held Held 1938.'' 1938.'' Censorship, Censorship, for for ''Regulations ''Regulations 56. 56. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 55. 55. lA. lA. part part 84/2/10/l, 84/2/10/l, E.A. E.A. 1944; 1944; August, August, 22 22 Sol-Gen., Sol-Gen., to to D.P. D.P. 54. 54. lA lA part part 84/2/10/l, 84/2/10/l, E.A. E.A. n.d:. n.d:. 53. 53. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 52. 52. pp.72l-2. pp.72l-2. Ibid, Ibid, 51. 51. p.7ll. p.7ll. Ibid, Ibid, 50. 50. 734-5. 734-5. pp. pp. Ibid, Ibid, 49. 49. pp.710-ll. pp.710-ll. NZLR, NZLR, [1944] [1944] 48. 48. Court. Court. the the of of decision decision the the awaiting awaiting judice: judice: ·sub ·sub 1944. 1944. August, August, ll ll Doidge, Doidge, Mr Mr p.343, p.343, 265, 265, NZPD, NZPD, 47. 47. 145. 145. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 46. 46. 1944. 1944. July, July, 6 6 Dominion, Dominion, 45. 45. p.l94. p.l94. (1944), (1944), NZLJ NZLJ 44. 44. 1944. 1944. July, July, 6 6 Dominion, Dominion, 43. 43. p.l94. p.l94. (1944), (1944), Journal Journal Law Law Zealand Zealand New New 42. 42. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 41. 41. 1944. 1944. July, July, 8 8 July, July, 7 7 Standard, Standard, Evening Evening Manawatu Manawatu 40. 40. 424. 424. file file papers, papers, 39. 39. Paul Paul 1944. 1944. 4 4 July, July, 38. 38. Dominion, Dominion, 440. 440. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 37. 37. 1944. 1944. 9 9 June, June, Dominion, Dominion, 6. 6. 3 3 440. 440. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 35. 35. 614. 614. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 34. 34. p.720. p.720. 710, 710, NZLR, NZLR, [1944] [1944] 33. 33. Appeal. Appeal. Billens Billens the the in in judgment judgment J J C. C. Myers, Myers, See See 32. 32. 614. 614. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 31. 31. pp.413-4. pp.413-4. 1942-45, 1942-45, People, People, the the and and Government Government The The Hasluck, Hasluck, P. P. 30. 30. 145. 145. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 29. 29. 100 100 V.3-4. V.3-4. pp. pp. War, War, at at People People Zealand Zealand New New The The Wood, Wood, F.L.W. F.L.W. 90-2. 90-2. pp. pp. Act'', Act'', Conservation Conservation Safety Safety Public Public "The "The Logan, Logan, A.J. A.J. 970-4; 970-4; pp.961-3, pp.961-3, vol.2, vol.2, Front, Front, Home Home The The Taylor, Taylor, N. N. also also See See 85. 85. 145. 145. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 84. 84. 1944. 1944. August, August, 12 12 Herald, Herald, Gisborne Gisborne 83. 83. 1944. 1944. August, August, 12 12 Argus, Argus, River River Grey Grey 82. 82. 1944. 1944. August, August, 12 12 Herald, Herald, Zealand Zealand New New 1944; 1944; August, August, 12 12 Star, Star, Auckland Auckland eg eg 81. 81. 1944. 1944. August, August, 11 11 (Manawatu), (Manawatu), Oram Oram Mr Mr p.373, p.373, 265, 265, NZPD, NZPD, 80. 80. Ibid. Ibid. 9. 9. 7 7 145. 145. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 78. 78. 1944. 1944. August, August, 14 14 Times, Times, Manawatu Manawatu 77. 77. 145. 145. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 76. 76. 1944. 1944. August, August, 14 14 Advocate, Advocate, Northern Northern 75. 75. 1944. 1944. August, August, 15 15 Mail, Mail, Evening Evening Nelson Nelson 74. 74. 1944. 1944. August, August, 17 17 Herald, Herald, Taranaki Taranaki 1944; 1944; August, August, 17 17 Dominion, Dominion, eg. eg. 73. 73. 1944. 1944. August, August, 11 11 Times, Times, Southland Southland 72. 72. 145. 145. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 71. 71. 1944. 1944. August, August, 14 14 Dominion, Dominion, 70. 70. 145. 145. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 69. 69. 1944. 1944. August, August, 12 12 Herald, Herald, Zealand Zealand New New 68. 68. B. B. Appendix Appendix See See 1940/26. 1940/26. Regulations, Regulations, Statutory Statutory 67. 67. Ibid. Ibid. 66. 66. 101 101 Association''. Press Press the the through through 4 4 news news of of flood flood a a with with coping coping were were we we because because us us to to nuisance nuisance a a really really not not was was censorship censorship The The importance. importance. minor minor of of issues issues on on been been have have would would they they ...... some some were were there there If If Paul. Paul. with with dealings dealings direct direct any any had had Times Times Southland Southland the the on on we we when when occasion occasion single single no no remember remember can can "I "I opinion, opinion, contrary contrary a a expressed expressed has has war, war, the the during during Times Times Southland Southland the the of of editor editor acting acting Holcroft, Holcroft, Monte Monte challenge." challenge." 3 3 the the provoked provoked have have never never would would brief brief democratic democratic its its interpreted interpreted properly properly had had which which Government Government a a that that add add to to is is now now necessary necessary is is that that All All courts. courts. the the in in challenged challenged successfully successfully was was it it when when ...... ceased ceased opinion opinion editorial editorial of of restraint restraint of of type type This This moment. moment. social social gravest gravest the the of of questions questions on on free" free" ''speak ''speak to to function function editorial editorial its its exercise exercise to to unable unable consequently consequently was was but but reports, reports, factual factual print print to to forbidden forbidden press press the the was was only only Not Not ...... questions questions topical topical important important upon upon comment comment to to incomprehensible, incomprehensible, almost almost be be to to as as oblique oblique so so terms terms in in except except impossible, impossible, it it made made news news of of publication publication preventing preventing by by which which - grounds grounds security security on on reason reason adequate adequate without without or or with with imposed imposed - censorship censorship a a period period one one at at was was there there ended ended now now is is that that war war the the "During "During 1945, 1945, December December in in Times Times Daily Daily Otago Otago the the in in employer, employer, former former Paul's Paul's Hutchinson, Hutchinson, James James Sir Sir by by editorial editorial an an in in supported supported was was impression impression This This rebuke. justifiable justifiable a a accept accept not not 2 2 will will who who man man ageing ageing an an as as appears appears Paul Paul conflict•. ''seething ''seething 1 1 a a editors editors the the with with relationship relationship Paul's Paul's calls calls Logan Logan Indeed, Indeed, clashes. clashes. bitter bitter by by characterised characterised was was censorship censorship press press Zealand's Zealand's New New that that impression impression the the leaves leaves case case Billens Billens The The CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 102 102 his his allow allow to to not not determination determination Paul's Paul's Secondly, Secondly, readily. readily. more more lives lives daily daily their their in in intervention intervention State State accepted accepted public public the the meant meant welfare welfare social social as as such such institutions institutions State State creating creating for for perchant perchant Government's Government's Labour Labour the the Firstly, Firstly, smoothly? smoothly? relatively relatively so so run run censorship censorship the the did did then then Why, Why, exists.•• Government Government 6 6 the the which which on on principles principles the the of of destruction destruction then then that, that, not not If If the the Gry~ernment. Gry~ernment. of of destruction destruction the the on on measure measure large large in in depends depends effort effort that that of of success success the the that that main main the the in in holds holds it it effort, effort, war war the the to to favourable favourable is is whole whole a a as as Press Press the the While While Go"l'ernment. Go"l'ernment. the the against against obtrudes obtrudes - otherwise otherwise or or unconscious unconscious - bias bias definite definite a a that that remember remember to to occurs occurs activity activity war war a a of of criticism criticism where where instance instance every every almost almost in in necessary necessary unfortunately unfortunately is is "It "It up, up, this this summed summed Paul Paul man. man. Labour Labour a a as as Paul Paul to to consequently, consequently, and, and, G~rernment G~rernment Labour Labour the the to to editors editors newspaper newspaper of of opposition opposition unanimous unanimous almost almost the the considering considering surprising surprising more more is is This This smoothly. smoothly. ran ran generally generally censorship censorship criticism, criticism, some some Despite Despite policy. policy. in in change change drastic drastic any any cause cause or or Regulations Regulations the the alter alter not not did did case case Billens Billens The The countries. countries. those those in in occurred occurred which which upheavals upheavals the the experience experience not not did did It It Australia. Australia. and and Britain Britain Great Great in in than than Zealand Zealand New New in in problems problems fewer fewer had had ship ship censor- However, However, Government. Government. Labour Labour first first the the of of tendency tendency authoritative authoritative perceivable perceivable a a illustrates illustrates This This Britain. Britain. Great Great in in than than Zealand Zealand New New in in greater greater was was strikes strikes as as such such affairs affairs domestic domestic of of Censorship Censorship sphere. his his within within Paul Paul on on 5 5 power power limitless limitless potentially potentially bestowed bestowed Regulations Regulations The The context. context. its its in in censorship censorship press press of of issue issue the the place place possibly possibly may may 1986, 1986, of of perspective perspective the the from from comment, comment, This This 103 103 told.'' be be will will censorship censorship 7 7 and and press press Zealand Zealand New New the the between between ation ation co-oper helpful helpful of of story story full full the the day day ''some ''some prophesy prophesy Paul's Paul's fulfil fulfil partially partially to to attempt attempt an an been been has has study study This This manner. manner. co-operative co-operative a a in in work work to to continued continued adminsitration adminsitration His His fatal. fatal. however, however, not, not, was was crisis crisis The The one. one. new new a a been been had had position position his his hadAwhen hadAwhen he he than than approach approach his his in in flexible flexible bu~ bu~ less less and and old old years years seventy seventy then then was was He He multiplied. multiplied. criticism criticism why why understand understand not not could could and and enough enough often often position position his his explained explained had had he he that that felt felt Paul Paul life. life. everyday everyday their their in in controls controls of of tire tire to to beginning beginning was was public public the the and and receded receded had had country country the the to to danger danger The The conflict. conflict. increased increased saw saw 1944 1944 critics. critics. his his with with reason reason to to willing willing was was and and merits merits its its on on case case each each approached approached usually usually Paul Paul criticism, criticism, with with impatient impatient became became sometimes sometimes he he Although Although editors. editors. newspaper newspaper and and him him between between develop develop to to trust trust of of bond bond a a caused caused manner manner coLoperative coLoperative and and mediative mediative his his with with coupled coupled administration administration his his in in interfere interfere to to views views personal personal 104 104 1944. 1944. May, May, 9 9 Press, Press, 7. 7. 413. 413. file file papers, papers, Paul Paul 1941, 1941, June, June, 6 6 PM, PM, Acting Acting to to DP DP 6. 6. Appendix. Appendix. See See 5. 5. 1986. 1986. June, June, 24 24 Correspondence, Correspondence, 4. 4. 1945. 1945. December, December, 26 26 3. 3. war. war. of of outbreak outbreak the the at at old old years years 65 65 was was Paul Paul 2. 2. p.&&. p.&&. Act", Act", Conservation Conservation Safety. Safety. Public Public "The "The Logan, Logan, A.J. A.J. l. l. FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES 105 105 106 APPENDIX A Relevant sections of The Censorship and Publicity Emergency Regulations, 1939. Serial Number 1939/121. ~.,,_, THE CENSORSHIP AND PUBLIClrY EMERGENCY REGULATIONS 1939. / I GAL \VA Y, GoYernor-peneral. ORDER IN COt!NCIL. J At the Go\'ernment House at Wkllington, this 1st (!3y of September, f~J;)~J. ! Present:': His Exn:LLEXCY THE CovER~OR-GEXER.H 1:-.- CouxCIL. PUI{SL\:\T to tl1P Puhlic Safety Co)J:-er\·at.ion Act, 1 fl3:!, ;u:H1 to a Proclamat.inn of Enlt·rp:cncy Bow-in f6rcc und('f tktt Act, and pur."11ant to ~ection lUI of the Post and Tc~f.graph Act. ]928, His E.xcrllt>ncy the Gon:rnur-Gencml, act.ing by and with tlH' a(hil'e and couscnt of the ExecutiYe Council, doth berebf make t.he following regulations. -rI REGU~ATIONS. l'.UtT JiLGEXERAI.. REcuu.nox; l.~PHELliiliXo\RY. {1) Tbcse regulations m~y he cited ns the Censorship and Publicitv Emernt·nev Ht'gulati.un:- ]~J:3~l. (2) _,In thes~ re~ulati,ons, /mless incoiJ~~istent. \\'ith the context,- ( a) G~ne-ra! Definitions. "Board" weans thf' /censorship nnrl Publicity Board esta blished by these/ rcgubtions and, wLere the context so ro.:quires, inclm]c~· auy pc!-~Oll or pcr.~ons to -....-l1om any powers of the B¢mrd have been dclD",.plted: "His :\Iajesty's Folies" includ{'s the :New Zealand and all other military, naval, or air force.-; raised by the Government of nny Territory funning part of His Majesty's Dominions: "Public safety" inClude~. the effective conduct of the milltary, naval, or air ppcrat.ions of His :JJajesty, the maintenance of industries ~ssential to the public welfare, and the pre- Yentlon of seditious utterances: ·. I·) "Telegraphic me1sage" includes telcp1lonic messages, and also includes not .lonly JJH~S~~•g-es tran~mitted Ly electric wires or cables, but _hl~o those tmnsmitted hy radio-telegraphy or radio-te)epL,bny. (c) Dcfinit-iolls rclali11g to Publicity. "Cinematograph film" ineluq.es a s.onnd-track and any other article on which sounds hn-..-e been recorded for the purpose of their being reproduced in connection with the exhibition of cinematograph film : "To publish" means to co.fnmunieatc to the public or to any person ·or persons whether in writing or orally or by radio telegraphy or radio-telephony or otherwise; and in relation to cinematograph-film' includes the mechanical or electrical reproduction of any sOund in connection with the projection of the film; and" publication" has a corresponding meaning. ~·owJJlllnicate ~·owJJlllnicate to to ;!ll\" ;!ll\" jJC'I~O~J, jJC'I~O~J, pd!li.~k pd!li.~k lt:t\'e lt:t\'e (Jf (Jf in in hi~ hi~ ]JOs.c:v.':'sion ]JOs.c:v.':'sion anv anv ol,tain, ol,tain, attetupt attetupt to to ul•tain, ul•tain, ]olllcl' ]olllcl' hy hy \':ritill)! \':ritill)! or or othl'r\\'io:e othl'r\\'io:e on on rl'torcl, rl'torcl, <~lJY <~lJY naY:d, naY:d, lllilitary, lllilitary, or or air air for('l' for('l' npl'r; of of His. His. :\l::j{·:::ty·s :\l::j{·:::ty·s Foret•:; Foret•:; Jik,_.J:· Jik,_.J:· to to }Jh'jwlicl' }Jh'jwlicl' tb• tb• }luli\il' }luli\il' .-•af..ty .-•af..ty or or thl' thl' .:iliciCJJt. .:iliciCJJt. Jli'0:3N'Ution Jli'0:3N'Ution of of (l) (l) :-:=uhjL·ct :-:=uhjL·ct a~ a~ hl'rt·afH•r hl'rt·afH•r J•roYirkd. J•roYirkd. lll> lll> Jwr."-ull Jwr."-ull shall shall in in any any lll:11Hlc·r lll:11Hlc·r H H EUL' EUL' L.'\ L.'\ TJO~ TJO~ l-3. l-3. ~-pH ~-pH r:J r:J l"l)] l"l)] Cf.-\ Cf.-\ L\ L\ L L FUI'.;\1:\TIO!'\. FUI'.;\1:\TIO!'\. .:]1]>11illtllH'Jlt .:]1]>11illtllH'Jlt tna:· tna:· an:· an:· ;J'[ ;J'[ i1r:'l' i1r:'l' 1 1 bt• bt• r•·\·ok1•d. r•·\·ok1•d. \,{·half \,{·half for for t!w t!w j;lJ:-jlfof':l'>: j;lJ:-jlfof':l'>: llf llf ii1i." ii1i." Jl.ll"l Jl.ll"l ,![ ,![ tlw."''' tlw."''' r•:.:.::ulatinn!'., r•:.:.::ulatinn!'., and. and. an\· an\· stlch stlch .1ny .1ny otlicn otlicn nf nf 1l1r• 1l1r• Pt1Lli(' Pt1Lli(' :-:,,.~,·ir·~· :-:,,.~,·ir·~· or or ;lll_,. ;lll_,. p·r~on p·r~on to to act act on on hi3 hi3 (·!) (·!) The· The· Dirt·f'1ur Dirt·f'1ur nf nf Pnldir-in· Pnldir-in· ll\o1Y ll\o1Y fr1'm fr1'm time time to to ti1r1e ti1r1e authorizl' authorizl' from from tim<~ tim<~ tu tu t-illle t-illle :tppro}Jri:-:~tt~d :tppro}Jri:-:~tt~d Le Le by by Parli..-~.mel!t, Parli..-~.mel!t, fur fur t.hat. t.hat. [nupose. [nupose. it: it: · · (3) (3) Tlw Tlw Din·c·tor Din·c·tor of of Pul.Jic·itv Pul.Jic·itv :-;}ndl :-;}ndl J'l•(·t·ivt· J'l•(·t·ivt· such such l'al:-:~ry l'al:-:~ry ns ns ma\" ma\" t t timr timr l1c l1c H"lil(•'.·l'il!Jy'thr: H"lil(•'.·l'il!Jy'thr: B;~;trd B;~;trd notil'~.: notil'~.: l1y l1y in in ~r ~r 'niti11.f! 'niti11.f! l~y l~y puld.ic puld.ic n;Jtic~. n;Jtic~. tb(~ tb(~ \0 \0 Hu•1rd Hu•1rd tllrOtH:h tllrOtH:h tlw tlw Cl1nirm:m Cl1nirm:m of of tlH" tlH" Bonn! Bonn! <~nd <~nd ma\' ma\' at at an\" an\" l2) l2) Thl· Thl· J)irl·ct,ur J)irl·ct,ur of of Publicity Publicity nw.y nw.y n·"i)!ll n·"i)!ll ()tliec ()tliec Ly Ly notice notice in in ''ritlng ''ritlng cb;H~('d cb;H~('d witl1 witl1 tla: tla: ;1dmilli5'tr:Jtion ;1dmilli5'tr:Jtion of of this this J;;Jrt J;;Jrt uf uf tilt·st· tilt·st· rl'gubrio1ls. rl'gubrio1ls. Dirl'r·tur Dirl'r·tur of of Puiolieit_\", Puiolieit_\", wl10. wl10. 1mtln 1mtln 1lw 1lw nJntnol nJntnol of of thr: thr: Board, Board, .-;hnll .-;hnll l1c l1c (1) (1) Tlll' Tlll' CuY(•nwr-(:e:wr.d CuY(•nwr-(:e:wr.d llln_Y llln_Y fnolll fnolll 1illl{' 1illl{' to to tifllt' tifllt' apr111int apr111int ;l ;l ]{E(;n ]{E(;n .. .. -\TJOX -\TJOX 1:?.-Du;ECT(Jr: 1:?.-Du;ECT(Jr: uF uF PL:BLll'JT\·. PL:BLll'JT\·. P.-l.!:T P.-l.!:T 1!1.--l'CHLllTl'Y. 1!1.--l'CHLllTl'Y. 111:1\· 111:1\· fr<~lll fr<~lll 1Jillt~ 1Jillt~ ro ro til!ll' til!ll' think think fn. fn. pr,w,·durt· pr,w,·durt· h·; h·; :--i•t!Hlill!! :--i•t!Hlill!! ur.ll'r::-:. ur.ll'r::-:. l.y-Ltv.-:::. l.y-Ltv.-:::. ur ur r•·",\1:ti•_•11" r•·",\1:ti•_•11" i;1 i;1 Slll'll Slll'll l!W:dl•'r l!W:dl•'r ~t:l•i•'<'\ ~t:l•i•'<'\ (1':) (1':) \P \P t\t,•.'-'<' t\t,•.'-'<' l"•':Cii~.llitll\.i, l"•':Cii~.llitll\.i, t t \:t· \:t· };P,\!'1~ };P,\!'1~ \lid\' \lid\' l'l':.!\llat1• l'l':.!\llat1• i1, i1, ;11 ;11 ill\\' ill\\' ~illi\' ~illi\' \\ithlf<~'.\'11. \\ithlf<~'.\'11. lo!• lo!• Of Of illl_'" illl_'" r..·q~lil'··~,.,.~,t r..·q~lil'··~,.,.~,t :,f :,f Tl1<·."1' Tl1<·."1' r··~liLITi·.'!l'. r··~liLITi·.'!l'. ;;n,] ;;n,] ;!;,_-.· ;!;,_-.· -.11,·!: -.11,·!: t'.\l'lllJHiiJJI t'.\l'lllJHiiJJI 111:1\" 111:1\" or or ill ill j> fl•d:l fl•d:l ''"lll]'liol11tT ''"lll]'liol11tT \\·ill1 \\·ill1 ;tll_Y ;tll_Y Jlloli,·,· Jlloli,·,· dir:·•·1iqn dir:·•·1iqn "1' "1' of of tbe tbe B•l (;)) (;)) Tl11' Tl11' J-;._,-,~··i J-;._,-,~··i ~11:1_'· ~11:1_'· i.- ...... iii iii ,Ji ,Ji ...... ndinn ndinn :.!l':lli! :.!l':lli! •'X·"Il!•ti•lll. •'X·"Il!•ti•lll. ~'i1i1cr ~'i1i1cr wh.-,Ji:· wh.-,Ji:· per:-on per:-on ]llll"J'"nin:! ]llll"J'"nin:! ;-,, ;-,, :1cr :1cr un un lo~·!J::l!' lo~·!J::l!' :tnd :tnd L:,- dii·····rio11 dii·····rio11 (oi (oi ilw ilw B•)ni·,l. B•)ni·,l. be be ::-nlliciem ::-nlliciem if if uin·n uin·n ill ill writin:.! writin:.! .si~u0d .si~u0d bY bY tl~<· tl~<· ;--:,.n,_·tat'\" ;--:,.n,_·tat'\" or or :u1v :u1v ''tbt'r ''tbt'r (.f.) (.f.) ~\ny ~\ny noti,·c noti,·c ur ur 11in·dion 11in·dion or or ntllL'l' ntllL'l' ;,!,,,·iJ~twHT ;,!,,,·iJ~twHT ••f ••f thP thP \3o;ll'J \3o;ll'J "-J.all "-J.all by by the the Bo:nd. Bo:nd. (.3) (.3) Anv Anv ~twll ~twll dcle~:ttion dcle~:ttion nla\· nla\· at at an\' an\' tinl•! tinl•! \,.: \,.: !"•'\"d~-:,·.-1. !"•'\"d~-:,·.-1. vr vr l!ludifwd l!ludifwd determi1):ition determi1):ition uf uf lie lie t t Bo:1rd. Bo:1rd. . . a a con1mittr·c con1mittr·c :-h: unl1·:-is unl1·:-is lll<_>(liliet1 lll<_>(liliet1 ]Jy ]Jy rh~_· rh~_· !:.• !:.• .. .. rd. rd. iFt\'v iFt\'v ei]l',·t ei]l',·t ,\..:. ,\..:. .1 .1 Jlll·lllln•r.~ Jlll·lllln•r.~ and and partly partly of of mlll't mlll't }il'l'son.~. }il'l'son.~. oll\.1 oll\.1 ;111:: ;111:: dl'tl'ri~liuation dl'tl'ri~liuation of of :-;ud1 :-;ud1 to to any any qllll1llinr·e qllll1llinr·e uf uf ib ib llJ.._.ml,cr-; llJ.._.ml,cr-; nr nr of of Pi~tt·r Pi~tt·r ]HT'-''-11\:-- nr nr parti:· parti:· uf uf it;; it;; of of ;111:· ;111:· p:1rtil·uhr p:1rtil·uhr ::n•:1 ::n•:1 nr nr in in re.'-'pect re.'-'pect of of ;m_-,· ;m_-,· p:nticnhr p:nticnhr ··ln~,:. ··ln~,:. nf nf :H_-ti\~ity, :H_-ti\~ity, conf,·rr,·d conf,·rr,·d it it hy hy ()!! ()!! tlw:::l' tlw:::l' re!!nhtion:', re!!nhtion:', eirhL"r eirhL"r .~cnn .~cnn .lly .lly or or in in re.-;pect re.-;pect (2J (2J Th(• Th(• Board Board 1JW_Y 1JW_Y del'·!:!utt; del'·!:!utt; nuy nuy uf uf tht- Ltnl'tions Ltnl'tions and and j•ower::; j•ower::; SUJll'f_'-',.;-lcd SUJll'f_'-',.;-lcd h:· h:· l·,·nr l·,·nr ,·,f ,·,f tbe tbe B:):lrr~. B:):lrr~. . . and and ; ~·xcn·i'-'1.' ~·xcn·i'-'1.' nf nf 1•(!\\'l'f 1•(!\\'l'f an,· an,· hY hY 5'l:ch 5'l:ch 1•(':-"r'n 1•(':-"r'n 1!t.,,·· 1!t.,,·· :H:•·onlit:::l:· :H:•·onlit:::l:· h· h· Wb('Jlt•"\"V!" Wb('Jlt•"\"V!" tlll' tlll' l: think." think." bt. bt. ln: ln: l'Xl'rC'],;:\1!1' l'Xl'rC'],;:\1!1' c!ir.-···~i·,· c!ir.-···~i·,· Lv Lv t1w t1w nl!;tn1. nl!;tn1. Ccnsnrship. Ccnsnrship. lJirE-dor lJirE-dor of of 1\JLlicity, 1\JLlicity, c•r c•r :my :my (otLer (otLer Jl·.•rs .o:b;t!J. .o:b;t!J. if if and and regu!:1tion~. regu!:1tion~. :tud :tud any any pnwl'rS pnwl'rS lwrl·Ly lwrl·Ly cnHfl.•rr.-:•,l cnHfl.•rr.-:•,l o:1 o:1 lhr lhr Ctm!r(!llN Ctm!r(!llN 0f 0f (1) (1) Tlw Tlw Boo1rd Boo1rd sh:dl sh:dl han• han• (·ompir-te (·ompir-te powl'r powl'r t'' t'' admi:1i~ter admi:1i~ter lKsc lKsc t t HEGL"LATIO:X HEGL"LATIO:X 3.-Po'.\"El~::; 3.-Po'.\"El~::; A:\lJ A:\lJ PEuu:J< PEuu:J< ;;;: ;;;: Cli- ,-:It: ,-:It: Bu.-\1:1•. Bu.-\1:1•. sncb sncb resignation resignation or or remonll. remonll. ;.1inistcr ;.1inistcr sball sball indicate indicate to to tl1e tl1e Secretary Secretary of of the the Board Board the the fact fact of of every every writing writing to to tbe tbe member member affected, affected, or or by by public public notice, notice, and and the the Prime Prime may may at at any any time time be be removed removed by by the the Prime Prime l\Iinister l\Iinister by by notic-e notic-e in in c1fido c1fido may may resign resign office office by by notice notice in in writing writing to to the the Secretary, Secretary, and and (5) (5) The The merTtbcrs merTtbcrs of of the the Board Board other other th;1n th;1n tl10se tl10se holding holding office office ex ex person person to to be be the the Secretary Secretary of of the the Board. Board. Board Board and and arrange arrange for_ for_ an an c=fficcr c=fficcr of of the the Public Public Sen-ice Sen-ice or or any any other other (4) (4) The The Prime Prime )Iinistcr )Iinistcr rnay rnay rrppoint rrppoint a a Dcputy-Cbn.innan Dcputy-Cbn.innan of of the the (.1} (.1} The The Prime Prime .?IIiBi:o.te:;" .?IIiBi:o.te:;" ~hall ~hall hin:s.elf hin:s.elf L>c L>c Cktirman Cktirman vf vf the the Bo:ltd. Bo:ltd. time time to to time time thinks thinks fit- so so to to appoint. appoint. appointed, appointed, either either personally personally or or ex ex officio, officio, as as the the Prime Prime )linister )linister from from Genern1 Genern1 of of tbe tbe Post- and and Telegraph Telegraph Department, Department, and and such such other other per.--ons per.--ons Permanent Permanent Head Head of of the the Prime Prime :'llinistcr's :'llinistcr's Department, Department, the the Director graphs, graphs, the the Chiefs Chiefs of of the the ~aYal, ~aYal, General, General, and and Air Air Staffs, Staffs, the the 'Jlinist.er 'Jlinist.er of of Defence, Defence, the the Postmn.stcr-Gencral Postmn.stcr-Gencral and and -:\Iini!'-.ter -:\Iini!'-.ter of of /Tele {2} {2} -The -The memLers memLers of of tbe tbe Board Board shall shall be be the the Prime Prime ?llinister, ?llinister, the the Publicit'f Publicit'f Board. Board. (1) (1) Tl1C'IC Tl1C'IC s1wll s1wll he he a a Board, Board, to to be be known known as as the the Cen:-:or,hip Cen:-:or,hip and and REGULATiox REGULATiox 2.-CE~sortSBIP 2.-CE~sortSBIP A:\D A:\D PcnucJTY PcnucJTY BoARD. BoARD. 107 107 f f any any of of subversive subversive repo~: repo~: to to With With a a view view _making _making o~·'fncilitnting o~·'fncilitnting publication publication t~e t~e or or communication communication . . (3) (3) No No person person shall shall do-'any do-'any act act or or hp.ve hp.ve in in his his possession possession any any article article j j report. report. ~ubversrve ~ubversrve / / to to or or atteJ:?pt atteJ:?pt to to any any communieat~, communieat~, orally orally otherv.·ise, otherv.·ise, or or p~rson, p~rson, any any t2) t2) No No Rhall Rhall person person att.cnU)t att.cnU)t puhliih puhliih to to or or publish, publish, or or communicate communicate he he Majesty Majesty His His may may engaged. engaged. } } effective effective prosccutioJ~- of of which which any any in in w~r w~r for for the the time time being being to to be be the the taken taken GOvernment GOvernment by by for for the the purpose purpose of of more more the the anJ anJ snece~s snece~s dr dr to to prejudice prejudice the the of of financ,ial financ,ial llJeasnres llJeasnres t.akcn t.akcn m m bankmg bankmg confidcn(~e confidcn(~e or or the the ct.U"reney ct.U"reney or or mtcnded mtcnded like1v like1v or or 1 {viii) {viii) report report A. A. or or 1ikely 1ikely _intcrlded _intcrlded to to ~mdermine ~mdermine public public State State the the subjcets subjcets t.h:1t t.h:1t of of State: State: - llf llf Uetwcen Uetwcen His His Majesty's Majesty's subjects, subjects, any any friendly friendly ;~nJ ;~nJ foreign foreign (vii) (vii) A A report report int.endNl int.endNl or or like!}· like!}· prejudice prejudice to to the the relat-ions relat-ions population population or or armed armed forces: forces: efiort efiort by by national national disruptiOn disruptiOn of:'tbe of:'tbe mowle mowle of of civil civil the the (vi) (vi) A A report report int.cnded int.cnded likcly likcly or or to to int.erfcre int.erfcre with with the the :tdministmtion :tdministmtion of of His His l\Iajesty's l\Iajesty's fori'-es: fori'-es: nr nr training training His His of of Majesty's Majesty's forces forces or or the the discipline discipline or or {v) {v) A A rPport rPport or or likely likely intentlc-.J intentlc-.J the the prejudice prejudice recruiting recruiting tq tq of of Hi.s Hi.s :.'\taiest,·'s :.'\taiest,·'s forcrs forcrs Ltnd, Ltnd, or or hy hy S!H'Cf'SS S!H'Cf'SS !'Pn. !'Pn. air: air: (iv) (iv) A A report report intended intended or or likely likely int1•rferP int1•rferP to to ,-..-ith ,-..-ith the the Act, Act, 1 1 !lOS: !lOS: intention intention the the mc<1niug: mc<1niug: ·w·ithin ·w·ithin of of section section 118 118 of of the the Crimes Crimes (iii) (iii) ;eport ;eport A A containing containing ~cditiom ~cditiom words words expressive expressive of of a a His His 1\bjPstY 1\bjPstY : : (ii) (ii) A A report report intended intended to to cnuse cnuse disaffcctioil. disaffcctioil. or or to to like]~- (i) (i) false false report: report: A A "Subversive "Subversive includcs report" report" rcpresentntion rcpresentntion prod prod ucetl ucetl : : ho\n~vcr ho\n~vcr "Report" "Report" includes includes any any or or oral oral writt('n writt('n st:1tr-nwnt st:1tr-nwnt awl awl nn;- ,!!f'l]Jhic.,. ,!!f'l]Jhic.,. ! ! \. \. bas bas cxpo:--ell cxpo:--ell :been :been in in wln·tl1cr wln·tl1cr ca1ncra, ca1ncra, Jc\·elopecl Jc\·elopecl or or uot: uot: :>. :>. plate, plate, photographic photographic fihn, fihn, or or ot]J(_'r ot]J(_'r articlt' articlt' :-en'-'itiz(_·J :-en'-'itiz(_·J 'd1ich 'd1ich . . " " Graphic Graphic rcprl'Sl'JJt:;tion" rcprl'Sl'JJt:;tion" includr~ includr~ J>lH)io.~rnph, J>lH)io.~rnph, ]'llotu.~r.Jjlbi( ]'llotu.~r.Jjlbi( <1 <1 (I): (I): In In rf'g:ulntion-- this this -~l"H\"ERSJ\"1:: -~l"H\"ERSJ\"1:: REGL"LA REGL"LA TJ{)X TJ{)X 14.- H H El'l El'l lHT_.:;., lHT_.:;., (b) (b) HP..s HP..s ap]HOYerl ap]HOYerl been for for publication publication of of h~- tllf'' tllf'' Dirr·ci()r Dirr·ci()r Piddieity. Piddieity. force force the the at at date date of of ::.uch ::.uch original original publication; publication; or or by by accepted accepted the the Director Director of of suffieieut suffieieut Publiclt~· Publiclt~· as as ,,·ere ,,·ere in in His His !l!ajcsty's !l!ajcsty's Dominions Dominions wlJCre wlJCre ceB.:;orship ceB.:;orship n_.st.riction:: n_.st.riction:: New New by by Zealand Zealand mail mail originally originally and and publidlt'd publidlt'd pnrt pnrt in in a a of of Has Has prcYiously prcYiously appeared appeared in in a a newspaper newspaper { { a) a) already already reccin·d reccin·d in in to to in in this this unless unless P~g:ubtion P~g:ubtion such such information- (2) (2) No No publish publish shall shall ;my ;my person person informrttion informrttion tlH' tlH' kinr1 kinr1 of of reft>rred reft>rred wlJicl;-llis wlJicl;-llis ?llajc."ty- at at i.:.; i.:.; W;!r. W;!r. • • . . "or•mi!.!bt "or•mi!.!bt be be directly directly or or indirccth· indirccth· tu tu \l:,efnl \l:,efnl St:tte St:tte anY anY witl1 witl1 ({) ({) AnY AnY m~ttcr m~ttcr otl1er otl1er whntt->oCYer. whntt->oCYer. infurmation infurmation as as to to y;hich y;hich wonld wonld Zealand Zealand : : Zca.bnd Zca.bnd which which or or is is in in eonr:>.c eonr:>.c the the of of a a voyage voyage from from "::\ew "::\ew o(His o(His ::'llajesty ::'llajesty of of any any !-'hip !-'hip which which 1~ 1~ n.Lout n.Lout to to leave leave ::\cw ::\cw an...- statement statement as as to to tl1e tl1e usc usc or or iutcm1cd iutcm1cd usc usc in in the the sC'rYice sC'rYice whi!'h whi!'h is is in in c·uurse c·uurse of of a a Y(•}'~)!t: Y(•}'~)!t: Ze:dand. Ze:dand. or or fn1ll1 fn1ll1 t11f' t11f' )\c"s )\c"s .lll('I"C"ial .lll('I"C"ial :1iret;lft :1iret;lft \\"hicb \\"hicb is is about about :\c·w :\c·w to to Z(·:dawl Z(·:dawl ll'•lH· ll'•lH· or or An,· An,· c;JT:.:o c;JT:.:o bul{·Jl bul{·Jl or or :1bont :1bont t.o t.o (e) (e) lade1: lade1: in in ::-hip ::-hip cou•• ur ur ]I(' ]I(' ;'JilY ;'JilY a a Star.\' Star.\' \Yitb \Yitb which which Hi-" Hi-" is is \';ar: \';ar: :\laj~.:st:· :\laj~.:st:· ;:.t ;:.t b(•lon'-!:in.!.! b(•lon'-!:in.!.! :ln~· :ln~· or or a a snhj1•ct snhj1•ct 1o 1o :l\1~- t.han t.han S.t.:ltf• S.t.:ltf• nf nf ::.:1att• ::.:1att• o1tlll'T o1tlll'T ~lariiH~ ~lariiH~ ?11crC'antile ?11crC'antile or of of or :\briut~ :\briut~ a a :\lt·:Tantile :\lt·:Tantile Yc Yc ...... :c].uf .:c].uf thl' thl' mo...-cnwnts mo...-cnwnts or or condition condition a::Jy a::Jy of of British British "·e:::.:.;cl "·e:::.:.;cl of of the the The The numhcr, numhcr, (d) (d) description, description, armament, armament, e.q11ipnwnt, e.q11ipnwnt, di::.]H-'sition~, di::.]H-'sition~, behalf behalf of of His His Jlajesty: Jlajesty: (c} (c} Any Any measures measures for for the the defcucc defcucc or or fortification fortification of of pl:wP pl:wP on on ;llJy ;llJy forces, forces, YCS."e\s, YCS."e\s, aircrnft: aircrnft: or or Any Any (b) (b) or or operation operation projectNl projectNl of of a':JY a':JY of of His His OJWraliun OJWraliun :\lajt>sty'_:;; :\lajt>sty'_:;; vessels, vessels, nirer:1ft nirer:1ft : : or or movements, movements, or or ccm1ition ccm1ition of of ;my ;my of of HiE HiE )fnjl'st~··s )fnjl'st~··s furc·e furc·e . . .o.. .o.. (a) (a) numhl'r, numhl'r, dl'~niptinn. dl'~niptinn. Tllf' Tllf' nrm:~nwnt. nrm:~nwnt. {'(jllipmC"nt, {'(jllipmC"nt, disposiiion, disposiiion, folluwing folluwing i:-: i:-: ;o;.ty ;o;.ty t!1at t!1at t.n_ t.n_ Jll:ltt.('l':', Jll:ltt.('l':', l1eing l1eing or or pmportinl! pmportinl! tn tn l11 l11 infon:1;11iun infon:1;11iun t~ t~ , , .. .. -it -it h h I"l'.""'P;-.(·t I"l'.""'P;-.(·t of of lh· lh· :my :my T T docuJneJlt docuJneJlt or or n·('onl n·('onl wlwt,.:uen·r wlwt,.:uen·r or or of of f_'OJlt:liJJ]JJ~ f_'OJlt:liJJ]JJ~ UllY UllY i i i i nf1 nf1 1:1 1:1 n11 n11 t t •l'lJ •l'lJ 108 108 Act. Act. aforesaid aforesaid the the of of 2 2 .-;ection .-;ection of of meaning meaning the the within within newspaper newspaper any any Zcalund Zcalund New New in in publishing publishing in in concerned concerned be be or or publish publish not not shall shall person person such such order order the the in in specified specified he he may may as as period period such such during during that that order order to to impose, impose, to to fit fit think think may may it it penalty penalty other other any any to to addition addition in in convicted, convicted, is is be be which which by by Court Court the the for for lawful lawful be be shall shall it it 1908, 1908, Act, Act, Registration Registration Newspapers Newspapers and and Printers Printers the the of of 2 2 section section of of meaning meaning the the within within newsl)aper newsl)aper a a is is rC"gulation rC"gulation this this of of breach breach a of of convicted convicted is is which which of of publisher publisher the the periodical periodical any any If If (10) (10) modi_q.ed. modi_q.ed. or or revoked revoked be be notice notice by by like like time time to to time time from from may may regulation regulation this' this' under under given given notice notice Any Any (9) (9) aforesaid. aforesaid. as as change change such such any any notwithstanding notwithstanding effect effect have have to to continue continue shall shall regulation regulation this this under under given given notice notice any any accordingly accordingly publication,land publication,land of of place place or or publication, publication, of of intervals intervals name, name, format, format, pTice, pTice, title, title, in in change change any any \\·ithstanding· \\·ithstanding· not and and capacities capacities these these in in concen:ied concen:ied persons persons other other the the of of any any in in changes changes notwithstanding notwithstanding publisher, publisher, same same the the or or printer printer same same the the or or editor editor same same the the or or proprietor proprietor same same the the have have to to continues continues it it as as long long so so thereof thereof issues issues succeeding succeeding the the throug~ throug~ identity identity same same the the preserve preserve to to deemed deemed be be shall shall periodical periodical a a regu1atlon regu1atlon this this of of purposes purposes the the For For (8) (8) tben·of. tben·of. mauagement mauagement the the have have to to eing eing time time the the for for appearing appearing person person some some >vith >vith pub!il-lhcd pub!il-lhcd or or print-ed print-ed usually usually periodicat., periodicat., tlw tlw when" when" premises premises the the at at left left if if gi,'en gi,'en sufficiently sufficiently be be regulationtshall regulationtshall this this under under notice notice Any Any (7) (7) . . nam nam personal personal his his of of addition addition the the 'vitbout 'vitbout publisher publisher or or printer, printer, proprictor{'ditor, proprictor{'ditor, is is he he which which of of periodical periodical of of the the name name accepted accepted commonly commonly or} or} name name the the and and position position his his of of description description by by periodical periodical a a of of isber isber pu pu or or printer, printer, editor, editor, proprietor, proprietor, the the to to addrcs."ed addrcs."ed if if sufficient sufficient Le Le sba sba regulation regulation this this unJcr unJcr notice notice Any Any (6) (6) i i hem. hem. oft oft all all to to given given be be to to Le Le ~erned ~erned shall shall pcriodieal pcriodieal a a of of publisher publisher or or print~r. print~r. editor, editor, proprietor, proprietor, the the tf; tf; regulation regulation this this under under gi-..cn gi-..cn notice notice A A (5) (5) / / n n · · behalf. behalf. l1is l1is on on actin" actin" somelperson somelperson or or Publicity Publicity of of Director Director the the of of consent consent written written prior prior the the wit.bdi.It. wit.bdi.It. afore.sLid afore.sLid as as given given notice notice a a in in specifir.d specifir.d topic topic t.u t.u a a relating relating reprcscntatioh reprcscntatioh graphic graphic or or letterpress letterpress any any cation, cation, or or publi~ publi~ printing printing prepare/for prepare/for or or publish, publish, to to print, print, attempt attempt knowingly knowingly or or pulllic;tt-io!J, pulllic;tt-io!J, or or priijting priijting for for prepare prepare or or publish, publish, print, print, knowingly knowingly shall shall person person other other no no arld arld publieation, publieation, or or printing printing for for prepare prepare publish, publish, or or print, print, to to attempt attempt or/ or/ publication, publication, or or printing printing for for prepare prepare or or publish, publish, print, print, sbaii sbaii clause clause ~crcof ~crcof preceding preceding last last the the in in out out set set effect effect t.hc t.hc to to notice notice a a given given p'e p'e to to deemed deemed or or given given is is whom whom to to pcr:son pcr:son Ko Ko (4) (4) behalf. behalf. his his on on acting acting person person some some or or Publicitr Publicitr of of Director Director the the of of consent consent written written prior prior the the without without notice notice the the in in specified specified topic topic the the to to relating relating information information of of publication publication the the prohibiting prohibiting ''Titiug ''Titiug in in notice notice periodical periodical any any of of publisher publisher or or printer, printer, editor, editor, proprietor, proprietor, the the to to given given be be to to cause cause or or give give may may be be safety, safety, to to public public the the prejudicial prejudicial be be would would topic topic specified specified any any to to relating relating representation representation graphic graphic or or letterpress letterpress of of form form the the in in information information of of publication publication unrestricted unrestricted or or publication publication the the that that opinion opinion of of is is Publicity Publicity of of Director Director If If the the (3) (3) aforesaid. aforesaid. as as given given notice notice a a of of breach breach in in representation representation graphic graphic or or letterpress letterpress any any publication, publication, or or printing printing for for plkpare plkpare or or publish, publish, print, print, to to attempt attempt knowingly knowingly or or publication, publication, or or printing printing for for prepare prepare or or publish, publish, print, print, knowingly knowingly shall shall person person other other no no and and publicatioh, publicatioh, or or printing printing for for prepare prepare or or publish, publish, print, print, to to attempt attempt or or or or publi~tion, publi~tion, printing printing for for prepare prepare or or publish, publish, print, print, shall shall hereof hereof clause clause preeeding preeeding last last the the in in out out set set effect effect the the notice notice a a to to to to given given be be deemed deemed or or giYfn giYfn is is whom whom to to person person No No (2) (2) , , notice. notice. such such describcd{in describcd{in information information the the of of tion tion publica the the writing writing pro~ibiting pro~ibiting in in notice' notice' periodical periodical any any of of publisher publisher or or printer, printer, po po editor, editor, proprietor, proprietor, the the given given lte lte to to cause cause or or give give may may be be safety, safety, public public the the to to prejudicial prejudicial ~e ~e would would representation representation graphic graphic or or letterpress letterpress of of form form the the in in igTormation igTormation any any of of publication publication unrestricted unrestricted or or publication publication the the that that opinion opinion of of PuLiicityjis PuLiicityjis of of Director Director the the If If (1) (1) t t l5.~PERI6DicAL l5.~PERI6DicAL PuBLICATIONS. PuBLICATIONS. REGULATION REGULATION - I I l l ' ' . . cla.bsc cla.bsc hereof. hereof. preceding preceding last last the the under under giYen giYen consent consent any any to to signature signature the the of of taken." taken." be be shall shall notici notici Judicial Judicial (5) (5) ' ' . . A A the the ttorney~General. ttorney~General. of of co.Dseut co.Dseut written written the the ·with' ·with' except except instituted instituted be be shall shall regulation regulation this this offenecfagainf\t offenecfagainf\t an an pro~ecution:for pro~ecution:for No No (4) (4) 109 109 name. name. pe.tSonal pe.tSonal his his of of addition addition the the without without situate situate is is press press printing the the which which a1 premises premises the the of of description description and and position position his his 1 1 of of description description by by pri:nting-prel!s pri:nting-prel!s a a of of manager manager or or proprietor proprietor the the to to addressed addressed .if .if sp.fficient sp.fficient be be shall shall regulation regulation this this under under notice notice Any Any (5) (5) t t ili~ ili~ of of each each to to given given b.e b.e to to deemed deemed be be shall shall printing-press printing-press a a of of manager manager or or proprietor proprietor ,..\:.he ,..\:.he to to regulation regulation this this under under given given notice notice A A (4) (4) notice'. notice'. such such of of terms terms the the of of contravention contravention in in matter matter of of kind kind or or rd.atter rd.atter any any printing, printing, for for prepare prepare or or print print to to attempt attempt mgly mgly know or or p_f:nting p_f:nting for for prep:ue prep:ue or or print print knowingly knowingly shall shall person person other other ~o ~o and and printin_!!, printin_!!, fqr fqr prepare prepare or or print print to to attempt attempt or or printing printing for for prepare prepare or or print print shall shall hereof hereof clause clause preceding preceding last last the the in in out. out. set set effect effect the the to to notice notice a a given given be be to to deemed deemed or or given given is is whom whom to to person person No No (3) (3) Publicity. Publicity. of of Director Director the the by by authorized authorized bee,b bee,b has has publication publication the the and and censorship censorship to to submitted submitted Leen Leen h4s h4s printed printed be be to to so so matter matter the the until until printing-press printing-press that that bn bn printed printed be be to to not not not1ee not1ee IS IS the the in in specified specified matter matter of of l.7nd l.7nd or or matt-er matt-er any any That That (b) (b) j j · · PubhcJty: PubhcJty: of of Director Director tbe tbe by by authorized authorized been been ~as ~as thereof thereof bli_c~tion bli_c~tion pu pu the the and and censorship censorship to to submitted submitted b1en b1en has has matter matter such such until until printing-press printing-press that that on on tje tje printed printed to to is is matter matter no no That That (a) (a) riting- \\ \\ in in notice notice 'frinting-prcss 'frinting-prcss any any of of manager manager or or proprietor proprietor the the to to given given be be to to cause cause or or give give ay ay he he do, do, to to I I so so safety safety public public of of interest-s interest-s the the in in desirable desirable it it thinks thinks ty ty Public Public of of Director Director the the If If (2) (2) represent..1.tion. represent..1.tion. graphic graphic or or writing writing ny ny of of copies copies multiplying multiplying of of purpose purpose the the for for used used being being of of capable capable or or usrd usrd device device or or machine machine every every includes includes "printing-press" "printing-press" term term the the this~gulation this~gulation of of purposes purposes the the For For (l) (l) ·-PRI"'TlNG-P.R.ESSES. ·-PRI"'TlNG-P.R.ESSES. 17 17 REGOLATJOK REGOLATJOK matter. matter. of of kind kind or or pul.' pul.' matter matter any any of of icat.ion icat.ion or or printing printing the the for for authority authority his his refused refused has has censor censor that/a that/a or or regulat.ions regulat.ions these these under under CClJSor~hip CClJSor~hip to to submitted submitted btl btl to to required required been been bas bas """ """ matter matter of of kind kind or or matter matter any any .hat .hat indication indication or or statement statement Any Any (b) (b) l l or or ; ; regulations regulations these these by by conferred conferred een.sorship een.sorship of of poLvcrs poLvcrs the the of of exercise exercise the the to to due due addition addition or or altcr:1tion, altcr:1tion, omitsion, omitsion, any any of of document document that that in in tbe tbe c.xi.-;te11ce c.xi.-;te11ce indicate indicate to to 'd 'd ppo ppo su su reasonably reasonably be be may may or or indicates indicates manner manner any any in in wh" wh" ~h ~h statement statement or or matter matter Any Any (a) (a) doeument-- printed printed other other any any in in or or publication publication periodical periodical nny nny m m publi publi 1 1 or or print print shall shall person person No No (5) (5) regulations. regulations. tl1ese tl1ese against against oHt·llcc. oHt·llcc. an an Le Le t t detJl!('tl detJl!('tl l;e l;e not not shall shall purpose, purpose, ot.her ot.her rio rio for for and and Pnlditits Pnlditits of of tor tor Din· Din· the the t.o t.o ...,;.;ioll ...,;.;ioll . . ~~uhmi ~~uhmi for for document document .:-:ingle .:-:ingle a a of of illll'IJJ"f:ltinn illll'IJJ"f:ltinn t.Le t.Le /,r /,r puq,ose, puq,ose, otlh·r otlh·r no no for for :llld :llld Pnhlicit.y, Pnhlicit.y, of of Director Director the the to to or or submi."~ion submi."~ion reYisiou reYisiou for for proof proof a a of of ]!Tinting ]!Tinting The The {4) {4) . . { { rcf!"ulation. rcf!"ulation. this this against against offcnee offcnee n.n n.n be be \YOuld \YOuld matter matter sucL sucL {rom {rom representations representations graphic graphic or or letterpress letterpress of of puLlicatiou puLlicatiou the the lf lf Jndircctly Jndircctly or or directly directly from from print.ed print.ed being being of of capable capable mutter mutter other other or or plat<'S, plat<'S, t~locld, t~locld, other other or or process process stones, stones, engraved engraved stereotypes, stereotypes, type, type, .set, .set, any any possessiqh possessiqh his his in in bavc bavc shall shall person person No No (3) (3) thereof. thereof. c\·ents c\·ents :H'.tual :H'.tual de:-cribe de:-cribe ally) ally) to to purport purport or or describe describe dct ln ln not not do do but but ;Jforc~:lid. ;Jforc~:lid. \':a~:·,::. \':a~:·,::. sneh sneh any any of of t-opic t-opic the the to to generally generally rcbtf.' rcbtf.' that that writing~ writing~ of of J.mptJrtation J.mptJrtation or or pnbli(",at.ion pnbli(",at.ion th(' th(' J!ft:.·\·(·nt. J!ft:.·\·(·nt. to to declnt·rl declnt·rl be be not. not. shall shall h('reof h('reof elapse elapse precr~ f f be. be. may may ca::-;e ca::-;e tl1e tl1e as as rnportation, rnportation, i i or or puhlieation puhlieation for for \niting \niting in in by by ]liHJ ]liHJ :md :md ap}JTOYed ap}JTOYed Puh!icit.y Puh!icit.y (Jf (Jf Dm:·dor Dm:·dor the the to to :--\l~mJtt.ed :--\l~mJtt.ed hct·n hct·n hns hns repn.·:-;r•nt.:Jtlon repn.·:-;r•nt.:Jtlon grapluc grapluc or or pre.'-'." pre.'-'." _letter ..-uch ..-uch unless unless t!w t!w {·ngll~ed {·ngll~ed h(·ing h(·ing tin](' tin](' for for is is ..'\1_ war war :-tny :-tny to to rcfC'rriug rcfC'rriug (~ (~ rebtin)! rebtin)! rcpre:-:ent.ation rcpre:-:ent.ation grapl1ic grapl1ic or or ktt.apress ktt.apress ;:my ;:my im]Jnrt, im]Jnrt, t.o t.o attempt attempt or or illlpurt. illlpurt. or or publication, publication, for for ]1repare ]1repare to to or or publish publish to to Or Or at.f.crnpt at.f.crnpt publieation, publieation, for for prepare prepare or or publish publish days days two two thirt.y~ thirt.y~ exceeding exceeding regularly regularly not not inten·als inten·als at at appear appear which which of of issues issues the the pu!Jlication pu!Jlication pNiodical pNiodical a a in in tf!~lll tf!~lll otherwise otherwise shall shall person person No No (I) (I) GE.x}~P.ALLY. GE.x}~P.ALLY. l!j,-PunLTcATJoss l!j,-PunLTcATJoss REGT..'L.-\TIOX REGT..'L.-\TIOX periodical. periodical. sucL sucL of of part part a a he he to to dePmed dePmed be be ."-hall ."-hall tJJCreof tJJCreof issue issue any any or of of or periodical periodical a a of of copies copies any any with with along along .distribution .distribution or or sale sale for for pu?hshed pu?hshed or or printed printed document document any any regulation regulation this this of of purpo::;cR purpo::;cR the the .For .For (12) (12) Act. Act. aforesaid aforesaid the the of of 2 2 section section of of meaning meaning the the w"it-!Jin w"it-!Jin r1e,vspapcr r1e,vspapcr 'any 'any Zeabnd Zeabnd New New in in publishing publishing m m concerned concerned be be or or publish publish specifitd specifitd there.in there.in period period t.be t.be during during !3Lall !3Lall made made i;;; i;;; afore."-aid afore."-aid as as order order such such whom whom of of respect respect in in pcr~on pcr~on No No I) I) (1 (1 110 110 lll (6) Any notice under this regulation shall .be sufficiently given if left at the premises where the printing-pres£ is situate with some person appearing for the time being to have te management thereof. (7) For the purposes of this regulation printing-press shall be deemed to preserve t.be same identity notfithstanding any change in name, ownership, managership, or pl~t, or removal to other premises, and accordingly any notice given p.mder this regulation shall continue to haYf' effect not\Yithstanding a~y such change or removal as aforesaid. .' (8) Any notice given under this regul::}lion may from time to time bv like notice he revoked or modified. j - ! REGl1LATIO:" 18.-LEGAL PROCEB~HXGS AND OFFENCES. (1) In any proceedings for a breach h this part of these regulations the onus of proving that he has compijed with these regulations shall lie on the person charged with such o!fence. (2) Every person who fails to comply with any of the foregoing requirements or who commits or attempts to commit any act in breb.ch of this part of these regula~ions commits an offence against these regulations. _ (3) In addition to any other penalty imposed upon a conviction for a breach of Regulation 16 hereOf, the Court may order that any documents for the publication or preparation for publication or importation of which any person bas been conYicted shall be forfeited to and become the property of His ~Iajesty. C. A. JEFFERY, Clerk of the Executive CounciL Issued under the authority of tl~ Regulations Act, 1936. Date of publication in Gazette: J lst day of Scpte.mber, 1939. Price for cash with order 9d.J plus postage l d. extra. Prices for quantities supplied on application. Copies ~y be ordered by quoting the prefixed >:'erial number. r Part II of the n:'J:.TUlat ions is ,hdminist<'red by the Controller of Censorship ; Part III is administe~d by the Ditector of Publi{'ity. I * Regulation 12(3) was replaced by Regulation 5 of Statutory Regulations, 1939/215 on 13 October, 1939. It reads: ''The Director of Publicity shall receive such salary as may from time to time be fixed by the Prime Minsiter". }'ublic }'ublic safety safety or or to to the the war: war: to to the the public public or or to to auy auy person person or or persons persons in in relation relation to to the the (e) (e) A A stat.cmcnt stat.cmcnt intended intended or or likely likely to to cause cause upduc upduc alarm alarm Ilopula.tion Ilopula.tion or or His His Majesty's Majesty's :Forces: :Forces: wttioua1 wttioua1 dTort dTort by by disruvtion disruvtion of of the the morale morale of of the the civil civil (d) (d) A A stah:ment stah:ment intended intended or or likely likely to to interfere interfere with with the the or or adtninistr<>tion adtninistr<>tion of of His His Maje:-;ty':" Maje:-;ty':" Forces: Forces: recruiting recruiting or or training training of of His His ~laje:sty's ~laje:sty's Foree~ Foree~ or or the the discipline discipline (c) (c) A A statement statement intended intended or or likely likely to to pn·judic(~ pn·judic(~ the the land, land, :-ea, :-ea, or or air: air: success success of of His His Majesty's Majesty's :Fon·cs :Fon·cs or or -those -those of of his his Alli(·_s Alli(·_s by by (b) (b) A A statement statement intended intended or or likely likely to to interfvrC' interfvrC' with with the the to to His His Majesty: Majesty: (o) (o) A A statement statement intended intended or or likely likely to to canst> canst> di~atTeetion di~atTeetion ··Subversive ··Subversive statement" statement" includes- whatsocYer: whatsocYer: includes includes any any other other significant significant exprc~siou exprc~siou or or representation representation any any graphic graphic representation, representation, however however produeed; produeed; and and also also " " Statement." Statement." means means any any oral oral or or written written statement statement ; ; and and in in dudes dudes "publieation" "publieation" has has a a corresponding corresponding 11W:n1ing: 11W:n1ing: sound sound in in connection connection with with the the projection projection of of the the film film ; ; and and includes includes the the mechanical mechanical or or electrical electrical reproduction reproduction of of any any record record or or otherwise otherwise ; ; and and in in relation relation t.o t.o ("incmatograph ("incmatograph film film telegraphy telegraphy or or radio-telephony radio-telephony or or by by means means of of a a gramophone gramophone person person or or persons, persons, whether whether in in >niting >niting or or orally orally or or by by radio "To "To publish" publish" means means to to communicate communicate to to the the pnblic pnblic or or to to any any subversive subversive statements: statements: of of disturlHmees disturlHmees of of the the public public peace, peace, and and the the preYeution preYeution of of of of industries industries essential essential to to the the public public welfare, welfare, the the prevention prevention military, military, or or air air operat-ions operat-ions of of His His Majesty, Majesty, the the maintenance maintenance "Public "Public Rafety Rafety " " in in dudes dudes the the effective effective conduct conduct of of the the 1):1\·al, 1):1\·al, RegubtHm:-; RegubtHm:-; 1 1 \J:)\:-1* \J:)\:-1* i~ i~ ltcrehy ltcrehy rcYokcd. rcYokcd. · · '· '· • • (2) (2) ]~e;.:nlation ]~e;.:nlation 1-l. 1-l. of of the the CL'nsor.ship CL'nsor.ship and and Publicity Publicity Emen.!Cl~C\" Emen.!Cl~C\" Hcgubtlons Hcgubtlons B.tu. B.tu. 1 1 · · (1) (1) ~'hcsc ~'hcsc rC;.!Hlations rC;.!Hlations may may be be t'ited t'ited as as the the Public Public Safety Safety Emcrgcncv Emcrgcncv REGVJ.ATJO::\ REGVJ.ATJO::\ 1.-PRELl:-ll~ARY. 1.-PRELl:-ll~ARY. HEGL'LATIO:\S. HEGL'LATIO:\S. the the Exe<.:ntiYc Exe<.:ntiYc l'oUJH'il, l'oUJH'il, duth duth lll'rd1y lll'rd1y makl' makl' the the followi11g followi11g regulations. regulations. the the Gon·mt.H-(;f•m•ral. Gon·mt.H-(;f•m•ral. ;tlHl ;tlHl tlw tlw a1h·iee a1h·iee and and t:onscnt t:onscnt of of PL'HSt'.\.'\T PL'HSt'.\.'\T to to tht• tht• ElWI)!t'lu:y ElWI)!t'lu:y H~·~ulation:-: H~·~ulation:-: Act, Act, 1\!.J~I, 1\!.J~I, His His Excellency Excellency liJ..; liJ..; E;\I'ELl.E::\t'Y E;\I'ELl.E::\t'Y T!l!·. T!l!·. (;()\'El\:\"OR-(;E:'\EHAL (;()\'El\:\"OR-(;E:'\EHAL IX IX COF:'\ClL. COF:'\ClL. Pr\''-'l'llt: Pr\''-'l'llt: FciHuary, FciHuary, 1910. 1910. . . .\t .\t the the Gon'fllllll'llt Gon'fllllll'llt House House at at \\·ellington, \\·ellington, this this 21st 21st day day of of UIWEH UIWEH 1:\ 1:\ COU:\CIL COU:\CIL . . G G . . .\ .\ L L \VA \VA Y, Y, Go\·ernor-General. Go\·ernor-General. THE THE PUBLIC PUBLIC SAFETY SAFETY EMERGENCY EMERGENCY REGULATIONS REGULATIONS 1940. 1940. Serial Serial Number Number 1940/26. 1940/26. Safety Safety 1940. 1940. Emergency Emergency Regulationsn Regulationsn The The Public Public Relevant Relevant sections sections of of APPENDIX APPENDIX B B 112 112 under under this this clause. clause. Judicial Judicial notice notice shall shall be be taken taken of of the the signature signature to to any any consent consent given given commenced commenced except except wit-h wit-h the the written written consent consent of of the the Attorney-General. Attorney-General. (3) (3) prosecution prosecution }.To }.To for for an an offence offence against against this this regulation regulation shall shall be be any any subversive subversive statement. statement. or or matter matter with with a a view view to to making, making, or or to to fa.cilitating fa.cilitating the the publication publication of, of, (2) (2) No No person person shall shall do do any any net net or or have have in in his his possession possession any any thing thing statement. statement. (1) (1) No No person person shall shall publish publish or or attempt attempt to to publish publish any any subversive subversive REGULATlO;.; REGULATlO;.; 2.-·-SUHVEH.SIVE 2.-·-SUHVEH.SIVE STATEMENTS. STATEMENTS. he he engaged. engaged. any any other other war war in in which which for for the the time time being being His His Majesty Majesty may may " " The The war" war" means means the the present present war war against against Germany, Germany, and and includes includes connection connection with with the the war: war: the the carrying carrying on on of of any any services, services, required required by by reason reason of of or or in in or or carriage, carriage, by by land, land, sea, sea, or or air, air, of of any any goods goods or or articles, articles, or or "'·ith "'·ith the the manufacture, manufacture, production, production, output, output, supply, supply, delivery, delivery, (g) (g) statement statement A A intended intended or or likely likely to to prejudice prejudice or or int-erfere int-erfere meaning meaning of of this this paragraph: paragraph: deemed deemed to to constitute constitute a a subversive subversive statement statement within within the the good good faith faith of of any any existing existing la,vs la,vs or or measures measures shall shall not not be be Pro\·ided Pro\·ided that that reasonable reasonable and and temperate temperate discussion discussion in in justice: justice: service service during during the the war, war, or or relating relating to to the the administration administration of of His His )lajcsty's. )lajcsty's. dominions dominions relating relating to to military military training training or or tra.tion tra.tion of of any any law law of of New New Zealand Zealand or or any any other other part part of of resistance resistance to to or or interference interference with with the the enforcement enforcement or or ad ad minis~ minis~ (f) (f) A A statement statement intended intended or or likely likely to to eause eause unla"•ful unla"•ful 113 113 '~ '~ periodical. periodical. ~.be_ ~.be_ of of publisher publisher or or print-er, print-er, editor-:;: editor-:;: propnetor, propnetor, to to the the order order the the of of notice notice gtvcn gtvcn be be to to cause cause or or gzve gzve may:. may:. and and publicati~n, publicati~n, cease cease periodical periodical t~e t~e that that ordc! ordc! may may he he t~ercin, t~ercin, published·ff published·ff be be to to likely likely are are stat.ements stat.ements subversive subversive further further that that suspect suspect tO'~~ tO'~~ reason reason bas bas and and pcriodjcal pcriodjcal any any in in published published been been has has statement statement subversiv~) subversiv~) any any that that satisfied satisfied is is Attorney-General Attorney-General the the If If (I) (I) 3. 3. ;.~ ;.~ . . __ __ .:-/! .:-/! thereto. thereto. belongmg belongmg articleef articleef other other and and types types the the all all and and pnntmg-press pnntmg-press moper~t1ve moper~t1ve the the render""' render""' or or away away c.arry c.arry and and take, take, seize, seize, ~1ay" ~1ay" an~ an~ printing~press, printing~press, the·~ the·~ for for to to search search prcllllses prcllllses any any enter enter time time any any at at may may rcqmred, rcqmred, be be ma.;f~.'.· ma.;f~.'.· as as assistance assistance su~h su~h with with constable, constable, any_ any_ yrinting-press, yrinting-press, any any of of se~1 se~1 the the for for regulation regulation this this under under made made is is \\~here \\~here order order an an (2) (2) 1940/26. 1940/26. number number Serial Serial Regulatlo04l940, Regulatlo04l940, t t St.atuwry St.atuwry 872, 872, page page 1939/215, 1939/215, number number Serial Serial 193!'!, 193!'!, Regulallnru Regulallnru Statutory Statutory No.1: No.1: Amendment Amendment 602. 602. page page 1939/121, 1939/121, number number Serial Serial Hl39, Hl39, Regulation~ Regulation~ Statutory Statutory • • printing-press# printing-press# the the of of seizure seizure the the order order may may he he statements, statements, subversive subversive further further printing printing for for used used be be likely likely to to is is it it that that suspect suspect to to reason reason has has and and statement statement sub\·ersi\·e sub\·ersi\·e any any printing printing for for used used been been has has printing-press printing-press any any that that satisfied satisfied is is Attorney-General Attorney-General the the If If 2. 2. (!) (!) periodical. periodical. that that of of part part be be to to deemed deemed be be shall shall thereof, thereof, issue issue any any of of or or periodical periodical any any of of copies copies any any with with along along distribution, distribution, or or sale sale for for published published or or printed printed document document any any regulations, regulations, these these of of puqJOses puqJOses the the For For (4) (4) 1940.t 1940.t Regulations Regulations Emergency Emergency Safety Safety Public Public the the in in as as meaning meaning same same the the bas bas statement" statement" "Subversive "Subversive represent-ation: represent-ation: graphic graphic or or writing writing any any of of copies copies multiplying multiplying of of purpose purpose the the for for used used being being of of capable capable or or used used or or de\~ice de\~ice machine machine eYery eYery includes includes "Printing-press" "Printing-press" periodically: periodically: published published publication publication other other or or pamphlet, pamphlet, paper, paper, any any means means Periodical" Periodical" " " requires,- otherwise otherwise context context the the unless unless regulations, regulations, these these In In (3} (3} reg'ulations). reg'ulations). principal principal the the as as to to referred referred after after (herein 1939* 1939* Regulations Regulations Emergency Emergency Publicity Publicity and and Censorship Censorship o~the o~the part part deemecf" deemecf" and and with with together together read read be be regulations shall shall regulations These These (2) (2) . . 2 . . 2 No. No. Amendment Amendment 1939, 1939, Regulations Regulations Emergency Emergency 1'ublicity 1'ublicity and and Cen.sorship Cen.sorship the the as as cited cited be be may may regulations regulations These These 1. 1. (!) (!) REGULATIONS. REGULATIONS. regulations. regulations. following following the the make make hereby hereby doth doth Council, Council, Executive Executive the the of of cousent cousent and and advice advice the the with with and and by by acting acting Governor-General, Governor-General, the the Excellency Excellency His His 1939, 1939, Act, Act, Regulations Regulations Emergency Emergency the the to to PuRsuANT PuRsuANT CouNciL. CouNciL. IN IN GovERNOR-GENERAL GovERNOR-GENERAL THE THE Hrs Hrs ExcELLENCY ExcELLENCY Present: Present: 19~0. 19~0. of of ~fay, ~fay, day day 29th 29th this this Wellington, Wellington, at at House House Government Government the the At At COUNCIL. COUNCIL. IN IN ORDER ORDER Governor~General. Governor~General. '\VAY, '\VAY, GAL GAL 2. 2. NO. NO. AMENDMENT AMENDMENT 1939, 1939, REGULATIONS REGULATIONS EMERGENCY EMERGENCY PUBLICITY PUBLICITY AND AND CENSORSHIP CENSORSHIP THE THE 1940/93. 1940/93. Number Number Serial Serial No.2. No.2. Amendment Amendment Regulations, Regulations, Emergency Emergency Publicity Publicity and and Censorship Censorship The The C C APPENDIX APPENDIX 114 114 Hl39/12I. Hl39/12I. number number Serial Serial regulations, regulations, principal principal sec sec regulations, regulations, these these of of administration administration the the For For Hl4-0. Hl4-0. )lay, )lay, of of d<1y d<1y 29th 29th in in Gu:;cl/e: Gu:;cl/e: publication publication of of Date Date JU:.W. JU:.W. Act, Act, RPgnlation,; RPgnlation,; the the of of authority authority the the under under hsued hsued Council. Council. Executive Executive the the of of Clerk Clerk JEFFERY, JEFFERY, A. A. C. C. committed. committed. be be to to likely likely not not are are prevent prevent to to intended intended voas voas order order the the which which acts acts the the that that satisfied satisfied is is Judge Judge the the unless unless re,·oked re,·oked be be shall shall order order no no hut hut from, from, appealed appealed order order the the revoke revoke or or modify, modify, confirm, confirm, may may Judge Judge the the section section this this under under appeal appeal any any Upon Upon (3) (3) direct. direct. may may Judge Judge the the as as persons persons other other such such upon upon and and Attorney-General Attorney-General the the on on served served br br ,o;ball ,o;ball appeal appeal of of notice notice the the of of copy copy A A Court. Court. Supreme Supreme the the in in filed filed appeal appeal of of notice notice by by made made be be shall shall regulntion regulntion this this under under appeal appeal Every Every (2) (2) final. final. be be shall shall decision decision whose whose Court, Court, Supreme Supreme the the of of Judge Judge a a t.o t.o order order the the against against appeal appeal may may regulations regulations these these under under Attorney·General Attorney·General the the by by made made order order any any by by affected affected is is 'vho 'vho person person Any Any (1) (1) 6. 6. revoked. revoked. or or varied varied manner manner like like in in time time any any at at be be may may regulations regulations these these under under Attorney-General Attorney-General the the by by made made order order Any Any 5. 5. lations. lations. regu prineipal prineipal the the against against offence offence an an commits commits regulation regulation this this under under mad6 mad6 order order any any of of contravention contravention in in acts acts who who person person Every Every (2} (2} Zealand. Zealand. New New in in periodical periodical any any publishing publishing in in concerned concerned be be or or publish publish not not sbali sbali person person that_ that_ order order the the in in specified specified be be may may a::. a::. period period such such during during that that order order may·: may·: he he periodicals, periodicals, or or a a periodical periodical in in statements statements subversive subversive further further of of publication publication the the in in concerned concerned be be or or publish publish to to likely likely is is person person that that that that suspect suspect reason reason to to has has and and periodical periodical any any in in statements statements subversive: subversive: any any of of publication publication the the in in concerned concerned been been or or published published has'' has'' person person any any that that .atisfied .atisfied is is Attorney-General Attorney-General the the If If (1) (1) 4. 4. · · · · aforesaid. aforesaid. as as change change such such any any standing standing notwith:~~: notwith:~~: effect effect have have to to continue continue shall shall regulation regulation this this under under notice notice or: or: order order any any accordingly accordingly and and publication, publication, of of place place or or publication, publication, of of intervals: intervals: name, name, format, format, price, price, title, title, in in change change any any notwithstanding notwithstanding and and capacities,._-, capacities,._-, these these in in concerned concerned persons persons other other the the of of any any in in changes changes : : notwithstanding notwithstanding publisher, publisher, same same the the or or printer printer same same the the or or editor editor , , same same the the or or proprietor proprietor same same the the have have to to continues continues it it as as long long so so thereof thereof issues issues succeeding succeeding the the through through identity identity same same the the preserve preserve to to deemed deemed be be shall shall periodical periodical a a regulation regulation thi.s thi.s of of purposes purposes the the For For (6) (6) - thereof. thereof. management management the the .. .. have have being being to to time time the the for for appearing appearing person person some some w-ith w-ith published published or,: or,: printed printed usually usually is is periodical periodical the the where where premises premises the the at at left left if. if. given given sufikiently sufikiently be be shall shall regulation regulation this this under under notice notice Any Any (5} (5} _ _ name. name. personal personal his his of of addition addition the the without without publisher publisher or or printer, printer, editor, editor, proprietor, proprietor, is is he he which which of of periodical periodical the the of of name name accepted"' accepted"' commonly commonly a a or or name name the the and and position position his his of of description description by\ by\ periodical periodical a a of of publisher publisher or or printer, printer, editor, editor, proprietor, proprietor, the the to to addressed', addressed', if if sufficient sufficient be be shall shall regulation regulation this this under under notice notice Any Any (4) (4) them. them. of of all all ~: ~: ~ ~ given given be be to to deemed deemed be be shall shall periodical periodical a a of of publisher publisher or or printer, printer, ; ; editor editor proprietor, proprietor, the the to to regulation regulation this this under under given given notice notice A A (3} (3} ; ; thereof. thereof. Issue Issue an;y an;y or of of or penodical penodical the the of of copy copy any any publication, publication, or' or' printing printing for for prepan: prepan: or or p~bl_ish, p~bl_ish, print, print, knowingly knowingly shall shall person person other· other· no no and and publication, publication, or or printing printing _for _for prepare prepare or or publish, publish, print, print, shall;' shall;' periodical periodical any any of of respect respect in in regulation regulation this this under under order order an an of of notice a a given given be be to to deemed deemed or or given given is is whom whom to to person person No No (2) (2) 115 115 Regulations. Regulations. Statutory Statutory Zealand Zealand New New Debates. Debates. Parliamentary Parliamentary Zealand Zealand New New Reports. Reports. Law Law Zealand Zealand New New Ga·z.ette. Ga·z.ette. Zealand Zealand New New Decisions. Decisions. Court Court Magistrate's Magistrate's Reports. Reports. Law Law Gazette Gazette 1939-45. 1939-45. Paper~ Paper~ Official Official (a) (a) Published Published (2) (2) 1986. 1986. July, July, 9 9 interview, interview, Telephone Telephone 1986. 1986. lOJuly, lOJuly, June, June, 29 29 Dominion Dominion of of editor editor ex ex Young, Young, J.A. J.A. (ix) (ix) 1986. 1986. July, July, 9 9 June, June, 23 23 Affairs, Affairs, Internal Internal of of Minister Minister Tapsell, Tapsell, Peter Peter Dr Dr (viii) (viii) 1986. 1986. May, May, 8 8 editor, editor, Times, Times, Daily Daily Otago Otago (vii) (vii) 1986. 1986. June, June, 24 24 correspondent, correspondent, war war a a becoming becoming before before time time short short a a for for gallery gallery press press Parliamentary Parliamentary Times, Times, Daily Daily Otago Otago sub-editor sub-editor chief chief ex ex Noble, Noble, W.J. W.J. (vi) (vi) 1986. 1986. June, June, 18 18 News, News, Southland Southland and and Times, Times, Daily Daily Otago Otago ex ex Miller, Miller, F.W.G. F.W.G. (v) (v) 1986. 1986. June, June, 11 11 July, July, 4 4 editor, editor, Standard, Standard, Evening Evening Manawatu Manawatu (iv) (iv) 1986. 1986. July, July, 9 9 interview interview Telephone Telephone 1986; 1986; March, March, 1 1 Reality, Reality, and and Myth Myth of of author author McLeod, McLeod, John John (iii) (iii) 1986. 1986. August, August, 24 24 June, June, 24 24 II, II, War War World World during during Times Times Southland Southland editor editor acting acting Holcroft, Holcroft, Monte Monte (ii) (ii) 1986. 1986. June, June, 25 25 editor, editor, Dominion, Dominion, (i) (i) Correspondence Correspondence (c) (c) Department Department Minister's Minister's Prime Prime Security Security National National for for Organisation Organisation Department Department Navy Navy Affairs Affairs External External Department Department Army Army Archives Archives National National (b) (b) 982. 982. Manuscript Manuscript papers, papers, Paul Paul Library Library Hocken Hocken (a) (a) Unpublished Unpublished (1) (1) SOURCES SOURCES PRIMARY PRIMARY A. A. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY 116 116 1969. 1969. London London Zealand, Zealand, New New of of History History A A K., K., Sinclair, Sinclair, 1951. 1951. Wellington, Wellington, edition, edition, 5th 5th 1941; 1941; Wellington, Wellington, edition, edition, 4th 4th Zealand; Zealand; New New in in Who Who Who's Who's (editor), (editor), G.H., G.H., Scholefield, Scholefield, 1946. 1946. Wellington, Wellington, Politics, Politics, in in Humanism Humanism J.T., J.T., Paul, Paul, 1960. 1960. London, London, Zealand, Zealand, New New of of Story Story The The W.H., W.H., Oliver, Oliver, 1966. 1966. Wellington, Wellington, Zealand, Zealand, New New of of Encyclopedia Encyclopedia An An (editor), (editor), A.H. A.H. McLintock, McLintock, 1986. 1986. Wellington, Wellington, II, II, War War World World in in Soldier Soldier Zealand Zealand New New the the Reality: Reality: and and Myth Myth John, John, McLeod, McLeod, 1970. 1970. Canberra, Canberra, 1941-1945, 1941-1945, People, People, the the and and Government Government The The P., P., Hasluck, Hasluck, 1952. 1952. Canberra, Canberra, 1939-1941, 1939-1941, People, People, the the and and Government Government The The P., P., Hasluck, Hasluck, 1986. 1986. Auckland Auckland Cold, Cold, the the in in Out Out David, David, Grant, Grant, 1963. 1963. Wellington Wellington Economy, Economy, War War The The J.V.T., J.V.T., Baker, Baker, Published Published (b) (b) 2l/3d. 2l/3d. W.A.II W.A.II 1948, 1948, amended amended 1947, 1947, Press", Press", the the of of ''Censorship ''Censorship H. H. Witherford, Witherford, 1986. 1986. Otago, Otago, of of University University Dissertation, Dissertation, BA(Hons) BA(Hons) Act, Act, Conservation Conservation Safety Safety Public Public "The "The A.J. A.J. Logan, Logan, Unpublished Unpublished (a) (a) SOURCES SOURCES SECONDARY SECONDARY B. B. Tomorrow Tomorrow Voice Voice People's People's Journal Journal Police Police Zealand Zealand New New Journal Journal Law Law Zealand Zealand New New Print Print In In dates dates selected selected Periodicals, Periodicals, (c) (c) Herald Herald Wanganui Wanganui Standard Standard Times Times Southland Southland Press Press Times Times Daily Daily Otago Otago Truth Truth Zealand Zealand New New Herald Herald Zealand Zealand New New Standard Standard Evening Evening Manawatu Manawatu Star Star Evening Evening Post Post Evening Evening Dominion Dominion Sun Sun Star Star Christchurch Christchurch Star Star Auckland Auckland dates. dates. selected selected Newspapers, Newspapers, (b) (b) 117 117 1958. 1958. Wellington, Wellington, War, War, at at People People Zealand Zealand New New The The F.L.W., F.L.W., Wood, Wood, 1986. 1986. Wellington, Wellington, volumes, volumes, 2 2 Front, Front, Home Home The The N.M., N.M., Taylor, Taylor, 118 118