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Aspects of the Economic History of Whanganui Maori in the Whanganui Inquiry District (Wai 903) 1880-2000

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Aspects of the Economic History of Whanganui Maori in the Whanganui Inquiry District (Wai 903) 1880-2000 OFF~C~Al Wai 903, #A145 Aspects of the Economic History of Whanganui Maori in the Whanganui Inquiry District (Wai 903) 1880-2000 Nicholas Bayley Waitangi Tribunal, September 2007 ':1 ,I Contents FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Tables ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 4 AUTHOR ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 4 The Commissioning of the Report........................................................................................................... 4 Methodology........................................................................................................................................... 6 Broad theoretical discussion of key concepts......................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO – EARLY PERIOD TO 1880: LAND AND PEOPLE.............................................. 24 The Land............................................................................................................................................... 24 Whanganui Maori to 1880. Some economic aspects ............................................................................ 27 Pakeha in the Whanganui district to 1880. Some economic aspects .................................................... 30 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER THREE - PAKEHA TRANSFORMATION 1880-1930 ..................................................... 38 New Zealand and the World ................................................................................................................. 38 Wanganui and Whanganui district ....................................................................................................... 41 Administrative authority....................................................................................................................... 46 Hinterland developments...................................................................................................................... 48 Regional expansion .............................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER FOUR – MAORI MARGINALISATION 1880-1930.......................................................... 61 General Aspects of Whanganui Maori Economic Transformation....................................................... 61 Whanganui district ............................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER FIVE – UNEVEN AND COMBINED DEVELOPMENT 1931-2000................................ 92 New Zealand to 2000............................................................................................................................ 92 Whanganui District .............................................................................................................................. 96 The Urban Transition......................................................................................................................... 115 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................... 126 CHAPTER SIX - CONCLUSION........................................................................................................... 128 Final Summary ................................................................................................................................... 137 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 144 PRIMARY SOURCES (UNPUBLISHED ARCHIVES) ....................................................................................... 144 PRIMARY SOURCES (PUBLISHED) ............................................................................................................ 144 SECONDARY SOURCES (PUBLISHED) ....................................................................................................... 145 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 152 Appendix 1: The Commission............................................................................................................. 152 Appendix 2: Maps............................................................................................................................... 155 2 Figures Tables Table 1: Wanganui Population Growth in relation to Hamilton, New Plymouth and Palmerston North p. 96 Table 2: Whanganui Maori Population Change by Selected Counties, Boroughs and Towns, 1945-1986 p. 116 Table 3: General Whanganui Population Change by Selected Counties, Boroughs and Towns, 1945-1986 p. 117 Table 4: Whanganui District and National Unemployment Rate, June 2001 p. 122 3 Chapter One - Introduction Author Dr Nicholas Bayley is an acting Senior Research Analyst/Inquiry Facilitator with the Waitangi Tribunal Unit (Ministry of Justice). He holds a BA (Hons) from Victoria University and a PhD from Trinity College, Dublin, both in history. He has written two scoping reports, ‘Murimotu and Rangipo-Waiu’, for the Whanganui and National Park inquiries, and ‘Tongariro National Park Management from 1980 to the Present’, for the National Park inquiry. He completed a main report on the Murimotu and Rangipo-Waiu blocks for the Whanganui and National Park inquiries. He assisted in the compilation of a document bank, ‘Indexed Document Bank on Land Use in the Twentieth Century’, and co-authored a report ‘Maori Land Trusts and Incorporations in the Twentieth Century in the Central North Island Inquiry Region’, for the Central North Island regional inquiry. Introduction The Commissioning of the Report In February 2006, following consideration of parties’ additional research requests and a review of the existing Whanganui inquiry casebook, Dr Angela Ballara, historian member of the Whanganui Tribunal, recommended to the Presiding Officer, Judge Wainwright, that a report on the use of, and economic opportunities arising from, the lands and other resources of Māori communities in the Whanganui inquiry district be commissioned. As a result of this advice, on 28 March 2006 (Wai 903 #2.3.33) Judge Wainwright directed the following: We consider that it is necessary to look further into aspects of the economic history of Māori communities in the Whanganui inquiry district c.1880s to c.2000. This report will focus on the issue of economic opportunities available to Whanganui Māori based on the utilisation of land and non-land resources for the period c.1880s to c.2000. 4 This report is to supplement existing casebook reports on socio-economic themes in particular those by Rose (#A61) and Stevens (#A32). The report is to assist the Tribunal in addressing the question why, in spite of apparently starting with, and retaining, a notable amount of land and resources, Māori communities in the Whanganui inquiry district appear to have suffered significantly from poverty over time. In particular, the report will examine what economic opportunities existed for Whanganui Māori communities in using their remaining lands in whatever form, as well as the nature and extent of economic opportunities for Māori within the wider economy of the district between the 1880s and 2000 and the Crown’s role in creating and enabling Māori access to such opportunities. In particular, as directed by way of Commission (Wai 903, #2.4.86), the report is to focus on the following questions: a. What economic opportunities existed for Whanganui Maori communities using their remaining lands in whatever form between the 1880s and 2000? In particular, what was the general pattern of Maori land-use strategies? What were the economic land- use outcomes, how did they differ, if at all, from outcomes for non-Maori, and if so, why? b. What was the nature and extent of economic opportunities and alternatives for Whanganui Maori communities within the Whanganui district economy between the 1880s and 2000? What was the degree of Whanganui Maori participation at all levels of the district economy, and the impact, if any, of Maori economic migration within and outside of the Whanganui district? In what ways, if at all, did such opportunities, participation and migration differ for Maori compared to the rest of the Whanganui population, and if so, why? c. To what extent: i. was the Crown aware of the economic status of Whanganui Maori between 1880 and 2000? ii. did the Crown seek to inform itself of this status, in particular of adverse aspects? 5 iii. were Whanganui Maori considered in government economic policy formation and information gathering with regard to the Whanganui economy and Whanganui land-use? iv. did international and national
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