Achieving Sustainable Striga Control for Poor Farmers in Africa

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ISMA Integrated Management in Africa

Achieving sustainable Striga control for poor farmers in Africa

Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation Status Review

Mel Oluoch, Andre Ling, Yuko Suwa, Yvonne Pinto

www.iita.org Integrated Striga Management in Africa

Achieving sustainable Striga control for poor farmers in Africa

Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation Status Review

Mel Oluoch1, Andre Ling2, Yuko Suwa2, Yvonne Pinto2

1International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) 2Agricultural Learning and Impacts Network (ALINe), Firetail Limited

i © International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 2014

IITA Ibadan, Nigeria Telephone: (234-2) 7517472 Fax: +44 208 7113786 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.iita.org

To Headquarters from outside Nigeria: IITA, Carolyn House 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, UK

Within Nigeria: PMB 5320, Oyo Road Ibadan, Oyo State

ISBN 000-000-0000-00-0

Correct citation: Oluoch M., A. Ling, Y. Suwa, and Y. Pinto. 2014. Achieving sustainable Striga control for poor farmers in Africa. Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation Status Review. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. 45 pp.

Printed in Nigeria by IITA

Cover photo: Striga infested maize field in Kakrao location, Suna East sub-county, Migori County, Kenya

ii Contents

Acknowledgements...... iv 1. Background...... 1 2. Purpose...... 3 3. Methodology...... 4 4. Provisional findings...... 5 Achievements...... 5 Key challenges...... 6 Research and development...... 7 Extension sytems...... 8 Input/Seed systems...... 8 Stakeholder engagement...... 9 M&E and learning...... 9 Recommendations and insights...... 9 Research and development...... 9 Input/seed systems...... 10 Stakeholder engagement...... 11 Extension systems...... 11 M&E and learning...... 12 Key questions...... 13 5. Way forward...... 14 6. Annex 1: Status analysis report: unpacking and reorganizing ...... 15

iii Acknowledgements

David Chikoye, Alpha Kamara, Abebe Menkir, Abuelgasim Elzein, International Institute of Tropical Fen Beed, Melaku Gedil, Tahirou Abdoulaye, Thomas Wobill, Agriculture (IITA) Boukar Ousmane, Katherine Lopez, Godwin Atser, Reuben Solomon, Mohammed Ibrahim Kadafur, Nnanna Unachukwu, Princess Ifeanyi

Fred Kanampiu, Dan Makumbi, Edna Mageto International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)

Jimmy Pittchar, Zeyaur Khan, Charles Midega International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)

Sammy Waruingi BASF Crop Chemical Gospel Omanya, Peter Musyoka, Nancy Muchiri, The African Agricultural Technology Grace Wachoro Foundation (AATF) Henry Wainwright The Real IPM Company (K) Ltd Azubuike Odunze, Afiniki Zarafi, Mohammed Bello Hassan Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria

Sanusi Gaya Mohammed, Aminu Alhassan Fagge Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria Altus Viljoen University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

Frank Rasche University of Hohenheim, Germany Kano Agriculture & Rural Othman Yahaya, Muhammad Abdulhameed Development Authority (KNARDA) Antony Hooper Rothamsted Research, UK Ilyasu Gital, Musa Ahmed Bauchi State Agriculture Development Programme (BSADP)

Lucky O. Omoigui University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria

George Odhiambo Maseno University, Kenya

iv v

Alectra vogelii and Striga gesneroides weeds affecting Cowpea. Alkaleri Local Government Area (LGA), Bauchi State, Nigeria 1 Background

Striga and Alectra are parasitic weeds of maize and cowpea prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. They cause major yield losses predominantly for smallholder farmers. Maize is a major staple crop for over 300 million people, whereas cowpeas are an important food security crop and source of protein for 43 million people. The challenge of parasitic weeds is increasing due to several factors such as deteriorating soil fertility, shortening fallow period, expanding into marginal lands without using external inputs, and pressure on land for continuous monocultures.

The four-year project Achieving sustainable Striga control for poor farmers in Africa (April 2011-March 2015), also known as the Integrated Striga Management Project (ISMA) is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), and aims to improve the livelihoods of over 25 million small-holder farmers in the immediate impact zones of the project in northern Nigeria (15 million) and western Kenya (10 million) in the long term. This will be achieved through developing and implementing a “Striga threat reduction strategy” that identifies and promotes proven technologies that work in smallholder farmers’ fields. The project also aims at improving soil fertility and yields of these important crops including soybean, Desmodium and groundnuts. Sustainability, which is one of the key aspects of the project, focuses on stakeholder involvement and feedback mechanisms. Project activities have been positioned within national programs and local project sites to assure end users’ access to technical information, technologies, and experience.

The overall objective is to formulate and deploy through strategic partnerships an integrated approach for managing Striga while improving soil fertility and reducing Striga seed bank for sustainable increases in crop yields.

1 The specific objectives of the project are: • Develop partnerships and strengthen stakeholder capacity in Striga research, technology development, and application • Use new tools and methodologies to better understand Striga biology and to develop new technologies for its effective control • Deploy and disseminate existing effective Striga control technologies in Kenya and Nigeria while adapting them to different agro-ecologies, farmer practices and climate change scenarios • To validate efficacy of biocontrol technology and deploy them alongside other component technologies in Kenya and Nigeria in an integrated manner

The focus of the project is to optimize and promote proven Striga control strategies in two pilot countries, Kenya (Nyanza, Western Province – Kisumu, Siaya, Rachuonyo, Migori, Teso, and Busia Districts) and Nigeria (Bauchi and Kano States). About 250,000 famers (150,000 in Nigeria and 100,000 in Kenya) will be directly reached by the project in four years through a participatory approach, including community-based organizations (CBOs), extension workers, community based seed producers (CBSPs), private seed companies, researchers, and policy makers.

Striga management technologies range from 1. Cultural practices such as crop rotation of maize with soybean that stimulates Striga to germinate but which later dies in the absence of the maize host to latch onto. 2. Using Striga-resistant maize and cowpea varieties; 3. Using maize varieties resistant to Imazapyr—a BASF Crop Chemical herbicide (Strigaway®) and Metsulfuron Methyl (MSM), a Dupont Chemical herbicide which is coated on the herbicide-resistant maize seeds developed by CIMMYT and IITA and which kills the Striga seed as it germinates and before it can cause any damage; 4. Other technologies include deploying a “push-pull’ technology that involves intercropping cereals with specific Striga-suppressing Desmodium forage legume; 5. Adopting novel techniques such as Striga biocontrol technologies that use a naturally occurring host-specific fungal pathogen to kill the Striga at all stages without affecting other crops.

The research supplies parental lines, hybrids, and open-pollinated varieties of maize and legume trap crops such as soybean, cowpea, groundnuts, and Desmodium to Community based seed producers (CBSPs) and seed companies for technology production, distribution, and marketing. The project also provides capacity building of key players, especially farmers and farmers’ groups, by developing partnerships with the private sector. The project further attempts to enhance farmers’ uptake capacity of technology through awareness generation and to develop their skills to ensure appropriate and profitable use of the technologies.

The project is being implemented in partnership with IITA, CIMMYT, ICIPE, AATF, Rothamsted Research, BASF and Real IPM. The National Partner in Nigeria includes Kano Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (KNARDA), Bayero University, Bauchi State Agricultural Development Programme and the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University. In Kenya, the National partners include Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Maseno University and several local NGO’s. The Private sector Partners include both national and international seed companies, e. g. Kenya Seed Company, Freshco Seed Company, Western Seed Company (in Kenya); Maina Seed Company and Jirkur Seed Coopératives (in Nigeria). Other partners include the University of Hohenheim (Germany) and Stellenbosch University (South Africa).

The Agricultural Learning and Impacts Network (ALINe) hosted by Firetail Ltd., received a request from IITA, the main project executing agency, to develop a stakeholder-centred monitoring, evaluation and learning framework (MLE). ALINe initially planned to facilitate a workshop for the project stakeholders to enable participants to reflect upon their past performance management and visualize the next steps.This would be done through the development of a theory of change (ToC) in a participatory manner, leading to the development of a mutually agreed measurement framework and plan, and clear evaluation and learning questions for the next phase of the project. The first step of the process was to take stock of the results that have been achieved during the project and as such a very thorough document review was undertaken.

Farmers in a Push-pull Learning and evaluation demonstration site. Upper Kombewa Sub-Location, Kisumu County, Kenya

2 Purpose

This document aims to provide a platform for the Striga project partners to reflect on their journey so far, take stock of achievements, lessons learned, and gaps that need to be addressed. It also aims to serve as a basis for project partners to review and develop a mutually agreed Theory of Change (ToC).

The objectives of this document are three-fold: 1. To systematically review the status of the project as captured in the project documentation 2. To highlight the gaps in terms of information and progress with implementation 3. The document will create an opportunity for project partners to engage in a self-evaluation and learning process using the material provided.

All of these elements will serve as the basis for further development of the MLE framework for the ISMA project.

A demonstration site in Matayos sub-county, Busia County, Kenya; showing the efficacy of Herbicide resistant maize variety coated with herbicide for control of Striga (left); when compared to the Striga infested Sorghum field (right). Sorghum is a natural host reservoir for Striga weed and Integrated holistic approaches is needed to control Striga in both crops which are normally planted together in many farmers fields in Kenya and Nigeria. 3 Methodology

A thorough review of project documentation was conducted to compile relevant information regarding what was done, performance, lessons learned, questions, and challenges in a single document. The resulting document was shared with project execution partners for review on two occasions and clarifications were sought to address areas of ambiguity and ensure comprehensiveness. The information was then unpacked and reorganized into a series of matrices organized by country and technology. Each matrix is divided into five domains that the project focuses on, namely: • (technical development in variety improvement and Striga management) • Extension (technology dissemination and farmer support services) • Input/seed systems • Stakeholder engagement; and • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Six aspects, on the other hand, represent internal and external elements of the project since its implementation started. They are: • Achievements (reported project outputs, outcomes, and impacts) • Challenges (identified problems that need to be addressed) • Propositions (solutions or actions suggested to address the problems) • Insights (statements that suggest new understanding about the project that does not fit into either challenges or propositions) • Questions (explicitly mentioned where better understanding is required); Once the information provided by the status report was organised through these methods, the analysis was applied mainly to identify the gaps in information and progress.

A woman farmer (left) and local extension agent (right) involved in promotion of Striga resistant Cowpea and Maize varieties. Kayauri Dutse Village, Tilde Community, Toro Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria. 4 Provisional Findings

This section presents the key findings from the review, and highlights the recommendations and questions that will need to be considered going forward. The detailed findings are presented in the matrices in Annex 1. Given the current stage of implementation, the focus of the project to date has been primarily on R&D with new technologies (e.g. maize and cowpea varietal improvement and Biocontrol Technology) and a combination of R&D, Extension and Input/Seed Systems with more mature technologies in pilot sites: Kenya and Nigeria.

Achievements In this current phase, after three years of project implementation, the ISMA project has been successful in partnering with many stakeholders to establish innovation platforms for reducing the adverse effects of Striga and increasing cowpea and maize yields in farmers’ fields in pilot areas in Kenya and Nigeria. More than 10 herbicide and Striga resistant maize hybrids and OPVs have been developed and promising materials have been identified for further testing and potential release in the two countries. Furthermore, promising cowpea lines with more than double the grain yields (1350 kg/ha) compared to farmer preferred varieties have been developed.

A Striga diversity assessment study showed a clear genetic separation between collections from Nigeria and those from Kenya, indicating that geographic isolation seems to be the strongest force driving genetic diversity. This will facilitate development, testing and selection of maize varieties with broad-based resistance to different S. hermonthica ecotypes. Two new sources of resistance to S. gesnerioides have been identified for developing new resistant cowpea varieties. Also, one farmer-preferred cowpea variety has been made resistant to Striga/ Alectra and has higher potential grain and fodder yields than the farmers’ preferred variety. Current findings in Western Kenya show that intercropping Desmodium with maize reduced Striga infestation by up to 100%

5 while increasing maize grain yield more than two-fold. To expand areas of adaptation for Desmodium, two drought- tolerant Desmodium spp. have been identified for further evaluation in Kenya and Nigeria.

Over 2,400 demonstration fields have been established in 300 communities in northern Nigeria to promote and disseminate integrated Striga management technologies among smallholder farmers. The use of Striga resistant varieties in combination with mineral fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, increased on-farm grain yields by more than 50% (maximum yield 3.77 ton/ha) for farmers’ local varieties. The combined use of fertilizer and maize- soybean rotation reduced Striga infestation and increased maize grain yield by a range of 22 to 55% to over 3 t/ ha. In Kenya, a total of 8,000 IR maize and 576 on-farm push-pull technology demonstration plots have been established. Overall, a total of 183,790 maize farmers and 80,517 cowpea farmers in Nigeria have been reached directly with Striga management technologies through on-farm demonstrations, trainings, field days, religious gatherings, farmer-to-farmer exchange, and seed sales. In Kenya, a total of 111,210 farmers were reached directly with Striga control technologies. Through partnerships, five MSc and two PhD students are being trained in Kenya while in Nigeria, two MSc and four PhD students are undergoing training. Over 90 press releases and media coverage in local and international print, radio and TV programs have been made to raise awareness about ISMA technologies in Nigeria and Kenya.

In Nigeria, the project facilitated the production of 350 tons of certified seeds of Striga resistant cowpea varieties, most of which has been sold to farmers across 300 communities in Bauchi and Kano States. Almost 1,300 tons of Striga resistant maize seed have been produced and sold to farmers. In Kenya, the project has produced 370 tons of IR-maize seed through seed companies. Out of this, 260 tons were sold directly to farmers in Striga infested areas. Meanwhile, 4 tons of Desmodium seed was produced by trained community-based seed producers and seed companies, and disseminated to farmers in Kenya.

A mid-term household adoption review study was conducted to compare project and non-project intervention areas in Northern Nigeria. Adoption of three key technologies: (1) Striga resistant maize in rotation with soybean, (2) solely Striga resistant maize, and (3) solely Striga resistant cowpea, were found to have increased by 61%, 56% and 9% respectively within 3 years of project implementation. The study identified factors that influence the likelihood of adoption of Striga management technologies as; field days, participation in on-farm demonstration trials, extension agents, and yield per hectare. Farmer perception surveys conducted in project intervention areas in Kenya show that 73% of farmers prefer intercropping of Desmodium with IR and Striga resistant hybrid maize and, considered this approach as the most appealing on-farm Striga management option. This was followed by intercropping of IR and Striga resistant hybrid maize with groundnut.

Validation studies on the effectiveness of biocontrol agents in farmers’ fields in Nigeria showed that the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Strigae Foxy 2 strain significantly improved grain yield and reduced Striga emergence. The application of the fungal strain as seed coating in combination with both Striga susceptible and resistant maize varieties significantly reduced Striga incidences and damage symptoms on maize plants and increased the grain yield by approximately 60%. In Kenya an indigenous fungal isolate reduced Striga emergence and increased maize grain yield by 25%. Biocontrol agents were found to be compatible with different types of pesticides containing different active ingredients. Molecular detection tools specific to the fungal strains were developed and validated and has shown that the fungal strain can persist in the soil several months after harvest.

Key challenges This review has helped to identify a number of important challenges relevant across the domains. While these elements of the project will clearly require more attention in the next phase of the project, the current phase of the project should focus on addressing gaps in understanding how well things are working and where significant gains have been made. • R&D (technical development in variety improvement and Striga management) • Extension (technology dissemination and farmer support services) • Input/seed systems • Stakeholder engagement; and • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E).

6 This review identified 16 types of stakeholders engaged in ISMA project: farmers, women farmers (categorized separately from the farmers since some parts of the report emphasizes the gender aspects), CBOs, extension staff, para-extension agencies, NGOs, seed companies, CBSPs, seed producer cooperatives, breeders, agro-dealers, research institutes, national programs, policy makers, donor(s), and project management team. While coordination among stakeholders in both Kenya and Nigeria is sought within the framework of collaboration, partnerships and stakeholder platforms, securing an effective partnership amongst such a diversity of actors has proved challenging at times. In particular, it is difficult to assess if all stakeholders share the same level of understanding of how each stakeholder is connected to the others so as to ensure clarity on roles, responsibilities and interdependencies. These risks represent challenges – not only for coordination and communication – but also for establishing an effective M&E system that clearly defines who is responsible for gathering, analyzing, and sharing information.

Related to this, the extent of information exchange between Kenya and Nigeria is not conclusive. One list of “issues in common” between the two pilot countries indicates that there have been some formal and informal exchanges during the three years of post-project implementation. The implementing partners from the two sides have shared a common platform during the project launch and annual planning meetings but there have been very limited exchanges, if any, between the other stakeholders. Although the record shows common questions and challenges in communication between them, it is not mentioned how the two sides took these issues further.

Finally, it would be useful to clearly distinguish the prioritized technologies for dissemination in both pilot countries. To develop a ToC, it is crucial to record which technologies are prioritized, when and why they are prioritized or not prioritized, and the decision making process. The project needs to have a more systematic documentation of different technologies.

Some key challenges are identified across the domains as below:

Research and development • The extent of Striga infestation is much greater in small-holder farms. • Developed varieties of maize & cowpea are in conflict with soil quality parameters. • Potential lack of Striga biology knowledge among scientists/farmers/other stakeholders is still a challenge • Limited capacity of smaller seed companies for breeding is a major cause for reduced sustainability. Number of breeders in the partner seed companies are also too few to help develop and disseminate the new technologies. • Free grazing in Striga infested areas where there is more livestock is a challenge to the integration of push- pull technology in Nigeria. • The un-availability of sufficient seed of target varieties (Maize, Soybean, Groundnut and Desmodium) is an issue which needs to be addressed. • The long period between variety release, seed production and commercialization in Kenya (between 3 and 5 years) has slowed down the introduction of new and better varieties • Leaching of Strigaway Herbicide used for coating IR maize is a challenge to season long coverage for Striga control. • Complex handling and processing of IR maize and the dusting and flaking is a limitation to the wide use of IR Maize. • Limited testing of maize-Legume rotation species/varieties over time and ecological zones has not been sufficient. In addition, maize- legume rotation/strip cropping research has had no impact in Kenya due to the problem of small farmland sizes. • The development of the Desmodium seed systems in Kenya is slow. Seed availability is still a problem. Seed companies are risk averse, and prefer more profitable seasonal seeds e.g. hybrid maize. • There is a risk of Striga weed developing resistance to Striga resistant and IR-Maize variety over time • Low soil fertility levels lead to low yields while increasing Striga incidences. • Germination of IR Maize and Desmodium is a problem which needs to be addressed.

7 • The validation of the Biocontrol technology has not been sufficient in Nigeria and Kenya due to non- favorable environmental factors including weather variability, low populations of emerged Striga that prevented clear treatment effects and disease and pest infestation. • The Legumes and varieties used in farming systems intensification in Nigeria and Kenya varies on local preferences and market demand. This poses a limitation to their use in some communities and regions.

Extension sytems • There is a knowledge gap between the researchers and the extension staff; and information sharing needs to be beefed up. • Adoption studies has shown that lack of awareness on Striga management among farming communities is still prevalent and this is exercabated by insufficient funding to scale out the new technologies to a wider coverage within the Striga infested areas. • Erratic policy environment to allow for effective mainstreaming of Striga management technologies is also key challenge. • Striga management has not been among the demand driven policy/extension basket of choices that exists at the Ministry of Agriculture in Kenya and Nigeria. • Low level adoption of some of the existing Striga management technologies is worrying. • Sustainability is also under threat because there has been limited role in dissemination of the Striga management technologies by seed companies. • Training the wrong people by seed companies (seed agents) rather than the counter sales people has also limited awareness and technology transfer. • Push-pull technology is a Knowledge intensive practice, and high initial labour investment is needed, it is not fully compatible with open grazing, but suitable for smallholder farmers, but it has been restricted only to cereals so far. • The lack of the livestock integration aspect in the Push-pull technology has reduced demand. Its use need to be expanded to help address nutrition and dietary diversity and increased soil fertility, especially in lands degraded by Striga.

Input/Seed systems • Most of the seed companies are marketing the same hybrid/OPV but with a different name which creates un-necessary competition amongst the companies. They need more and better variety options to choose from. • Overall breeder/foundation seed production is still low due to the low capability of the institutions and private sector in both countries. In Kenya, there is limited land for foundation seed bulking which has led to limited breeder and foundation seed availability of the target varieties. • The OPV and legume seed recycling is an issue for the farmers due to limitation of seed production in small land sizes as well as lack of technical staff & certification officers. • Knowledge of hybrid use requirements is not universal even among scientists, and poor Seed quality has discouraged farmers from buying seeds of hybrid maize. • Quality of seed products from most seed companies in Nigeria is poor due to: absence of cleaning or grading their hybrid seeds before selling. • Distortion in the seed distribution and pricing in Nigeria is prevalent and there is Inadequate credit facilities for receptive farmers. • Perceived high seed prices of new varieties compared to other hybrid varieties and saved seed has been a challenge to adoption. • The limited market for IR-Maize is making it unattractive for seed companies in Kenya and Nigeria. • Community based seed production is a key component in Nigeria but issues of quality assurance on-farm is a challenge which has led to rejection of some farmers seed fields. • Monitoring and feedback exercises has shown that there is limited access and availability of improved seed despite ISMA project activities. • Local seed production of Desmodium is unsatisfactory to meet demand in Kenya.

8 Stakeholder engagement • Political and public institutional support is lacking in both countries and there is limited emphasis on collective action on Striga management and linkage with other parallel government or NGO initiatives. • To expand the geographic coverage to other Striga endemic areas, widening base extension with NARS is needed but In-country partnership is still limited. • Low participation of women farmers and youths in stakeholder platforms needs to be addressed. This will help encourage farmer enthusiasm for the Striga management technologies which exists in some areas while there is evidence of farmer resistance in some other areas.

M&E and learning • The community based seed fields are too many to be monitored by the regulatory authorities to ascertain quality of the seed harvested. • The cost-benefit of some existing technologies is still low generally and efforts are needed to increase this to a profitable level. • The poor return on investment in agriculture and poor market information is widespread in Nigeria and Kenya. It has clearly been shown through the mid-term studies in Nigeria that the cost-benefit of some crop technologies in non-project intervention areas is very low. • Baseline socio-economic and biophysical studies also clearly show that the Striga problem is widespread and the pandemic is correlated to low soil fertility. • There is low and inconsistent adoption rates of new technologies from region to region and across technologies.

Recommendations and insights

Research and development • Striga resistance mechanism in maize and cowpea should be explored through long-term trials to look at the Striga surviving on resistant varieties and Imazapyr Resistant (IR) maize; and select desired genotypes. • There is a need to stack Imazapyr resistance into conventional Striga resistance to address selection pressures that might lead to resistance breakdown. • Use markers and GBS, and double haploid technology to fast track resistance breeding. • Use diversity analysis techniques to help design methodologies and techniques to carry out selection pressure studies. • Improve strong west/east Africa exchange to support and help fast-track Striga resistance breeding (combined traits of IR maize and Striga resistant maize). • IR maize has helped to reduce Striga populations in Kenya but farmers still maintain traditional varieties in parallel production. Long-term trials are necessary to know the efficacy of the technologies that are being promoted. • Need for linkage between soil fertility and diet diversity in maize–legume rotation/inter-cropping studies. • Breeders should keep the end-user in mind through the whole breeding process to ensure that it is demand-driven. • Effective use of cereal- legume rotation in management of Striga requires careful selection and screening of legume varieties that have the capacity to induce suicidal germination of Striga hermonthica seeds. • Develop hybrids that are widely adapted and high yielding so that they are competitive regardless of the level of Striga infestation. • To reduce the length of time between variety development and release, run seed production and commercialization process in parallel with variety release. • Introduce slow release Herbicide used for coating IR maize to reduce leaching and increase season long coverage for Striga control. • Finalize the validation of the efficacy of biocontrol technology in combination with Striga resistant and susceptible varieties in reducing Striga infestation and in enhancing maize grain yield. • Focus the breeding effort on maize varieties that combine several useful traits such as Striga resistance,

9 herbicide resistance, drought tolerance/resistance, low Nitrogen varieties, yield factors, and disease resistance without suppressing the yield factors. • The effect of IR maize and Desmodium in weed management and reducing the Striga seed bank should be studied in order to determine its role in labor saving and conservation agriculture. • The interaction between yield and soil fertility, including residue management in conservation agriculture needs to be explored. • To reduce the yield gap, a study should be carried out to determine the interaction between Striga races, Striga resistant-maize varieties and management practices. • Legume cultivation should be integrated in Striga infested areas with the aim of addressing Protein-calorie malnutrition and improved livelihoods at household level. • Striga suppressive traits of Desmodium should be transferred into food crops such as common beans in East Africa and cowpea in West Africa. • Biocontrol technology needs more testing time to improve the efficacy and delivery mechanisms and to register the effective Biocontrol agents identified. • More virulent strains identified in Biocontrol Technology should be used to carry out more extensive trials across different agro-ecological zones (AEZs) to validate efficacy of biocontrol technology in combination with the susceptible and resistant maize varieties. • The Biocontrol agent Fusarium sp. is a common soil borne pathogen. The antagonistic effects in the soil which may nullify the effect of the virulent strains being used should be determined. This should be correlated to the carry-over persistence effect of the Fusarium sp. in the soil and its linkage to Striga suppressive soils. • Environmental effects on yield factors need to be captured, e.g. the effect of drought tolerance in Striga resistant and IR maize varieties should be studied. • Key linkages between Striga control and food security should be identified, clarified and strengthened.

Input/seed systems • Improve the capability of the institutions and private sector in both countries in overall breeder/foundation seed production of hybrids, OPV and legumes. • Improve on quality of seed products from most seed companies in Nigeria by ensuring that the seeds are cleaned and graded before selling. • New IR Maize varieties developed should be adapted to wide ecological regions and should perform well under both Striga and non-Striga infestation. This will increase the market potential for IR-Maize to make it attractive for seed companies in Kenya and Nigeria. • Seed companies taking over seed sales is the future for sustainability of the Striga control technologies. Quality assurance of seed is essential to restore trust. • The project should enhance and expand public-private partnerships (PPP) through linkages with lead farmers and large scale farms and by broadening the base of partners so as to improve the private sector’s capacity to implement large scale seed production and commercialization. • The project should continue to strengthen community based seed systems and also partner with additional multinational seed companies to bring in sustainability and increase accessibility to seeds through strong and reliable seed producers. • The seed of new varieties of maize, cowpea, soybean and Desmodium should be disseminated and distributed to agro-ecologies where they perform best. • More breeder and foundation seeds should be multiplied by involving more private seed companies in hybrid maize production so as to ensure constant renewal of foundation seeds. • Collaborate with government initiatives to reduce distortion in the seed distribution and pricing in Nigeria. • The establishment of linkages with State and local government to buy seed from seed companies and community seed producers so that they can sell it to farmers at subsidized price should be explored. • There should be partnerships with regulatory regimes in target countries to monitor seeds and ensure that the seed companies always follow prescribed recommendations in producing, storing, marketing and distributing seeds.

10 Stakeholder engagement • Increased efforts are required to ensure a more systemic approach in the project. This would involve developing and strengthening key linkages and synergies with other projects, policy makers at various levels of government and with the relevant institutions to facilitate scaling out of Striga management technologies. • The role of each partner should be clearly defined to avoid duplication of efforts. • Facilitation is needed to ensure that all project stakeholders are contributing towards a common objective. • To ensure sustainability of the outcomes, private sector partners need to be identified who can take the lead to determine appropriate geographical focus areas and the Striga control technologies/varieties best suited to them. • In order to scale up the selected Striga control technologies, farmers need to work closely with other stakeholders. e.g. seed companies, county government, researchers, min. of agriculture and policy makers. • The project should help create an enabling environment that encourages private sector participation in the marketing and commercialization of the new varieties. • The process and experience of the respective innovation platforms (IPs) should be captured, documented and evaluated, and cross-learning between the Nigerian and Kenyan counterparts should be encouraged. • Partners, especially the private sector, need incentives (seed/fertilizer/funds) to perform. This is what currently drives the IPs. • There is a need for the adoption of IPs approach in technology identification, development and dissemination of sustainable technologies. • The localization of the innovation stakeholder platform is necessary to intensify awareness raising activities through better communication, linkages, and support to technological innovation. • Partnership and linkages with the local government initiatives in Kenya and Nigeria need to be explored and strengthened to ensure that the varieties being marketed reach the farmers and to fast track implementation of the technologies. • Strengthening of partnerships with the State government for support in funding should be carried out through linkage with the government initiatives (subsidies & free samples) and extension services to help create demand. • To reduce costs, avoid duplication of efforts, and introduce sustainability, the private sector should take charge of promoting the technologies and making the technologies and other support services accessible and affordable. • The project should engage a wide range of stakeholders to promote the project and scale up to new areas where Striga is endemic. The communities and farmers being targeted should be identified and profiled so that their needs can be met more effectively. • The project should develop and expand the technology dissemination platform and networks by partnering with seed companies, NGO’s and CBO’s at the local level for synergy and impact. • Work with regulatory regimes in target countries to monitor seeds and ensure that the seed companies always follow prescribed recommendations in producing, storing, marketing and distributing seeds

Extension systems • Scaling out and up strategies (e.g. via workshops, Demonstrations and field days) should be put in place to extend project technologies to other farmers in Striga infested zones. • Need to understand the essence of scaling up to ensure that the appropriate technologies with higher chances for adoption are prioritized for scaling up. • Strategic planning in the use of demos/field days, to ensure that demos are focused more on (pedagogic) quality and less on quantity (in terms of meeting numeric targets). The demos should not be combined with research plots but developed specifically for the purpose of demonstrations. • Need to measure impact of demonstrations. • A unified partnership communication strategy should be ensured so as to avoid duplication and competition (especially between companies). • Introduction of new varieties in a farming system can take 10-20 years. This should be factored in the marketing planning to appreciate the marketing growth cycle.

11 • Carry out awareness creation that leads to adoption, through demonstrations, field days, etc • Niche mapping of technology usage should be carried out and decision trees and tools should be developed in order to support the promotion of best-bet practices, including productivity enhancing technologies. • Define needs for scaling out to larger target areas • Ready technologies should be disseminated mainly through innovation Platforms (IPs), Demonstration, training (Extension agents and farmers), seed production and commercialization, engagement of policy makers, government officials, mass media, field days, plot demonstrations and training. • Identify opinion leaders and influencers within the target communities to further promote the technologies. • Appropriate technologies ready for deployment to farmers should be identified and then targeted to specific farmer typologies and environments. • To increase uptake and adoption, individual farmers in a community should be encouraged to select the best-bet technologies to try on their own and to demonstrate farmer preferred combination of technologies with respect to the establishment of product/technology demonstration plots. • A study should be carried out to identify and profile the communities and farmers being targeted so as to be more effective in meeting their needs. • The proven mature Striga management technologies should be publicized through breaking down, simplifying and presenting evidence of success to local level actors. • The project should engage in demand-led promotion and availing the products/technologies at the right time and place to ensure that the technologies are working and meeting farmers’ needs. • Farmers should be encouraged to form associations/farmer groups for collective marketing. • Institutionalization and farmers’ capacity to promote adoption of technologies should be strengthened through strong involvement and empowerment of farming communities and national partners to play a central role in variety selection and distribution.

M&E and learning • There is a need to better understand the MLE process and how it impacts on project implementation at all levels and across different institutions and target countries. The same approach may not be applicable to every situation and region. • A more robust and mutually understood MLE Framework will need to be developed that can bring all stakeholders together around a common vision, with clarity on their roles, responsibilities and interdependencies in both implementation and M&E. • The MLE framework should support the identification of critical factors that influence the likelihood of success and adoption of Striga management technologies under different conditions. • The implementation plans and methods used in the project should be adapted and changed based on lessons learnt and critical evaluation of achievements in terms of technology dissemination and adoption • There is a need to identify the key achievements and integrate that into the project so as to crystallize and change focus to new approaches that can address the management of Striga effectively. • There is a need for more emphasis on social science. Top-down promotion might not be as successful as a demand-driven approach of meeting the needs of our target systems. • Based on the lessons learned, there should be more targeting of Striga management technologies to small- holder farmers who are most affected by the infestation. • Evidence-based learning should be carried out between West Africa and East Africa. Inter-regional learning will be improved through knowledge sharing, exchange of germplasm, adoption of IPs approach in technology identification, development and dissemination; study exchange visits; and different partnership management strategies. • Selection and prioritization of integrated technologies for dissemination to the farmers should be based on the evidence of success (good adoption rates for uptake by farmers) and the cost-benefit analysis which should determine the added advantage of promoting each technology over the other. • The value and benefits of technology demonstrations should be measured to ensure that appropriate knowledge is effectively being passed to farmers.

12 • A standardized M&E system that goes across technologies, locations and countries should be established. • A good monitoring system should be established to track the activities of the seed producers to maintain seed quality and distribution. • Evaluation studies should be carried out on how technologies fit into farmers’ current production systems. This will help understand farmers perception of technologies, their decision making patterns and who really benefits. The information will help re-design promotion activities based on outcome and result • Efforts should be made to understand the adoption process, so as to capture what farmers do with the technology both in the short and long term. • Obstacles for uptake of technologies should be be studied. There should be an analysis of reasons for slow adoption and how this can be overcome to fast-track the adoption process. • Integration of technologies should be supported by long-term monitoring systems for soil improvement and seed bank depletion, and market opportunities for livelihood improvement. • M&E approaches should be used to identify the interests and contributions of the innovation platform participants to strengthen interactions for the system’s intensification

Key questions • What are the most important lessons we have learned. How can we ensure that the targets are met and the action points are implemented?. • Where and how do the technologies – alone and in combination – fit in, within the communities and farmers being targeted so as to be more effective in meeting their needs?. • The project has a unique partnership based on stakeholders at all levels (country, state/county, community). How can we build on the capacity and partnership already established during the project life to help upscale the technologies?. • What are the strategic focus areas for each Striga management technology? • How can we best target appropriate Striga management technologies to specific farmer environments?. This should be emphasized to fit in the current technologies with farmers’ preferences. • What is the added advantage of each technology (e.g. biocontrol technology, push-pull technology and herbicide resistance) in combination with Striga resistance? • How far can we expand the impact of promising technologies already identified? • What is the market for push-pull technology (PPT)? What is the proportion of livestock producers among resource poor smallholders? The answers will enable us better niche match PPT into the farming systems in East and West Africa. • What is the effect of Desmodium on biodiversity and other parasitic weeds once it is deployed? • How can we measure seed sales in terms of who is buying, what type of farmers, what they do with it, and what they think about it? • Who champions the project/benefits after the end of the project? • How do we support the private sector to operate more effectively instead of duplicating what they do? • The issues of creating demand needs to be addressed. Where is the produce going? What drives the market demand?

Farmers involved in production and demonstrations of Striga management technologies listening attentively to State and local government leaders during a field day in Ganjuwa LGA, Bauchi State, Nigeria. 5 Way Forward Based on the detailed findings presented in the matrices in Annex 1, project partners should reflect and take stock followed by a collective process of developing an MLE framework. This would ideally be organized in the form of a facilitated workshop comprising two parts. The first part would focus on reaching a common understanding of what has been achieved so far, the lessons learned, questions, gaps, and challenges. The second part would build on the results of the first part but focus more on the development of the MLE framework comprising an actor-centred ToC (how will different players contribute to the achievement of project goals), mutually agreed evaluation and learning questions, and a clear measurement plan and learning strategy. Given the current time frame of the project, the ToC workshop will potentially be held in conjunction with the project launch workshop of the second phase (if successful) to allow the stakeholders to apply the lessons learned and achievements in the first phase to planning for the second phase. The table below summarizes what would be covered in each part of the proposed ToC workshop: 1. Validate the findings in the matrices and make corrections/additions 2. Identify the gap between the project’s objectives/milestones and achievements Part 1 3. Identify key strategic challenges/issues to be resolved 4. Review project objectives in light of the above 1. Review the players in the system and profile them 2. Identify what different players would need to do (individually and with each other) to achieve the project objectives in phase 2 3. Identify the roles of different partners in influencing changes in key players Part 2 4. Develop a measurement framework for tracking changes relevant to each player and agree on roles and responsibilities for phase 2. 5. Identify key learning and evaluation questions 6. Identify mechanisms of communication, coordination, and learning across the project partners 14

Leaders and Directors in the Ministry of Agriculture; and the Bauchi State Agriculture Development Programme during a Field day showcasing different Striga Management technologies. Ganjuwa Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria.

6 Annex 1: Status Analysis Report: Unpacking and Reorganizing

15 17 16

resistance been resistance in regions across

Has the mechanism of mechanism the Has Striga studied? Whatare the values of the to relation in technologies I.e. farmers? plant host herbicide and resistance resistance. anythere Is systematic record wherethe resistance on differences onshown are different Striga Nigeria?

1. What is the sustainability of sustainability the is What 1. Are Nigeria? in production seed can that companies there seed foundationproduce - seed to role the leaving of instead breederthe who both produces breederfoundationand seed? Questions 1. 2. 3.

Striga in the in Resistant Resistant Striga, including: Striga, ; (e) Identify(e) ; the Striga resistant maize resistant resistance trials; resistance resistance; (d) in cowpea and cowpea in Maize resistance, herbicide resistance, Striga ll fit thatcan varieties as Striga Striga ) in production andproduction in ) management Striga Striga of Cowpeaof are which lines Striga germination capabilities capabilities germination Striga Striga resistant materials for breeding,for materials as and for as well resistant diversity study:helped deepento understanding diversity and at host cereal level. genetic the parasite hybrids. hybrids. Include other partners (Seed Companies) for accessing for (Seed partners Companies) other Include Striga theproduction and marketing of should Breeders keep the always end-userin mind throughthe wholeprocess, which should be demand- driven. andmaize new of production Seed multiplication and varieties. cowpea and cowpea maize, of seed distribute and Disseminate varietiessoybean agro-ecologiesto they perform where best. of breeder Establishment and foundation seed production supportto centres productionseed certified seed of companies renewal beshould There seedsfoundation of constant a productionseed the breederusing to by maintain to seeds chain marketing good with records track companies seed ( Engage goodof marketing seeds quality surviving on IR maize and select desired genotypes;desired select and maize IR (f) on surviving for legumes Screen Combine synergies with other projects working on working other synergiesCombine projects with of problem the solve to sorghum to resistance of mechanisms for gene(s) stacking; (f) Use different scenarios for for scenarios (f) different Use gene(s) stacking; for up varietiesstacked developing E.g. with breeding. new suppressinggenes Identify(g) factors; genes without yield termlong up trialsthe at look to start resistance: for intointercropping (c) systems; Development of drought combined maize tolerant with varieties)maize IR and studied be should technologiesto meet a range wide of production (b) Development constraints; we as resistant disease and pest Striga in region(s) both suitable identify to and varieties about use for countries for location as between if Identifying, adaptations and specific present, Striga Identifiedstrategies for generation of more robust managementbetter for technologies of Development(a) more of combine that varieties maize on be should focus Breeding as such traits useful several resistance disease and factors, yield resistance, beto need factors captured on yield effects Environmental farmerdetermine to varieties. specific growing on success of tolerancedrought effect the E.g. (in project. the into packaged be to needs factor fertility Soil including betweeninteraction The and yield fertility, soil managementresidue needsagriculture conservation in to explored.be todevelopment technology Focus bank Seed include forimprovement soil and reduction technologies all

1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

seed production is still low due low still is production seed theof capability low the to reasons other institutions issuefor the farmers due to in production seed of limitation of lack as well as lands small certification & staff technical officers farmersdiscouraged from of seeds maize buying hybrid & cowpea are in conflict with in are cowpea with & conflict parameters quality soil of Number in breedersfew is seed companies. partner the universities this, alleviate To breederstraining are maize, in to otherand cowpea crops of the complementthe efforts companies seed

1. breeder/foundation Overall 2. recyclingseed OPV an is 3. qualitySeed Poor has 1. varieties Developed maize of 2.

Striga , ,

Striga

resistant resistant Striga and Striga emergence infestation, infestation,

plants than plants Striga Striga resistant resistant Striga Striga resistant maize resistant Striga Striga resistant maize resistant cowpea resistant infestation; and restrict infestation; /Alectra resistant resistant /Alectra damage, and supportand damage, 52% Striga Striga damage incidence and

Striga Striga

Striga

Striga . 3 . Genetic diversity studies throughstudies diversity Genetic from Nigeria from Kenya and are todamage up support and less 57% 17.45 tons of breederof tons 17.45 of seed SeedNARS, to supplied tons 11.84 and Companies SeedProducers Certifiedof tons 319.4 producedCommunityseed maize by resistant maize produced by IITA byproduced IITA maize resistant

OPV’s for on-farm trials, variety registration variety trials, on-farm for OPV’s and CB bycompanies release seed and producers resistant cowpea 47-50% is varieties resistant preferred thatthan higher farmers’ of from ranging with yields varieties; to 0.6 t/ha. 1.6 compared with the common farmers’ the farmers’ common with compared hybrids.commercial and varieties with farmer with preferredand commercial hybrids. collected accessions cowpea 194 of total A gene beenhave bank IITA the from to for screened resistance Alectra usedand identified are accessions to newdevelop/test 2 lines; advanced & grain/fodder 2 varieties, solo/cropping intercropvarieties mean The ofyield improved Disseminated producethat varieties grain to up yields on-farm,3.6t/ha upof increase an 126% to grainmore under yields Disseminated producethat varieties grain to up of yields farm,on 1.35t/ha with compared when 0.66t/ha farmer with preferred varieties demonstration900 of on fields total A Maize-Soybean (400), rotation Striga cowpea maizeMSM (400) (100) resistant Northern in communities 200 in up set performancefield the validate to Nigeria of the disseminate to and technologies the practicesbest-bet varieties and adequateof Production 2 : of seeds Year hybridsmaize IR and 3: Year ◦ ◦ ◦ infestation. infestation. developed and validated. The hybridsThe validated.and developed 24%produce 132%- more grain yields under variety check commercial than drought (11 varieties), polygenicand drought (11 resistance fewer79% to emerged thefarmer preferred and commercial developed. hybrids Shorter a (once time release year)secured newfor varieties (OPV, varieties promising of Identification that and hybrids) increase maize yield, reduce variousfor Breeding multiple of forms herbicide, including resistance: IR high hybrids 27 Maize that yielding and MSM to resistance combine 10and OPV 6 that hybridvarieties maize 10-40%have higher thethan yields to 17% sustain varieties; check commercial less 42% tolerantdrought 9 Striga IR-maizehybrids produce on-farm grain up t/ha4.6 to yield farmer-for 1.7t/ha vs. preferredcommercial hybrids Striga Genotypebased that show sequencing Striga different genetically IR-Maize cross 3-way & top-cross Best produce hybrids 333%to up more grain under yield Striga compared fewer 98% to emerged plants hybrids with yield increases of 22 to 64% to 22 of increases hybrids with yield reduces Strigasignificantly and

10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Achievements Challenges Insights/Propositions

Nigeria 6.1. (MaizeCowpea)and 6.1.1. New seed varieties

Extension Input/Seed Systems Aspects Aspects Domains R&D 6.1. Nigeria (Maize and Cowpea) 6.1.1. New seed varieties

16 18 17 16

resistance been resistance in regions across community based seed community quality ascertain to fields harvestedseed the of

Has the mechanism of mechanism the Has Striga studied? Whatare the values ofthe to relation in technologies I.e. farmers? plant host herbicide and resistance resistance. anythere Is systematic record wherethe resistance on differences onshown are different Striga Nigeria?

1. monitor effectively to How

Striga in the in Resistant Resistant Striga, including: Striga, ; (e) Identify(e) ; the Striga resistant maize resistant resistance trials; resistance resistance; (d) in cowpea and cowpea in Maize resistance, herbicide resistance, Striga ll fit can that varieties as Striga Striga ) in production andproduction in ) management Striga Striga of Cowpeaof are which lines Striga germination capabilities capabilities germination Striga Striga resistant varieties varieties resistant resistant germplasm with partners to developto partners germplasm resistant with Striga Striga resistant materials for breeding,for materials as and for as well resistant diversity study:helped deepento understanding diversity and at host cereal level. genetic the parasite distribution channels, recipient categories, and theand categories, recipient channels, distribution This the varieties seed new where utilized. locations are crop to Institutional track to help contribution yields, will etc.income, farmer marketing of hybridof marketing seeds Multiply/provide more breedermore Multiply/provide andseeds foundation by maizehybrid in privatemore involving companies seed production projectpurposes, partners national sustainability For centrala varietyin role play should and selection distribution. Share own their collaboration with expanding by competition Increase Seed credible more Companies hybrids. hybrids. Include other partners (Seed Companies) for accessing for (Seed partners Companies) other Include Striga theproduction and marketing of should Breeders keep the always end-userin mind throughthe wholeprocess, which should be demand- driven. andmaize new of production Seed multiplication and varieties. cowpea and cowpea maize, of seed distribute and Disseminate varietiessoybean agro-ecologiesto they perform where best. breederof foundationand productionseed Establishment supportto centres productionseed certified seed of companies renewal beshould There seedsfoundation of constant a productionseed the breederusing to by maintain to seeds chain marketing good with records track companies seed ( Engage goodof marketing seeds quality surviving on IR maize and select desired genotypes;desired select and maize IR (f) on surviving for legumes Screen Combine synergies with other projects working on working other synergiesCombine projects with of problem the solve to sorghum to resistance of mechanisms for gene(s) stacking; (f) Use different scenarios for for scenarios (f) different Use gene(s) stacking; for up varietiesstacked developing E.g. with breeding. new suppressinggenes Identify(g) factors; genes without yield termlong up trialsthe at look to start resistance: for intointercropping (c) systems; Development of drought combined maize tolerant with technologiesto meet a range wide of production (b) Development constraints; we as resistant disease and pest Striga in region(s) both suitable identify to and varieties about use for countries for location as between if Identifying, adaptations and specific present, Striga Identifiedstrategies for generation of more robust managementbetter for technologies of Development(a) more of combine that varieties maize on be should focus Breeding as such traits useful several resistance disease and factors, yield resistance, beto need factors captured on yield effects Environmental farmerdetermine to varieties. specific growing on success of tolerancedrought effect the E.g. (in varieties)maize IR and studied be should project. the into packaged be to needs factor fertility Soil including betweeninteraction The and yield fertility, soil managementresidue needsagriculture conservation in to explored.be todevelopment technology Focus bank Seed include forimprovement soil and reduction technologies all

1. protocols Develop varietyseed new the track to 6. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

fieldsare too many to be bymonitored the regulatory authorities. production is a key component key a is production butproject the of of issues a is farm on assurance quality to led has which challenge farmers some of rejection fields. seed seed production is still low due low still is production seed theof capability low the to reasons other institutions issuefor the farmers due to in production seed of limitation of lack as well as lands small certification & staff technical officers farmersdiscouraged from of seeds maize buying hybrid

1. varieties Developed maize of 2.

Striga , ,

Striga Striga

resistant resistant Resistant Resistant Striga and Resistant Resistant Striga emergence infestation, infestation,

plants than plants Striga Striga resistant resistant Striga Striga Striga Striga resistant maize resistant Striga Striga resistant cowpea cowpea resistant resistant maize resistant cowpea resistant infestation; and restrict infestation; /Alectra resistant resistant /Alectra damage, and supportand damage, 52% Striga Striga Striga damage incidence and

Striga

Striga . 3 . Genetic diversity studies throughstudies diversity Genetic from Nigeria from Kenya and are todamage up support and less 57% Striga Cowpeaproduced over three years 1-3) (Year resistant cowpea produced seed by resistant seed seedcommunity and producers Nigeria. in companies seed producers and seed companies producers seed companies seed and tons1285 Overall, of Maizeproduced overthree years 1-3). (Year tons certified of 118.5 of total A 1mtthan More of breeder ofseeds Released for varietiespartners to supplied further promotionwork Overall,346.5 tons of 17.45 tons of breederof tons 17.45 of seed SeedNARS, to supplied tons 11.84 and Companies SeedProducers Certifiedof tons 319.4 producedCommunityseed maize by resistant maize produced by IITA byproduced IITA maize resistant

monitoring carriedmonitoring farmersamongst out trials. demonstration in involved

OPV’s for on-farm trials, variety registration variety trials, on-farm for OPV’s and CB bycompanies release seed and producers resistant cowpea 47-50% is varieties resistant preferred thatthan higher farmers’ of from ranging with yields varieties; to 0.6 t/ha. 1.6 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ herbicideMSM and IR registered been has BASF by Nigeria in DUPONT, and respectively. Increasedprogress toward varieties new of through commercialisation June n IR two of varieties release maize 2014. with farmer with preferredand commercial hybrids. collected accessions cowpea 194 of total A gene beenhave bank IITA the from to for screened resistance Alectra mean The ofyield improved Disseminated the farmers’ common with compared hybrids.commercial and varieties Disseminated demonstration900 of on fields total A Maize-Soybean (400), rotation Striga adequateof Production 2 : of seeds Year hybridsmaize IR and 3: Year ◦ ◦ ◦ accessions are identified and usedand identified are accessions to newdevelop/test 2 lines; advanced & grain/fodder 2 varieties, solo/cropping intercropvarieties producethat varieties grain to up yields on-farm,3.6t/ha upof increase an 126% to grainmore under yields producethat varieties grain to up of yields farm,on 1.35t/ha with compared when 0.66t/ha farmer with preferred varieties cowpea maizeMSM (400) (100) resistant Northern in communities 200 in up set performancefield the validate to Nigeria of the disseminate to and technologies the practicesbest-bet varieties and infestation. infestation. developed and validated. The hybridsThe validated.and developed 24%produce 132%- more grain yields under variety check commercial than drought (11 varieties), polygenicand drought (11 resistance fewer79% to emerged thefarmer preferred and commercial developed. hybrids Shorter a (once time release year)secured newfor varieties (OPV, varieties promising of Identification that and hybrids) increase maize yield, reduce variousfor Breeding multiple of forms herbicide, including resistance: IR high hybrids 27 Maize that yielding and MSM to resistance combine 10and OPV 6 that hybridvarieties maize 10-40%have higher thethan yields to 17% sustain varieties; check commercial less 42% tolerantdrought 9 Striga IR-maizehybrids produce on-farm grain up t/ha4.6 to yield farmer-for 1.7t/ha vs. preferredcommercial hybrids Striga Genotypebased that show sequencing Striga different genetically IR-Maize cross 3-way & top-cross Best produce hybrids 333%to up more grain under yield Striga compared fewer 98% to emerged plants hybrids with yield increases of 22 to 64% to 22 of increases hybrids with yield reduces Strigasignificantly and

1. and Mid-season evaluationseason of end

1. 2. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Achievements Challenges Insights/Propositions

6.1.1. New seed varieties Nigeria 6.1. (MaizeCowpea)and M&E Stakeholder Stakeholder Engagement Extension Input/Seed Systems Aspects Aspects Domains R&D

17 16 18

resistance been resistance in regions across Has the mechanism of mechanism the Has Striga studied? Whatare the values ofthe to relation in technologies I.e. farmers? plant host herbicide and resistance resistance. anythere Is systematic record wherethe resistance on differences onshown are different Striga Nigeria? community based seed community quality ascertain to fields harvestedseed the of

Questions 1. 2. 3. 1. monitor effectively to How

Striga Resistant Resistant Striga, including: Striga, ; (e) Identify(e) ; the Striga resistance trials; resistance resistance; (d) in cowpea and cowpea in Maize resistance, herbicide resistance, Striga ll fit can that varieties as Striga management Striga Striga of Cowpeaof are which lines Striga germination capabilities capabilities germination Striga Striga resistant varieties varieties resistant resistant germplasm with partners to developto partners germplasm resistant with Striga Striga diversity study:helped deepento understanding diversity and at host cereal level. genetic the parasite surviving on IR maize and select desired genotypes;desired select and maize IR (f) on surviving for legumes Screen Combine synergies with other projects working on working other synergiesCombine projects with of problem the solve to sorghum to resistance of mechanisms for gene(s) stacking; (f) Use different scenarios for for scenarios (f) different Use gene(s) stacking; for up varietiesstacked developing E.g. with breeding. new suppressinggenes Identify(g) factors; genes without yield termlong up trialsthe at look to start resistance: for intointercropping (c) systems; Development of drought combined maize tolerant with technologiesto meet a range wide of production (b) Development constraints; we as resistant disease and pest Striga in region(s) both suitable identify to and varieties about use for countries for location as between if Identifying, adaptations and specific present, Striga Identifiedstrategies for generation of more robust managementbetter for technologies of Development(a) more of combine that varieties maize on be should focus Breeding as such traits useful several resistance disease and factors, yield resistance, beto need factors captured on yield effects Environmental farmerdetermine to varieties. specific growing on success of tolerancedrought effect the E.g. (in varieties)maize IR and studied be should project. the into packaged be to needs factor fertility Soil including betweeninteraction The and yield fertility, soil managementresidue needsagriculture conservation in to explored.be todevelopment technology Focus bank Seed include forimprovement soil and reduction technologies all distribution channels, recipient categories, and theand categories, recipient channels, distribution This the varieties seed new where utilized. locations are crop to Institutional track to help contribution yields, will etc.income, farmer Multiply/provide more breedermore Multiply/provide andseeds foundation by maizehybrid in privatemore involving companies seed production projectpurposes, partners national sustainability For centrala varietyin role play should and selection distribution. Share own their collaboration with expanding by competition Increase Seed credible more Companies marketing of hybridof marketing seeds

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. protocols Develop varietyseed new the track to 6. 1. 2. 3.

& cowpea are in conflict with in are cowpea with & conflict parameters quality soil of Number in breedersfew is seed companies. partner the universities this, alleviate To breederstraining are maize, in to otherand cowpea crops of the complementthe efforts companies seed production is a key component key a is production butproject the of of issues a is farm on assurance quality to led has which challenge farmers some of rejection fields. seed fieldsare too many to be bymonitored the regulatory authorities. 1. varieties Developed maize of 2. 1. based seed Community 1. community The basedseed

Striga , , Striga Resistant Resistant Striga Resistant Resistant Striga emergence

plants than plants Striga Striga resistant maize resistant Striga resistant cowpea cowpea resistant infestation; and restrict infestation; damage, and supportand damage, 52% Striga damage incidence and

Striga

Striga Striga Genetic diversity studies throughstudies diversity Genetic from Nigeria from Kenya and are todamage up support and less 57% Striga resistant cowpea produced seed by resistant seed seedcommunity and producers Nigeria. in companies seed producers and seed companies producers seed companies seed and tons1285 Overall, of Maizeproduced overthree years 1-3). (Year tons certified of 118.5 of total A 1mtthan More of breeder ofseeds Released Overall,346.5 tons of Cowpeaproduced over three years 1-3) (Year varieties supplied to partners for for varietiespartners to supplied further promotionwork

infestation. infestation. developed and validated. The hybridsThe validated.and developed 24%produce 132%- more grain yields under variety check commercial than drought (11 varieties), polygenicand drought (11 resistance fewer79% to emerged thefarmer preferred and commercial developed. hybrids Shorter a (once time release year)secured newfor varieties (OPV, varieties promising of Identification that and hybrids) increase maize yield, reduce variousfor Breeding multiple of forms herbicide, including resistance: IR high hybrids 27 Maize that yielding and MSM to resistance combine 10and OPV 6 that hybridvarieties maize 10-40%have higher thethan yields to 17% sustain varieties; check commercial less 42% tolerantdrought 9 Striga IR-maizehybrids produce on-farm grain up t/ha4.6 to yield farmer-for 1.7t/ha vs. preferredcommercial hybrids Striga Genotypebased that show sequencing Striga different genetically IR-Maize cross 3-way & top-cross Best produce hybrids 333%to up more grain under yield Striga compared fewer 98% to emerged plants hybrids with yield increases of 22 to 64% to 22 of increases hybrids with yield reduces Strigasignificantly and

monitoring carriedmonitoring farmersamongst out trials. demonstration in involved ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ herbicideMSM and IR registered been has BASF by Nigeria in DUPONT, and respectively. Increasedprogress toward varieties new of through commercialisation June n IR two of varieties release maize 2014.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Achievements Challenges Insights/Propositions 1. and Mid-season evaluationseason of end 1. 2.

6.1.1. New seed varieties Nigeria 6.1. (MaizeCowpea)and

Aspects Aspects Domains R&D Stakeholder Stakeholder Engagement M&E

23 22 varieties ? What is

Desmodium

Alectra S. gesnerioides their effect on their effect biodiversity and other once weeds parasitic it is deployed in West Africa? Agro-ecological suitability in Kano and for Bauchi states production of seeds drought-tolerant Desmodium Can the survive in Nigeria and is the duration what of survival? Is there other information on the of Desmodium effect on and How canHow Desmodium fit into the farming in systems drier areas where farms are larger and less intensive?

1. 2. 3.

Striga

Striga create

Desmodium Striga for the and efficacy in and efficacy ( and other Desmodium species. ) has been been ) has plants; advise plants;

for dual utility for Desmodium seeds D. Intortum Desmodium Desmodium Striga Desmodium endemic areas. management concept to include Desmodium Desmodium Training farmers and extension agents Training on seed production and handling of Desmodium Further awareness campaigns on the usefulness of Push pull technology information ISMA (handbills, bulletins, posters, etc.) should be produced in both English and local languages validation should be carried Technology out The push-pull technology should be it makes sense.targeted where doesHow Nigeria achieve optimum production of seed since seed availability is a major challenge? What is the market for Push-Pull Technology? Where is the livestock integration aspect in Push-pull technology? What is the proportion of livestock producers among resource poor smallholders? The answers enablewill us better niche push-pullthe match technology. control and scaling up (via workshops, Demonstrations and posters) should be done for (resource poor) farmers in Striga infestation tendinfestation to have high populations of livestock and demand for fodder. Desmodium species identified as adaptable and effective sorghum and maize intercrop with Capacity developmentCapacity of farmers/extension providers on to how grow push-pullExpand testing to reach more farmers in 2014. Screening large number of Africa should be The potential in West modelled to know Push-Pullhow basedworks on the Technology systems. farming existing Explore expansion of the integrated Striga livestock farmers in mixed crop- livestock rangelands to help demand (and seed company interest) for Adapt Push-pull to drier climatic conditions since areas highwith Possible government buy-in in farmers against spreading through free grazing; and develop guides for newly incorporated drought- resistant to identify varieties better with adaptation controlling development of local production under public “orphan crops” goods control and forage seed.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. . is

Striga seed in Desmodium Desmodium Desmodium for fodder and seed for farmers Seed production Desmodium infested areas Involve scientists and seed in productioncompanies of Desmodium seed, and also agro-dealers for distribution. Produce zone ina Nigeria wetter to ensureready availability of Desmodium access. to Increase validation through on-farm and on-station Desmodium irrigationwith (e.g. seed production facility from Maina seed Company). availability of qualityTimely and seed, farm inputs increased number of farmers in participating project areas could ensure Morphology of of Morphology to recognize is difficult plants farmers, so are by the plants weeded often out during the growthearly stages Free grazing by livestock in Striga negatively impact on the may establishment of Germination of a major problem.

Challenges Questions Insights/Propositions 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3.

. have is

Desmodium treatments. treatments. intercrop incidence and Desmodium germination rate Desmodium Desmodium hed at the Institute of oblem. Identification of Intortum D. uncinatum. Desmodium spp Desmodium Desmodium uncinatum maize/Desmodium icipe , Rothamsted Research control and yield performance materials survived the dry in the field 50-70% by at harvest , and screening of intercropped maize.was with ) can be used for seed production. /maize or sorghum caused reduced Desmodium Desmodium intortum Striga damage, and improved soil conditions for Desmodium Desmodium Intortum seed multiplication plot species for multiplication and dissemination in the Savannah dry ecologies. Highest biomass obtainedwas under th sole maize, sole wi compared when intercrop sorghum, sorghum/ Desmodium demonstration in Kano established andplots 8 in Bauchi states. reduced time 5 on-farm and 33 from from Bauchi State 12 participants (5 farmers from eachwere state) Kano State trained on Push-pull technology. the authorities established ADP In Bauchi state a An additional seed multiplication plots established at the IAR Kadawa Irrigation scheme. Local seed production of unsatisfactory to meet demand and difficult Seed availability is a pr low in somelow locations speciesnew seedingwith capability or mayvegetative propagation help solve the problem. of maize and Sorghum intercrops with Desmodium intercrops, Strigaintercrops, On-station trials establis On-station Ahmadu Bello Agricultural Research (IAR), University (ABU) to evaluate soil quality improvement in maize and Two season, and they are adapted to the ecology in Northern Nigeria. one species Only ( D. uncinatum drought-tolerant Two and IAR/ABU incorporated in the push-pull Nigeria and Kenya in technology maize grain yield increased from Generally, between 20 and 100 % over sole maize when Desmodium suggests that Study in reducing Striga effective was enhancing maize grain yield even one within season of planting of suggest that intercrop of Studies uncinatum Striga optimal growth that culminated into higher maize yield. farmers found that Participating been identified by

1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Achievements Achievements

6.1.2. Inter-cropping 6.1.3. Push-pull

Inter-cropping 6.1.2. 6.1.3 . Push-pull Extension Input/Seed Systems R&D Aspects Aspects Domains

23 22 24 varieties ? What is

Desmodium

1. 2. 3.

Striga

Striga create

Desmodium /cereal Striga for the and efficacy in and efficacy ( and other Desmodium species. ) has been been ) has plants; advise plants;

for dual utility for Desmodium Desmodium seeds D. Intortum Desmodium Desmodium Striga Desmodium endemic areas. management concept to include Desmodium Desmodium Training farmers and extension agents Training on seed production and handling of Desmodium Further awareness campaigns on the usefulness of Push pull technology information ISMA (handbills, bulletins, posters, etc.) should be produced in both English and local languages validation should be carried Technology out The push-pull technology should be it makes sense.targeted where doesHow Nigeria achieve optimum production of seed since seed availability is a major challenge? What is the market for Push-Pull Technology? Where is the livestock integration aspect in Push-pull technology? What is the proportion of livestock producers among resource poor smallholders? The answers enablewill us better niche push-pullthe match technology. control and scaling up (via workshops, Demonstrations and posters) should be done for (resource poor) farmers in Striga infestation tendinfestation to have high populations of livestock and demand for fodder. Desmodium species identified as adaptable and effective sorghum and maize intercrop with Capacity developmentCapacity of farmers/extension providers on to how grow push-pullExpand testing to reach more farmers in 2014. Screening large number of Africa should be The potential in West modelled to know Push-Pullhow basedworks on the Technology systems. farming existing Explore expansion of the integrated Striga livestock farmers in mixed crop- livestock rangelands to help demand (and seed company interest) for Adapt Push-pull to drier climatic conditions since areas highwith Possible government buy-in in farmers against spreading through free grazing; and develop guides for newly incorporated drought- resistant to identify varieties better with adaptation controlling development of local production under public “orphan crops” goods control and forage seed. Effort will be made to intensifywill Effort on-farm and on-station intercrop as as validationwell using farmers and in collaborationcontact with ADP’s. with communityEstablish by-laws against free grazing

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2.

. is

Striga seed in Striga Desmodium Desmodium Desmodium seed for farmers for fodder and Seed production Desmodium infested areas a wetter zone ina Nigeriawetter to ensureready availability of Desmodium access. to Involve scientists and seed in productioncompanies of Desmodium seed, and also agro-dealers for distribution. Produce Increase validation through on-farm and on-station Desmodium irrigationwith (e.g. seed production facility from Maina seed Company). availability of qualityTimely and seed, farm inputs increased number of farmers in participating project areas could ensure Morphology of of Morphology to recognize is difficult plants farmers, so are by the plants weeded often out during the growthearly stages Free grazing by livestock in Striga Germination of a major problem. may impact negatively impact on the may establishment of early planting and wider scope of success in Local governments for legislation on free grazing hermonthica control on farmlands to boost crop yields.

Challenges Questions Insights/Propositions 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 5.

. have is Striga

Desmodium treatments. treatments. provides feed intercrop incidence and Desmodium germination rate Desmodium Desmodium hed at the Institute of oblem. Identification of Intortum D. uncinatum. Desmodium spp Desmodium Desmodium uncinatum maize/Desmodium Desmodium icipe , Rothamsted Research production under “orphan control and yield performance materials survived the dry in the field 50-70% by at harvest , and screening of intercropped maize.was with

) can be used for seed production. /maize or sorghum caused reduced Desmodium Desmodium intortum Striga damage, and improved soil conditions for Desmodium Desmodium Desmodium Intortum seed multiplication plot species for multiplication and dissemination in the Savannah dry ecologies. Highest biomass obtainedwas under th sole maize, sole wi compared when intercrop sorghum, sorghum/ Desmodium unsatisfactory to meet demand and difficult reduced time 5 on-farm demonstration in Kano established andplots 8 in Bauchi states. and 33 from from Bauchi State 12 participants (5 farmers from eachwere state) Kano State trained on Push-pull technology. the authorities established ADP In Bauchi state a An additional seed multiplication plots established at the IAR Kadawa Irrigation scheme. in somelow locations Local seed production of Seed availability is a pr speciesnew seedingwith capability or mayvegetative propagation help solve the problem. of maize and Sorghum intercrops with Desmodium season, and they are adapted to the ecology in Northern Nigeria. one species Only ( D. uncinatum and IAR/ABU incorporated in the push-pull Nigeria and Kenya in technology in reducing Striga effective was enhancing maize grain yield even one within season of planting of uncinatum Striga optimal growth that culminated into higher maize yield. On-station trials establis On-station Strigaintercrops, Two drought-tolerant Two been identified by maize grain yield increased from Generally, between 20 and 100 % over sole maize when Desmodium suggests that Study suggest that intercrop of Studies farmers found that Participating Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello Agricultural Research (IAR), University (ABU) to evaluate soil quality improvement in maize and crops” publiccrops” goods to their animals, and (ii) 75% believe Possible government buy-in in development of local Farmers perception study carried out, and the that show (i) 100% of the farmers have results the perception that hermonthica infestation was low after planting hermonthica low after infestation was Desmodium

1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Achievements Achievements 1. 2.

Inter-cropping 6.1.2. 6.1.3 . Push-pull

Input/Seed Input/Seed Systems Extension R&D Aspects Aspects Domains SHD Engagement M&E

22 24 Striga Striga

infestation? What is the is What infestation BC for threshold to order in trials the efficacy show agents? BC of the is What advantage added plus BC of in Resistance against Maize Striga

Questions 1. 2.

Fusarium Striga BCA with with the BCA /cereal shows that shows Striga; Striga and imazapyr herbicide imazapyr and cides that contain a wide contain that cides studiesare needed. – cal zones (AEZs) to re-to (AEZs) zones cal are efindings expected to plants from different Agro- from different plants e promisinge the have and BC technology with a largea technology BC with strains isolated from diversifiedfrom isolated strains Desmodium Striga isolated indigenous isolated Striga and fungal diseasesfungal and Nigeria. in maize of Striga control improvement. crop and , yield Effort will be made to intensifywill Effort on-farm and on-station intercrop as as validationwell using farmers and in collaborationcontact with ADP’s. with communityEstablish by-laws against free grazing

Striga

1. 2.

ecological zones in Nigeria, againstNigeria, in zones ecological some indigenous isolates ar isolates indigenous some same level of efficacy as Foxy2 and PSM197. Themain Foxy2 as and PSM197. efficacy of level same oxysporum f.sp. Strigae oxysporum diseased of collection validate efficacy of BC technology to 50 sites in each state technologyBC state of each in sites 50 to efficacy validate 4 Year in pesti used commonly different combinationthe that indicate ingredients active of range theof delivery and directfor actiontriple a provide package coating seed of control More extensive validation trials should be carried outcarried be should extensivetrials More validation agro-ecologi different across socio-economicof benefit cost analysisand Undertaking for feasibility to its gauge technologyBC of necessary is adoption of integration and other BC with tests field More agronomic and technologies of BC thecombined on efficacy control tests Especially Strigae f.sp. oxysporum Fusarium on required is by biosafetyBCA of environmental of Validation otherfrom unequivocal crop- differentiation its showing diseases pathogenic carryand FOsinoculum Produce processcoating the out Nigeria in Therea is pathogen. borne soil common a is sp. Fusarium may that soil the in effects studyto need the antagonistic to needs This studied. being strains the of effect the nullify tocorrelated be the the carry-overof persistenceeffect to linkage its and soil the in sp. Fusarium of compatibility demonstrated The active same the containing pesticideof number products Thes possible. is ingredients and the of evaluation and Assessment pathogenicity newly the of virulence suppressive soils. suppressive

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Striga early planting and wider scope of success in Local governments for legislation on free grazing hermonthica control on farmlands to boost crop yields.

5. the Year 2 stage and not sufficient sufficient not and stage 2 Year the validationBC the for (i)lateto due in flood (ii) and 2011, in planting causedBoth 2012. low too emerged Strigaof populations clearprevented that treatment applicationto due BCA of effects 1. poor at was season two The data

Striga resistant resistant resistant resistant was provides feed emergence Fusarium Striga Striga Strigae susceptible control been have and Striga Fusarium Oxysporum Oxysporum Fusarium Striga f. sp. f. Desmodium production under “orphan Strigae

f. sp. f. significantly reducedsignificantly Desmodium maize maize improved grain yield by 37-65% grain improved maize yield when farmerto preferred compared varieties, while with combination the 19-33% produced varieties grainmaize more yield. by 70% by the36%, and with compared controls, resistant and susceptible respectively oxysporum (FOs)different of soil field rhizosphere in Combination of bio-controlof Combination (BC) trialsagent bio-control the of Compatibility the with compatibility shown have (BCA) andMSM, Glyphosate, Imazapyr, herbicides frequentlythe and treatmentseed used Apron Force, Dress Plus, Apron fungicides and Seedrex. Star coating seed complementary and Doses technologies the for protocols compatible 2 imazapyr)& (BC for Striga oxysporum Fusarium and combination The BCA of tocontributed BC grain the of increase yield by 21%variety farm,on and resistant the raisinggrain the yield station, on 54% to 57%to increases kg/ha)(1364 compared farmer’s154%and choice, (2054 kg/ha) theto control. susceptible compared high and multiplication survival, The theof abundance BC developed and IRand developed were seeds maize coated seed single-dose a with successfully and the herbicide imazapyr, treatmentof BCA proven not to produce mycotoxins, and BCA provennot to produce mycotoxins, and BCA growththe other of affect negatively not did intercropped commonly orand / plants crop farmingin Nigeria. of systems rotated crops” publiccrops” goods to their animals, and (ii) 75% believe Possible government buy-in in development of local Farmers perception study carried out, and the that show (i) 100% of the farmers have results the perception that hermonthica infestation was low after planting hermonthica low after infestation was Desmodium

Achievements Challenges Insights/Propositions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2.

6.1.4. Bio-control Aspects Domains R&D

M&E SHD Engagement 6.1.4. Bio-control

22 23 Striga Striga

infestation? What is the is What infestation BC for threshold to order in trials the efficacy show agents? BC of the is What advantage added plus BC of in Resistance against Maize Striga

Questions 1. 2.

―

control. Fusarium Striga Striga BCA with with the BCA shows that shows Striga; Striga and imazapyr herbicide imazapyr and cides that contain a wide contain that cides es identified during phaseduring identified es 1 studiesare needed. – cal zones (AEZs) to re-to (AEZs) zones cal are efindings expected to plants from different Agro- different from plants e promisinge the have and phereinnorthern soils Nigeria. BC technology with a largea technology BC with strains isolated from diversifiedfrom isolated strains Striga isolated indigenous isolated

Striga and fungal diseasesfungal and Nigeria. in maize of

resistant maize gave any yield advantage advantage any gave maize yield resistant Striga control improvement. crop and , yield Striga Striga ecological zones in Nigeria, againstNigeria, in zones ecological some indigenous isolates ar isolates indigenous some same level of efficacy as Foxy2 and PSM197. Themain Foxy2 as and PSM197. efficacy of level same oxysporum f.sp. Strigae oxysporum diseased of collection validate efficacy of BC technology to 50 sites in each state technologyBC state of each in sites 50 to efficacy validate 4 Year in soils. suppressive pesti used commonly different combinationthe that indicate ingredients active of range theof delivery and directfor actiontriple a provide package coating seed of control More extensive validation trials should be carried outcarried be should extensivetrials More validation agro-ecologi different across socio-economicof benefit cost analysisand Undertaking for feasibility to its gauge technologyBC of necessary is adoption of integration and other BC with tests field More agronomic and technologies of BC combined the on efficacy control tests Especially Strigae f.sp. oxysporum Fusarium on required is by biosafetyBCA of environmental of Validation otherfrom unequivocal crop- differentiation its showing diseases pathogenic carryand FOsinoculum Produce processcoating the out Nigeria in Therea is pathogen. borne soil common a is sp. Fusarium may that soil the in effects studyto need the antagonistic to needs This studied. being strains the of effect the nullify tocorrelated be the the carry-overof persistenceeffect to linkage its and soil the in sp. Fusarium of compatibility demonstrated The active same the containing pesticideof number products Thes possible. is ingredients and the of evaluation and Assessment pathogenicity newly the of virulence objective of this pathogenicity test for screen to is more pathogenicity this of objective aggressiveand virulent highly promising, for strains FOs promotionfuture for bio-herbicides as its ofthe project Important advantages of BCA are thatit can survive and advantages ofImportant BCA maizethe in rhizos multiply technologythisBC role The on focus within should Phase for up scaled be not should it hence and efficacy proving now seed on farmersof extensionand agents Training handlingand production technologi proven out Scaling Cost–benefit and the added of promoting advantage Bio should(BC) control established. be forused tools The tracking thenot whetheror bio-control and FOs was detected FOs inquantified and was rhizospherethe soils maizetreated of theon not and untreated controls after monitoringmolecular the using harvesting developed tools of University Hohenheimby collection systematicfor data standardized be should fields. the all across

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

― 9. 10. 1. 2. 1. 2.

the Year 2 stage and not sufficient sufficient not and stage 2 Year the validationBC the for (i)lateto due in flood (ii) and 2011, in planting causedBoth 2012. low too emerged Strigaof populations that prevented clearprevented that treatment applicationto due BCA of effects 1. poor at was season two The data ―

resistant resistant resistant resistant was emergence Fusarium Striga Striga Strigae susceptible control been have resistant maize, resistant field validation of validation field and Striga resistant cowpea. resistant Fusarium Oxysporum Oxysporum Fusarium Striga f. sp. f.

Striga Strigae is ais problem. major

f. sp. f.

significantly reducedsignificantly Resistant Maize – Soybean rotation Soybean– rotation Maize Resistant by 70% by the36%, and with compared controls, resistant and susceptible respectively maize by 37-65% grain improved maize yield when farmerto preferred compared varieties, while with combination the 19-33% produced varieties grainmaize more yield. Combination of bio-controlof Combination (BC) oxysporum trialsagent bio-control the of Compatibility the with compatibility shown have (BCA) andMSM, Glyphosate, Imazapyr, herbicides frequentlythe and treatmentseed used Apron Force, Dress Plus, Apron fungicides and Seedrex. Star coating seed complementary and Doses technologies the for protocols compatible 2 imazapyr)& (BC for Striga IRand developed were seeds maize coated seed single-dose a with successfully and the herbicide imazapyr, treatmentof BCA oxysporum Fusarium and combination The BCA of tocontributed BC grain the of increase yield by 21%variety farm,on and resistant the raisinggrain the yield station, on 54% to 57%to increases kg/ha)(1364 compared farmer’s154%and choice, (2054 kg/ha) theto control. susceptible compared high and multiplication survival, The theof abundance BC (FOs)different of soil field rhizosphere in proven not to produce mycotoxins, and BCA provennot to produce mycotoxins, and BCA growththe other of affect negatively not did intercropped commonly orand / plants crop farmingin Nigeria. of systems rotated Report on non-host specificity of BCA for Reporton non-host of specificity BCA grown publishedwere in crops and maize and Plant Phytopathology of Archives (2014).Protection benefit cost The BC that analysisshowed cost-benefit The effective. cost is technology 2.0 about is technology BC + maize of ratio 1.9to for Strigacompared for 2.0 maize, MSM/IR for 2.32 resistant Striga 3.15-3.54and for AEZs of northern Nigeria after northernof AEZs 5months after of Nigeria plantingare confirmed. showed BCA indigenous African West agro different to adaptations ecological northernof (AEZs) zones Nigeria ecological where Striga agro-ecologicalThe the influenced zones determinants. yield on BCA of effect has team BC many Stakeholders workedwith including strategic partners ISMA and Ahmadu atResearch Agricultural of Institute (IAR-ABU), Bauchi State University Bello KNARDA, farmersand several in ADP, carryto communities out trials established been have specificity Host IAR-ABU and with the collaboration in (NPQS) Station Quarantine Plant National bothunder housescreen and field conditions. the efficacy of theof technology. bio-control efficacy the

Achievements Challenges Insights/Propositions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. ― 1. 8. 9. 1. 2.

6.1.4. Bio-control Aspects Domains R&D

Extension Input/Seed Systems Stakeholder Engagement M&E

22 24 ? Striga

What is the number of number the is What neededyears for the between rotation to legumes and cereals in effective be controlling Questions 1.

Striga Striga races, races, Striga Striga Striga rotation shows an shows rotation control to options productivity, and productivity, hybrids, OPVs, and legume and OPVs, hybrids, Striga soybean and cowpeaand soybean identifyto ) germination that will be used in used be that germination will Striga Striga resistant-maize varieties and management and varieties resistant-maize control options to generate integrated packages integratedgenerate to options control packages increase in soybean soybean in increase yield, Maize-based Legume Rotation using LegumeMaize-based Rotation ( legumes Screen more inducing of promisingmore capable cultivars suicidal evaluateand Develop new of combinations of use Promote maize Carryon-station/farmforout to trials generate data release variety (450demonstrations State) per Interactionthe Determine between diversitydiet linkagefor Need fertility, soil between Nutrition.and soybeanof evaluation the of results Preliminary on effect subsequent their and varieties and sector Private of Involvement and local (both transformationand multinationals) theof agenda enhanceto adoption necessary is Govt. resistant lines is ideal for both for ideal Kenya.and Nigeria is lines resistant rotation: for legumes bet best Select Cowpea/groundnut/maizethe areas,for and dry forsoybean/maize higher areasrainfall cereal with rotation and develop and evaluate new of combinations Striga generateintegrated packages practices varieties to stimulate demand stimulate to varieties suppression effect at a phosphorusa at of application effect suppression 40kg/ha suppression in maize-Soybean in suppression

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Legume for intercroppingfor Legume on rotationvaries crop and and preferences local demandmarket handlingComplex and a is Maize IR of processing promotion the to bottleneck the of establishment and technology. IRof Registration Maize down the slowed of process subsequent and release This been has promotion. and tracked fast registration 2013. December in finalized

ChallengesInsights/Propositions 1. 2. 3.

resistant resistant Striga weed infestation and infestation weed management Striga Striga increased maize grain yield to overto 3t/ha. grain maize increased yield technologies and disseminate the best-bet the disseminate and technologies varieties. and practices Over 1770Over demonstration been have fields field the validate to communities 300 in established performancetheof On-farmgrain improved for yield maizevarieties ranged from 3.04 to3.77t/ha and t/ha1.66 to 0.8 and with Nitrogen without to 1.97 to comparison in respectively; fertilization, for and 2.03t/ha 0.210.24t/ha to respectively, preferred farmer varieties. maize usecombined The and fertilizer of maize-soybean reduced effect rotation to that applicationthe shown P been of also has It significantly maize with duringsoybean rotation increasedgrain yieldofmaize 22%andby 51% to 0 from application increasiby P ng respectively, 20kg/ha.

Achievements 1. 2. 3. 4.

Rotation:6.1.5. Maize-Legume systems intensification Aspects Domains R&D 6.1.5. Rotation: Maize-Legume systems intensification

23 24 25

Striga

What is the number of number the is What neededyears for the between rotation to legumes and cereals in effective be controlling What is the level and level the is What adoption?of impact How areHow women project the in involved in Especially work? seedproduction and technology dissemination?

Questions 1. 1. 1.

Striga Striga

races, races, Striga Striga Striga rotation shows an shows rotation Striga relatedresearch ” to innovationto ” systems icides in their farming their in icides control to options ion platform participants participants platform ion productivity, and productivity, cal/postgraduate trainingcal/postgraduate hybrids, OPVs, and legume and OPVs, hybrids, Striga soybean and cowpeaand soybean identifyto ) germination that will be used in used be that germination will demonstrations Striga Striga related issues to enhance capacity of capacity enhance to issues related resistant-maize varieties and management and varieties resistant-maize control options to generate integrated packages integratedgenerate to options control packages Maize-based Legume Rotation using LegumeMaize-based Rotation ( legumes Screen more inducing of promisingmore capable cultivars suicidal evaluateand Develop new of combinations of use Promote maize demand stimulate to varieties Carryon-station/farmforout to trials generate data release variety (450demonstrations State) per Interactionthe Determine between diversitydiet linkagefor Need fertility, soil between Nutrition.and soybeanof evaluation the of results Preliminary on effect subsequent their and varieties and sector Private of Involvement and local (both transformationand multinationals) theof agenda enhanceto adoption necessary is Govt. resistant lines is ideal for both for ideal Kenya.and Nigeria is lines resistant rotation: for legumes bet best Select Cowpea/groundnut/maizethe areas,for and dry forsoybean/maize higher areasrainfall cereal with rotation and develop and evaluate new of combinations Striga generateintegrated packages practices suppression in maize-Soybean in suppression soybean in increase yield, suppression effect at a phosphorusa at of application effect suppression 40kg/ha to strengthen interactions strengthen to systemsfor intensification Disseminate effective maize/soybean/groundnut effective Disseminate systemintegrated farmers32,000 to “ from shift A approach(i.e., farmer-driven technology test and demand)of creation isrequired. farmersNigeria, In herb use if accepted readily be IRThus will maize systems. oriented.farmer is process dissemination the for Increasemore seed production targets throughvarieties: target of dissemination seed Seedand Community producers companies Morebreeder andfoundation seeds should be producersseed to available made into (seeds) inputs shoulddealers Input package commercialization. easier for units smaller short-termConduct techni in Striga nationalsystems to carry out to along approach stakeholders Systems all carry to farmerand explored;farmers be involve should this up come to organizations theyand fit with where theiron deployed be technologiesthe how will farms. and the interests approachesM&E Use identify to innovat the of contributions studied. be to technologies of uptake for Obstacles adoption reasonshow into and Look slow this for overcomebe can the track fast to process. adoption

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2. 3. 2. 4. 5. 1. 2. 1. 2. Legume for intercroppingfor Legume on rotationvaries crop and and preferences local demandmarket handlingComplex and a is Maize IR of processing promotion the to bottleneck the of establishment and technology. IRof Registration Maize down the slowed of process subsequent and release This been has promotion. and tracked fast registration 2013. December in finalized Seed production of target production Seed target of link the - limited is crops formalbetween and informal weak. still is markets services received by the by received services throughfarmers visits farmersbetween and is agencies delivery service documentedfully not yet

ChallengesInsights/Propositions 1. 2. 3.

1. 1. number The and of types resistant resistant /drought resistant maize resistant Striga management weed infestation and infestation weed Striga Striga andStriga management Striga resistant cowpea has beenhas cowpea resistant Striga Striga weed management weed technologies. increased maize grain yield to overto 3t/ha. grain maize increased yield technologies and disseminate the best-bet the disseminate and technologies varieties. and practices Over 1770Over demonstration been have fields field the validate to communities 300 in established performancetheof On-farmgrain improved for yield maizevarieties ranged from 3.04 to3.77t/ha and t/ha1.66 to 0.8 and with Nitrogen without to 1.97 to comparison in respectively; fertilization, for and 2.03t/ha 0.210.24t/ha to respectively, preferred farmer varieties. maize usecombined The and fertilizer of maize-soybean reduced effect rotation to that applicationthe shown P been of also has It significantly maize with duringsoybean rotation increasedgrain yieldofmaize 22%andby 51% to 0 from application increasiby P ng respectively, 20kg/ha. by small-scale farmers while medium scale farmers medium farmers scale while farmers small-scale by seed undertake production. iple activities and activities mult iple through technologies religious gatherings, assuch days, field pathways farmer-to-farmer seed exchange, and sales feedbackand evaluation monitoring, exercises. Field days days Field were the in conducted Local 10 AreasKanoin (LGAs) Bauchi and Government farmers1843 of total a and the attended States, days. field farmers8600 of from communities300 total in A on trained been have Kanoand Bauchi States Striga farmers target (76,681 115,944 about of total A andfarmers maize cowpea39,263 farmers) have reachedbeen with directly based community seed with partnership In a and producers privatecompanies, seed sector of 1243 tons total of seed of and Mid-season feedbackseason of end- The exercisesevaluation out. carried been have mostpreferred production criteria are high yields, large grain, earlymaturity, and 300 tons of tons 300 and produced andproduced farmersto disseminated through government, and channels. commercial community, of adoption for soybeanfor adoption of resistance and pest tolerance/resistance. tolerance/resistance. pest and resistance

Achievements 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. most Nigeria, In demonstrationthe of are activities 1. 2. 3. 2. 1.

1. marketof Creation pace increased to led Nigeria in

Rotation:6.1.5. Maize-Legume systems intensification Aspects Domains R&D Extension Input/Seed Systems Stakeholder Engagement M&E

28 27

management How do How a develop we systemseed strong andmake the new available technologies farmers? to technology Each is uniqueand they have phases.own their How the target do we the to technologies This audience? should in fit to emphasized be current the with technologies preferences.farmer Have we reviewed the reviewed Have we appropriateof cost the implementing technologies? do to going is Who when, what, where, and do where get we need to We funds? the the increasing consider of existing capacity bringingand partners with partners new in capacity proven of the Affordability Striga for technologies for important is farmers adoption. feasible there Is research for assistance are that institutes cropfor responsible improvement

1. 2.

1. 2. 3. 4.

control control State resistant resistant Striga Striga management management al, environmental and environmental al, ng betweenng regions ate legumeate cultivation technologies need to need technologies in the nationalthe in agenda infested fields infested Striga Striga

to improve adoptionimprove to and(Nigeria Kenya) (socioeconomic, cultur issues) policy and institutional, farmers’ Strengthening to extension promoteagent capacity adoptionof technologies (Nigeria and Kenya) involvement and empowerment of Strong communities. farming Carrygenderout andmainstreaming mainstreaming to need – show rotations Maize-legume it how see works to models successful Community seedBased systems Strengthen andalso partner multinational with seed availability seed improve to companies the with partnerships Strengthen or2 promising3 Identify farmersthat varieties prefer and it promote projectthe area. within of targeting StrigaMore farmerssmall-holder to technologies and crops target the of utilization the Increase demandthrough activities creation systemsseed on brief with policy a Develop recommendationson howto make seed community and production marketing efficient more throughtechnologies ready Disseminate building stakeholders, relevant of capacity throughand other pathways multiple (IPs), Platforms Innovation including seedDemonstration, andproduction engagement of commercialization, policy traditionalmakers, and media, mass rulers, days. field Inter Improve Regionalthroughlearning management, sharingKnowledge (IP Exchange publications), Journals of approachIPs of Adoption in germplasm, identification, technology and development and exchange visits; Study dissemination; partnership management strategies different government forgovernment fundingin support (subsidies samples) free & extensionand services. Need to perfect to Need new existingand the and technologies cost on based prioritized and selected be ondeciding analysisbefore benefit which and(Nigeria disseminate to ones Kenya) out carry to Need Striga sequencing. technology Identify mature most (base)best and technologies integrate and other technologies with value. add can that learni Evidence-based needed is Africa) East and Africa (West tasks prioritize to data socioeconomic Use deployingin research efficiency improve and results develop to Need low and drought-resistant to resistance simultaneous varieties N- with Striga locations different at trials Multi-locational requiredare validateto varieties new the developed production of in areas expansion Increase abandoned transferto Need to activities project Integr gains. nutritious a is There on focus not and alone. cereals both concern to need nourishing with us the livelihoods. improving and population technologiesProven alreadyare available fordemand and technologiesnew exists. not to shouldcare taken be However, are not which technologies, publicize yet ready(Nigeria and Kenya). interest Donor supporting in andexperiences lessons past of Availability Africa systemsfarming in different in learned Integrated specific managementlocation is and managementand exists

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Insights/Propositions Questions crop and crop endemicareas management Striga Striga Striga is a time challenging time a is herbicide formulation herbicide Striga biology knowledge knowledge biology Striga infestation is much greatermuch is in infestation Striga management (technologies) solutions and erraticand environmentpolicy Low level of adoptionof level technologiesLow existing of other on emphasis little and approaches/practicesmanagement soil (no systems farming approach) (Nigeriaand Kenya) of resourceand organizational capacity Weak demandto farmers technologiesdeveloped institutions meso-level of capacity and weak extensionnational (e.g., NGOs) and systems (Nigeria farmers to technologies disseminate to Kenya)and futurefor funding scaling newoutof Insufficient technologies awarenessof on Lack communitiesfarming among prevalent is infrastructurePoor the in small-holder farmssmall-holder Weak integration of institutional efforts and efforts institutional of integration Weak Striga Kenya)and (Nigeria to crop-specificfrom Moving technologies other systems farming (especially approaches and (Nigeria slow still is legumes) and cereals Kenya) measurementand to needs mechanism Data integrated be coating Seed Maize IR controlseason-long for lacking is and agents biocontrol of Registration herbicides(regulations) process of lack Potential enhancing fertilizer/fertilizer + maize – Nigeria in properlybeen not have solutions tackled year 3 the and challenge a is variability Weather of Extent mixed on Focus adaptive and application science (relevant) Synergyfor Need programsin to in bring complementarity betweenpartners among scientists/farmers/others which slows slows which scientists/farmers/others among adoption down (NigeriaKenya)and

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

management control preferencesand Striga Striga management in technologies Striga Year3 Year3 Socioeconomic analysis for analysis Socioeconomic farmers’ understanding theon perceptions disseminated being technologies 8805farmers, and extension agents communities300 from Nigeria in trained on press80 Over releases and local in internationalprint, TVin radio and Nigeriaand Kenya farmers target 115,944 about of total A maize andtarget farmers (76,681 39,263 farmers) cowpea reachedbeen have 3. Year in technologies with directly demonstration2370 Overall, plots farmers264,307 and (Maize established =183,790; farmers farmers= Cowpea 80,517)directly reached over three 1-3). (Year years technologies. technologies. The Intellectual Property rights for the PropertyIntellectual The rights been has project detailed is and finalized Global the in out intellectual and access propertycollaboration agreement which (Nigeria signed partners been all has by Kenya).and MSMof Registration Imazapyrand Nigeria in finalized been has herbicides on-farm900 demonstration trials field the validate to established performancetheof MSc1 and PhD 3 trainedbeing student being 1 and Nigeria in Student PhD Africa South in trained

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Achievements Challenges 1. 2. 3. 4.

Extension

6.1.6. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Domains R&D 6.1.6. Cross-cutting technologies

28 27

management How do How a develop we systemseed strong new the make and available technologies farmers? to technology Each is uniqueand they have phases.own their How the target do we the to technologies This audience? should in fit to emphasized be current the with technologies preferences.farmer Have we reviewed the reviewed Have we appropriateof cost the implementing technologies? do to going is Who when, what, where, and do where get we need to We funds? the the increasing consider of existing capacity bringingand partners with partners new in capacity proven of the Affordability Striga for technologies for important is farmers adoption. feasible there Is research for assistance are that institutes cropfor responsible improvement

1. 2.

1. 2. 3. 4.

(socioeconomic, cultur issues) policy and institutional, farmers’ Strengthening to extension promoteagent capacity adoptionof technologies (Nigeria and Kenya) involvement and empowerment of Strong communities. farming Carrygenderout andmainstreaming mainstreaming adoptionimprove to and(Nigeria Kenya) to need – show rotations Maize-legume it how see works to models successful Community seedBased systems Strengthen andalso partner multinational with seed availability seed improve to companies the with partnerships Strengthen forgovernment fundingin support (subsidies samples) free & extensionand services. or2 promising3 Identify farmersthat varieties prefer and it promote projectthe area. within of targeting StrigaMore farmerssmall-holder to technologies and crops target the of utilization the Increase demandthrough activities creation systemsseed on brief with policy a Develop recommendationson howtomake seed community and production marketing efficient more throughtechnologies ready Disseminate building stakeholders, relevant of capacity throughand other pathways multiple (IPs), Platforms Innovation including seedDemonstration, productionand engagement of commercialization, policy traditionalmakers, and media, mass rulers, days. field Inter Improve Regionalthroughlearning management, sharingKnowledge (IP Exchange publications), Journals of approachIPs of Adoption in germplasm, identification, technology and development and exchange visits; Study dissemination; partnership management strategies different Need to perfect to Need new existingand the and technologies cost on based prioritized and selected be ondeciding analysisbefore benefit which and(Nigeria disseminate to ones Kenya) out carry to Need Striga sequencing. technology Identify mature most (base)best and technologies integrate and other technologies with value. add can that learni Evidence-based needed is Africa) East and Africa (West tasks prioritize to data socioeconomic Use deployingin research efficiency improve and results develop to Need low and drought-resistant to resistance simultaneous varieties N- with Striga locations different at trials Multi-locational requiredare validateto varieties new the developed production of in areas expansion Increase abandoned transferto Need to activities project Integr gains. nutritious a is There on focus not and alone. cereals both concern to need nourishing with us the livelihoods. improving and population technologiesProven alreadyare available fordemand and technologiesnew exists. not to shouldcare taken be However, are not which technologies, publicize yet ready(Nigeria and Kenya). interest Donor supporting in andexperiences lessons past of Availability Africa systemsfarming in different in learned Integrated specific managementlocation is and managementand exists

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Insights/Propositions Questions crop and crop endemicareas management Striga Striga Striga is a time challenging time a is herbicide formulation herbicide Striga biology knowledge knowledge biology Striga infestation is much greatermuch is in infestation Striga management (technologies) solutions and erraticand environmentpolicy Low level of adoptionof level technologiesLow existing of other on emphasis little and approaches/practicesmanagement soil (no systems farming approach) (Nigeriaand Kenya) of resourceand organizational capacity Weak demandto farmers technologiesdeveloped institutions meso-level of capacity and weak extensionnational (e.g., NGOs) and systems (Nigeria farmers to technologies disseminate to Kenya)and futurefor funding newscalingof out Insufficient technologies awarenessof on Lack infrastructurePoor the in among farming communitiesfarming among prevalent is small-holder farmssmall-holder Weak integration of institutional efforts and efforts institutional of integration Weak Striga Kenya)and (Nigeria to crop-specificfrom Moving technologies other systems farming (especially approaches and (Nigeria slow still is legumes) and cereals Kenya) measurementand to needs mechanism Data integrated be coating Seed Maize IR controlseason-long for lacking is and agents biocontrol of Registration herbicides(regulations) process of lack Potential enhancing fertilizer/fertilizer + maize – Nigeria in properlybeen not have solutions tackled year 3 the and challenge a is variability Weather of Extent mixed on Focus adaptive and application science (relevant) Synergyfor Need programsin to in bring complementarity betweenpartners among scientists/farmers/others which slows slows which scientists/farmers/others among adoption down (NigeriaKenya)and

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

management control preferencesand Striga Striga management in technologies Striga Year3 Year3 technologies being disseminated disseminated being technologies perceptions on theon perceptions Socioeconomic analysis for analysis Socioeconomic farmers’ understanding 8805farmers, and extension agents communities300 from Nigeria in trained on press80 Over releases and local in internationalprint, TVin radio and Nigeriaand Kenya farmers target 115,944 about of total A maize andtarget farmers (76,681 39,263 farmers) cowpea reachedbeen have 3. Year in technologies with directly demonstration2370 Overall, plots farmers264,307 and (Maize established =183,790; farmers farmers= Cowpea 80,517)directly reached over three 1-3). (Year years technologies. technologies. The Intellectual Property rights for the PropertyIntellectual The rights been has project detailed is and finalized Global the in out intellectual and access propertycollaboration agreement which (Nigeria signed partners been all has by Kenya).and MSMof Registration Imazapyrand Nigeria in finalized been has herbicides on-farm900 demonstration trials field the validate to established performancetheof MSc1 and PhD 3 trainedbeing student being 1 and Nigeria in Student PhD Africa South in trained

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Achievements Challenges 1. 2. 3. 4.

Extension

6.1.6. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Domains R&D

26 27 29

(Kenyaand

management Have we reviewed the reviewed Have we appropriateof cost the implementing technologies? do to going is Who when, what, where, and do where get we need to We funds? the the increasing consider of existing capacity bringingand partners with partners new in capacity proven of the Affordability Striga for technologies for important is farmers adoption. feasible there Is research for assistance are that institutes cropfor responsible improvement There is a producta is There loyaltybrand in varieties.of marketing do How theget we to farmer understand new these that are varieties your products? Nigeria) seed the Are the meeting companies If not, target? project

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. control control Striga management ng betweenng regions ate legumeate cultivation technologies need to need technologies to discuss the national national the discuss to infested fields infested Striga infestation. infestation.

management technologies. Need to perfect to Need new existingand the and technologies cost on based prioritized and selected be ondeciding analysisbefore benefit which and(Nigeria disseminate to ones Kenya) out carry to Need Striga sequencing. technology Identify mature most (base)best and technologies integrate and other technologies with value. add can that learni Evidence-based needed is Africa) East and Africa (West tasks prioritize to data socioeconomic Use deployingin research efficiency improve and results develop to Need low and drought-resistant to resistance simultaneous varieties N- with Striga locations different at trials Multi-locational requiredare validateto varieties new the developed production of in areas expansion Increase abandoned transferto Need to activities project Integr gains. nutritious a is There on focus not and alone. cereals both concern to need nourishing with us the livelihoods. improving and population technologiesProven alreadyare available fordemand and technologiesnew exists. not to shouldcare taken be However, are not which technologies, publicize yet ready(Nigeria and Kenya). interest Donor supporting in andexperiences lessons past of Availability Africa systemsfarming in different in learned Integrated specific managementlocation is and managementand exists Thereis the need toidentify and profilethe so targeted being farmers and communities their meeting in effective more be to as needs. Demo The in processmechanical isquite toorder ensure should It milestones. meet on knowledgeright the that passed is the on theto impact to farmers consistently disseminated. being technologies should be explored to enhance ICT the morereach and farmers effects project Carryout developand mapping Niche the farmers. for trees decision community morePromote sustainable with partner and initiatives entrance leaders to County/LocalGovernment/State each in points entry the on up build community. improve help thereto adoption, need a is To farmers to messages package to strategize linked is it how and factor fertility soil the on to Striga creatingof issue The needsdemand be to Whereaddressed. produce the is going? Thethe of marketrole drives What demand? todefined be should sector costs private cut Private efforts. of duplication avoid and promotingof charge the take should sector Striga promotion be not might as Top-down demand-drivena as approach successful of systems. needsthe meeting target our of contextlittle farmeron and view is who Very adopt.to going morefor Need more on emphasis product promotion,demonstration, deliveryand (Kenya(commercialization) and Nigeria) Needfor seed workshopfor major players in industryseed the linkages and production seed out Scaling the to CBSP up link can required.are (ISMA withbuyback seed a company seed seed demand and more effective delivery delivery anddemand seed effective more rural reachesalso but cities only not which areas

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Insights/Propositions Questions 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 1. 2. 3. is a time challenging time a is herbicide formulation herbicide biology knowledge knowledge biology distribution and pricing and distribution Striga infestation is much greatermuch is in infestation Striga management (technologies) solutions small-holder farmssmall-holder Weak integration of institutional efforts and efforts institutional of integration Weak Striga Kenya)and (Nigeria to crop-specificfrom Moving technologies other systems farming (especially approaches and (Nigeria slow still is legumes) and cereals Kenya) measurementand to needs mechanism Data integrated be coating Seed Maize IR controlseason-long for lacking is and agents biocontrol of Registration herbicides(regulations) process of lack Potential enhancing fertilizer/fertilizer + maize – Nigeria in properlybeen not have solutions tackled year 3 the and challenge a is variability Weather of Extent mixed on Focus adaptive and application science (relevant) Synergyfor Need programsin to in bring complementarity betweenpartners among scientists/farmers/others which slows slows which scientists/farmers/others among adoption down (NigeriaKenya)and Access to improved seed is limited (Kenya limited is seed improved to Access Nigeria)and the for issue seed an is Cowpea recycling in production seed of todue farmers limitation technical of lack the and holdings land small officers certification sufficient & staff is fromseed of Quality companies seed most for hybrid seeds especially poor, Excellenceof Centre of for Establishment breederproductionseed beennot has realized seed the in Distortion

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. management tion activities tion activities resistant maize resistant Striga technologies. technologies. The Intellectual Property rights for the PropertyIntellectual The rights been has project detailed is and finalized Global the in out intellectual and access propertycollaboration agreement which (Nigeria signed partners been all has by Kenya).and MSMof Registration Imazapyrand Nigeria in finalized been has herbicides on-farm900 demonstration trials field the validate to established performancetheof MSc1 and PhD 3 trainedbeing student being 1 and Nigeria in Student PhD Africa South in trained In Kano and Bauchi states, the project the Bauchiand Kano In states, and involved farmer’created has groups based ProducersSeed Community seed in (CBSPs) produc total a sold Nigeria in companies Seed 2and 230.8 tons in ofYear 364 tons in 3of certified StrigaYear farmersto seed 200 across communities. community and seed companies Seed tons 118.5 of producedproducers total a

Achievements Challenges 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3.

6.1.6. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Domains R&D

Input/Seed Systems

27 30 27

management what are theare what bottlenecks? How do we sustain do How sustain we the of flow continuous seed different especially categories self-pollinating the for crops? do . How supportwe sectorprivate the be to seed in effective more and production so commercialization duplicating avoid to as theywhat do? Have we reviewed the reviewed Have we appropriateof cost the implementing technologies? do to going is Who when, what, where, and do where get we need to We funds? the the increasing consider of existing capacity bringingand partners with partners new in capacity proven of the Affordability Striga for technologies for important is farmers adoption. feasible there Is research for assistance are that institutes cropfor responsible improvement

3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. control control Striga serve as CBOs for for CBOs as serve management to ensure to other ng betweenng regions ate legumeate cultivation technologies need to need technologies infested fields infested resistant varieties more more varieties resistant Striga

Market Striga throughseeds to accessibility Increasing strongof formation seed reliable and cooperativesproducer to as seedsthat ensuring are well as seed; soldand days field during packaged seedon and production Training management (for ADP Extension Agents and Producers)Seed improve help to quality. properDevelop channels/marketing outlets maizeand seed for byproduce encouraging formto farmers groups associations/farmer farmershelp to marketing collective move for farming commercial to subsistence from mentality. buyto government local and fromseed State seed community and companies seed at farmers to sell can that so producers they price subsidize creditand input to access Improve by forsupport Input providing farmers loan on kind/cash. basis/in recovery seed producers the community the Link with good provide to ADPs - companies seed and between linkage companies seed growersout community where seed to access have communities lacking. is seed community between linkage Strengthen producers seed dealers.input and companies seed the sustainability, For commitment show and lead the take should andmarketing to the of commercialization (using communities the in seed improved communitydealers, leaders, inputs ADPs, using days market on sales open small explore also should companies Seed packs). Growththe Enhancement Support Scheme (GES) Federalthe of Government Nigeria of (FGN)to withinmakeavailable seed the projectareas. Community-basedProductionSeed Scheme andused be should strengthened viable a as for strategy cowpeasoybeanmaking and areasproject the within available seed guarantee) Need to perfect to Need new existingand the and technologies cost on based prioritized and selected be ondeciding analysisbefore benefit which and(Nigeria disseminate to ones Kenya) out carry to Need Striga sequencing. technology Identify mature most (base)best and technologies integrate and other technologies with value. add can that learni Evidence-based needed is Africa) East and Africa (West tasks prioritize to data socioeconomic Use deployingin research efficiency improve and results develop to Need low and drought-resistant to resistance simultaneous varieties N- with Striga locations different at trials Multi-locational requiredare validateto varieties new the developed production of in areas expansion Increase abandoned transferto Need to activities project Integr gains. nutritious a is There on focus not and alone. cereals both concern to need nourishing with us the livelihoods. improving and population technologiesProven alreadyare available fordemand and technologiesnew exists. not to shouldcare taken be However, are not which technologies, publicize yet ready(Nigeria and Kenya). interest Donor supporting in andexperiences lessons past of Availability Africa systemsfarming in different in learned Integrated specific managementlocation is and managementand exists

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Insights/Propositions Questions is a time challenging time a is herbicide formulation herbicide biology knowledge knowledge biology Striga infestation is much greatermuch is in infestation Striga management (technologies) solutions and inadequate credit facilities for receptive creditinadequate and for facilities farmers Poorreturn on investment in agriculture and informationmarket small-holder farmssmall-holder Weak integration of institutional efforts and efforts institutional of integration Weak Striga Kenya)and (Nigeria to crop-specificfrom Moving technologies other systems farming (especially approaches and (Nigeria slow still is legumes) and cereals Kenya) measurementand to needs mechanism Data integrated be coating Seed Maize IR controlseason-long for lacking is and agents biocontrol of Registration herbicides(regulations) process of lack Potential enhancing fertilizer/fertilizer + maize – Nigeria in properlybeen not have solutions tackled year 3 the and challenge a is variability Weather of Extent mixed on Focus adaptive and application science (relevant) Synergyfor Need programsin to in bring complementarity betweenpartners among scientists/farmers/others which slows slows which scientists/farmers/others among adoption down (NigeriaKenya)and

6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

resistant resistant management Striga Striga cowpea varieties. A total of 56 tons of tons 56 of total A varieties. cowpea seed farmersto sold cowpea were produceto communities 200 across farmers.to sale for seeds certified ofseeds of the best four technologies. technologies. The Intellectual Property rights for the PropertyIntellectual The rights been has project detailed is and finalized Global the in out intellectual and access propertycollaboration agreement which (Nigeria signed partners been all has by Kenya).and MSMof Registration Imazapyrand Nigeria in finalized been has herbicides on-farm900 demonstration trials field the validate to established performancetheof MSc1 and PhD 3 trainedbeing student being 1 and Nigeria in Student PhD Africa South in trained

Achievements Challenges 1. 2. 3. 4.

6.1.6. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Domains R&D

27 31 Striga

management Have we reviewed the reviewed Have we appropriateof cost the implementing technologies? do to going is Who when, what, where, and do where get we need to We funds? the the increasing consider of existing capacity bringingand partners with partners new in capacity proven of the Affordability Striga for technologies for important is farmers adoption. feasible there Is research for assistance are that institutes cropfor responsible improvement Do we have long-termhave Do we support to commitment public-private to (PPP) partnership objectives final achieve to solution (total economic and sustainability)? thehave Do we to commitment doHow partnerships? integrate we packages partnerships? and do How empowerwe ProgramsNational to introduce sustainability?

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3.

control control Striga Striga Striga management ng betweenng regions ate legumeate cultivation technologies need to need technologies iefs, advocacy and advocacy iefs, and advocacy iefs, project infested fields infested Striga

Needto perfect existing and new the and technologies cost on based prioritized and selected be ondeciding analysisbefore benefit which and(Nigeria disseminate to ones Kenya) out carry to Need Striga sequencing. technology Identify mature most (base)best and technologies integrate and other technologies with value. add can that learni Evidence-based needed is Africa) East and Africa (West tasks prioritize to data socioeconomic Use deployingin research efficiency improve and results develop to Need low and drought-resistant to resistance simultaneous varieties N- with Striga locations different at trials Multi-locational arerequired to validate the newvarieties developed production of in areas expansion Increase abandoned transferto Need to activities project Integr gains. nutritious a is There on focus not and alone. cereals both concern to need nourishing with us the livelihoods. improving and population technologiesProven alreadyare available fordemand and technologiesnew exists. care should not to be taken However, are not which technologies, publicize yet ready(Nigeria and Kenya). Donorinterest in supporting andexperiences lessons past of Availability Africa systemsfarming in different in learned Integrated specific managementlocation is and managementand exists management. management. public awarenesspublic on materials awarenesspublic on materials Needs requirementNeeds include: out scaling for seed andproduction Strengthening maproad Clear distribution; theon number reached;people of quantitythe of to seed and produce and distribute; the of sustainability and Commercialization system supply seed salesand sharing onAgreement data betweenplayersinformation is key This seed measure to help will important. buying? is who of type terms What –in sales do What they farmers? What of it? they with and (Kenya think? Nigeria). betweenLinkage product the (variety), out scientistand coming not is farmer, the Strigain clearly introduction farming The a in varieties new of This 20 – 10 even years. take can system factoredbe should marketingthe in planning theappreciate to growthmarketing cycle Nigeria). and (Kenya regulatory target in regimes with Work have We quality. seed monitor to countries sure make not to do players have who we we gains the damages which products, have (Kenyamade have and Nigeria). other between and initiatives with Link (Kenya and Nigeria) stakeholders at advocacy national policy Promote and and(Kenya levels Nigeria) government local systematic More institutional to approach neededcollaboration (Kenya and Nigeria) partners, communication Improved within neededmedia the and stakeholders, Kenya)and (Nigeria that companies shouldPartnership with be deliver to capacity the have and prepare policy Conduct workshops, br policy disseminate and prepare policy Conduct workshops, br policy disseminate

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Insights/Propositions Questions 14. 15. 16. 17. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. is a time challenging time a is herbicide formulation herbicide biology knowledge knowledge biology

Striga infestation is much greatermuch is in infestation Striga management (technologies) solutions

small-holder farmssmall-holder Weak integration of institutional efforts and efforts institutional of integration Weak Striga Kenya)and (Nigeria to crop-specificfrom Moving technologies other systems farming (especially approaches and (Nigeria slow still is legumes) and cereals Kenya) measurementand to needs mechanism Data integrated be coating Seed Maize IR controlseason-long for lacking is and agents biocontrol of Registration herbicides(regulations) process of lack Potential slows which scientists/farmers/others among adoption down (NigeriaKenya)and enhancing fertilizer/fertilizer + maize – Nigeria in properlybeen not have solutions tackled year 3 the and challenge a is variability Weather of Extent mixed on Focus adaptive and application science (relevant) Synergyfor Need programsin to in bring complementarity betweenpartners Political and public institutional support is support institutional public and Political and(Kenya lacking Nigeria) and action collective on emphasis Limited and (Kenya other initiatives similar with linkage Nigeria) widening lacking; is partnership In-country extension base NARS with (Kenyaneeded is Nigeria) and from input and seeds of Cost recovery cost challenge a is dealers farmers of in women participation Low platforms stakeholder

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. management bsite, posters, and posters, bsite, Striga has bringto managed the management platform each management beenhave teams Striga technologies. technologies. The Intellectual Property rights for the PropertyIntellectual The rights been has project detailed is and finalized Global the in out intellectual and access propertycollaboration agreement which (Nigeria signed partners been all has by Kenya).and MSMof Registration Imazapyrand Nigeria in finalized been has herbicides on-farm900 demonstration trials field the validate to established performancetheof MSc1 and PhD 3 trainedbeing student being 1 and Nigeria in Student PhD Africa South in trained established and operating in Nigeriain operating and established Striga raising awareness for established Nigeria) and (Kenya and planning Review and meetings beenhave forums review to held activities,plan progress, develop and strengthen to project partnerships implementation. partnershiphasgeneratedproject The pressinternational and local many we project releases, visibility project increase to booklets project The One government, universities,government, seed and roles complementary play to companies

Achievements Challenges 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.1.6. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Domains R&D

Stakeholder Engagement

29 32 33 27

management What should be should What done thethat ensure to being are technologies adopted? Howcan use we the baseline to data socioeconomic the implement dissemination strategies? Howmuch of the monitoringand the will evaluation be implementer project for? accountable eachdoes Where of fit technologies these and added the is where value? Have we reviewed the reviewed Have we appropriateof cost the implementing technologies? do to going is Who when, what, where, and do where get we need to We funds? the the increasing consider of existing capacity bringingand partners with partners new in capacity proven of the Affordability Striga for technologies for important is farmers adoption. feasible there Is research for assistance are that institutes cropfor responsible improvement

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Striga control control Striga in the nationalthe in management ng betweenng regions ate legumeate cultivation technologies need to need technologies technology diffusion? technologydiffusion? Striga infested fields infested Striga resistant cowpea sole varieties. There varieties.sole cowpea resistant

Advocacy activities targeting farmers women targeting activities Advocacy andmainstreaming areagenda required farmersand extension agents in Train options control in companies seed of capacity Strengthen technology seed marketing and to the get paper policy a Develop the support to theof government states 2 reach to project areas.more leaders andopinion influencers’ Identify further to communities target the within sustainability: For technologies. the promote local the be could champions Post-project chairmengovernment areas.the of target forlearning Cross theNigerian and Kenyan should be encouraged. counterparts privatethe need sector especially Partners to really (seed/fertilizer/funds) incentives Innovationthe drives what Thisis perform. Partnerships beimproved should platform. encouragefarmers, lead inviting by seed formcommunity to producers Agro- integrateand societies, cooperative theinto producers project. existingother local to linkages Explore and Nigeria Kenya in initiatives government demandcreate to ensureto and that the thereach marketed being varieties farmers. Africa West Synergiescreating E.g. with Programme Productivity Agricultural (WAAP) Agencies National and States other and innovationapproach the Formalize systems can of This way a as technologies.delivering throughdone be documentationand better of process mechanisms, the understanding promote could This experiences.and theof farmers theon ownership and part adoption.promote in system each platform Innovation The fit to beshould separately designed country farmingthe within communityand system, approachsame the as be cannot in used Thisbe to needs country. every documented. Create synergyCreate and mechanism feedback stakeholders all among & M (standardize system E Strengthen (Nigeria locations) and technologies across Kenya)and evaluationthe from the use to Need results prioritizehelp to project survey implementation out carry to Need how on evaluation current farmers’ into fit technologies systemsproduction on measured:be should following The data produced/sold,seed livelihood production, consumption expenditure, patterns, poverty in competitiveness vulnerability and index, technology foodand agriculture sector, infrastructure, productivity, and adoption services to access and development, linkage (p13-Nextsteps-1) Organizemultidisciplinary conduct and evaluation mid-/end-of-and technology in stakeholders involve to M&E season farmer’s activities, project assessing outcomeand assessment, perception technologies. the of assessment systemmonitoring good a track to Establish producersseed to the of activities the and quality distribution. seed maintain days/demosField redesignedbe should outcomeon based results. and – decisionand Adoption patterns making farmers thewhat do technologyin both with longand short the betermshould captured. farmers demonstrating for contact the Are or based project for of ideaclear for Need impact potential of regions. technology each different in to beshould There efforts increased andpromote make technologies available showing are that adoption good ratesfor farmers by uptake low adoption are There relatively for rates Striga to project forneed a ISMA thus the is breedingthe consider appropriateof cowpea Need to perfect to Need new existingand the and technologies cost on based prioritized and selected be ondeciding analysisbefore benefit which and(Nigeria disseminate to ones Kenya) out carry to Need Striga sequencing. technology Identify mature most (base)best and technologies integrate and other technologies with value. add can that learni Evidence-based needed is Africa) East and Africa (West tasks prioritize to data socioeconomic Use deployingin research efficiency improve and results develop to Need low and drought-resistant to resistance simultaneous varieties N- with Striga locations different at trials Multi-locational requiredare validateto varieties new the developed production of in areas expansion Increase abandoned transferto Need to activities project Integr gains. nutritious a is There on focus not and alone. cereals both concern to need nourishing with us the livelihoods. improving and population technologiesProven alreadyare available fordemand and technologiesnew exists. not to shouldcare taken be However, are not which technologies, publicize yet ready(Nigeria and Kenya). interest Donor supporting in andexperiences lessons past of Availability Africa systemsfarming in different in learned Integrated specific managementlocation is and managementand exists

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Insights/Propositions Questions management is a time challenging time a is Striga herbicide formulation herbicide biology knowledge knowledge biology Striga infestation is much greatermuch is in infestation Striga management (technologies) solutions technologies is still low low still is technologies small-holder farmssmall-holder Weak integration of institutional efforts and efforts institutional of integration Weak Striga Kenya)and (Nigeria to crop-specificfrom Moving technologies other systems farming (especially approaches and (Nigeria slow still is legumes) and cereals Kenya) measurementand to needs mechanism Data integrated be coating Seed Maize IR controlseason-long for lacking is and agents biocontrol of Registration herbicides(regulations) process of lack Potential enhancing fertilizer/fertilizer + maize – Nigeria in properlybeen not have solutions tackled year 3 the and challenge a is variability Weather of Extent mixed on Focus adaptive and application science (relevant) Synergyfor Need programsin to in bring complementarity betweenpartners among scientists/farmers/others which slows slows which scientists/farmers/others among adoption down (NigeriaKenya)and

1. existingof Cost-benefit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

resistant resistant Striga management y influenced byinfluenced other y Striga resistant maize resistant the Striga Striga management technologies; resistant maize and maize- and maize resistant technologies. technologies. The Intellectual Property rights for the PropertyIntellectual The rights been has project detailed is and finalized Global the in out intellectual and access propertycollaboration agreement which (Nigeria signed partners been all has by Kenya).and MSMof Registration Imazapyrand Nigeria in finalized been has herbicides on-farm900 demonstration trials field the validate to established performancetheof MSc1 and PhD 3 trainedbeing student being 1 and Nigeria in Student PhD Africa South in trained resistance is the most preferredmost the is resistance (maize technology cowpea);and there is options; Biocontrol in interest also positivel is Adoption fieldand farmers some days; option best the is pulling hand think still Theremorefor need is (10%). creation.awareness Farmerperceptioncarried in surveys out that: show Results Nigeria. Over2,863 in farmers have participated mid- as well as evaluation participatory end-of-seasonand The exercises.M&E preferredmost production by criteria earlyare farmers high maturity, yields, /drought grain, andlarge Striga pest and resistance tolerance/resistance. and household Mid-term survey adoption outcarried study cost-benefit Nigeria.in mid-termThe review study revealedhas Theratesadoption has following: the forpreference the farmers’ shown technologies: following maize-legume and rotations analysishas benefit-cost The varieties; of profitability increased the revealed especially technologies, crop ISMA Striga soybean rotation; crop for the are cowpea profitable most growto benefitfarmers cost-ratio with 3.15of range to of importance 3.54; the on-farm in participation and days field and per yield agents extension trials, cropof factorstechnologyas hectare theinfluence that adoptionof likelihood of Striga

Achievements Challenges 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3.

6.1.6. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Domains R&D

M&E

30 33 34 27

management What should be should What done thethat ensure to being are technologies adopted? Howcan use we the baseline to data socioeconomic the implement dissemination strategies? theof much How and monitoring the will evaluation be implementer project for? accountable eachdoes Where of fit technologies these and added the is where value? Have we reviewed the reviewed Have we appropriateof cost the implementing technologies? do to going is Who when, what, where, and do where get we need to We funds? the the increasing consider of existing capacity bringingand partners with partners new in capacity proven of the Affordability Striga for technologies for important is farmers adoption. feasible there Is research for assistance are that institutes cropfor responsible improvement

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. control control Striga , the ISMA project ISMA the , management ng betweenng regions ate legumeate cultivation technologies need to need technologies in the project the in areas. technology diffusion? technologydiffusion? infested fields infested Striga Striga Striga resistant cowpea sole varieties. There varieties.sole cowpea resistant

Create synergyCreate and mechanism feedback stakeholders all among & M (standardize system E Strengthen (Nigeria locations) and technologies across Kenya)and evaluationthe from the use to Need results prioritizehelp to project survey implementation out carry to Need how on evaluation current farmers’ into fit technologies systemsproduction on measured:be should following The data produced/sold,seed livelihood production, consumption expenditure, patterns, poverty in competitiveness vulnerability and index, technology foodand agriculture sector, infrastructure, productivity, and adoption services to access and development, linkage (p13-Nextsteps-1) Organizemultidisciplinary conduct and evaluation mid-/end-of-and technology in stakeholders involve to M&E season farmer’s activities, project assessing outcomeand assessment, perception technologies. the of assessment systemmonitoring good a track to Establish producersseed to the of activities the and quality distribution. seed maintain days/demosField redesignedbe should outcomeon based results. and – decisionand Adoption patterns making farmers thewhat do technologyin both with longand short the shouldbeterm captured. farmers demonstrating for contact the Are or based project for of ideaclear for Need impact potential of regions. technology each different in to be should There efforts increased andpromote make technologies available showing are that adoption good ratesfor farmers by uptake low adoption are There relatively for rates Striga to project forneed a ISMA thus the is breedingthe consider appropriateof cowpea grownbe can that varieties intercrop as with cereals. might or benefits articulatereally Clearly who technologiesthe from benefit being disseminated feedback a as useful is strategy Constant monitoringfor tool evaluation and control Strigaeffectively To organizationsother with up link should that Sorghum as such formandate have crops as grown intercrop often are that Millet and facilitate This will farmers. by cowpea with of control the Need to perfect to Need new existingand the and technologies cost on based prioritized and selected be ondeciding analysisbefore benefit which and(Nigeria disseminate to ones Kenya) out carry to Need Striga sequencing. technology Identify mature most (base)best and technologies integrate and other technologies with value. add can that learni Evidence-based needed is Africa) East and Africa (West tasks prioritize to data socioeconomic Use deployingin research efficiency improve and results develop to Need low and drought-resistant to resistance simultaneous varieties N- with Striga locations different at trials Multi-locational requiredare validateto varieties new the developed production of in areas expansion Increase abandoned transferto Need to activities project Integr gains. nutritious a is There on focus not and alone. cereals both concern to need nourishing with us the livelihoods. improving and population technologiesProven alreadyare available fordemand and technologiesnew exists. not to shouldcare taken be However, are not which technologies, publicize yet ready(Nigeria and Kenya). interest Donor supporting in andexperiences lessons past of Availability Africa systemsfarming in different in learned Integrated specific managementlocation is and managementand exists

18. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Insights/Propositions Questions management is a time challenging time a is Striga herbicide formulation herbicide biology knowledge knowledge biology Striga infestation is much greatermuch is in infestation Striga management (technologies) solutions technologies is still low low still is technologies small-holder farmssmall-holder Weak integration of institutional efforts and efforts institutional of integration Weak Striga Kenya)and (Nigeria to crop-specificfrom Moving technologies other systems farming (especially approaches and (Nigeria slow still is legumes) and cereals Kenya) measurementand to needs mechanism Data integrated be coating Seed Maize IR controlseason-long for lacking is and agents biocontrol of Registration herbicides(regulations) process of lack Potential slows which scientists/farmers/others among adoption down (NigeriaKenya)and enhancing fertilizer/fertilizer + maize – Nigeria in properlybeen not have solutions tackled year 3 the and challenge a is variability Weather of Extent mixed on Focus adaptive and application science (relevant) Synergyfor Need programsin to in bring complementarity betweenpartners

1. existingof Cost-benefit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

resistant resistant Striga management y influenced byinfluenced other y Striga resistant maize resistant the Striga Striga management technologies; resistant maize and maize- and maize resistant resistance is the most preferredmost the is resistance (maize technology cowpea);and there is options; Biocontrol in interest also positivel is Adoption fieldand farmers some days; option best the is pulling hand think still Theremorefor need is (10%). creation.awareness Farmerperceptioncarried in surveys out that: show Results Nigeria. Over2,863 in farmers have participated mid- as well as evaluation participatory end-of-seasonand The exercises.M&E preferredmost production by criteria earlyare farmers high maturity, yields, /drought grain, andlarge Striga pest and resistance tolerance/resistance. and household Mid-term survey adoption outcarried study cost-benefit Nigeria.in mid-termThe review study revealedhas Theratesadoption has following: the forpreference the farmers’ shown technologies: following maize-legume and rotations analysishas benefit-cost The varieties; of profitability increased the revealed especially technologies, crop ISMA Striga soybean rotation; crop for the are cowpea profitable most growto benefitfarmers cost-ratio with 3.15of range to of importance 3.54; the on-farm in participation and days field and per yield agents extension trials, cropof factorstechnologyas hectare theinfluence that adoptionof likelihood of Striga technologies. technologies. The Intellectual Property rights for the PropertyIntellectual The rights been has project detailed is and finalized Global the in out intellectual and access propertycollaboration agreement which (Nigeria signed partners been all has by Kenya).and MSMof Registration Imazapyrand Nigeria in finalized been has herbicides on-farm900 demonstration trials field the validate to established performancetheof MSc1 and PhD 3 trainedbeing student being 1 and Nigeria in Student PhD Africa South in trained

1. 2. 3. Achievements Challenges 1. 2. 3. 4.

M&E

6.1.6. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Domains R&D

31 35

IR-Maize - how closehow - IR-Maize are thatensuring to we the appropriateis seed the for Howuse? farmers easy is processcoating the and use? of ease 1. strains strains

is required Striga Striga Study resistant hybrids resistant Striga be used toused be design help Diversity Diversity on for seed coatingseed for on Resistance Genes (STR) into Resistance Striga infestation. infestation. analysis diversity The identified.been have also should techniques popularconverting and Maize hybrid IR maize IR-Varieties into varieties The project should project The productionseed run parallel product with development, and networking apprenticesand add to companies breeding help to personnel new of release track fast- varieties. Longterm experiments on Developand promote hybrids that are widely adaptedand high so that yielding are they regardlesscompetitive of level of breeding.for scenarios E.g. different Use genes up stacked new developing with varieties of suppressinguse and factors; without yield and markers Genotype (GBS),sequencing based haploiddouble and for technology resistance Extensionbreeding. to monitor should services field. the in resistance of collapse prevent help fromInformation out to techniques and methodologies carry pressure. selection breeding Opportunityto fast-track resistance germplasm IITA existing using research Refine release slow and liquid on formulatiherbicide of Striga Stacking to resistance developing of risk low is There herbicide. Crop BASF imazaphyr has Chemical research 2 on carryingbeen out efficacy alreadyin are used that molecules additional required breeders by to enabletrials to be carried out in different where areas specific the

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. with is anis that issue Unavailability of sufficient of sufficient Unavailability varieties and target of seed Desmodium addressed.be to needs between variety Time-lag releaseand Kenya, in commercialization and3 between 5 years smaller of capacity Limited breedingfor companies seed varietyfor funding limited and researchimprovement on much reliance too mostfor the of CIMMYT breeding work.

1. 2. 3. ChallengesInsights/Propositions Questions weed -infested and -infested free conditionsfree infested resistant resistant ble varietal release ble varietal Striga Striga infestation across infestation resistant hybrids with with hybrids resistant showed that showed seed herbicide Striga Striga resistant hybrids gave 3.4 to 3.4 gave hybrids resistant infestation and Striga infestation Striga -free conditions-free possi for

hasbeen accomplished. Grain yieldunder natural, artificial ranged fromranged to 0 to 0.6 5.3t/ha, 9.0t/ha,1.3and to respectively. 12.8t/ha, good performancegood bothunder Striga Striga locations. locations. reduces significantly treatment Striga grain in increase yield. emergence with resultant 247 hybrid varieties were developed were varieties have hybrid and 247 hybrids7 with locations. six at tested been good performance across consistently different management regimesthe in entered havebeen 2013 for NPT new IR identify to trials evaluation Multilocational and hybrids maize maizeIR best The the out hybrids yielded 57% and had by checks commercial less 68% all across emerged parasites best StrigaThe under3.9t/ha natural advantage MaizeIR hybrid Nine with yield varieties to 46% of 250% thanbetter farmerthe preferred identified. been have checks – Hybrids 1st in variety year –One varieties NPT;IR 1st2nd in validation in 4 varieties and 7 year year NPT in in technology coating herbicide with Improvements formulations liquid new Africaexchange - east and Africa west Strong been has Africa East to from materials west taking accomplished

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Achievements

Kenya6.2. (Maize only) 6.2.1. New seed varieties Aspects Domains R&D

6.2. Kenya (Maize only) 6.2.1. New seed varieties

32 35 36

IR-Maize - how closehow - IR-Maize are thatensuring to we the appropriateis seed the for Howuse? farmers easy is processcoating the and use? of ease 1.

control. control. strains strains

is required Striga spreading Striga Striga Striga Study resistant hybrids resistant

Striga such as Maize lethal Maize as such Striga germination Striga. needs to needs explored.be be used toused be design help Diversity Diversity Striga resistant materials from resistant on for seed coatingseed for on Resistance Genes (STR) into Resistance Striga Striga

surviving on IR maize and select desired select and maize IR on surviving to new areas is a constant risk areas constant a new is to capabilities to identify the best for for best the identify to capabilities infestation. analysis diversity The identified.been have also should techniques Kenyato rapidly and beshould Nigeria taken and time save to environments many in tested popularconverting and Maize hybrid IR maize processthe up speed development. of IR-Varieties into varieties other countriesother should project The productionseed run parallel Screenlegumes for product with development, and networking apprenticesand add to companies breeding marketof terms In of development best the help to personnel new of release track fast- combining by value gain to stand we varieties, varieties. addedbe should genes IR all to traits. useful Longterm experiments on an plays this as material maize resistant in role couldand breeding up hasten important Developand promote hybrids that are widely gettingof process the varietyanIR adaptedbe to adaptedand high so that yielding are they Kenya. to regardlesscompetitive of level of exploredbe should mechanism resistance The understoodand order in enhanceto breeding the breeding.for scenarios E.g. different Use -up trialslong-term the at look to Start work. genes up stacked new developing with varieties Striga of suppressinguse and factors; without yield and markers Genotype (GBS),sequencing based the into factor be to needs packaged fertility Soil haploiddouble and for technology resistance interactionandThe between soil yield project. Extensionbreeding. to monitor should services including managementresidue in fertility, field. the in resistance of collapse prevent help agriculture conservation fromInformation conservation / saving labour in role Maize IR needsagriculture anddefined be to explored. reduceto helping been has Maize IR out to techniques and methodologies carry pressure. selection breeding Opportunityto fast-track resistance todevelopment technology Focus Seed include germplasm IITA existing using andreduction bank all for improvement soil research Refine release slow and liquid on technologies formulatiherbicide of Striga Stacking theexploit to available is germplasm; Capacity to resistance developing of risk low is There (e.g. breedersthrough companies seed and herbicide. Crop BASF imazaphyr has Chemical Seed, Freshco, Kenya etc.). research 2 on carryingbeen out efficacy regulatorysupportive framework is Strong alreadyin are used that molecules additional KEPHIS through e.g. available, diseases new of Emergence Greaterneed to a engage wide rangeof of control in stakeholders awarenessincrease createand theredemand, To genotypes. breeding to setback a is (MLNV) virus necrosis varieties New MLNV the have should efforts. incorporated.gene resistance required breeders by to enabletrials to be carried out in different where areas specific the populations but farmers’ keeps on to back going keeps farmers’ but populations Long production. parallel in varieties traditional the of the know to efficacy necessary trials term promoting.are we technologies

1. 10. 11. 2. 3. 12. 4. 13. 5. 14. 15. 6. 16. 7. 8. 17. 9. 18. 19. 1. 2. with is anis that issue Unavailability of sufficient of sufficient Unavailability varieties and target of seed Desmodium addressed.be to needs between variety Time-lag releaseand Kenya, in commercialization and3 between 5 years smaller of capacity Limited breedingfor companies seed varietyfor funding limited and researchimprovement on much reliance too mostfor the of CIMMYT breeding work.

ranged fromranged to 0 to 0.6 5.3t/ha, 9.0t/ha,1.3and to respectively. 12.8t/ha, hasbeen accomplished. Grain yieldunder natural, artificial 247 hybrid varieties were developed were varieties have hybrid and 247 hybrids7 with locations. six at tested been good performance across consistently different management regimesthe in entered havebeen 2013 for NPT new IR identify to trials evaluation Multilocational and hybrids maize performancegood bothunder Striga Striga maizeIR best The the out hybrids yielded 57% and had by checks commercial less 68% all across emerged parasites locations. best StrigaThe under3.9t/ha natural locations. advantage MaizeIR hybrid Nine with yield varieties to 46% of 250% thanbetter farmerthe preferred identified. been have checks in technology coating herbicide with Improvements formulations liquid new reduces significantly treatment Striga grain in increase yield. emergence with resultant Africaexchange - east and Africa west Strong been has Africa East to from materials west taking accomplished public extension with collaboration In agencies, maize IR 8475 of universitiesand NGOs, total a established were demonstration plots technology varieties –One variety in 1st year NPT;IR – Hybrids 1st in variety year –One varieties NPT;IR 1st2nd in validation in 4 varieties and 7 year year NPT in

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. Achievements

Kenya6.2. (Maize only) 6.2.1. New seed varieties Aspects Domains R&D Extension

33 35 37

IR-Maize - how closehow - IR-Maize are thatensuring to we the appropriateis seed the for Howuse? farmers easy is processcoating the and use? of ease Seed companies can companies Seed on CIMMYT discusswith track fast to how new the of dissemination companies Seed hybrids. lines increasing start could thefor readiness in release hybridsthe by of KEPHIS

1. 1. strains strains

is required Striga Striga Study resistant hybrids resistant as a problem and and problem a as Striga resistant maize is maize resistant be used toused be design help Diversity Diversity Striga on for seed coatingseed for on Striga Resistance Genes (STR) into Resistance Striga

increasing infestation. infestation. analysis diversity The identified.been have also should techniques popularconverting and Maize hybrid IR maize IR-Varieties into varieties The project should project The productionseed run parallel product with development, and networking apprenticesand add to companies breeding pushand IR of scaling out Enhance new in pull help to personnel new of release track fast- areas varieties. Longterm experiments on Developand promote hybrids that are widely adaptedand high so that yielding are they regardlesscompetitive of level of breeding.for scenarios E.g. different Use genes up stacked new developing with varieties of suppressinguse and factors; without yield and markers Genotype (GBS),sequencing based haploiddouble and for technology resistance SeedCompanies should be encouraged to Extensionbreeding. to monitor should services produceand market the newlydeveloped hybrids field. the in resistance of collapse prevent help to 2 from treatment seed maize IR Increase units fromInformation 4. assurance restore Quality to essential seed of trust over for sales seed take should companies Seed out to techniques and methodologies carry Sustainability pressure. selection breeding Opportunityto fast-track resistance germplasm IITA existing using research Refine release slow and liquid on formulatiherbicide of Striga Stacking to resistance developing of risk low is There herbicide. Crop BASF imazaphyr has Chemical research 2 on carryingbeen out efficacy alreadyin are used that molecules additional appreciating Farmers’ willingness to buy buy to willingness is a need to enhanceto need a is productionseed seed by largefarmers lead Involve scale with companies; Broadenand farms; partnersof base the required breeders by to enabletrials to be carried out in different where areas specific the

1. 3. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 5. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. 9. 3. with is anis that issue Unavailability of sufficient of sufficient Unavailability varieties and target of seed Desmodium addressed.be to needs between variety Time-lag releaseand Kenya, in commercialization and3 between 5 years smaller of capacity Limited breedingfor companies seed varietyfor funding limited and researchimprovement on much reliance too mostfor the of CIMMYT breeding work. formarket Limited is IR-Maize unattractiveit making seed for companies hybridof Knowledge use universal not is requirements scientists among even Limitedno of breeders and limitedland for foundation to challenge a is bulking seed developmentand promotion varieties new of Over-relianceon rainfed production seed target of seed by varieties maize to limitation a is companies seed. sufficient of production MaizeIR of tons 120 but produced rejected by regulatoryauthorities on reduced This issues. quality the but target projected the in addressed being is shortfall 4. Year

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ChallengesInsights/Propositions Questions weed -infested and -infested

free conditionsfree infested resistant resistant infested areas – areas infested ble varietal release ble varietal Striga

Striga vities and which helped and vities which infestation across infestation resistant hybrids with with hybrids resistant showed that showed seed herbicide Striga Striga and its control IRthrough its and resistant hybrids gave 3.4 to 3.4 gave hybrids resistant infestation and Striga infestation Striga Striga -free conditions-free possi for biology and weed methods.control available

ranged fromranged to 0 to 0.6 5.3t/ha, 9.0t/ha,1.3and to respectively. 12.8t/ha, hasbeen accomplished. Grain yieldunder natural, artificial including six large integrated demonstrations plots demonstrationsintegrated large six including plots developed were varieties have hybrid and 247 of counties 6 in western installed were which hybrids7 with locations. six at tested been Kenya. good performance across consistently different IR farmerthe 88 of showcasing days field total A management regimesthe in entered havebeen technology maize byconducted were Kenya in 2013 for NPT year Kenya. reaching 2, farmers9,314 Western in new IR identify to trials evaluation Multilocational of 101 farmerAnd atotal trainers weretrained in and hybrids maize Additional377 themonth of June 2013. performancegood bothunder Striga governmentextension were trained on officers Striga Striga using has effected: been strategy Dissemination creationawareness creating and throughdemand demonstrations, trainings shows, road and supportedand by mass platforms, partnership maizeIR best The the out hybrids yielded media. 57% and had by checks commercial less 68% all across emerged parasites producedproject The of tons 367 seed IR-Maize locations. 219 of total A by 2 year through seedcompanies. best StrigaThe tosold were tons in Strigafarmers under3.9t/ha natural farmers54,000 least at reaching and thereby locations. IR-Maizeoverthe to of technology access enabling advantage MaizeIR hybrid Nine with yield varieties farmers33,000 to 46% of 250% thanbetter farmerthe preferred channels were delivery seed maize IR identified. been have checks A throughstrengthened agro-dealer workshops. agro131 of trained dealers total were handling in maizeIR of use and seeds. tons maizeIR certified of have seed 11 of total A in technology coating herbicide with Improvements promotionin used been acti formulations liquid new farmers. 11,000 reach to reduces significantly treatment Striga Overall,370 tons grain ofin IRincrease Maize seedyield. emergence produced with resultant (Year 1-3) Africaexchange - east and Africa west Strong been has Africa in Kenya in involved now companies seed More East to from materials west taking production seed the maize; seed IR of of quality accomplished trade and purity promising. more is The awarenessContinued on-going. is strategy of challenge different fourteen in discussed technology was partners AATF organizedforums by IR of aare sales measuringSeed of way impact efforts. dissemination maize varieties –One variety in 1st year NPT;IR – Hybrids 1st in variety year –One varieties NPT;IR 1st2nd in validation in 4 varieties and 7 year year NPT in

1. 2. 2. 3. 4. 3. 1. 4. 5. 2. 3. 6. 4. 7. 5. 2. 4. Achievements

Kenya6.2. (Maize only) 6.2.1. New seed varieties Aspects Domains R&D Input/Seed Systems Stakeholder Engagement M&E

38 ed on this. Will this. on ed in their fields? their in What

seed Striga traits into other into traits varieties is still still is varieties speciesneeded is with seeding capability capability seeding with Desmodium

uch as reducing the reducing as uch bank. Could this help drive help this Could bank. adoption? Identification of new species of species new of Identification Desmodium may helppropagation vegetative or problem. limitation seed the solve Furthercharacterization new of Desmodium Transfer (e.g. Cowpeaorcrops food common bean). Theuse of push-pull technology for otherpurposes should be explored. excellent, Important and Ecologically in integration crop-livestock in systems intensive for suitable technology Platform A otherintegration technologies, with benefits multiple with as investment one-time A perennialare plants companion relevantof Existence expertise Climatically robust but Agro- mass for suitability ecological seedsof production drought-of tolerant Desmodium push-pull profilesThe target of resource-limitedfarmers are needed prioritizeto order in target the for dissemination groups measureto Need and value the technology of benefits demonstrations. S doubt in

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2. Insights/Propositions Questions is seed Desmodium

1. 2. 1. 2. Knowledge intensive needed investment labour initial High 3. grazingopen with compatible Not 4. farmerssmallholder for Suitable 5. far so cereals to Restricted 6.

Striga infestation infestation Striga Desmodium Striga species, , Rothamsted andRothamsted , icipe seed is critical in critical is seed anging from 3.45t/hafrom anging to have beenhave characterised in planting withpush-pull planting IAR/ABU and hasand IAR/ABU incorporatedbeen Kenyain technology push-pull the in Nigeria and that arebetterthat spp. existingthan been have ones commercial by identified Maize fromexudates Root droughtnew tolerant Desmodium drought-tolerant Two of availability and Production Desmodium push-pullpromoting technology, on-station & On-farm Incanum Incanum Rothamsted with collaboration Research. technologymanagement gavedemonstrations 50,824 over accessthe farmers new the to technology reduced technology 100%to up maize increasing while three-foldto up grain yield borers) effectively Stem (and improved, health soil controlled, grain significant in resulting yield increases;r 6.47 t/ha in somein t/ha 6.47 locations, a to range1.67t/haof compared to ownpractice. 2.85t/haunder farmers’

Achievements that: Currentshow findings Challenges 1. 2. 3. 1. 2.

6.2.2. Inter-cropping 6.2.3. Push-pull Aspects Domains R&D Extension

6.2.2. Inter-cropping 6.2.3. Push-pull

38 39 40 ed on this. Will this. on ed

in their fields? their in What

Desmodium technology in some districts than others? than somein districts technology anythere Is emphasis districts? some in more dietand Nutrition diversity: plac be should emphasis they if beans grow to able be still farmers plant offer? system cropping strip the will really To help increase help thereadoption, a is To following: the understand to need What Technology? for market the is Push-pull integration livestock the is Where livestock Kenya in agriculture Is aspect? driven?What is the proportion of livestock producers among resourceamong producers livestock poor smallholder farmers? The answers The answers smallholder farmers? poor to us enable matchniche better will the farmingthe into technology push-pull Africa West in systems 1. highthere is Pushof adoption Why pull 2. . 1. ― .

Hay to Hay

seed for dual Desmodium Striga Desmodium traits into other into traits varieties is still still is varieties species. seeds can be can seeds control as control Desmodium control and forageand control speciesneeded is Striga Striga Desmodium with seeding capability capability seeding with seed growers growers seed Striga Desmodium Desmodium management concept to

uch as reducing the reducing as uch bank. Could this help drive help this Could bank. adoption? intercrop or vegetative propagation may helppropagation vegetative or problem. limitation seed the solve Identification of new species of species new of Identification Desmodium Furthercharacterization new of Desmodium Transfer Theuse of push-pull technology for otherpurposes should be explored. S excellent, Important and Ecologically in integration crop-livestock in systems intensive for suitable technology Platform A otherintegration technologies, with benefits multiple with as investment one-time A perennialare plants companion relevantof Existence expertise Climatically robust but Agro- mass for suitability ecological seedsof production drought-of tolerant Desmodium doubt in push-pull profilesThe target of resource-limitedfarmers are needed prioritizeto order in target the for dissemination groups measureto Need and value the technology of benefits demonstrations. food crops (e.g. Cowpeaorcrops food common bean). utility for for utility seed. Invest more in trainingin more trainers Invest of extension) (Farmerfarmer, to Take strategy: out Scaling of devolvedof system advantage to government the help expand platform dissemination technology Intercropping Screen- legume for varieties Exploreexpansion of the integrated Striga crop- mixed in livestock, include The systems. farming livestock creates potentially approach (anddemand seed company interest)for contractedof no Increase Desmodium the Review producer price Commercializing Agro-ecological(AEZ) zones Define where Desmodium buy-ingovernment Possible in local of development underproduction “orphan crops” goods public partnershipplatforms Expand farmer’sCapture preferences of various produced. help create demandcreate help for

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2. Insights/Propositions Questions 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 1. 2.

― is seeds e.g. seed seed. A ( seed

Desmodium Desmodium Desmodium Desmodium seed byproduction

Development of Development are companies Seed slow. is systems preferaverse, risk profitable more maize hybrid e.g. seeds seasonal challenge. a is availability Seed twoin producedMT 4 Cumulatively, Four in MT 8 of againstyears target a years. Incorporation ofIncorporation livelihood other e.g. husbandrylivestock components, Limited supply of supply Limited two-prongedapproach productionto of stocks of sufficient proposed:(1) community-based Desmodium engagement(2) farmers, smallholder of companies seed international etc.,) Gruposeeds, Papalotla, Tropical experiencecontracthave in who wide forageof production areand seed, not averse. risk informationfor Need agro-ecologicalon whereconditions Farmerenthusiasms push-pull for somein there areas technology are while of farmer reports to the resistance otherin technology areas. necessary necessary development Capacity in effort More needed productioncan be carried out

1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. Knowledge intensive needed investment labour initial High 3. grazingopen with compatible Not 4. farmerssmallholder for Suitable 5. far so cereals to Restricted 6. 7. ―

Striga Striga D. seed

Striga infestation infestation Striga Desmodium Striga species, , Rothamsted andRothamsted , Desmodium Among these, Among 24,096 icipe seed is critical in critical is seed seed been has seed throughproduced anging from 3.45t/hafrom anging to have beenhave characterised in planting withpush-pull planting up to 100%to up maize increasing while three-foldto up grain yield (and Stem borers) effectively borers) effectively Stem (and improved, health soil controlled, grain significant in resulting yield increases;r demonstration plots established and established plots demonstration western in 16 in districts maintained additionin large 6 to Kenya, in established sites demonstration IAR/ABU and hasand IAR/ABU incorporatedbeen Kenyain technology push-pull the in Nigeria and Maize reduced technology fromexudates Root droughtnew tolerant Desmodium Incanum Rothamsted with collaboration Research. drought-tolerant Two arebetterthat spp. existingthan been have ones commercial by identified of availability and Production Desmodium push-pullpromoting technology, on-station & On-farm technologymanagement gavedemonstrations 50,824 over accessthe farmers new the to 6.47 t/ha in somein t/ha 6.47 locations, a to range1.67t/haof compared to ownpractice. 2.85t/haunder farmers’ technologies. On-farmdemonstrations and as used shows agricultural channels. dissemination average Throughefforts, led icipe on-farm of yield beenhas 4.4t/ha 3. Year in realized of tons 4 of total overall An Desmodium byproduced trained and CBSPs disseminated and companies, seed farmers to based growersseed Community seed in involved been have of 500kg least At production. Desmodium 3. Year seed community in producers limitation currentseed the However, Seed Imports through solved being is from Australia and Tanzania. KARIcollaboration with Expanded KenyaUnit, Seed Company Seed to out carried seeds Tropical and increasethe seed production target improve help to farmer Push-pull schools field holder small 295 among established projectsince farmer inception farmers have beenhave farmers trainedon usingmanagement push-pull technologyalone, and 22,748 adoptedhave farmers push-pullthe technology. collaboration with project partners partners project with collaboration availability. availability. (Year 1-2) (Year

Achievements that: Currentshow findings Challenges 1. 210 Over on-farmand learning 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. ―

6.2.2. Inter-cropping 6.2.3. Push-pull Aspects Domains R&D Extension

Input/Seed Systems Stakeholder Engagement

M&E

41 — — ― Questions — —

in the soil and its linkage linkage thein its and soil is due to theto due is is: it that fact

FK3 isolate is necessary to helpto necessary is isolate FK3 ontrolagent in granular form can nology to local level actors level local to nology and present evidence of efficacy andevidencepresent efficacy of on technologybio-control

Fusariumsp. , maize); less trial restrictions; easier to easier restrictions; trial less maize); , Striga is a common soil borne pathogen. Thereto need a is pathogen. borne soil common a is suppressive soils. be easily adapted level. farm at easily be and bio-safetyand of tech bio-control trainings stakeholder Intensified c Bio the of application Innovative promotethe use ofthe Kenyan isolate benefit– Cost The promotingof added andthe Bio advantage should(BC) control established. be get registered in registered andget Kenyain manufactured is Kenya it carry the carry product forward Integrate BCIntegrate other technology with agronomicand technologies practices Foxy poorto with Due trials 2 results, stoppedwere with trials and isolate continued. Kenya FK3 the isolate Kenyan using FK3 for Reasons adapted (soils, locally technologyat BC role The momentthe proving on focus should farming systems. different into delivery the elucidating and efficacy sp. Fusarium of effect the nullify may that soil the in effects ic antagonist the study correlatedbe to needs This carry-the to studied. being strains the the of effect persistence over to Striga of preparation dossier Registration

3. 1. ― 1. Needto use innovative approach and farmer orientated approach to 2. technology bio-control Publicize 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. As a non-indigenousa As the isolate, Foxy2BC agenttook 2 to years andapproval get site trial the then quarantinehad restrictions baths,foot (fenced, hour 24 etc.)guards, efficacy the improve to time testing mechanisms delivery and

― 1. 2. technology This more needs

emergence, increased root Striga

Trial being monitoredbeing by KenyaHealth Plant Trial and (KEPHIS) Service Inspectorate Agricultural Research Kenya by supervised (KARI). Institute Bio-control trials show that Kenyanthe show trials Bio-control isolateof the bio-control agent (FK3) reduced reduced in effective And was dryand fresh weight. sitessome in yield grain increasing

Achievements Challenges Insights/Propositions ― 1. 1.

6.2.4. Bio control Technology Aspects Domains R&D Extension Input/Seed Systems Stakeholder Engagement M&E 6.2.4. Bio control Technology

42 This should be should This ? Striga

1. 2. 3. management resistance to resistance Striga

resistance into the mid-altitude the into resistance Collect data that use,into put be can data Collect protocols, determineand standardize howto store the so it does not getdata lost partnerships Public-private in Engage improveto (PPP) sector’sprivate the implementto seed scale large capacity commercialization and production many technologies being are Too disseminatedand developed different in prioritize, to Need combinations. select andagree on proven technologies readypromotion,for onbased and cost-benefit and successes of evidence analysis out carry to Need Striga prioritizeto data socio-economic Use in efficiency improve and tasks research deploying results. of supply addressto Need sustainable seed private including seeds, legume CBSPs and companies ain farmers individual Encourage demonstrateto combinationcommunity volunteer use and technologies of improve will This scaling. up in farmers theof ownership on technologies will which inputs complementary of Use as such succeed technology the make application fertiliser Furtherresearch intointrogressing Striga technologies sequencing. Identify Identify sequencing. technologies most and mature basetechnologies (best) it integrate and technologiesother with value.add can that genes IR stacking and varieties maize conventional into address selection pressures that pressures might selection address

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

weed Herbicide is a is Herbicide Striga Striga Striga Strigaway incidences developing resistance to IR-Maizeto resistance developing time over variety Scaling out technologies is still low low still is technologies out Scaling measurementand mechanism Data needsto be integrated. formulationcoating Seed season- for lacking is control long and agents Biocontrol of Registration (regulations)herbicides time a is process challenging gap a is There betweenthe and researchers extensionthe staff; sharinginformation beefedbe to up variety of Process release/maintenanceof lack and breedersdown slowed commercialization a is Disease Necrosis Lethal Maize new developing to challenge big Kenya in varieties betweenperiod Long variety release productionseed and 4 to (up yrs.)is challenge major a of risk a is There of Leaching challenge levels low to leading fertility soil Low increasedand yields are seed the of Most companies samethe marketing but hybrid a with name. different cropping rotation/strip legume Maize- in hadhas research impact no Kenyain adapt to Difficult Kenya. problemthe to due farmland small of rotation of testing limited and sizes species/varieties

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Challenges Insights/Propositions Questions Resistant Resistant resistant resistant resistant- seed in bank resistant resistant Striga emergence by is superior to both -freeconditions, Striga Striga Striga infestation in both in infestation StrigaStriga plots plots Resistant Hybrid Hybrid Resistant Striga increased maizeincreased yield Striga Striga managementoptions on- plant count, were

Desmodium and intercropped groundnuts Desmodium Striga Desmodium -infestedand Striga management established technologies and theyand showed coatingIR-Maize that and technology (STR-HYB)reduced 60%than more increasing yields maize while commercialto to up compared by 70% checks 57%least at varieties hybrid with higher yield across tested and checks commercial than Kenya in identified locations nine the soil. soil. the Evaluation trials were implemented were to trials Evaluation maize new identify under varieties both Striga herbicideof toformulations reduce Testing IR-Maizethat showed flaking and dusting maize increases herbicide with coating seed the reducing while yield demonstrationmulti-locational Joint on trials Striga Kenya Western in best StrigaThe and of terms in farm, yield grain in increase low very Desmodium IR hybridmaize and with varietiesmaize maize hybrid sole the and and IR of combinations Maize. ranged treatments,grain all For from yield 4.5t/hato 1.0t.ha theon depending location. suppressed and rainslong and short overfour Kenya in and seasons groundnutsoybeaninand increasing rotation and suppressing yield 1 and resistant herbicide 3 Maize hybrids thanhigher hybrids Maize yielded IR-Maize in hybrids

Achievements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

6.2.5. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Aspects Domains R&D 6.2.5. Cross-cutting technologies

42 43 44 This should be should This ? Striga

is a smart weed that keeps on keeps that weed smart a is pressure. this can How well elaborated to which prioritize well on focus to technology specific farmers.to benefits the on based Each technology theytechnology and Each unique is phases.own their have do How we the technologies the to target audience? IR Maize and Push-pull- Technology Technology Push-pull-and Maize IR improvedbe to needs issue adoption productionseed Could – these of limitation? main the be technologies (IR IR-Maize of value the is What Coating Herbicide Maize over host-plant Technology) to resistance remainherbicide the long How will release is slow the once effective become crop the Will affected? the is as currently? case yellow, Striga Inadapting. and changing shifting, enoughnot is there seasons, some Striga overcomecontext be the in problem selection pressure? Technology of

1. 1. 2. 3.

Striga infestation. infestation. Striga resistant resistant management resistance to resistance e using information using e Striga Striga therebyproviding needsto be attack. attack. Striga Striga herbicide technology is herbicide technology Striga

seeds and depleting seed bank.seed depleting and seeds resistance into the mid-altitude the into resistance varieties should perform equally across perform equally should varieties or without with sites emergence andemergence of soil into addition Striga traditional farming with compatible intercropping as such methods, with and push- rotation crop beans/legumes, pull. Collect data that use,into put be can data Collect Theherbicide and protocols, determineand standardize howto store the so it does not getdata lost Generateintegrated approaches that partnerships Public-private in Engage stopping fertility, soil address improveto (PPP) sector’sprivate the implementto seed scale large capacity commercialization and production needa is There for betweenlinkage many technologies being are Too fertility soil and diversity, diet nutrition, disseminatedand developed different in have and overlooked been which the in prioritize, to Need combinations. select project. andagree on proven technologies andexperiences past of Availability readypromotion,for onbased and systems in different in learned lessons cost-benefit and successes of evidence Africa analysis The Strigaway out carry to Need Striga release herbicide technology Slow prioritizeto data socio-economic Use 10-12 even effective remain should in efficiency improve and tasks planting after weeks research deploying results. theto protection long season almost of supply addressto Need sustainable against crop seed private including seeds, legume provide technologiesof Integration will CBSPs and companies agro- different for options various ain farmers individual Encourage contexts socio-economic and ecologies demonstrateto combinationcommunity forfarmers of relevance and volunteer use and technologies of adoptability. improve will This scaling. up in farmers onemphasis More product theof ownership on technologies promotion,demonstration, deliveryand will which inputs complementary of Use (commercialization) as such succeed technology the make materials at information relevant Avail application fertiliser explaining each what – sites demo all Furtherresearch intointrogressing develop and doing is technology Striga a and protocols publishable detailed all covering or brochure joint sheets fact technologies the community in Engage farmer in involvement/ownership buy-in. for selection events- of Publicity and farmers attract to more improved adoption.improved raiseto awarenessNeed better on availabl technologies education and extension Improve of increaseto farmers andknowledge culturalthe changereduce to barriers need-basedthrough farmers,of training and para-extension staff, extension workers networkswith and partnerships Creating theon ground synergyfor groups and impact otherand technologies the Making and accessible services support affordable Agro-dealersplay avery big role and needto be provided the correct with on passed is message their as message otherto farmers farmers by showto need rotations Maize-legume they how see to models work successful Community (CB)based Strengthen with and partner also systems seed companies seed multinational ain farmers individual Encourage demonstrateto combinationcommunity technologies of farmersfor trees decision andNeed farmer-to-farmer helpto extension decide tofarmers technology which fromownership Transferring adopt. in farmersto researchers important is adoption accelerating identifyto Need technologiesmature appropriatethe technologies target and environments farmer specific to - Dissemination Technology plans methodsand Implementation adaptedbe used basedchanged and evaluation critical and learnt lessons on achievements of research and Communication Data disaggregatedbe to needs intomore technologies sequencing. Identify Identify sequencing. technologies most and mature basetechnologies (best) it integrate and technologiesother with value.add can that genes IR stacking and varieties maize conventional into holistic showcasing and campaigns the to addition in solutions technologiesmanagement address selection pressures that pressures might selection address lead to resistance breakdown resistance to lead

1. 10. 11. 2. 12. 3. 13. 14. 4. 15. 5. 6. 16. 7. 1. 8. 2. 9. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

crop crop Striga

Striga weed management Herbicide is a is Herbicide problem Striga and this option this and Striga Striga Striga Striga Strigaway incidences management soil and approaches/practicesfarming (no approach) systems of lack (and farmingof awareness is communities prevalent interaction betweeninteraction farmers and createto extension awareness and for demand new technologies. developing resistance to IR-Maizeto resistance developing time over variety Maize-Soybean intercrop Maize-Soybean has low still is technologies out Scaling theaggravated measurementand mechanism Data needsto be integrated. formulationcoating Seed season- for lacking is control long and agents Biocontrol of Registration (regulations)herbicides time a is process challenging gap a is There betweenthe and researchers extensionthe staff; sharinginformation beefedbe to up variety of Process release/maintenanceof lack and breedersdown slowed commercialization a is Disease Necrosis Lethal Maize new developing to challenge big Kenya in varieties betweenperiod Long variety release productionseed and 4 to (up yrs.)is challenge major a of risk a is There of Leaching challenge levels low to leading fertility soil Low increasedand yields other on emphasis Little are seed the of Most companies samethe marketing but hybrid a with name. different cropping rotation/strip legume Maize- in hadhas research impact no Kenyain adapt to Difficult Kenya. of find to Need sustainability for ways problemthe to due farmland small of the project/technologythe after rotation of testing limited and sizes the byover empowering is project species/varieties community drivenDemand policy/extension of Ministry the at exists currently FarmersAgriculture. a given are However, choices. of basket morefor Need choices. the farmersof extensionand Training be should and needed is staff prioritized ratesadoption inconsistent and Low technologiesnew of productionmaize low The low to due be may bottlenecks poorand application fertilizer farm management practices. hasThere limited/nobeen role active companies seed by dissemination in the wrongpeople by seed Training rather than agents) (seed companies people sales counter the Demonstrations complextoo were for instances some in farmers Counterfeitof isSeeds a Availability concern management hasmanagement amongbeen not instead of reducing it reducing of instead poor also is there since out ruled is opportunitiesmarket Soybeanfor

14. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 12. 13. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Challenges Insights/Propositions Questions Resistant Resistant resistant resistant resistant- seed in bank resistant resistant Striga emergence by is superior to both -freeconditions, Striga Striga Striga infestation in both in infestation StrigaStriga plots plots Resistant Hybrid Hybrid Resistant on their fields, followed theiron followed fields, Striga increased maizeincreased yield Striga Striga managementoptions on- plant count, were

Desmodium and intercropped groundnuts Desmodium Desmodium Striga Desmodium -infestedand Striga management established technologies and theyand showed coatingIR-Maize that and technology (STR-HYB)reduced 60%than more increasing yields maize while commercialto to up compared by 70% checks 57%least at varieties hybrid with higher yield across tested and checks commercial than Kenya in identified locations nine the soil. soil. the Maize soybean rotation is Suitable for bio for Suitable is rotation soybean Maize implemented were to trials Evaluation diverse(nutrition), diversity diet and sources maize new identify under varieties both ofincome and can beused for Soil Striga improvement herbicideof toformulations reduce Testing IR-Maizethat showed flaking and dusting maize increases herbicide with coating seed the reducing while yield demonstrationmulti-locational Joint on trials Striga Kenya Western in best StrigaThe and of terms in farm, yield grain in increase low very Desmodium IR hybridmaize and with varietiesmaize maize hybrid sole the and and IR of combinations Maize. ranged treatments,grain all For from yield 4.5t/hato 1.0t.ha theon depending location. suppressed and rainslong and short overfour Kenya in and seasons farmer in Private-publicof Use partnership groundnutsoybeaninand increasing rotation farmersimproved has trainings and suppressing yield reach/access/adoption perceptionthe for sampled locations 7 In farmershighest the shown to interest survey, 1 and resistant herbicide 3 intercrop groundnut by intercrop soybeanand rotation. SMS an started has seed FreshCo Company of dissemination the in assist to platform farmers to seeds farmers30,366 and extension trained agents 3. Year in Kenya in in trained 1 being Kenya, Students MSc 5 Africa Southin trained being student MSc trained being in students PhD 2 and Germany demonstration8562 Overall, plots (Push-pull IR 562; = Kenya in established 1-3). (Year 8000) = maize (IRSfarmers = Maize 111,210 Overall, 72,000;Push-pull =39,210) reached directly 1-3). (Year Maize hybrids thanhigher hybrids Maize yielded IR-Maize in hybrids

Achievements 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 6. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

6.2.5. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Aspects Domains R&D Extension

44 42 45 This should be should This ? Striga

is a smart weed that keeps on keeps that weed smart a is pressure. this can How well elaborated to which prioritize well on focus to technology specific farmers.to benefits the on based IR Maize and Push-pull- Technology Technology Push-pull-and Maize IR improvedbe to needs issue adoption productionseed Could – these of limitation? main the be technologies (IR IR-Maize of value the is What Coating Herbicide Maize over host-plant Technology) to resistance remainherbicide the long How will release is slow the once effective become crop the Will affected? the is as currently? case yellow, Striga Inadapting. and changing shifting, enoughnot is there seasons, some Striga problembe overcome inthe context selection pressure? Technology of Whatare the avenueswecan exploreto make sureseed is not a limitation? do How supportwe theprivate bettera do to sector ofinstead job do? they what duplicating Who the champions Sustainability: endthe theof after project/benefits

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.

Use the Striga management resistance to resistance e using information using e Resistant and IR Resistant Striga

resistance into the mid-altitude the into resistance demand-drivenapproach of meeting the targetsystems. our of needs Need to raiseto awarenessNeed better on availabl technologies holistic showcasing and campaigns the to addition in solutions technologiesmanagement education and extension Improve of increaseto farmers andknowledge culturalthe changereduce to barriers that use,into put be can data Collect need-basedthrough farmers,of training protocols, determineand standardize and para-extension staff, extension not does it so get thestore to how data workers lost networkswith and partnerships Creating partnerships Public-private in Engage theon ground synergyfor groups and improveto (PPP) sector’sprivate the impact implementto seed scale large capacity commercialization and production otherand technologies the Making and accessible services support many technologies being are Too affordable disseminatedand developed different in prioritize, to Need combinations. select Agro-dealersplay avery big role and andagree on proven technologies needto be provided the correct with readypromotion,for onbased and on passed is message their as message cost-benefit and successes of evidence otherto farmers farmers by analysis showto need rotations Maize-legume out carry to Need Strigathey how see to models work successful Identify sequencing. technologies most Community (CB)based Strengthen matureand base(best) technologies with and partner also systems seed it integrate and technologiesother with companies seed multinational value.add can that ain farmers individual Encourage prioritizeto data socio-economic Use demonstrateto combinationcommunity in efficiency improve and tasks technologies of research deploying results. farmersfor trees decision andNeed of supply addressto Need sustainable farmer-to-farmer helpto extension seed private including seeds, legume decide tofarmers technology which CBSPs and companies fromownership Transferring adopt. ain farmers individual Encourage in farmersto researchers important is demonstrateto combinationcommunity adoption accelerating volunteer use and technologies of identifyto Need technologiesmature improve will This scaling. up in farmers appropriatethe technologies target and theof ownership on technologies environments farmer specific to will which inputs complementary of Use - Dissemination Technology as such succeed technology the make plans methodsand Implementation application fertiliser adaptedbe used basedchanged and Furtherresearch intointrogressing evaluation critical and learnt lessons on Striga achievements of genes IR stacking and varieties maize research and Communication Data conventional into disaggregatedbe to needs intomore understandableextension type farmersthe benefits that materials the with County partnerships Strengthen forgovernment fundingin support and samples) free & (subsidies services. extension farmer networks by Strengthen recognizingfarmer extension agents strengtheningand to flows information networks. identified specifically pushand IR of scaling out Enhance pull areasnew in Thereis the need to identify and profile farmersand communities the being in toas so effective more be targeted technologiesThe need.their meeting in fit should disseminated being to maize need also varieties target The fertility with conjunction in promoted be component. factors on yield effects Environmental capturedbe to need todetermine specific growing on success farmer droughtof effect the E.g. varieties. (in Strigatolerance studied. be should varieties) maize other to partners with linkages Making adoptto sitters fence convert help farmersthat do not assumption Avoid Thereisthey what know doing are not understand to science social enough perception farmers’ reachcountries other project to Expand Uganda,(e.g. Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Malawi) Tanzania, building capacity out carry and Sensitize awarenesscreate to enable and farmers to seeds of distribution effective privateof seed Involvement for sector is herbicideand production supply necessary IR-Maizeof Promotion productionseed demandboost to the since needed is address selection pressures that pressures might selection address

5. 6. 1. 7. 2. 8. 3. 9. 10. 4. 11. 12. 5. 13. 6. 7. 14. 8. 15. 9. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 1. 2. 3. is

weed management Herbicide is a is Herbicide Striga Desmodium Striga Striga Striga Strigaway incidences interaction betweeninteraction farmers and createto extension awareness and for demand new technologies. not satisfactory due poor to satisfactory not pod grainand formation shattering, filling, seedindeterminate etc.formation, Training of farmersof extensionand Training be should and needed is staff prioritized ratesadoption inconsistent and Low low still is technologies out Scaling technologiesnew of measurementand mechanism Data productionmaize low The needsto be integrated. low to due be may bottlenecks formulationcoating Seed season- for poorand application fertilizer farm lacking is control long management practices. and agents Biocontrol of Registration hasThere limited/nobeen role active (regulations)herbicides time a is companies seed by dissemination in process challenging the wrongpeople by seed Training gap a is There betweenthe rather than agents) (seed companies and researchers extensionthe staff; people sales counter the sharinginformation beefedbe to up Demonstrations complextoo were for variety of Process instances some in farmers release/maintenanceof lack and Counterfeitof isSeeds a Availability breedersdown slowed concern commercialization a is Disease Necrosis Lethal Maize new developing to challenge big Kenya in varieties betweenperiod Long variety release productionseed and 4 to (up yrs.)is challenge major a of risk a is There IR-Maizeto resistance developing time over variety of Leaching challenge levels low to leading fertility soil Low increasedand yields are seed the of Most companies samethe marketing but hybrid a with name. different cropping rotation/strip legume Maize- in hadhas research impact no Kenyain adapt to Difficult Kenya. problemthe to due farmland small of rotation of testing limited and sizes species/varieties productionseed Legume a is challenge Seedproduction of quite is availability seed Improved project ISMA despite limited

4. 5. 1. 2. 6. 3. 4. 7. 8. 5. 9. 6. 10. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1. 2. 3.

Challenges Insights/Propositions Questions Resistant Resistant resistant resistant resistant- seed in bank resistant resistant Striga emergence by is superior to both -freeconditions, Striga ty poised improve to ty Striga Striga infestation in both in infestation StrigaStriga plots plots Resistant Hybrid Hybrid Resistant Striga increased maizeincreased yield Striga Striga managementoptions on- plant count, were

Desmodium and intercropped groundnuts Desmodium Striga Desmodium -infestedand Striga management established technologies and theyand showed coatingIR-Maize that and technology (STR-HYB)reduced 60%than more increasing yields maize while commercialto to up compared by 70% checks soil. the 57%least at varieties hybrid with higher yield across tested and checks commercial than Kenya in identified locations nine Germany Germany demonstration8562 Overall, plots (Push-pull IR 562; = Kenya in established 1-3). (Year 8000) = maize (IRSfarmers = Maize 111,210 Overall, 72,000;Push-pull =39,210) reached directly 1-3). (Year implemented were to trials Evaluation maize new identify under varieties both Striga herbicideof toformulations reduce Testing IR-Maizethat showed flaking and dusting maize increases herbicide with coating seed the reducing while yield demonstrationmulti-locational Joint on trials Striga Kenya Western in best StrigaThe and of terms in farm, yield grain in increase low very Desmodium IR hybridmaize and with varietiesmaize maize hybrid sole the and and IR of combinations Maize. ranged treatments,grain all For from yield 4.5t/hato 1.0t.ha theon depending location. suppressed and rainslong and short overfour Kenya in and seasons groundnutsoybeaninand increasing rotation and suppressing yield 1 and resistant herbicide 3 availabiliseed Improved theenter business seed companies new as and seeds. buying maize of IR selling awareness between linkage Direct creation agents seed and in part taking actively companies Seed technologybringing farmersto of Western facility treatment seed Maize IR Maize hybrids thanhigher hybrids Maize yielded IR-Maize in hybrids

Achievements 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4.

6.2.5. Cross-cutting technologies

Aspects Aspects Domains R&D Input/Seed Systems

46 42 45 This should be should This ? Striga

is a smart weed that keeps on keeps that weed smart a is pressure. this can How

Measure seed salesseed Measure of terms –in of buying? is type who What Whattheyit? What do farmers? with think? they needdemand creating of issues The addressed.be the to is Where going? produce the drives What partners with demand?market Work the need market.a create to We higher of benefit prices Farmerscurrently report that these are promoting we seeds are the we Should expensive. with work ourfor microcredits provide to banks farmers? project? well elaborated to which prioritize well on focus to technology specific farmers.to benefits the on based IR Maize and Push-pull- Technology Technology Push-pull-and Maize IR improvedbe to needs issue adoption productionseed Could – these of limitation? main the be technologies (IR IR-Maize of value the is What Coating Herbicide Maize over host-plant Technology) to resistance remainherbicide the long How will release is slow the once effective become crop the Will affected? the is as currently? case yellow, Striga Inadapting. and changing shifting, enoughnot is there seasons, some Striga problembe overcome inthe context selection pressure? Technology of Whatare the avenueswecan exploreto make sureseed is not a limitation? do How supportwe theprivate bettera do to sector ofinstead job do? they what duplicating Who the champions Sustainability: endthe theof after project/benefits

4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. and Use the is large.is Striga management resistance to resistance Striga Resistant and IR Resistant Striga control technologies. technologies. control Zones.

Striga resistance into the mid-altitude the into resistance Striga More seed companies should be should companies seed More increaseto recruited and competition IR-Maizeimproved of prices seed drive down. varieties needa is There to properdevelop channelsmarketing and seed for maize and seed increaseto produce supply, tolead the in be should companies determinethe geographical areas and best the researchConducting seed optimal on storageperiod andherbicide increasehelp to needed is formulations establishment. and quality seed stand against Farmersadvised be also should storingIR Maize seed for long period task seed improve supply, To requiresThis necessary. is outsourcing farmerto companies seed linking multinational with seed working groups, encouragingand seed companies produceto OPVs both and companies hybrids marketingin Innovation to needed is the improve help and supply seed done be can This channels.marketing through running productionseed in product with development, parallel agro-dealersof mapping andagro- services, extension involving agents, farmers, from success local promoting market seedsupplying and company details Ultra-modernequipment needed for fortreatment seed Companies Seed all programme. Maize IR in involved high yieldingvarieties for Target both in commercialization non ‘phaseshould seedthe of out” AATF and marketing, multiplication, disseminationand transfer the role to for companies seed partner purposes. sustainability Linkageto the County forum in Kenya to hectare infested with hectare technologies sequencing. Identify Identify sequencing. technologies most matureand base(best) technologies it integrate and technologiesother with value.add can that understandableextension type farmersthe benefits that materials that use,into put be can data Collect the with County partnerships Strengthen protocols, determineand standardize forgovernment fundingin support not does it so get thestore to how data and samples) free & (subsidies lost services. extension partnerships Public-private in Engage farmer networks by Strengthen improveto (PPP) sector’sprivate the recognizingfarmer extension agents implementto seed scale large capacity strengtheningand to flows information commercialization and production networks. identified specifically demand-drivenmany technologies being are approach of meeting the Too targetsystems. our of needs disseminatedand developed different in prioritize, to Need combinations. select pushand IR of scaling out Enhance pull andagree on proven technologies areasnew in readypromotion,for onbased and Thereis the need to identify and profile cost-benefit and successes of evidence farmersand communities the being analysis in toas so effective more be targeted out carry to Need StrigatechnologiesThe need.their meeting in fit should disseminated being to maize need also varieties target The fertility with conjunction in promoted be component. prioritizeto data socio-economic Use factors on yield effects Environmental in efficiency improve and tasks capturedbe to need todetermine research deploying results. specific growing on success farmer of supply addressto Need sustainable droughtof effect the E.g. varieties. seed private including seeds, legume (in Strigatolerance CBSPs and companies ain farmers individual Encourage other to partners with linkages Making demonstrateto combinationcommunity adoptto sitters fence convert help volunteer use and technologies of farmersthat do not assumption Avoid improve will This scaling. up in farmers Thereisthey what know doing are not theof ownership on technologies understand to science social enough will which inputs complementary of Use perception farmers’ as such succeed technology the make reachcountries other project to Expand application fertiliser Uganda,(e.g. Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Furtherresearch intointrogressing Malawi) Tanzania, Striga building capacity out carry and Sensitize genes IR stacking and varieties maize awarenesscreate to enable and conventional into farmers to seeds of distribution effective privateof seed Involvement for sector is herbicideand production supply necessary IR-Maizeof Promotion productionseed demandboost to the since needed is maize varieties) should be studied. studied. be should varieties) maize address selection pressures that pressures might selection address

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1. 17. 2. 18. 3. 19. 20. 4. 21. 5. 22. 6. 7. 23. 24. 8. 25. 9. 1. 2. 3. is

weed Herbicide is a is Herbicide Striga Desmodium Striga Striga Strigaway

activities. Seed availability and availability Seed activities. the ensure to critical remain access project the of success Poor seed and grainand seed Poor marketing channels toleads low quality seed Inconsistent ratesgermination formarket Limited IR new Maize Soybeanand varieties makes which themun-attractive for seed companies new of prices seed high Perceived otherto hybrid compared varieties seed saved and varieties incidences not satisfactory due poor to satisfactory not pod grainand formation shattering, filling, seedindeterminate etc.formation, Scaling out technologies is still low low still is technologies out Scaling measurementand mechanism Data needsto be integrated. formulationcoating Seed season- for lacking is control long and agents Biocontrol of Registration (regulations)herbicides time a is process challenging gap a is There betweenthe and researchers extensionthe staff; sharinginformation beefedbe to up variety of Process release/maintenanceof lack and breedersdown slowed commercialization a is Disease Necrosis Lethal Maize new developing to challenge big Kenya in varieties betweenperiod Long variety release productionseed and 4 to (up yrs.)is challenge major a of risk a is There IR-Maizeto resistance developing time over variety of Leaching challenge levels low to leading fertility soil Low increasedand yields are seed the of Most companies samethe marketing but hybrid a with name. different cropping rotation/strip legume Maize- in hadhas research impact no Kenyain adapt to Difficult Kenya. productionseed Legume a is problemthe to due farmland small of challenge rotation of testing limited and sizes Seedproduction of species/varieties quite is availability seed Improved project ISMA despite limited

4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1. 2. 3. Challenges Insights/Propositions Questions Resistant Resistant resistant resistant resistant- seed in bank resistant resistant Striga emergence by is superior to both -freeconditions, Striga ty poised improve to ty Striga Striga infestation in both in infestation StrigaStriga plots plots Resistant Hybrid Hybrid Resistant Striga increased maizeincreased yield Striga Striga managementoptions on- plant count, were

Desmodium and intercropped groundnuts Desmodium Striga Desmodium -infestedand Striga management established technologies Seed, KenyaSeed, Seed and Co. FreshCoSeed 1,2 4, and Kenyain set-up Year during respectively. and theyand showed coatingIR-Maize that and technology (STR-HYB)reduced 60%than more increasing yields maize while commercialto to up compared by 70% checks soil. the 57%least at varieties hybrid with higher yield across tested and checks commercial than Kenya in identified locations nine Evaluation trials were implemented were to trials Evaluation maize new identify under varieties both Striga herbicideof toformulations reduce Testing IR-Maizethat showed flaking and dusting maize increases herbicide with coating seed the reducing while yield demonstrationmulti-locational Joint on trials Striga Kenya Western in best StrigaThe and of terms in farm, yield grain in increase low very Desmodium IR hybridmaize and with varietiesmaize maize hybrid sole the and and IR of combinations Maize. ranged treatments,grain all For from yield 4.5t/hato 1.0t.ha theon depending location. suppressed and rainslong and short overfour Kenya in and seasons groundnutsoybeaninand increasing rotation and suppressing yield 1 and resistant herbicide 3 availabiliseed Improved theenter business seed companies new as and seeds. buying maize of IR selling awareness between linkage Direct creation agents seed and in part taking actively companies Seed technologybringing farmersto of Western facility treatment seed Maize IR Maize hybrids thanhigher hybrids Maize yielded IR-Maize in hybrids

Achievements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4.

6.2.5. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Aspects Domains R&D Input/Seed Systems

42 46 This should be should This ? Striga

is a smart weed that keeps on keeps that weed smart a is pressure. this can How

well elaborated to which prioritize well on focus to technology specific farmers.to benefits the on based Measure seed salesseed Measure of terms –in of buying? is type who What Whattheyit? What do farmers? with think? they Technology Push-pull-and Maize IR needdemand creating of issues The improvedbe to needs issue adoption addressed.be the to is Where productionseed Could – these of going? produce the drives What limitation? main the be technologies partners with demand?market Work the need market.a create to We (IR IR-Maize of value the is What higher of benefit prices Coating Herbicide Maize over host-plant Technology) Farmerscurrently report that these to resistance are promoting we seeds are the we Should expensive. with work ourfor microcredits provide to banks farmers? remainherbicide the long How will release is slow the once effective become crop the Will affected? the is as currently? case yellow, Striga Inadapting. and changing shifting, enoughnot is there seasons, some Striga problembe overcome inthe context selection pressure? Technology of project?

4. 1. 5. 2. 6. 3. and is large.is Striga management resistance to resistance Striga Striga control technologies. technologies. control Zones.

Striga resistance into the mid-altitude the into resistance Striga More seed companies should be should companies seed More increaseto recruited and competition IR-Maizeimproved of prices seed drive down. varieties that use,into put be can data Collect needa is There to properdevelop protocols, determineand standardize channelsmarketing and seed for maize and not does it so get seed thestore to how data increaseto produce supply, lost tolead the in be should companies determinethe geographical areas and partnerships Public-private in Engage thebest improveto (PPP) sector’sprivate the implementto seed scale large capacity researchConducting seed optimal on commercialization and production storageperiod andherbicide increasehelp to needed is formulations many technologies being are Too establishment. and quality seed stand disseminatedand developed different in against Farmersadvised be also should prioritize, to Need combinations. select storingIR Maize seed for long period andagree on proven technologies task seed improve supply, readypromotion,for onbased and To requiresThis cost-benefit and successes of evidence necessary. is outsourcing analysis farmerto companies seed linking multinational with seed working groups, out carry to Need Striga encouragingand seed companies produceto OPVs both and companies hybrids marketingin Innovation to needed is the improve help and supply seed prioritizeto data socio-economic Use done be can This channels.marketing in efficiency improve and tasks through running productionseed in research deploying results. product with development, parallel of supply addressto Need sustainable agro-dealersof mapping agro-and seed private including seeds, legume services, extension involving agents, CBSPs and companies farmers, from success local promoting ain farmers individual Encourage market seedsupplying and company demonstrateto combinationcommunity details volunteer use and technologies of Ultra-modernequipment needed for improve will This scaling. up in farmers fortreatment seed Companies Seed all theof ownership on technologies programme. Maize IR in involved will which inputs complementary of Use high for varieties yielding Target as such succeed technology the make both in commercialization application fertiliser Furtherresearch intointrogressing ‘phaseshould seedthe of out” AATF Striga and marketing, multiplication, the transfer and dissemination role to for companies seed partner purposes. sustainability Linkageto the County forum in Kenya to technologies sequencing. Identify Identify sequencing. technologies most matureand base(best) technologies it integrate and technologiesother with value.add can that genes IR stacking and varieties maize conventional into hectare infested with hectare non address selection pressures that pressures might selection address

4. 1. 5. 2. 6. 3. 7. 4. 8. 5. 6. 7. 9. 8. 10. 9. 11. 12.

weed Herbicide is a is Herbicide Striga Striga Striga Strigaway

incidences activities. Seed availability and availability Seed activities. the ensure to critical remain access project the of success developing resistance to IR-Maizeto resistance developing time over variety Poor seed and grainand seed Poor marketing channels low still is technologies out Scaling toleads low quality seed Inconsistent ratesgermination measurementand mechanism Data needsto be integrated. formarket Limited IR new Maize Soybeanand varieties makes which formulationcoating Seed season- for themun-attractive for seed lacking is control long companies and agents Biocontrol of Registration new of prices seed high Perceived (regulations)herbicides time a is otherto hybrid compared varieties process challenging seed saved and varieties gap a is There betweenthe and researchers extensionthe staff; sharinginformation beefedbe to up variety of Process release/maintenanceof lack and breedersdown slowed commercialization a is Disease Necrosis Lethal Maize new developing to challenge big Kenya in varieties betweenperiod Long variety release productionseed and 4 to (up yrs.)is challenge major a of risk a is There of Leaching challenge levels low to leading fertility soil Low increasedand yields are seed the of Most companies samethe marketing but hybrid a with name. different cropping rotation/strip legume Maize- in hadhas research impact no Kenyain adapt to Difficult Kenya. problemthe to due farmland small of rotation of testing limited and sizes species/varieties

4. 1. 5. 2. 6. 3. 4. 7. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Challenges Insights/Propositions Questions Resistant Resistant resistant resistant resistant- seed in bank resistant resistant Striga emergence by is superior to both -freeconditions, Striga Striga Striga infestation in both in infestation StrigaStriga plots plots Resistant Hybrid Hybrid Resistant Striga increased maizeincreased yield Striga Striga managementoptions on- plant count, were

Desmodium and intercropped groundnuts Desmodium Striga Desmodium -infestedand Striga management established technologies and theyand showed coatingIR-Maize that and technology (STR-HYB)reduced 60%than more increasing yields maize while commercialto to up compared by 70% checks 57%least at varieties hybrid with higher yield across tested and checks commercial than Kenya in identified locations nine the soil. soil. the Seed, KenyaSeed, Seed and Co. FreshCoSeed 2 1, 4, and Kenyain set-up Year during respectively. implemented were to trials Evaluation maize new identify under varieties both Striga herbicideof toformulations reduce Testing IR-Maizethat showed flaking and dusting maize increases herbicide with coating seed the reducing while yield demonstrationmulti-locational Joint on trials Striga Kenya Western in best StrigaThe and of terms in farm, yield grain in increase low very Desmodium IR hybridmaize and with varietiesmaize maize hybrid sole the and and IR of combinations Maize. ranged treatments,grain all For from yield 4.5t/hato 1.0t.ha theon depending location. suppressed and rainslong and short overfour Kenya in and seasons groundnutsoybeaninand increasing rotation and suppressing yield 1 and resistant herbicide 3 Maize hybrids thanhigher hybrids Maize yielded IR-Maize in hybrids

Achievements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

6.2.5. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Aspects Domains R&D

46 42 47 48 This should be should This ? Striga

is a smart weed that keeps on keeps that weed smart a is pressure. this can How

well elaborated to which prioritize well on focus to technology specific farmers.to benefits the on based How do How empowerwe National sustainability? introduce to Programs Measure seed salesseed Measure of terms –in of buying? is type who What Whattheyit? What do farmers? with think? they needdemand creating of issues The addressed.be the to is Where going? produce the drives What partners with demand?market Work the need market.a create to We higher of benefit prices Farmerscurrently report that these are promoting we seeds are the we Should expensive. with work ourfor microcredits provide to banks farmers? Technology Push-pull-and Maize IR improvedbe to needs issue adoption productionseed Could – these of limitation? main the be technologies (IR IR-Maize of value the is What Coating Herbicide Maize over host-plant Technology) to resistance remainherbicide the long How will release is slow the once effective become crop the Will affected? the is as currently? case yellow, Striga Inadapting. and changing shifting, enoughnot is there seasons, some Striga overcomecontext be the in problem selection pressure? Technology of project?

4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 1. and control is large.is at Striga control andcontrol management resistance to resistance Striga Striga Striga Striga earch activities need activities earch Striga control and up-scalingand control infestation and povertyand infestation control technologies. technologies. control e should also start a start also should e Striga Zones. Striga management.

Striga resistance into the mid-altitude the into resistance Striga Striga food security should enhanced be security food and of Ministry the of agenda the to linked countries both in Agriculture could adopt use of Information of use adopt could More seed companies should be should companies seed More increaseto recruited and competition IR-Maizeimproved of prices seed drive down. varieties needa is There to properdevelop channelsmarketing and seed for maize and seed increaseto produce supply, tolead the in be should companies determinethe geographical areas and best the researchConducting seed optimal on storageperiod andherbicide increasehelp to needed is formulations establishment. and quality seed stand against Farmersadvised be also should storingIR Maize seed for long period task seed improve supply, To requiresThis necessary. is outsourcing farmerto companies seed linking multinational with seed working groups, encouragingand seed companies produceto OPVs both and companies hybrids marketingin Innovation to needed is the improve help and supply seed done be can This channels.marketing through running productionseed in product with development, parallel agro-dealersof mapping agro-and services, extension involving agents, farmers, from success local promoting market seedsupplying and company details Ultra-modernequipment needed for fortreatment seed Companies Seed all programme. Maize IR in involved high yieldingvarieties for Target both in commercialization ‘phaseshould seedthe of out” AATF and marketing, multiplication, the transfer and dissemination role to for companies seed partner purposes. sustainability that use,into put be can data Collect Linkageto the County forum in Kenya to farmers to approach.good allow a get protocols, determineand standardize by driven be should linkage The howto store the so it does not getdata systems. incentive lost the of private role the sustainability, For partnerships Public-private in Engage costs cut to defined be should sector improveto (PPP) sector’sprivate the E.g. efforts. of duplication avoid and implementto seed scale large capacity agro- to with work companies Seed commercialization and production always seeds that ensure to dealers will many technologies being are Too farmersto available be disseminatedand developed different in farmersMore in are increasingly Kenya prioritize, to Need combinations. select study to Need varieties. local growing andagree on proven technologies encourage help dynamicsto the readypromotion,for onbased and farmersneighbouring togrow the new cost-benefit and successes of evidence varieties. analysis – Issueson quality seed of Partnerships out carry to Need Striga playershave sure make to have we We not do damagewho that have products thegains we have made. farmersengaging When (e.g., during days),providefield an prioritizeto data socio-economic Use avenue/opportunityfor farmers to in efficiency improve and tasks get the or varieties of seed immediately research deploying results. informationon the technology being of supply addressto Need sustainable promoted seed private including seeds, legume soybean of poorseed and Limited seed CBSPs and companies of threata sustainability to longevity ain farmers individual Encourage technology; maize-soybean rotation demonstrateto combinationcommunity additional seek – partnerships Strategic volunteer use and technologies of improve for will This partnerships local from investment scaling. up in farmers upscaling and testing theof ownership on technologies will which national inputs platforms, partnership Form complementary of Use coordination events platforms, as such succeed technology the make application fertiliser sensitization farmers/community Involve plantingdemo the at stage Furtherresearch intointrogressing Striga partnerships public-private in Engage improveto (PPP) sector’sprivate the implementto large-scale seed capacity commercialization(p6- and production development Technology networkspartnershipsand Create with theon ground synergyfor groups and impact companies shouldPartnership with be to deliver capacity the have that res science Social strengthenedbe to budgethave and allocations needa is There to the define scalingfor parameters how i.e., out, structuresthe identify can stakeholders and dissemination for to effective work stakeholder productivitybetter ISMA budgetary need activities committee for support strategic strategy with with linkages stakeholders. other reportingproject The on focus include to revised be should milestones to impacts document follow-up critical training, happens?what after as: such all that ensure sustainab technologies sequencing. Identify Identify sequencing. technologies most and mature basetechnologies (best) it integrate and technologiesother with value.add can that genes IR stacking and varieties maize conventional into level community hectare infested with hectare non address selection pressures that pressures might selection address programareaan in are where we likely succeed. to

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 12. 13. 2. 3. 14. 15. 4. 16. 5. 6. 17. 7. 1. 2. 8. 3. 9. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

weed

Herbicide is a is Herbicide Striga Striga Striga Strigaway

incidences activities. Seed availability and availability Seed activities. the ensure to critical remain access project the of success developing resistance to IR-Maizeto resistance developing time over variety Poor seed and grainand seed Poor marketing channels toleads low quality seed Inconsistent ratesgermination formarket Limited IR new Maize Soybeanand varieties makes which themun-attractive for seed companies new of prices seed high Perceived otherto hybrid compared varieties seed saved and varieties low still is technologies out Scaling measurementand mechanism Data needsto be integrated. formulationcoating Seed season- for lacking is control long and agents Biocontrol of Registration (regulations)herbicides time a is process challenging gap a is There betweenthe and researchers extensionthe staff; sharinginformation beefedbe to up variety of Process release/maintenanceof lack and breedersdown slowed commercialization a is Disease Necrosis Lethal Maize new developing to challenge big Kenya in varieties betweenperiod Long variety release productionseed and 4 to (up yrs.)is challenge major a of risk a is There of Leaching challenge levels low to leading fertility soil Low increasedand yields gap a is There betweenthe and researchers extensionthe staff; sharinginformation beefedbe to up are seed the of Most companies samethe marketing but hybrid a with the in activities Communication name. different fundednot are project cropping rotation/strip legume Maize- in hadhas research impact no Kenyain adapt to Difficult Kenya. problemthe to due farmland small of rotation of testing limited and sizes species/varieties

4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 12. 2. 13. Challenges Insights/Propositions Questions

Resistant Resistant resistant resistant resistant- seed in bank resistant resistant Striga emergence by is superior to both -freeconditions, Striga Striga Striga infestation in both in infestation StrigaStriga plots plots Resistant Hybrid Hybrid Resistant Striga increased maizeincreased yield as aproblem enhanced Striga Striga managementoptions on- plant count, were

Desmodium and intercropped groundnuts Desmodium Striga Desmodium -infestedand Striga management established technologies and theyand showed coatingIR-Maize that and technology (STR-HYB)reduced 60%than more increasing yields maize while commercialto to up compared by 70% checks 57%least at varieties hybrid with higher yield across tested and checks commercial than Kenya in identified locations nine the soil. soil. the Seed, KenyaSeed, Seed and Co. FreshCoSeed 2 1, 4, and Kenyain set-up Year during respectively. implemented were to trials Evaluation maize new identify under varieties both Striga herbicideof toformulations reduce Testing IR-Maizethat showed flaking and dusting maize increases herbicide with coating seed the reducing while yield demonstrationmulti-locational Joint on trials Striga Kenya Western in best StrigaThe and of terms in farm, yield grain in increase low very Desmodium IR hybridmaize and with varietiesmaize maize hybrid sole the and and IR of combinations Maize. ranged treatments,grain all For from yield 4.5t/hato 1.0t.ha theon depending location. suppressed and and planning Review forums to wereheld rainslong and short overfour Kenya in progress, develop and activities, review plan and seasons strengthen to project partnerships groundnutsoybeaninand increasing rotation implementation. and suppressing yield partnershipgeneratedproject has The many releases, press international and local printedand materials poster, project website, 1 and resistant herbicide 3 project flyers)increase to booklet, (e.g., visibility broughtand togetherpartners Technologies synergies complementary for of Striga Visibility humanEnhanced capacity technical and Maize hybrids thanhigher hybrids Maize yielded IR-Maize in hybrids

Achievements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 6. 3. 4. 5.

6.2.5. Cross-cutting technologies Aspects Aspects Domains R&D Stakeholder Engagement

42 50 48

This should be should This ? Striga

is a smart weed that keeps on keeps that weed smart a is pressure. this can How well elaborated to which prioritize well on focus to technology specific farmers.to benefits the on based IR Maize and Push-pull- Technology Technology Push-pull-and Maize IR improvedbe to needs issue adoption productionseed Could – these of limitation? main the be technologies (IR IR-Maize of value the is What Coating Herbicide Maize over host-plant Technology) to resistance remainherbicide the long How will release is slow the once effective become crop the Will affected? the is as currently? case yellow, Striga Inadapting. and changing shifting, enoughnot is there seasons, some Striga problembe overcome in the context selection pressure? Technology of Are profiling you the farmers that are reached?being anythere Is analysis the on thefrom feedback canthat demos and research informing in help approach?of restructuring eachdoes Where these of and fit technologies the is where value?added which extensionan there Is activity, impact? of measure a is

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4.

control at control andcontrol management resistance to resistance Striga Striga Striga Striga control and up-scalingand control infestation and povertyand infestation e should also start a start also should e Striga Striga management.

resistance into the mid-altitude the into resistance Striga Collect data that use,into put be can data Collect protocols, determineand standardize howto store the so it does not getdata lost partnerships Public-private in Engage improveto (PPP) sector’sprivate the implementto seed scale large capacity commercialization and production many technologies being are Too disseminatedand developed different in prioritize, to Need combinations. select andagree on proven technologies readypromotion,for onbased and cost-benefit and successes of evidence analysis out carry to Need Striga Identify sequencing. technologies most matureand base(best) technologies it integrate and technologiesother with value.add can that prioritizeto data socio-economic Use in efficiency improve and tasks research deploying results. of supply addressto Need sustainable seed private including seeds, legume CBSPs and companies ain farmers individual Encourage demonstrateto combinationcommunity volunteer use and technologies of improve will This scaling. up in farmers theof ownership on technologies will which inputs complementary of Use as such succeed technology the make application fertiliser Furtherresearch intointrogressing Striga genes IR stacking and varieties maize conventional into that pressures might selection address food security should enhanced be security food and of Ministry the of agenda the to linked countries both in Agriculture to be strengthenedbe to budgethave and allocations needa is There to the define scalingfor parameters how i.e., out, structuresthe identify can stakeholders and dissemination for to effective work stakeholder productivitybetter ISMA budgetary need activities committee for support strategic strategy with with linkages stakeholders. other reportingproject The on focus include to revised be should milestones to impacts document follow-up critical training, happens?what after as: such all that ensure sustainability, increase To involvedare from right partners implementation and planning inception, Theshould partners ofthe projects. farmers, include private extension, makers, donorsand policy sector, creationExplore by-laws/regulationsof controlhelp can that at needed building different Capacity linkthe to respond to R&D of levels between adoption,accelerate anis there To needurgent actto perceptionthe on overcometo adoption survey farmers’ on based are that constraints W opinions. of needa is There for establishment the level forum county at to stakeholder a strategies implementation the actualize for betweenLinkages properDevelop channels/marketing andseed for maize produce outlets the in players Different Information of use adopt could community level community programareaan in are where we likely succeed. to really perform. This is what drives the drives Thiswhat is perform. really IP. a & players key Partnerships-with should strategy communication unified asso ensured be duplication avoid to between (especially competition and companies) Partnership governments local with the inandKenya Nigerianeeds to be explored ensureto varietiesthe that beingmarketed reach the farmers. existingother local to linkages Explore create to initiatives government demand. SupportedUSAID project has AATF Thereis ISMA. with complementarity for need partnershipsynergygain to fromboth projects. (standardize M&E system Strengthen locations) and technologies across recommendationclear have must M&E how engageto show and domains other ‘ Strigadeliver to networks stakeholders’ farmers. to package’ control Innovationhow of documentation Better anopportunity – to offers work platforms mechanismsthe out find and experienceand process The evaluation. captured.be should of Development for tools decision to need targetingand technology demonstrationsof impact measure Fielddays/demos should be re- designedbased onoutcome and results. Investto understand farmer’s perceptionof technologies and their decision-making Are patterns. the farmers for demonstrating contact or based project technologyfor diffusion? adoptionthe in process Understanding termlong and short howand impacts it dissemination technology on and diffusion.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 26. 27. 28. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

weed Herbicide is a is Herbicide Striga Striga Striga Strigaway incidences Scaling out technologies is still low low still is technologies out Scaling measurementand mechanism Data needsto be integrated. formulationcoating Seed season- for lacking is control long and agents Biocontrol of Registration (regulations)herbicides time a is process challenging gap a is There betweenthe and researchers extensionthe staff; sharinginformation beefedbe to up variety of Process release/maintenanceof lack and breedersdown slowed commercialization a is Disease Necrosis Lethal Maize new developing to challenge big Kenya in varieties betweenperiod Long variety release productionseed and 4 to (up yrs.)is challenge major a of risk a is There IR-Maizeto resistance developing time over variety of Leaching challenge levels low to leading fertility soil Low increasedand yields are seed the of Most companies samethe marketing but hybrid a with name. different cropping rotation/strip legume Maize- in hadhas research impact no Kenyain adapt to Difficult Kenya. problemthe to due farmland small of rotation of testing limited and sizes species/varieties Low and inconsistent adoption ratesadoption inconsistent and Low technologies new of (p16- Challenges-3) (adoption) ofuptake for Obstacles studied. be to technologies

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Challenges Insights/Propositions Questions 1. 2. Resistant Resistant resistant resistant resistant- seed in bank resistant resistant Striga emergence by is superior to both -freeconditions, Striga Striga Striga infestation in both in infestation StrigaStriga plots plots Resistant Hybrid Hybrid Resistant Striga increased maizeincreased yield Striga Striga managementoptions on- plant count, were

Desmodium and intercropped groundnuts Desmodium Striga Desmodium -infestedand Striga management established technologies and theyand showed coatingIR-Maize that and technology (STR-HYB)reduced 60%than more increasing yields maize while commercialto to up compared by 70% checks soil. the 57%least at varieties hybrid with higher yield across tested and checks commercial than Kenya in identified locations nine Evaluation trials were implemented were to trials Evaluation maize new identify under varieties both Striga herbicideof toformulations reduce Testing IR-Maizethat showed flaking and dusting maize increases herbicide with coating seed the reducing while yield demonstrationmulti-locational Joint on trials Striga Kenya Western in best StrigaThe and of terms in farm, yield grain in increase low very Desmodium IR hybridmaize and with varietiesmaize maize hybrid sole the and and IR of combinations Maize. ranged treatments,grain all For from yield 4.5t/hato 1.0t.ha theon depending location. suppressed and rainslong and short overfour Kenya in and seasons groundnutsoybeaninand increasing rotation and suppressing yield 1 and resistant herbicide 3 Maize hybrids thanhigher hybrids Maize yielded IR-Maize in hybrids Baseline survey reports for Kenyafor compiled reports survey Baseline bulletin. Technical a as published and Farmerperceptioncarried in surveys out every Kenya year. the of impacts the of analysis Statistical that the Kenya in project showing successes recordedso far a was resultof concerted partnersdevelopmentof and of efforts technologies. integrated effective

Achievements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2.

6.2.5. Cross-cutting technologies

Aspects Aspects Domains R&D M&E

42 50 51

This should be should This ? Striga

is a smart weed that keeps on keeps that weed smart a is pressure. this can How well elaborated to which prioritize well on focus to technology specific farmers.to benefits the on based IR Maize and Push-pull- Technology Technology Push-pull-and Maize IR improvedbe to needs issue adoption productionseed Could – these of limitation? main the be technologies (IR IR-Maize of value the is What Coating Herbicide Maize over host-plant Technology) to resistance remainherbicide the long How will release is slow the once effective become crop the Will affected? the is as currently? case yellow, Striga Inadapting. and changing shifting, enoughnot is there seasons, some Striga overcomecontext be the in problem selection pressure? Technology of Are you profiling the farmers the that Are profiling are you reached?being anythere Is analysis the on thefrom feedback canthat demos and research informing in help approach?of restructuring eachdoes Where these of and fit technologies the is where value?added which extensionan there Is activity, impact? of measure a is

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4.

fit within the within fit management resistance to resistance to Striga

resistance into the mid-altitude the into resistance technologies sequencing. Identify Identify sequencing. technologies most and mature basetechnologies (best) it integrate and technologiesother with value.add can that genes IR stacking and varieties maize conventional into Collect data that use,into put be can data Collect protocols, determineand standardize howto store the so it does not getdata lost partnerships Public-private in Engage improveto (PPP) sector’sprivate the implementto seed scale large capacity commercialization and production many technologies being are Too disseminatedand developed different in prioritize, to Need combinations. select andagree on proven technologies readypromotion,for onbased and cost-benefit and successes of evidence analysis out carry to Need Striga prioritizeto data socio-economic Use in efficiency improve and tasks research deploying results. of supply addressto Need sustainable seed private including seeds, legume CBSPs and companies ain farmers individual Encourage demonstrateto combinationcommunity volunteer use and technologies of improve will This scaling. up in farmers theof ownership on technologies will which inputs complementary of Use as such succeed technology the make application fertiliser Furtherresearch intointrogressing Striga address selection pressures that pressures might selection address farming and community system in every incommunity and farming system every country. really perform. This is what drives the drives Thiswhat is perform. really IP. a & players key Partnerships-with should strategy communication unified asso ensured be duplication avoid to between (especially competition and companies) Partnership governments local with the inandKenya Nigerianeeds tobe explored ensureto varietiesthe that reach farmers.marketed the being existingother local to linkages Explore create to initiatives government demand. SupportedUSAID project has AATF Thereis ISMA. with complementarity for need partnershipsynergygain to projects. both from (standardize M&E system Strengthen locations) and technologies across recommendationclear have must M&E how engageto show and domains other ‘ Strigadeliver to networks stakeholders’ farmers. to package’ control Innovationhow of documentation Better opportunityan – to offers work platforms mechanismsthe out find and experienceand process The evaluation. captured.be should of Development for tools decision to need targetingand technology demonstrationsof impact measure Fielddays/demos should be re- designedbased onoutcome and results. farmer’s understand to Invest perceptionof technologies and their decision-making Are patterns. the farmers for demonstrating contact or based project technologyfor diffusion? adoptionthe in process Understanding termlong and short howand impacts it dissemination technology on and diffusion. documentand Formalize innovationthe approach systems a of as way technologies delivering be will Technologies of Integration supportedby long-term monitoring for andimprovement soil seed systems anddepletion, bank market livelihoodfor opportunities improvement synergyCreate and feedback stakeholders all among mechanism

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 26. 27. 28. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Desmodium and intercropped groundnuts Desmodium Striga Desmodium -infestedand Striga management established technologies and theyand showed coatingIR-Maize that and technology (STR-HYB)reduced 60%than more increasing yields maize while commercialto to up compared by 70% checks soil. the 57%least at varieties hybrid with higher yield across tested and checks commercial than Kenya in identified locations nine and suppressed and rainslong and short overfour Kenya in and seasons groundnutsoybeaninand increasing rotation and suppressing yield Evaluation trials were implemented were to trials Evaluation maize new identify under varieties both Striga herbicideof toformulations reduce Testing IR-Maizethat showed flaking and dusting maize increases herbicide with coating seed the reducing while yield demonstrationmulti-locational Joint on trials Striga Kenya Western in best StrigaThe and of terms in farm, yield grain in increase low very Desmodium IR hybridmaize and with ranged treatments,grain all For from yield 4.5t/hato 1.0t.ha theon depending location. 1 and resistant herbicide 3 hybrid maize varietiesmaize maize hybrid sole the and and IR of combinations Maize. Maize hybrids thanhigher hybrids Maize yielded IR-Maize in hybrids Baseline survey reports for Kenyafor compiled reports survey Baseline bulletin. Technical a as published and Farmerperceptioncarried in surveys out every Kenya year. the of impacts the of analysis Statistical that the Kenya in project showing successes recordedso far a was resultof concerted partnersof of anddevelopment efforts technologies. integrated effective

Achievements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2.

6.2.5. Cross-cutting technologies

Aspects Aspects Domains R&D M&E