So, what about boys? about what So, THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S GIRLS 2011 GIRLS WORLD’S OF THE STATE THE Because I am a Girl I am Because

Because I am a Girl THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S GIRLS 2011 Gary Barker Instituto Promundo Instituto President Cardoso President Members of a youthPHOTOGRAPH: DRUMOND LEO group from Brazil. South African Man White Ribbon CampaignWhite Ribbon orough and clear, as is the as is call orough and clear, Todd Minerson, Executive Director Executive Minerson, Todd talk the and deny about democracy suggested to me that work around all men and boys to throw their weight s are abused and their needs are ks the difficult questions about how e most of the talents of half the was simply the of women, and domain was simply ISBN: 978-0-9565219-4-1 plan-international.org/girls Former President of Brazil of Former and The Elders President a member of “We all suffer“We when girl women and like, came as quite a surprise, It do. gender was something men could always thought that I’d ‘What?!’ is, that, it became this clear But once no, been defensive. even perhaps I’ve that was doing, in welcomed fact,in something that I can do and that I’m very helpful.” “This report on a key and the us new insights research brings latest neglected. them By denying securityopportunity and we embed unfairness th to make and fail our societies in countries we too many In population. rights I call women and girls… on of thebehind campaign for equality.” “I remember the first someone time to action. Most importantly, Plan as to action. Plan Most importantly, the of of gender end goal sight withoutto engage men and boys losing equality.” gender equality, “By exploring the advancing in roles of men and boys prestigious ‘Because I am A Girl’ annual reportPlan’s is boldly changing the we work with fromparadigm, why should men and boys, to how do we do With report,it effectively. this may benefit from more initiatives the many roles the positive activating many and informing here, inspiring, information a better towards world for us all.” working in can play men and boys component to reaching girls – namely, reaching boys and men as allies. and men as allies. boys reaching – namely, girls to reaching component are th and recommendations The analysis Because I am a Girl the State of the World’ s G i r l s 2 0 1 1 So, what about boys? Because I am a Girl the State of the World’ s G i r l s 2 0 1 1 So, what about boys? s n a T o r r a n i D Acknowledgements

Principal Author: Nikki van der Gaag. Nikki has written four out of the five girls’ reports. She is an independent consultant and writer specialising in gender and communications.

This report was made possible with the advice and contributions of many people and organisations.

Global Advisory Panel: Ariana Childs Graham Coordinator, Coalition for Adolescent Girls Cheryl G. Faye Head of UNGEI Secreteriat, UNICEF Claudia Mitchell James McGill Professor of Visual Arts-based Methodologies, HIV&AIDS and Social Change, McGill University Cynthia Steele Executive Vice-President, EMPower Diana Rivington Director of Equality Between Men and Women, CIDA Francisco Cos-Montiel Senior Program Specialist, Women’s Rights and Citizenship International Development Research Centre, (IDRC) Gary Barker International Director, Promundo (USA) Kathy Hall Senior Program Officer, Summit Foundation Lucero Quiroga Consultant, Gender Expert Todd Minerson Executive Director, White Ribbon Campaign Maneesa Sotheeswaran Youth Delegate, Canada Ravi Karkara Participation Specialist, Gender Rights and Civic Engagement Section, UNICEF Ruth Pearson Professor of International Development, School of Politics and International Studies (POLIS), Leeds University Meg Greene Consultant Mita Gupta Gender Unit, UNICEF Sally Gear Senior Education Advisor, UK Department for International Development Seodi White Director, Women and the Law in Southern Africa Research and Education Trust, Malawi Tieneke Van Lonkhuyzen Program Associate, Women and Population UN Foundation Trine Lunde Economist, Gender and Development Group, PREM World Bank Yvonne Rafferty Professor of Psychology, Psychology Department, PACE University; NGO Committee on UNICEF, Working Group on Girls

Anja Stuckert Gender Advisor, Plan Germany g r

Learning together at a kindergarten in Cambodia. e

Alex Munive Gender Advisor, Plan Finland B

Ayman Sadek Plan PU Manager and HTP Advisor, Plan Egypt Report team a L F Carolyn Rose-Avila Deputy Vice-President, Plan USA Sharon Goulds – project manager and lead editor Deepali Sood Head of Global Because I am a Girl Campaign, Plan International Keshet Bachan – project coordinator Lili Harris – research assistant Executive Group: Sarah Hendriks – global gender advisor Marie Staunton CEO, Plan UK Feyi Rodway – cohort coordinator Nigel Chapman CEO, Plan International Simone Schneider – picture research Rosemary McCarney CEO, Plan Canada Additional research: Charlotte Nussey, Kate Bojin

Special thank you to the families taking part in the ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ cohort study and to the staff involved. Input was also received from, among others: Andrew Rogerson, Angela Penrose, Roland Angerer (Plan), Naila Kabeer (SOAS), Jorgen Lorentzen (Oslo University), Mary McPhail (WAGGGS). Printed in Italy by Graphicom. ISBN: 978-0-9565219-4-1 Design and production: New Internationalist Publications Ltd Steering Group – Plan International: Adam Short, Adam Vink, Amanda Sussman, Belinda Portillo, Bekti Andari, Brad Henderson, Dena Allen, Don Mcphee, Fadimata Alainchar, Hellen Tombo, Hamimu Masudi, Jon Martin Forland, Lydia Domingo, Margaret Akello, Ndungu Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this publication is accurate at the time of going to Kahihu, Patrick Van-Ahee, Paula Roberts, Rasa Sekulovic, Rosana Viteri, Stuart Coles, Stefanie Conrad, Scott Schroeder, Tim Cansfield- press, Plan cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies. Smith, Tanshuree Soni, Terence McCaughan, Anne-Sophie Lois, Edith Wanjohi, Sven Coppens, Rosario del Rio, Karen Craggs-Milne, Kanwal Ahluwalia, Nadya Kassam, Serena Trentini. The commentary and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the official policy of Plan UK or of Plan.

Legal input received from: Tzili Mor Parts of this publication may be copied for use in research, advocacy and education, providing the source is acknowledged. This publication may not be reproduced for other purposes without the prior permission of Plan. Primary Research: thanks to: Cesar Bazan for design and analysis, Gabriel Barbosa at Plan Brazil for the focus group discussions with young men and women, Fidèle Rutayisire at RWAMREC Rwanda and Nene Sow-Thiam in Plan Rwanda for school based surveys and Unless otherwise indicated, names have been changed in case studies to protect identities. focus groups, and Pravin Jha and Lilly Vishwanathan from Plan India for school based surveys. Manuel Contreras at the International Centre for Research on Women for overall guidance. Kirrily Pells from the Young Lives study of childhood poverty. Unless otherwise indicated, dollar values expressed are US dollars. 6 “Boys labour for payment, girls Parivartan – using sport to change labour for love” ...... 44 boys’ attitudes (India) ...... 65 7 Who should care for the baby? Learn without fear...... 68 Responsibilities in the home...... 46 Homophobia: Phillip’s story (UK). . 69 Moving Forward – Standing Still “Now we know what abuse Primary Research, Plan 2011. . . . . 50 means” – boys in schools in India. . 71 Through the lens: family life in Boy Scouts in Pakistan support Benin...... 54 girls’ education...... 73 Case studies and definitions The boy who campaigns for girls Fundamentalism: reinforcing to go to school (Kenya)...... 75 traditional gender roles...... 35 And how will you remember me, Chapter 4 my child? Redefining fatherhood in Turkey...... 38 Becoming a teenager: Proud fathers – sharing the listening to adolescents . . . 78 burden in the Philippines...... 39 1 Introduction: becoming a man, Swedish children take on becoming a woman...... 79 Toys R Us ...... 41 Legal framework: sexual and Red beans and hard hats – a gender reproductive health...... 81 equal nursery in El Salvador...... 43 2 Boys don’t cry? Young men Santhi the work thief (India)...... 48 and the crisis of connection...... 83 3 Trusting each other: relationships and sex...... 86 Chapter 3 4 “It’s their problem” – working r Changing our destiny – against homophobia ...... 90 learning for life ...... 56 5 Pornography – “only interested eisheime

G 1 Introduction: seeing the world d in sex”?...... 92 a n

l as mine...... 57

o 6 “Real men don’t get sick” R Legal framework – access to – health and HIV/AIDS...... 93 At school in Guinea-Bissau. education...... 58 Legal framework: access to Contents 2 “School is a good thing” – so what contraceptives and pregnancy prevents girls and boys going to options...... 100 school... and staying there?...... 59 Foreword by Fernando Henrique 5 Stories of change ...... 22 Pushing the elephant – say no to Chapter 2 7 Conclusion: paving the way to Cardoso, former President of Brazil violence against women ...... 18 6 Involving boys and young men Learning your place: 3 Quality as well as quantity – a better world...... 101 and member of The Elders ...... 9 how to teach about gender in for gender equality ...... 24 Defining manhood...... 22 discrimination begins Case studies and definitions at home ...... 32 maths lessons...... 65 Legal framework – working with Promising practice: ‘Ring the Bell’ Phann’s story (Cambodia)...... 82 Section 1 – boys and men...... 26 (India)...... 23 1 “They only have praise for my 4 “I tried to fight him” – violence in school...... 67 You need to be tough ...... 83 Chapter 1 Cohort introduction...... 28 Programming for gender brother” ...... 33 equality ...... 23 2 Playing rough – boys’ freedom 5 School matters: “being strong When can men cry? Research Setting the scene ...... 10 Case studies and definitions in their education”...... 72 with adolescents in Brazil ...... 84 “No one said anything”: also has a downside...... 34 1 Gender is a boys’ issue too...... 11 Defining ages and stages...... 13 Pascal’s story ...... 24 3 “Following his path” – the Case studies and definitions That’s not us – health and gender in Mexico ...... 85 2 A shift in thinking: different Gender equality: all about trust importance of fathers ...... 36 “Daddy, send me to school!” understandings of gender (El Salvador)...... 13 4 “Everybody has a penis” – gender (Turkey)...... 60 “A man comes along and talks equality...... 14 pretty” (El Salvador)...... 87 Definitions – gender, sex, stereotypes in the early years. . . . . 40 Boys are dropping out of school. . . 62 3 Why should boys and men patriarchy, masculinity...... 15 Entre Nós – young people work 5 The right start – early childhood Changing schools to change boys’ engage with gender equality?. . . . . 19 together to promote gender A different kind of young man – development and gender behaviour (Jamaica)...... 64 4 Taking a life cycle approach. . . . . 20 Program H ...... 16 equality...... 42 equality (Brazil)...... 89 Foreword

Young men who hate porn (UK). . . 92 4 Flashpoints and male violence. . 124 Section 2 – The ‘Be a Man’ campaign Legal framework: violence Because We are (Uganda)...... 97 against women, in the home and at work...... 126 Girls: ‘Real Choices, To be young is not a crime (El Salvador)...... 98 5 The consequences of violence Real Lives’ President Fernando Henrique Cardoso for young men...... 131 Challenging and changing Cohort study update ...... 150 Former President of Brazil and a member attitudes...... 99 6 “Everyone gains” Cohort study map ...... 164 of The Elders – challenging male violence . . . . . 132 Chapter 5 7 Conclusion: what helps young Over the centuries many cultures and about change. This is true also within the men not to use violence?...... 134 Section 3 – religions have tried to justify inequality and family, where fathers in particular have a Hopes and fears: the Case studies and definitions Reference discrimination against women and girls. key role to play. Their attitudes and actions transition to adulthood. . . 102 Breaking traditions in Nepal. . . . . 122 Plan’s Because I am a Girl These teachings and practices have been will influence how both their sons and their 1 Introduction: a changing campaign...... 168 abused by men to give them power over daughters behave, think and feel throughout world...... 103 The Men of Strength Campaign. . 124 Introduction...... 169 the female members of their families and their lives; as violence against women can be 2 Hopes and expectations...... 103 Speaking out against violence women across their communities. Girls and handed down from father to son so too can through hip hop (Brazil)...... 125 Maternity leave duration map. . . 170 3 The transition to work...... 105 women have been denied fair access to gentleness, fairness and openness. Fear among the ‘maras’ Paternity leave duration map. . . . 172 education, health, employment, property I call on all men and boys to throw their 4 Young men as fathers...... 107 (El Salvador)...... 128 Case Studies: and influence within their own communities. weight behind the campaign for equality and 5 Working women, working Elektra and Sharaf (Sweden). . . . . 131 But it is not just women who are paying an to challenge those who oppose women’s men: changing role models?. . . . . 110 1 Program H...... 174 enormous price for this cultural and religious rights and equality. The complementary skills One Man Can: “See it and stop it” 2 New Visions: life skills 6 “Equality makes me happy”. . . . 113 prejudice. We all suffer when women and qualities of both men and women are (South Africa)...... 131 education for boys...... 175 Case studies and definitions “It took me 20 years to realise and girls are abused and their needs are needed to tackle the enormous challenges 3 Promising Practice: Plan neglected. By denying them security and we face. This will not be easy. Men and Boys will be boys? (Senegal). . . . . 108 that I’d done something wrong” Honduras – including Honduran (South Africa)...... 133 opportunity, we embed unfairness in our boys will have to change their behaviour Young fathers in Jamaica...... 109 boys and men in gender The White Ribbon Campaign . . . . 134 equality...... 177 societies and fail to make the most of the and thinking. Some women will, too. But Case study: Speaking from the talents of half the population. In too many we will all gain from such changes. Societies 4 USAID – Safe Schools heart (Dominican Republic)...... 114 Program ...... 178 countries we talk about democracy but deny with greater equality between men and Chapter 7 the rights of women and girls. But there women, girls and boys, are healthier, safer, References...... 181 Changing our lives...... 136 are, too, signs of hope. During my lifetime more prosperous and more truly democratic. Chapter 6 Girls online...... 197 Introduction...... 137 in almost every society and in every area, We all need to step forward, to show the A dangerous boy? Glossary...... 204 women are breaking down the barriers courage and determination which is needed Saying no to violence. . . . . 116 8 Point Action Plan: Educate, which have held them and their daughters to change our world for the better. This Campaign, Legislate...... 140 About Plan International...... 206 1 Introduction: Pascal’s story . . . . 117 back for so long. year’s ‘Because I am a Girl’ report will be Plan Offices ...... 207 2 How violence affects girls and Education...... 141 There remains, however, a long way to go challenging for all of us but the many stories young women...... 118 Campaigns ...... 144 until we reach true equality of opportunity. and examples it contains will also help us Legal framework: violence Legislation...... 146 And this is not a fight which should be left find the way to change what needs changing against women, recent legal to women and girls alone. It is up to all our and to work together – men, women, boys Conclusion ...... 149 precedents...... 120 leaders, particularly male political, religious and girls from all walks of life – towards a 3 “Guys who fight are cool” – Case studies and definitions and civil leaders, to challenge and change world where equal opportunities and gender resisting the pressure to punch. . . 121 Changing human behaviour . . . . . 139 those practices and attitudes, however equality benefit everybody. long-established, which allow and foster discrimination and unfair treatment. Men still hold many of the key levers of power and therefore have the power to bring

8 THE s tate of the world’s girls 9 Setting the scene

The report series 1 Gender is a boys’ issue too 1 ‘Because I am Girl’ is an annual report “Being a girl, I know that most boys don’t published by Plan which assesses the current understand how crucial the problems state of the world’s girls. While women and affecting girls are. Those who do children are recognised as specific categories understand, don’t realise that they have the in policy and planning, girls’ particular needs power to do something… gender equality, and rights are often ignored. These reports social injustice and reproductive and sexual provide evidence, including the voices of health are boys’ and men’s issues too. girls themselves, as to why they need to be That’s why it is vital to look at how boys treated differently from boys and from older and young men can empower girls.” women. Maneesa, 14, Canada1 The reports also make recommendations for action, showing policymakers and “I think getting young men and boys planners what can make a real difference to to empower girls is a good idea… No girls’ lives all over the world. one, male or female, should ever be The first report was published in 2007 discriminated against, left out of school, be and the last will be in 2015, the final target in poverty, or treated poorly by the rest of year for the United Nations Millennium the human race.” Development Goals (MDGs). For the same Daniel, 15, Canada2 period, in our ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ study, we are also following a cohort group It may seem strange to have a report on girls of girls in nine different countries born in the that focuses on boys. But during the course year of our first report. of the five years that we have worked on the In 2007, we gave an overview of the ‘Because I am a Girl’ report, it has become global situation of girls. In 2008, we looked increasingly clear that unless young men and at girls affected by conflict; those growing boys work alongside girls and young women up ‘In the Shadow of War’. The 2009 to challenge unequal power relationships, report focused on economic empowerment: equal rights for women and men will remain ‘Girls in the Global Economy: Adding it all a distant dream. Up.’ In 2010, ‘Digital and Urban Frontiers, Research shows quite clearly that gender Girls in a Changing Landscape’ looked equality is one of the keys to breaking at adolescent girls in two of the most the cycle of poverty that is handed down dynamic arenas in the world today – cities the generations from parent to child.3 and new technologies – and examined the Empowering and educating girls, and opportunities and the dangers that these ensuring that they can engage as equal present. citizens, is in everyone’s interest. But for many girls, equality is still a long way off: A l f B e r g

10 the state of the world’s girls 11 • There are 75 million girls out of primary less power than men in almost all societies and lower secondary school.4 and situations around the world – from • A girl in Southern Sudan is more likely parliament to business, from the home to to die in childbirth than finish primary the workplace. And both men and women school.5 continue to accept notions of masculinity • As many as 150 million girls and young that contribute to this imbalance of power. g women under 18 have experienced forced Working with young men and boys g A A

sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual for gender equality and women’s rights n d e r a violence involving physical contact.6 The means challenging how this power operates i k k i v

first experience of sexual intercourse in between the sexes, and then reconstructing N Juan Carlos adolescence for a large number of girls is it for the benefit of all. Boys and young 7

unwanted and even coerced. n men need to have the time and space to while her brother just watches TV. But

• Globally, young women aged 15 to 24 ah be able to define what being a man means Juan Carlos, from Cuidad Arce, says that n e H

account for 64 per cent of HIV infections a for them. Meaningfully engaging boys and if he does the housework or looks after J among young people. In sub-Saharan young men in reframing healthy and non- his siblings his friends sometimes tease Africa young women aged 15 to 24 are women? And how can women and men Girls at work violent definitions of masculinity is critical him and say that he is gay. The young more than twice as likely to be infected as work together to prevent it? in Ghana. in promoting the rights of girls and young men and women all agree that there is young men in the same age group.8 Part of the answer lies in understanding women – and ensuring that the goal of discrimination against gay and lesbian • Girls who give birth before the age why men and boys do what they do, and by gender equality is reached. people in their society, and they link this of 15 are five times more likely to working with boys and young men as their directly to ‘machismo’. In the traditional die in childbirth than women in their behaviour and perceptions of themselves – Gender equality: all about trust way of looking at it, there is only one twenties.9 Pregnancy and childbirth and of the opposite sex – are being formed. Nikki van der Gaag talks to young people way of being a man – being tough, strong are an important cause of mortality for How can we ensure that a 15 year-old in El Salvador about gender equality, and probably violent. And certainly not girls and young women aged 15 to 19 or 10 year-old or even a six year-old boy homosexuality – and who does the wielding a broom or a dishcloth. worldwide.10 sees his sisters and mothers and aunts and washing up. Jenny and Juan Carlos have been able • Girls continue to be raised in households friends who are girls as equals? How would Most conversations with young people to talk about these issues as part of a where they are expected to shoulder the this begin to make a difference to gender about gender in El Salvador seem to wider debate that Plan is generating burden of household labour alongside inequality? start with a discussion about who cleans among young people in El Salvador about their mothers: they spend between 33 This report will demonstrate that one way the toilet and washes the dishes. Young parenting, about what it means to be and 85 per cent more time on unpaid care of doing this is to work with boys and young people see domestic labour as something a man or a woman, about equal rights, work than boys.11 men directly. This can begin to break the that impacts directly on their lives. It is equal opportunities – and ultimately • Thousands of girls marry at a very young cycle of inequality and violence that moves also a symbol of change in what both about how to build a more equal society, age, before their bodies are fully formed. down the generations from father to son. sexes acknowledge is a very ‘machista’ free of discrimination and violence. For example, in Bangladesh, the Central Irma, from Pueblo Nuevo in the Dominican society. El Salvador has a long way to go when African Republic, Chad, Guinea and Niger Republic, is part of a violence prevention Jenny, aged 17, from Opico, says it comes to gender equality. It is fourth the figure is over 60 per cent.12 programme in her community. She points indignantly that she does all the work, from the bottom of the gender index in out: “Men who have been victims as children Ensuring that girls and young women are go on to abuse their kids. We want to break Defining ages and stages free from discrimination is a matter of justice. this cycle.”13 Much of the work with young people does not distinguish by sex or by age: it is work with It is also a basic human right promoted by This cycle does not just harm women ‘women’ or with ‘children’ and sometimes with ‘youth’. We argue that differentiation by the United Nations Convention on Human and girls, it also damages men and boys. age and sex is crucial. Although there are other important distinctions – race, ethnic origin, rights, the Convention on the rights of Concepts of ‘traditional’ masculinities religion, class – a 10 year old is very different from an 18 year old and often girls’ and Children (CRC) and the Convention on the force them to behave in ways that make young women’s needs are very different from those of boys and young men. Elimination of all forms of Discrimination them uncomfortable. They may not dare The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as anyone against Women (CEDAW). International to express their emotions, or they may under the age of 18, unless the age of majority is lower. legal standards like these, and those at a experience violence themselves and then For the purposes of this report, a girl or boy is anyone up to the age of 18 and a young national level, are crucial if girls and young take it out on others; or they may have to woman or man up to 25 years. women are to be protected. pretend to be heterosexual or homophobic The common age labels applied to children and young people But they are not enough. This treatment when they are not. does not happen in a vacuum. It happens But gender inequality is not just about Children within an established system of power where individual attitudes and behaviours. It Youth violence against women and girls is all too permeates our structures and institutions, Young people frequent – and is often condoned by society. where for the most part men are the primary Adolescents So why do men behave in this way towards authority figures. Women continue to have 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

12 the state of the world’s girls 13 Latin America;14 only 10 per cent of those 2 A shift in thinking: different work with women. Between the 1970s in positions of power at national or local understandings of gender and the 1990s, working with women level are women.15 And girls and women equality (WID –‘Women in Development’) became still have much less access to education, working on gender (GAD –‘Gender and healthcare and employment than men. “A man who doesn’t treat a woman well, Development’). The idea was to move from The young people who have been I think he’s not a real man – if he beats a focus on women to the social, political and involved in gender work are clear about women up, for example.” economic relationships between the sexes the positives – not just for girls, but also Josiane, 14, Plan Brazil girls’ focus group16 in order to challenge inequality between for boys. It may begin with discussions men and women. This approach also about housework, but quickly leads to “With a growing gender equality recognises that inequality stems from gender other issues, as these young people from movement, it is possible that the next stereotypes, for both men and women, the Cabañas area point out. Luis, aged generation of young men will grow up in a and the social values attached to those 21, says that as a result of the workshops, society where mutual respect, support and stereotypes, rather than from the biological “I am more able to be trusted – because a shared sense of responsibility between differences between the sexes. This was in our culture men are seen as those who partners is the norm.” intended as a fundamental move away from deliver violence, trust is a difficult issue International Center for Research programming with women in isolation to 17

between the sexes.” on Women and Instituto Promundo understanding the wider context of what y Cindy says: “I think after doing this sustains oppression and discrimination as the work, young men are more able to show The debates about involving men in gender underlying causes of poverty. r k P e n g e l l

their affectionate side – they have the equality programmes are not new – many What seems to have happened in practice a same opportunity as women to express projects and programmes have been is that programmes generally continued to M what they feel – we can try to neutralise running for a decade or more. But there is work with women. This led to an assumption of Education in London found that ‘gender’ is Girls in the the typical phrase that ‘men don’t cry’.” renewed interest in this approach. This may that a gender programme was ‘women often “conceptually elided with girls” which UK are now Christian, aged 20, agrees: “What is be the result of the economic crisis and its only’. In some cases it led to men feeling can lead to backlash. The report quotes, for getting better good about being part of a group that effects on both women and men in terms marginalised and resentful. As one report example, a participant of the Girls Education grades than is getting training on gender is that as of employment. It may also be due to the notes: “gender was seen as an external and Movement in South Africa, who “was boys in public men we can learn to show affection and realisation that despite real progress in some imported concept, divorced from people’s working with school kids from 15 to 19 years exams. to feel close to our friends. I can see the areas and major successes achieved by the own analysis and understanding of gender and talking about the girl child. There was difference between us and those who women’s movement, little has changed in their communities and organisations. booing from the boys.”19 There have been don’t know about gender equality – their for millions of women; and for some, the Men, and many women, felt alienated by similar reactions in the UK and Australia, relationships with young women are situation has even deteriorated. the rather confrontational approach taken, where lack of gender awareness has led completely different.” There has been a significant shift in and as a result many were hostile to the to boys feeling that attempts by teachers international development practice in its messages of gender equity.”18 to redress a bias against girls has resulted Research in South Africa and Kenya backs in discrimination against, and lower exam this up; a research project led by the Institute results for, boys.20

Definitions • Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, responsibilities, behaviours, activities and attributes, which society considers appropriate and expected for men and women and girls and boys. It includes the social organisation of women’s and men’s lives and relations. • Sex refers to biological, anatomical and physiological characteristics that define men and women and girls and boys. • Patriarchy (from the Greek ‘patria’ meaning father and ‘arché’ meaning rule) refers to a society in which men predominate in positions of power, and certain men hold disproportionate power (for example, fathers, religious leaders and political leaders). • Masculinity refers to the meanings and expressions given to being a man and the social organisation of men’s lives and relations. There is no single version of masculinity but many different kinds of masculinities; in most cultures and countries, however, there g are dominant themes about what being a man means. This is known as ‘hegemonic g A A masculinity’. Its central beliefs are that men need to be seen to be strong and tough, Youth group that they are not responsible for caring for children, that reproductive health and family n d e r a from Cuidad planning – and even healthcare in general – are for women, and that taking risks proves n

a 21 i k k i v Arce. you are a man. P l N

14 the state of the world’s girls 15 Being cool, As Todd Minerson, Director of the White about how boys and men are socialised; working together Ribbon Alliance of men against violence positive and negative aspects of this in El Salvador. against women, said:23 “When you’re socialisation; and the benefits of from the dominant group you don’t have changing certain behaviours which lead that history of struggle and analysis that to a different understanding of what it is comes from the non-dominant group’s to be a man. These interventions build perspective... Very few men have that history directly on insights gained from listening or that analysis of those bigger pictures, the to the voices of those young men who dynamics, unless they’ve been part of an openly question gender injustice. Program oppressed group in one of those senses. It’s H makes it ‘cool’ to be a young man who not a natural, or it’s not something taught. believes in and practises gender equality. It’s not something that’s shared with us by our fathers.’24 How Program H has been adapted Men may also face opposition from In Brazil, the campaign was called Hora women’s groups who worry – rightly, at H, which translates as ‘In the heat of the times – that scarce funding and attention moment’. The phrase was developed by may be diverted from working with women young men themselves who frequently n a to working with men. It is important that this heard their peers say: “Everybody knows P l

does not happen. you shouldn’t hit your girlfriend, but in i

Work on gender is complex. It questions And they are operating in an arena where the heat of the moment you lose control.” apa /P who we think we are and how we perceive a number of men’s groups exist that clearly Or, “Everybody knows that you should o e n e r G

ourselves in terms of others. It is about social do not have a feminist agenda – and may use a condom, but in the heat of the y d

transformation – and social transformation is even be working against gender equality. moment…” Several major rap artists were u l never a direct process of change: it involves The litmus test for engaging men and boys engaged in the campaign and lent their a

conflict along the way. Work with men and in gender equality work should be that this voices to promoting gender equality. COS/S E / boys on masculinities and gender equality work is in support of a women’s and girls’ In India, a community-based campaign o challenges the perceptions that they may rights agenda, something that networks like was developed which included comic n d omu

have of the world and even questions their MenEngage have made part of their core books, street theatre, posters, and a cap P r sense of self. This may put them in conflict principles. and t-shirt with the campaign slogan, with their family, peers, teachers, the The struggle for gender equality is not developed by young men, called the counterparts as equal to them increased Once Upon a community, the media, and even institutions easy. There are thousands of girls and ‘Real Man Thinks Right’. The logo shows from 48 per cent to 68 per cent.27 Boy cartoon such as school and government. women around the world who take personal a young man pointing to his head, as if “When I started going out with a girl, series. As one South African man said: “I risks every day in standing up to power. Now thinking. Campaign slogans reinforce if we didn’t have sex within two weeks, remember the first time someone suggested is the time for boys and men to join them. the message that it is possible for men I would leave her. But now, after the to me that work around gender was not to use violence against women. One workshops, I think differently. I want to something men could do. It came as quite A different kind of young man – poster reads: “When Anju does not want construct something, a relationship, with a surprise, like, ‘What?!’ I’d always thought Program H to [have sex], Sandeep does not force her. her.” that was simply the domain of women, First carried out in Latin America, This is possible!” These messages are Young man, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil28 and perhaps I’ve even been defensive. But Program H (H stands for ‘homens’ acted out in street theatre. once it became clear that, no, this is, in and ‘hombres’, the words for men in After participating in these activities, The success of Program H led to similar fact, something that I can do and that I’m Portuguese and Spanish) has now been young men have reported a number of work with girls and young women. Four welcomed in doing, that was very helpful.”22 built on and adapted by project partners positive changes, from higher rates of Latin American NGO partners and one Work on gender equality may also be in more than 20 countries. condom use and improved relationships international NGO launched Program M29 problematic for men because they are Program H supports young men aged with friends and sexual partners, to in 2003 to promote the empowerment of presumed to be the ones with the power, 15 to 24 to help them engage and reflect greater acceptance of domestic work as young women by getting them to reflect the oppressors, and this is an uncomfortable on traditional norms of ‘manhood’ in a men’s responsibility, and lower rates of on stereotypes of masculinity and how they place to be. They are going against hundreds safe space. It uses a wide range of media, sexual harassment and violence against affect their lives and relationships with men. of years of tradition and strong beliefs about campaigns and youth-friendly education women. Girlfriends have also said that Program M (the M stands for ‘mulheres’ what a man should be that still predominate materials, and has an innovative they feel the quality of their relationships and ‘mujeres’, the Portuguese and Spanish in many cultures and religions. evaluation model. The activities consist has improved.25,26 The numbers of those words for women) aims to make young In addition, the movement of men for of role-plays, brainstorming exercises, justifying violence against a partner in women more aware of oppressive beliefs and gender equality does not have the backing discussion sessions, a cartoon video India declined from 25 per cent to 18 per expectations within their relationships and of years of academic study and activism that series, ‘Once Upon a Boy’, about gender cent; and in Mare, Brazil, the percentage to guard against reinforcing or reproducing supports the women’s movement. socialisation and individual reflections of young men seeing their female them.

16 the state of the world’s girls 17 The programme encourages young community projects.” This was echoed First, because girls’ and women’s rights are women to develop positive ideals of by another young woman from the human rights. If men and boys believe in masculinity among the men in their lives Netherlands: “We cannot exclude boys. justice and fairness, they will be able to see and communities and to engage men as They need to be informed too.” that their mothers, sisters and girlfriends are allies in the promotion of gender equality. WAGGGS is using its power and often not treated the same way as they are, The programme’s educational activities have influence to put an end to violence – “one do not enjoy the same level of respect in been tried and tested in Brazil, Jamaica, of the issues that most affects us as girls the community, and do not have the same Mexico and Nicaragua with positive results. and young women” – to make the world a opportunities to make choices about their One of the participants, from Brazil, safer place for everyone. They know that lives. If this is not true of their direct friends

commented: S they have taken on an enormous task. and relations, they may also be able to see

“Now I know that a young woman isn’t g g g “Someone once told me that making that women in the wider world are often

obligated to do certain things. She can n / W A a difference at a global level was like abused and discriminated against. talk to her boyfriend, she can share things, so pushing an elephant with one hand But often this is not enough. So the second discuss the relationship. A woman today k i n through a small door. I have to admit, point is that boys and men need to be able omp doesn’t have to stay at home taking care T I thought that was a bit funny because to see the benefits of this work themselves. y k of the kids, the husband… She can study, c I knew I had at least 9,999,999 pairs They need to have an idea of what a more B e have her own career… She can have kids, of hands to push that elephant. Today, equal world would look like and how it if she wants to have kids, and if she wants participated in workshops on identifying WAGGGS violence against women is the elephant in would be good for them as individuals. So, a husband she can have one… These days the most important topics to explore delegates at the the room. The World Association of Girl for example, addressing how greater gender I see women as independent… I have within the broader topic of violence. The Young Women’s Guides and Girl Scouts has the intention equality will help boys to succeed in school, changed… Even in my own family, there is a outcomes emphasised the truly global World Forum and momentum to push it out.” to be comfortable with their own identity, to lot of violence with men, husbands, hitting nature of the challenge and included: 2010. Susanna Matters31 be confident in expressing emotions and to their wives, and I work on this with them. • In Oman: the acceptance of abuse be equipped with the skills to build positive Thank God, I have seen results.” within marriage 3 Why should boys and men relationships of mutual trust and respect. After taking part in Program M activities • In the Philippines: violence against girls engage with gender equality? In societies where there has been in Brazil and India, young women reported within school significant movement towards equality, increased knowledge and communication • In Bolivia: patriarchal attitudes and “What motivates men who champion gender equality has too often meant with partners about sexual health, increased ‘machismo’ meaning that violence gender equality? In some instances it’s a more freedom for girls and women to self-confidence in interpersonal relationships, against women is seen as socially very personal investment in improving the define themselves in new ways, but little decreased drug use and increased condom acceptable lives of our daughters, making the world corresponding change for boys and men. use.30 • In Brazil: women forced into sex work a freer and safer place for ourselves as A new perspective on gender is about a due to poverty men, for women we care about. I think more productive way of viewing power Pushing the elephant – Say no to • In the Netherlands: the trafficking of there’s something about creating models relationships to the benefit of both sexes. It violence against women girls and women for sex work; and of masculinity that aren’t as restrictive, is about deconstructing the dominant norms “We are taking action today to put an end domestic violence that don’t require that you only talk about of how power exists in gender relations, and to violence, one of the issues that most • In Syria: child marriage, lack of access sport.” then reconstructing power in new ways that affects us as girls and young women. to sex education, including knowledge South African man32 benefit both sexes. We know that together we can make the about Sexually Transmitted Infections Third, when young men buy into world a safer place for everyone. As girls (STIs) “Boys should understand that we… rigid versions of masculinities, they may and young women, you may call us the • Within Africa: social and economic have the same rights.” experience violence; especially, but not leaders of tomorrow; but we are also the dependence on men leads to an Girls aged 12 to 14, Nyakayaga, Rwanda33 only, if they are perceived to be deviating leaders of today.” acceptance of domestic violence and from dominant masculine behaviour. The Nefeli Themeli, WAGGGS delegate, Greece girls being abused on their way to “I think that without the engagement pressure to conform can leave many young school of men it’s impossible to achieve men vulnerable to substance abuse, unsafe In July 2011 the World Association of • Within Europe: violence is more hidden women’s human rights… Men, after all, sex, school drop-out, risky behaviour like Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) and carries on behind ‘closed doors’, so disproportionately have the power and the dangerous driving, and failing to seek help launched a new campaign to stop it becomes more difficult to identify. resources in society that determine the for health problems, be they mental or violence against girls and young women. When asked how they could take action, degree to which women are going to realise physical. This issue was chosen after a widespread delegates stated: “education is the key” their human rights.” One man noted: “I think one of the consultation exercise, which involved but recommended also that education Craig Mokhiber (Deputy Director disadvantages of being male is that I have thousands of young women all over the needs to extend to young men. As one of the United Nations Office bought the myth that I can do anything, if world. delegate from the Philippines put it: of the High Commissioner for I dream it. And, as a result, it’s taking me At the Young Women’s World Forum “Though we have an all-girl organisation, Human Rights)34 continued work to have to ask for help and in 2010, the 100 delegates aged 18 to 25 it is also important to reach boys and do support from others, particularly other men...

18 the state of the world’s girls 19 I sit there and struggle with stuff when I campaigns are important, but they also need girls go to school, that they are safe from Individuals do not operate in a vacuum, really don’t need to. I think that lowers my to be backed by support systems to deal violence, that they are not married young but within a society with its own structural life expectancy and that of other men.”35 with the possible negative consequences and against their will, that they do not bear and institutional systems that perpetuate A few facts and examples about for individual young men of going against the whole burden of work in the household, social, economic and political inequality. the negative repercussions of gender current trends and beliefs. and that they can earn a living where they So the life cycle approach that we take stereotyping make the case very clearly. The pressure to conform also needs to are paid the same as men for the same work, in this report in relation to individuals • Young men have among the highest rates be understood within the structural and and play their part in society. is complemented by what is known as of death by traffic accidents, suicide and institutional factors that keep inequality in violence.36 In Jamaica, Brazil, Colombia place and the challenges that this poses to Growing up and some parts of sub-Saharan Africa, individual action. As Todd Minerson of the The diagram below shows the different ways in which boys and girls, women and men, more young men die in these ways than in White Ribbon Campaign against violence experience gender inequality throughout their lives countries at war. Even in Western Europe, against women notes: “The notions of these external causes make up more than masculinity that we’re taught to admire and 60 per cent of mortality among boys and that we’re taught to strive for... Unless you 37 Reaching adulthood includes both Young men are expected to find work young men from birth to 24 years of age. really start to think about it, or you’ve had conformity and liberation for girls and are often still seen as the providers • In countries of the North and in Latin some kind of incident to bring it close to you who begin interacting with wider for their family. If they are unemployed, America and the Caribbean, boys are in your life, it’s so much easier to go along social institutions, including the this can lead to feelings of worthlessness now dropping out of school at a faster and be a part of it and not critically look at it, workplace. Women are restricted to and depression and even violence. As rate than girls. They are also doing less because it’s not costing you anything on the certain low-paid jobs and are unable fathers, they may be distant from their to break through the glass ceiling children. well academically. For example, in the US, surface… You’re a beneficiary of it. I would and make it to top managerial positions. the average grade-point average in high argue that it is costing men on an emotional Women are considered the primary care- school is 3.09 for girls and 2.86 for boys.38 and psychological level.”45 Adulthood givers for children and the family. • Men are three to six times more likely More men like Todd are realising this than women to commit homicide. Over cost and have become inspired to work 90 per cent of gun-related homicides on gender inequality. Change is possible, With the onset of puberty adolescent With the onset of puberty, boys are occur among men.39 In some countries, especially for boys and young men – and as girls begin to experience increased increasingly expected to behave in sexual discrimination. They may stereotypical ‘masculine’ ways – to gun-related violence leads to demographic we reveal throughout this report, it is already be married at a young age. At the be strong, tough, even aggressive imbalances. Brazil currently has nearly happening. same time they are internalising and and not show their feelings. They 200,000 fewer men than women in the reproducing the stereotypes which may engage in risky behaviour to age range 15 to 29.40 4 Taking a life cycle approach restrict them. Girls are far more likely ‘prove’ their manhood – dangerous • Young men also have higher rates of than boys to experience sexual harassment driving, drugs, unprotected sex – that can and violence on the way to school and in the have damaging effects on their health and alcohol and substance use. Studies in, for “Since I was a boy, I liked to follow my classroom, sometimes from their male peers. serious consequences for the women they example, both the US and South Africa father’s activities and ideas because my have relationships with. have found that young men who adhered father was friendly and respected by many to traditional views of manhood were of the people in the village.” more likely to engage in substance use, Father of Sokhea, Cambodia46 Girls begin to experience the world Boys begin to experience the world violence and delinquency and unsafe Adolescence through social institutions beyond through social institutions beyond sexual practices.41,42,43 Attitudes and behaviours about what it is their immediate family, including the their immediate family, including the • Young men are less likely to visit a to be a ‘real man’ or a ‘real woman’ are community and school. Girls are less community and school. Boys are likely to doctor or a clinic or to seek information formed at an early age, internalised through likely than boys to have time to play be more confident than girls. They are as they are busy with household prioritised over their sisters at school. But about their health – as a result, 60 per childhood and adolescence, and made chores and caring for siblings. Social in some countries in the North, and Latin cent of men and boys aged 15 to 24 do concrete in the transition to adulthood and Childhood and cultural norms restrict girls’ mobility, America and the Caribbean, boys are doing less not have accurate and comprehensive the world of work. They are then passed on reducing the public spaces they may well at school than girls and some are dropping knowledge about HIV and how to avoid from generation to generation. enter safely. out altogether. transmission.44 So it is important to work with boys and • As we will see later in this report, young young men while their attitudes towards men who become fathers may find that women are still forming. When boys become Girls are born into a system of oppression Boys are born into families where that begins with the first institution they they are expected to play certain they have little to do with, or even lose men, they will, in many cases, be the ones come in contact with: their family. Son roles as they grow up. They are contact with, their children. with the greater power to change the way preference means fewer girls are born likely to be more valued than their These risks for young men need to be that women are viewed and treated, both in in South East Asia. Legal discrimination sisters, but may not be allowed to monitored and interventions shaped so that their own households and in the community deprives girls of property, land and express their emotions or behave inheritance rights. The devaluation of in ways not considered ‘manly’. they are taken into account and addressed. and workplace. Together with their sisters, Early Years girls mean they will be fed last and least and We will outline what needs to be done in mothers, aunts and other female relatives are more likely to be malnourished. the final chapter of this report. Information and friends, they can help ensure that

20 the state of the world’s girls 21 evaluation of its impact. The evaluation Defining manhood that has been carried out has found that The MenEngage Alliance, a global network of NGOs working to engage men and boys in well-designed group education with boys gender equality, is very clear about how they define manhood:47 and young men can lead to important We believe that manhood is defined: and measurable changes in attitudes and • by building relationships based on respect and equality, sometimes behaviour.52 • by speaking out against violence in your society, As this report will show, together with h

• by having the strength to ask for help, their female peers, many young men and g ou • by shared decision-making and shared power, boys are beginning to move beyond the r th k

• and by how much you are able to respect the diversity and rights of those around you. straitjacket of traditional concepts of what it a ‘Ring the bell’

We believe that manhood is not defined: means to be a man. B r e campaigners. • by how many sexual partners you have, For example, the Conscientising Male Where did they get the idea? • by using violence against women or men, Adolescents project in Nigeria is run by From a series of powerful print, • by how much pain you can endure, men in the community and uses structured radio and television public service • by how much power you can exert over others, dialogues to encourage critical thinking announcements that told true stories • or by whether you are gay or straight. in young men aged 14 to 20 who have of men and boys stopping violence in demonstrated qualities of leadership. their neighbourhoods with one ring of Discussion topics cover gender-based a bell. This campaign, produced by the an ‘ecological’ model that situates the bar, anything. I prefer to be giving love, oppression and violence, power dynamics organisation Breakthrough, known as individual within intra-personal, family, local receiving affection and all that stuff than within the family, intimate relationships, ‘Bell Bajao’ (‘ring the bell’ in Hindi), has community, and wider social, political and gossiping and drinking.” sexual and reproductive health, human rights now touched 130 million people, won cultural arenas.48 Adolescent father, Brazil51 and democracy. a Silver Lion Award at the Cannes Film In its work on gender and masculinities, Or there is the simple but effective ‘Ring Festival, and become a metaphor for Instituto Promundo in Brazil has identified During the course of our research for this the Bell’ project in India. stopping abusive behaviour in any form. the components of this ‘ecological’ model series of reports over the past five years, In addition to inspiring thousands of for transforming gender norms in its work we have seen an increase in the number of Promising practice: people to ‘ring the bell’, Bell Bajao has on men and masculinities.49 It notes that much-needed programmes and projects ‘ring the bell’ in India53 led to an increased awareness of laws this approach “illustrates the importance for girls and young women. We have In 2008, men and boys started to break against domestic violence and increased of working not only with individuals, but shown many examples of women and girls the cycle of violence against women in reporting of the crime. also with diverse and interconnected resisting violence and discrimination. It is India with a simple, effective action: Today, more and more men and social groups, systems and structures that vital to continue to support these projects when they heard a man abusing a boys are ringing the bell. And around influence gender norms and the behaviours and individuals in their struggle for gender woman inside a nearby home, they rang India, a conversation is happening. It is of men and women.” It can be used to equality, often against huge odds. the doorbell or found another way to challenging social norms and changing assess impact. Through this report we will While many find their support from other interrupt the violence. They made their behaviour. And it is making violence be using this model to look at the different girls and young women, and feel that their presence known. They halted the violence against women, which was once seen as layers of society – from individual through struggle is to challenge the way that the simply by lifting one finger. acceptable, unacceptable. to institutional – and seeing how they shape male members of their families behave what it means to be a man or a women and towards women, some girls are supported Programming for Gender Equality therefore how it is possible to work with by older brothers, fathers and uncles; by • Gender Transformative Approach: is based on the understanding that gender is central them on gender equality. young men like Pascal (see page 24), who to promoting gender equality and achieving positive development outcomes and have seen all too clearly the results of gender transforming unequal gender relations to promote shared power, control of resources, 5 Stories of change inequality in their own lives. decision-making, and support for women’s empowerment.54 In the last decade there has also been • Gender Neutral Approach: whereby gender is not considered relevant to the outcome, “We must erode the cultural and collective a number of mostly small-scale initiatives and gender norms, roles and relations are neither worsened nor improved.55 supports for violence found among many in various countries. These have mainly • Gender Relational Approach: seeks to understand how gender relations shape, and are men and boys and replace them with norms engaged in group work with boys and shaped by, institutions such as the labour market, the domestic sphere, trade unions of consent, sexual respect and gender men to challenge stereotypes about what and immigration. It is concerned with examining intersections between gender and equality.” it is to be a man and how men behave social relations including ‘race’, ethnicity, sexuality, age and (dis)ability.56 Michael Flood, Australian Research towards women. This involves a process of • Gender Targeted Approach: where programmes and policies target a specific beneficiary Centre in Sex, Health and Society, self-examination, dialogue, reflection and group.57 This approach has become popular recently, especially with regards to girls’ La Trobe University50 redefinition of masculinity and femininity, empowerment, where we are witnessing a proliferation of programmes working in ‘girl- adapted to what makes sense in the only’ groups and girl-friendly safe spaces. Some criticise this approach as a backwards “For me, my daughter is more important culture at the time. Because this field of move reminiscent of the ‘Women in Development’ approach which put the onus of than anything else: more than shows, the work is relatively new, there has been little women’s empowerment on women, thus adding to their burdens.58

22 the state of the world’s girls 23 Campaigns and projects against violence men, those trained men left us with about advancing human rights, embracing against women and for gender equality a pledge to change themselves and a gender equality, promoting healthy are a growing global phenomenon that promise to communicate better with their relationships and continuing to strive to needs to be built upon and supported. partners. end sexual and gender-based violence Most of this work is with young men – I realised that the problems are with the in my community, society and the entire and there is still relatively little with the men – and if we engage more with men continent.61 important 10 to 13 age group. Men’s work we shall get solutions. The shocking thing for gender equality is also becoming a I hear from men when I conduct training This report argues that there needs to be a small but significant global phenomenon is that they ‘didn’t know’ about violence shift in thinking from ‘men and boys as part – for example, the Men Engage Global against women. Later they recognise that of the problem’ to ‘men and boys as part Alliance59 is a recent example of a coming their own sisters, mothers and daughters of the solution’. Portraying young men as n a

together of experts and activists in this P l are going through this abuse and this perpetrators, as people to be feared, does not field. It is a network of non-governmental violence. When they realise this, many help them to change. Threats and punishment organisations and individuals that “seek girls and young women down the generations Getting men ask to join us in reaching other men have not worked. Young men need to engage men and boys in effective ways – and the restriction of boys and young men to involved, dad and boys. opportunities to experiment with different to reduce gender inequalities and promote traditional ‘male’ roles. helps with It was because I experienced all this ways of behaving that affirm who they are, the health and well-being of men, women Only when both sexes are involved in homework in violence and abuse in my family, in my not what they feel they ought to be. and children”. But we are also clear that work on gender equality can we meet the Mali. community and in my whole country Like young women, they need to be this work with men and boys means finding challenge of building a more equal, violence- that I decided to work on advocating for listened to and to have their concerns and additional resources – it is vital not to take free world for all. women’s rights. Whenever I hear or see needs addressed. Only then can they grow the focus or the resources away from the an abused woman I see and remember into caring partners and fathers; only then Looking for essential work being done with and by “No one said anything”: Pascal’s my mother, and I remember what my can they learn to treat their children better a brighter young women and girls. story mother and I went through. It is for this than they were treated by their parents. future. I’m Pascal Kelvin Akimana, born 27 years reason that I have no regret or doubt 6 Involving boys and young men ago in a little village called Gatumba, 15 for gender equality kilometres from Bujumbura in Burundi. I am the child of a teenage mother, “Youth are the key to changing cultural who was forced to marry the man who attitudes for generations to come and impregnated her and later had three more they’re the most effective agents of change children with him. in society. If we can’t effect change in I was raised in a very violent home. our generation, at least something will be Gender-based and sexual violence was different for the next.” the daily bread of my life. My father Bandana Rana, young female director used to assault my mother every day, of SAATHI, a non-governmental in front of the entire family, and no one organisation that works to prevent said anything. Sometimes he would force violence against women in Nepal60 my mother to have sex in front of me. This would happen often. It puzzled me Engaging boys and young men in working because it didn’t seem normal, nor did my towards girls’ rights has huge potential mother like it. benefits for everyone. Together with their I decided to work with men and boys to sisters, they can help ensure that girls go to address men’s violence towards women school, that they are safe from violence, that and children and the impact it has on them, they are not married young and against their talking from my own experience. I believe will, that they do not bear the whole burden men can change and men are actually of work in the household, and that they can changing. I have changed and I know others earn a living and play their part in society. who have changed. I work with other The cost of not working with boys and colleagues who have changed as well. young men is that programmes and policies I have seen women that we trained, with young women and girls will continue to who went home, excited to share the come up against the barrier of male power and information that they gained in training y e i l l expectations, structures and beliefs that benefit with their men. Then the violence R men over women. The price that will be paid started because the men themselves felt r r O ’ ba is simple: the continuing disempowerment of threatened. But when we trained those i n F

24 the state of the world’s girls 25 and UN agencies, formed to encourage men’s mothers are unwilling or unable to raise the LEGAL framework – positive roles in building gender equality and children, and allows fathers who demonstrate improving men and women’s health. involvement in their children’s lives to acquire working with boys and men • In 2008, the Ministry of Health of Mali, after full parental rights and responsibilities. It also Over the past two decades experts and on Women, 1995, emphasised the principle of years of consultation with experts and civil sets shared custody as the default arrangement policymakers have increasingly recognised that shared power and responsibility between women society organisations, approved a national following divorce.70 boys and men are critical partners in achieving and men at home, in the workplace, and in the programme to involve men in reproductive • In Chile, a 2009 law institutionalised the gender equality. To ensure progress, international wider national and international communities. health. Known as constructive men’s engagement Childhood Social Protection System (Chile Grows and national laws have evolved to require equal It encouraged men to share equally in childcare (CME), the strategies – also adopted by countries with You/Chile Crece Contigo) that promotes responsibilities and rights between men and and household work; and it promoted male such as Cambodia – engage men as users of an increase in the participation of fathers in women in all spheres of life, whether as caretakers involvement in prevention of HIV/AIDS and reproductive health services, as supportive childcare, pregnancy and birth.71 of children, promoters of reproductive and sexual sexually transmitted diseases.63 partners to women, and as agents of change in health, or as supporters working with women Based on gains from the Beijing and ICPD the family and community.68 Workplace flexibility against gender-based violence. conferences, the United Nations (UN) Commission To encourage more equitable sharing of childcare on the Status of Women (CSW) held special Equal partners and parents responsibility, a growing number of countries sessions in 2004 and 2009 devoted to male International standards on marriage and its provide for leave and work flexibility for both involvement in achieving gender equality. The CSW dissolution emphasise that spouses have equal mother and father, whether or not the child is urged governments to implement laws and policies rights and responsibilities when it comes to biologically related to them. International standards to tackle occupational sex segregation, grant marriage and its dissolution. Increasingly, courts strongly urge states to institute paid and parental parental leave and flexible work arrangements, and and legislatures seek to ensure the equal rights leave, support work-family balance, and foster promote greater male involvement in childcare and and responsibilities of partners in marriages, or more equitable sharing of family and caregiving support.64 The 2009 CSW called for government ‘marriage–like’ arrangements (such as cohabitation responsibilities. action to “ensure that men and boys, whose role or informal marriages). Courts have also recognised • Out of 190 countries surveyed as part of a is critical in achieving gender equality, are actively the equal responsibilities of parents to their 2010 global study of workplace benefits, 178 involved in policies and programmes that aim children, regardless of the parents’ marital status. guaranteed paid leave for new mothers, and at

n to involve the equal sharing of responsibilities • The 2010 Kenyan Constitution ensures that least 54 countries guarantee some form of leave a 72 P l with women and girls, so as to foster changes mothers and fathers share equally in parental for new fathers. The following legal standards are a short in attitudes and behaviour patterns in order to responsibilities, regardless of whether the child • Spain’s 2007 Gender Equality Law, billed as the synopsis, providing a framework for the analysis promote and protect the human rights of women was born in or out of wedlock. most important and ambitious law on gender in this report, and reflecting our rights-based and the girl child”.65 • In a 2007 precedent-setting ruling, the High equality in the country’s history, provides for approach to working with boys and men to achieve Court of Namibia recognised that children whose 15 days of paternity leave for fathers, which gender equality. Throughout the report we will Improving health parents are not married are entitled to inheritance will increase to a month in 2013.73,74 An earlier continue to reference in greater detail the relevant Global research, including by the World Health from their deceased father. In Franz v Paschke law already allows the mother to transfer to the national and international laws which have, or Organisation (WHO), illustrates that engaging and Others, the court decided that the common- father up to 10 of her 16 weeks of paid maternity should have, real impact on relationships between men in reproductive health programmes and law rule that prohibits children born out of leave.75 men and women, girls and boys, at home, at work HIV prevention initiatives leads to better health wedlock from inheriting from their fathers who • Based on the success of its 1992 policy offering and in civil society. outcomes and promotes gender equality.66 States die without a will is unconstitutional because a non-transferable month of leave specifically for have increasingly recognised the critical role of it discriminates against children based on their fathers, in 2009 Norway increased its paid leave Major developments include: gender and the need to engage men to improve social status.69 for fathers to 10 weeks out of 12 months’ total sexual and reproductive health, including greater • In South Africa, the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 parental leave.76 Sharing duties contraceptive uptake and HIV/AIDS prevention, stresses the role of fathers in the financial • In 2007 Germany adapted Sweden’s model and • The 1994 International Conference on Population treatment and care. maintenance of their children, recognises reserved two out of 14 months of paid leave and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo and its • Several key international instruments and unmarried fathers’ rights, especially when the for fathers. Within two years, the proportion of subsequent five-year reviews identified the critical commitment documents require states to fathers taking parental leave surged from three role of men in improving sexual and reproductive develop policies and programmes to ensure male per cent to more than 20 per cent. Eight out of health and the need for their increased involvement, especially in halting the spread 10 fathers in Germany now take one third of the involvement in the care of children. The resultant of HIV/AIDS, including the Special Session of total 13 months of leave, and nine per cent of ICPD Programme of Action calls on states to the General Assembly on HIV/AIDS (2001), the fathers take 40 per cent or more of the total; up “promote the full involvement of men in family life Global Symposium on Engaging Men and Boys from four per cent a decade ago.77 and the full integration of women in community on Achieving Gender Equality (2009), and the • In Brazil, several states now offer one month life” ensuring that “men and women are equal Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS paid leave for fathers at the time of birth. In partners”.62 (UNAIDS) Action Framework on Women, Girls, some states this applies to all men with full-time • The landmark Beijing Declaration and Platform Gender Equality and HIV (2009).67 employment, and in others only to male civil for Action from the Fourth World Conference • In 2004, MenEngage, a global alliance of NGOs servants.78 A l f B e r g

26 the state of the world’s girls 27

Lorianny and her ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ – father in the Dominican Republic. The Plan cohort turns 5

The ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ study was One key factor to emerge from the interviews launched in 2007 to follow 142 girls from nine was that all but one of the men had been countries around the world through their early hit by his parents and many – the men childhood journeys, from birth until their ninth from Vietnam, Togo and the Dominican birthday. This year, many of the girls turn five, Republic being the exception – had witnessed a key milestone in childhood. Not all of them domestic abuse. Zaldy, father of Jessa have survived. Since the study began, five from the Philippines, feared his own father girls have died and this year another little girl, throughout his childhood: “If I couldn’t go Mary Joy T from the Philippines, drowned. to him immediately when he called me, I Mary Joy’s family have no sanitation facilities, got spanked. Or when I arrived late from so she was taken to use the nearby river by school, I got spanked… I cried as he hit me. an older cousin. Both children then started to The following day, my body would ache. play and were drowned. My father was cruel when he was drunk. All the deaths in our study can be Whenever I remember how he hit me then, attributed to poverty – to patchy access to my tears fall.” He also witnessed domestic healthcare, lack of parental education, poor abuse of his mother. It is a pattern he is housing or lack of sanitation facilities. The determined not to repeat. He wants the best study itself brings home to us the realities of for his five children: T“ hey each have their life for families in many parts of the world own dreams. I tell my kids if they want to and illuminates the decisions they face and have a good job, they should study well.” choices they make as their daughters grow It is also clear from the interviews that the up – decisions and choices that many of gender divisions of labour the men observed these families face with amazing courage and in their childhood homes heavily influence resilience. how their own households are now managed. This year’s report focuses on the role of In fact, many of the men interviewed were men and boys and on engaging them in the uncritical as they remembered how household fight for gender equality.O ur argument is that tasks were allocated while they were growing gender equality benefits both sexes; but in up. Lorianny’s father remembers, “I didn’t many institutions, including the family, men help with chores – I was allowed to be idle may be reluctant to change as they fear a loss here [at home], ha ha. Only in the yard, of power and do not anticipate any gains. I did a few things. My sister helped my This year when our researchers visited the mum. My brother and I helped my dad.” In girls and their families they also spent time the Philippines, Riza’s father had a similar with the girls’ fathers, conducting life history experience: “I had to sweep the house many interviews. These detailed interviews reveal times. I did not like doing that, because I not only what has shaped the attitudes and thought it was my sister’s job. It was my elder behaviour of these 86 fathers, but also look sister who forced me to do that when Mother closely at their roles and responsibilities. Our was absent.” In Benin, however, Marcelle’s researchers also examined how the men father was brought up by his own father after define being a good father. his parents’ divorce. As a result, he watched his father do household tasks throughout his “When I am next to my children I feel like a childhood. For him, it was normal: “My father hero. I feel big when I am next to them.” used to cook frequently because my mother Estefani’s father, Dominican Republic left. He could take care of us very well.” n a It is clear from these comments that since P l

28 the state of the world’s girls 29 that there was space for men to be more The fathers interviewed in the Dominican supportive at home and to be more involved Republic and the Philippines, in particular, with their children. Rosybel’s father in the are beginning to move away from endorsing Dominican Republic spoke passionately about and perpetuating strict gender roles. In the how he feels about his children: “When you Philippines, Jacky’s father told researchers that can’t find anything to give your children, there “education is very important for the children, is a pain inside when you want to, but you as long as resources are available. It is the can’t. That is the most difficult bit, when you same for both boys and girls. Girls can be want to do something but you can’t, because policewomen, and boys can be policemen.” you haven’t got, but then you have to find a In the Dominican Republic, Estefani’s father way, as they say. You have to fight to survive, stated: “They’re all the same, the only thing to help them.” In the Philippines, Girlie’s is that they are different sexes, but they are father said that “the kids have been the most all the same.” His own father was absent. influential experience in my life so far.I used He helped look after his siblings and “they to be a drunkard when I was younger, but [society] said I was gay, because I washed now no more. [Now] I have to think where up, cooked and looked after my brother and to get their food…” In Togo, Hentou is being sold things in the shop”. He is very aware looked after by her uncle, who explained, “I that many people look down on a man who want my children to treasure the education does the chores. He still cleans and cooks and they are receiving today. I want them to say does “everything for their mum”. It is not a one day that ‘thanks to their father, they problem for him but he is not sure that society have realised their dreams’. That will make as a whole is ready for change. me happy.” Lorianny’s father sums up his A significant fact that emerges from the thoughts as “there are several stages to interviews with the 86 men is how many of n a

P l raising children. For example, their childhood, them had never reflected on their childhood when you hold them and feel good, proud, and on their attitudes in this way before. It attitudes and behaviour are entrenched Children learn to do what adults do.” Jessa and her you enjoy it. But then in the stage where was an emotional experience, summed up by during childhood, gender roles can only be Evidence from the interviews also shows father in the they are big, they grow, you see that they the researcher who spoke to Jessa’s father, challenged successfully if we begin with that although attitudes about who makes Philippines. are capable of defending themselves, that Zaldy, in the Philippines. Zaldy had tears in families. The interviews with the girls’ fathers decisions within households differ within and they are good professionals, you feel sort of his eyes during the interview. Asked how he confirm findings from elsewhere in this year’s across the countries taking part in the study, satisfied.I always play with [Lorianny], even felt answering the questions, he said it was report. Despite acknowledging that attitudes all the adults had a polarised view about the though I have a job that steals some of my sad remembering, but at least he was able to towards gender equality are changing and roles women and men, and girls and boys, time. Sometimes we make food together to let his feelings out for the first time. Zaldy’s that girls now have more opportunities than play. The girls’ fathers perceive their role to be be a bit interactive… I buy toys, videos that wife and children have never seen him cry. in the past, the vast majority of the fathers the provider for the family, a decision-maker, are educational, and spend time with her. Her He hides when he is upset because “real men interviewed explained that their children an authoritarian and a protector. The girls’ intelligence makes me proud of her.” don’t cry”. are in fact being raised to fulfil the same mothers are considered to be the carers of gendered roles within the home as they did. the family. The fathers interviewed routinely In the Philippines, Jacel’s father agreed that described their spouses using words like “yes, there are differences in the ways that ‘respectful’, ‘innocent’, ‘well-behaved’ and our children are treated… the girls, they have ‘courteous’, indicative of the position of the to help with housework when they don’t women in their families. Fathers still ‘have the have classes. I don’t want them outside the last word’ in most households. However, there house. Girls are supposed to just stay home.” are households where the men believe that In Togo, Walidatou’s father stated, “It is more decision-making should be shared, and boys difficult to educate a girl than a boy.I pay and girls raised equally, though not necessarily attention to my daughters because I don’t in exactly the same way. Lorianny’s father saw want them to be pregnant prematurely. Girls his own parents as equal: “They respected and boys do not have the same domestic themselves and each other… one’s opinion chores. A boy may clean the compound with was worth the same as the other.” And this the hoe, but the other domestic chores, such early experience is reflected in his relationship as washing clothes and dishes and cooking with his own wife and children. meals, are done by girls. A girl does all that Overall, the men we interviewed were to be prepared to serve her future husband. happy with their roles but many also reflected

30 the state of the world’s girls 31 Learning your place: discrimination 2 begins at home

1 “They only have praise changing trends and attitudes towards boys for my brother” and men doing the washing-up. We look at the importance of fatherhood and how One son is children, two daughters are none. some men are getting their hands dirty when Vietnamese proverb1 it comes to childcare and other household tasks, providing important role models for To raise and care for a daughter is like their children, especially their sons. And taking care of somebody else’s garden. finally, we show how programmes in specific Nepalese proverb2 countries are helping to break the cycle of gender inequality for future generations. What are little boys made of? In many countries, it is clear on the day a Snakes and snails, baby is born that boys are more important And puppy dog tails, than girls. Sometimes this begins in the That’s what little boys are made of. womb, through sex-selective abortion. A What are little girls made of? 2006 household survey in India came to Sugar and spice, the conclusion that based on conservative And everything nice, estimates, the practice of sex-selective That’s what little girls are made of. abortion means that half a million fewer Traditional British nursery rhyme female babies are born a year.3 In addition, a recently released 2011 Indian Ministry In this chapter, we examine how the roots of Home Affairs census has concluded of discrimination between girls and boys that the female-to-male ratio for children begin in the home. We look at how this under six years has slipped from 927 in impacts on children in their early formative 2001 to 914 girls for every 1,000 boys. years. We reveal the importance of attitudes This is India’s lowest girl child gender ratio towards gender in the family, and how since independence in 1947.4,5 It is also a gender-equal, early-years programmes can phenomenon that has huge implications for make a difference to these attitudes. We social relations and partnering for future

Bonnieshine Miller a spotlight on housework, and reveal generations.

32 the state of the world’s girls 33 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Urban Rural Some Primary Secondary+ Education Education India Rwanda

If you had the chance to choose, would or a woman.10 By the age of six, children you like more sons or daughters? are able to recognise and understand the Fundamentalism: reinforcing Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa in 11 18 80% multiple gender cues all around them. traditional gender roles protest at its provisions around reproductive health and rights. 70% Both boys and girls face pressure to conform to stereotypes that relate to their “Religious fundamentalists want everyone to think In Pakistan, religious fundamentalists led a 60% sex. A study in India noted: “The role of the their way. I can debate with people that disagree vigorous campaign inside and outside Parliament 50% girl child is to be a demure, accommodating with me but not with people who think they have a to prevent the repeal of the highly discriminatory 40% and respectful homemaker. A ‘good’ girl of direct line to God.” Hudood Ordinances governing rape, adultery and 30% six is one who listens to and respects her Rev Debra W Haffner, United States various other sexual crimes, These laws, introduced 20% adults, helps mother in household chores, in 1979 by then President General Zia Ul Haq, 10% and one who stays and plays at home. A Research by The Association for Women’s Rights were intended “to bring in conformity with the 0% ‘good’ boy, on the other hand, is expected in Development (AWID) found that religious injunctions of Islam”. Their effect has been to Boy Girl Boy Girl to be naughty, to have many friends to play fundamentalist groups (defined for the purposes blame and punish women who have been raped; India, District Rwanda, District with (outside the home), and not always to of the research study as those taking positions sometimes imposing the death sentence on them More sons More daughters listen to parents.”12,13 that are not open to debate, imposing a dogmatic while the rapists have gone unpunished.19 The same number of I don’t want to The pressure to conform means that both vision and opposing democratic values, pluralism In Malaysia, there is a campaign to introduce sons and daughters have any children boys and girls lose their individual identity and dissent) are becoming increasingly powerful in laws similar to the Hudood ordinances, while in and their real potential. Stereotypes are shaping social norms and influencing international Nigeria, virginity testing has been introduced Son preference is not confined to this often reinforced by culture and by religion, institutions and national decision-makers in some as a precondition to academic scholarships or generation of parents: according to Plan’s as the box on page 35 shows. countries. graduation by some Christian research with 12 to 18 year olds in India, 36 The targeting of women by colleges; and in Nicaragua, one per cent of both girls and boys when asked 2 Playing rough – boys’ freedom religious fundamentalists is women’s rights activist reports that said they would prefer to have more sons also has a downside widespread. The study found due to campaigns against condom than daughters, whereas in Rwanda only 17 that religious fundamentalisms use and lack of information about per cent agreed with the same statement. In many countries, boys have a lot more may vary according to the sexuality, “AIDS among adolescent Again in India, research found that the birth freedom than girls, even at an early age. global context in which they women has increased 175 per cent of a girl child is celebrated in only two per “Young boys... have fewer restrictions placed operate, but this global diversity over the last four years”.20 cent of families.6 The mother is treated with on them than young girls. They are taught is far outweighed by the core The research also found that respect after the birth of a son and a ‘puja’ to play rough, to stand up for themselves, characteristics, strategies and religious fundamentalists promote (thanksgiving prayer) is said. One mother who not to walk away from a fight. They run out impacts they share. In a global a dominant, male-centred, finally had a boy after three girls commented to play, while their sisters are kept indoors survey of 1,600 women’s rights patriarchal and heterosexual model that she was “now finally at peace”.7 to care for younger children and to help activists from countries which of the family. According to the Research in Ethiopia found similar with domestic chores,” says one report on include Egypt, Nigeria, Brazil, vast majority of women’s rights preferences. An Orthodox Christian priest said: masculinities.14 USA, Israel and Pakistan, 77 per activists surveyed, presenting rigid “The difference between a boy and girl starts As they get older, says Fadimata Alainchar, cent say women are frequently or gender roles within the family on at birth. When women express their pleasure the Country Director for Plan Guinea-Bissau, sometimes targeted for verbal or religious grounds as ‘natural’ is an

at the birth of a child, a baby boy gets seven “girls are also kept at home in order not to physical attack: that is, women P l a n important strategy for some groups ululations, while a baby girl gets only three.”8 bring ‘shame on the family’ because they are exposed to violence simply across regions and religions. Preferring a son to a daughter is not just can be raped, they can have sex, lose their because they are women. As an Domestic duties. The research is based on 1,600 a developing country phenomenon; asked virginity or become pregnant”.15 extreme example of the violence, women’s rights activists who how many children he had, former US In many societies boys are also considered some Hindu fundamentalists responded to AWID’s Resisting heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad stronger than girls in every way. For in India have encouraged the and Challenging Religious Ali told an interviewer: “One boy and seven example, in focus groups for this report, revitalisation of the practice of ‘sati’ (act of self- Fundamentalisms survey, as well as 51 key experts mistakes.”9 In Italy, a common salutation boys aged 12 to 14 from Nyakayaga in immolation of widows on their husbands’ funeral who were interviewed for the project. Together, after someone sneezes is “health and male Rwanda said that: “Women are weak in their pyres). they represent a diverse group: working at local, children”. The idea that boys are somehow nature.”16 Some fundamentalist groups focus on sexual national, regional or international levels in preferable to and ‘better’ than girls is deeply These beliefs are not just held by boys, but and reproductive rights, women’s dress and various regions, and in organisations that range embedded in most societies. by girls too. Girls aged 15 to 17 in Nyakayaga mobility, women’s ‘morality’ and freedom of sexual from non-governmental organisations (NGOs) This early discrimination sets the scene for in Rwanda said: “Boys can choose to be in expression – although in different regions and and community-based organisations (CBOs) the way a girl is treated throughout her life. politics or doctors because boys have more religions they may emphasise one or other issue to government and multilateral agencies. They Children quickly pick up these attitudes. By powerful brains than girls.” And 15 and 16 more strongly. In Uganda, for example, Pentecostal include academics, human rights defenders, youth the age of two or three, children imitate the year-old girls in Gihogwe, Rwanda, said they churches mobilised their congregations to sign and development workers, as well as members of behaviour of same-sex family members and thought “boys are more clever than girls. petitions against ratification of the African Union religious organisations. can distinguish whether someone is a man Girls are naïve.”17

34 the state of the world’s girls 35 3 “Following his path” – the Parenting Chopping importance of fathers Plan research shows that 97 per cent of children in the UK say ‘parents must take equal responsibility for firewood in their children’. In Rwanda 32 per cent of participants agree, while in India this figure drops to 24 per cent. Rwanda. “I talk to my daughters about their studies These findings indicate that in the UK fathers and mothers do distribute responsibility more equally and and about who they are involved with. the notion of rigid divisions of household roles are breaking down. Nowadays, parents are more affectionate than before... they care more about the 100% children. We [fathers] didn’t use to talk a lot, we only used to work.” 90% Father in Brazil, from focus groups for Plan 80% 24 research 70% 60% “It is wrong when the father doesn’t want the daughters to study, because this will 50% not do them any good. The father will just 40% isolate them from the world, and they will 30% not be able to see its many faces.” Young man, brother of one of the Plan 20% cohort girls in Brazil25 10% 0% A father’s role is crucially important when Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 it comes to engaging men and boys to Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls achieve gender equality. How he treats his UK India, District Rwanda, District l f B e r g

A wife and daughters will limit or enhance Totally agree Partially agree Disagree their potential and choices in life. But it will As we will see in the next chapter, these make a difference to his sons too. Because ideas held by girls about their intelligence will the family is where we learn how to be male determine what they choose to study and and female, a father who does his fair share Research has shown that men who are or fathering role. This might be an uncle, what not to study. of domestic work, who values and educates positively engaged in the lives of their brother, grandfather, stepfather, faith These views of girls’ strength compared his children equally, who cuddles his sons children or stepchildren are less likely to leader, community leader, teacher or coach. with boys’ are not based on fact. As and daughters and treats his wife as an be depressed, to commit suicide or to be As Joao, aged 19, from Rio Janeiro, said: Tanushree Soni, Plan’s Regional Gender equal will have a powerful impact on how violent.26 “I look to my uncle. He’s an engineer, Program Specialist in Asia, points out, in his son grows to be a man and treats his They are more likely to be involved in a carpenter, does almost everything. India there is a mismatch between perception own family. community work, to be supportive of their He’s never out of work. At home, he has and reality. “Although traditionally girls Being an involved and responsive father Family life in partners, and to be involved in school the function of doing everything. He’s are perceived as only contributing to is good for both fathers and their children. Nepal. activities.27 Research also shows that boys always taking care of things, accepting non-manual household chores, they are with more involved fathers are less likely responsibilities, and he always makes sure often responsible for extremely physical to take part in risky sexual behaviour28 and that nothing is lacking at home.”32 duties such as tending cattle or collecting are more likely to start having sex at a later Supportive male relatives have a big role firewood.”21 age.29 Boys who grow up around positive to play in protecting girls – for example, from It is not surprising then that many male role models are more likely to question early marriage or female genital mutilation. boys develop a belief that they are more gender inequities and harmful stereotypes, In Sudan, for example, Plan carried out important than girls – and that girls says the United Nations Population Fund awareness sessions on the negative impact internalise this too.22 The belief that boys (UNFPA).30 A study of American, Australian, of traditional harmful practices such as come first will underpin gender relations and Colombian, Indian, Palestinian and South child marriage. Community and religious impede equality for their rest of their lives. African 14 year olds found that adolescents leaders, teachers, parents, children and And it has a downside for boys too – it could who are well connected with their parents – government officials were all involved. They be argued that because they are allowed to who feel understood, are cared for and get held workshops, debates, discussions and do what they like, they fail to learn about along with their parents – have more social open days using songs, drama, posters and responsibility23 and they may put themselves initiative, fewer thoughts about suicide and video. Ahmed, aged 16, says: “The key more at risk of injury or accident. We will be less depression.31 factor that can determine the eradication of examining how this might impact on boys For many young men and boys, this role traditional practices such as early marriage once they get to school in the next chapter. may be played not by the biological father, is the change of attitude and behaviour of

l f B e r g but another man who plays a mentoring people who practise them. It is essential A

36 the state of the world’s girls 37 to raise awareness of people in our area needs. But he felt something was missing. things among themselves, but some men for boys to moderate aggressive behaviour through enlightening them about the One evening, Yusuf attended a don’t share family problems with other and to be able to question exaggerated, negative impacts of such practices. We meeting at the local school where men. I didn’t take the teasing seriously. rigid forms of masculinity. Many studies are so happy and proud to play a role in someone introduced the Father Support This is something that I believe in from have also found that father presence this initiative. I am glad to say that many Programme. He says: “It was exactly my heart. My problem is my problem, for girls in some settings is associated families are convinced to stop this practice. right for me… just what I was looking with my family. So I carried on.” with being able to form healthier, less They now allow their girls to continue their for. My own father fulfilled his role Yusuf says he learned many things, subservient relationships with men and schooling.”33 as a father by bringing home food but perhaps the most important higher sexual autonomy.”39,40,41 On female genital mutilation (FGM), and protecting us. To him, that was was good communication: “A child Plan Philippines has been supporting a for example, men may be able to convince fatherhood. But we lacked love. He did needs attention. If you build good programme which has successfully managed the community in a way that is difficult for not play with us or spend time with us. communication, you can have good to get many fathers more involved in their women. He would beat my mother and us. I don’t relationships. Problems can be solved families. Nasser is on the Gender Committee for his undervalue or disrespect him, but it by listening, by spending time. I needed area, a slum in southern Cairo. “I lobby other made me feel some kind of weakness – to allocate time to my wife and child. I Proud fathers – sharing the men now about FGM. I say: ‘God wants us that somehow, one has no power. And I started to see and feel: ‘Something is burden in the Philippines42 to take care of our daughters’.” had become a version of my father. Not about to change.’ Then my child started It is a sunny morning. Dirty garments Mohamed, aged 14, says: “Now that we exactly like him, but a kind of copy. My to talk a lot to me. A lot. And he noticed fill the plastic basin. It is time to go to know about FGM it is very important to father could not express his emotions, I was listening. Now, I try to show my the stream. Arlyn places the basin on support girls in this.” his caring. I was the same. This is son the love, attention and care that I her shoulder and with her other hand, Hoda, another member of the committee, something I knew was a problem.” lacked from my own father.” carries an empty plastic water container. says: “When they include men in the Yusuf enrolled in the programme, To date, 1,300 father groups have been This used to be her daily routine. But awareness sessions, it makes it easier for us offered by the Mother Child Education formed and the programme has reached most days now, it is Onyo, Arlyn’s women to convince others.” Foundation of Turkey (AÇEV), a non-profit 32,000 fathers and children. husband, who takes care of the laundry. But negative role models are all too organisation supported by the Ministry of “Occasionally, we do the laundry common. Boys and young men who Education. It works with literate fathers When fatherhood is supported as a positive together in the stream. I enjoy it. We observe fathers and other men being violent with children between three and 11. The aspect of masculinity, everybody benefits, talk a lot about our plans for our family,” towards women believe that this is normal goal is a broad one: for fathers to play especially girls. Njoki Wainaina, a gender says Onyo. He believes that his marriage behaviour. A 2010 study of six countries by a more effective and positive role in the activist from Kenya, notes: “My father was has grown stronger since he has started Sharing the the International Center for Research on development of their children. a strong believer in equal opportunities for helping out with household chores. household Women (ICRW) and Instituto Promundo The idea for a programme for fathers girls and boys. I am therefore a product of a Onyo and Arlyn are one of the 1,337 chores. found that the single most important factor came from women who were attending a man’s determination to achieve social justice for men who were violent at home was 25-session mothers’ support group run by because he believed that as a Christian to that they had been victims of violence AÇEV. These women were learning a lot do so was divine command. My late father when they were children: either abused about child development and parenting, fought female circumcision with every and beaten themselves, or witnessing the but they still encountered problems at weapon, including physical confrontation; abuse of their mother.34 Other factors that home with child rearing. According to gave us girls every opportunity he gave contributed towards violence were low levels AÇEV co-founder Sevda Bekman: “The our brothers, including inheritance; refused of education, work-related stress, inequitable women were happy with the Mother dowry, defied society and patriarchy in all attitudes, poverty and alcohol abuse. Support Programme but found the fathers ways and left a legacy that laid a foundation Many separated fathers have little to do to be the obstacles. The husbands were for the women and girls in our family to with their children, or even lose contact with not supporting what the women had claim equality. He also became a model them altogether – in the UK, one in three learned. The mothers kept telling us: ‘We which society could ridicule, envy, question, children whose parents separated or divorced need a project for fathers!’ They wanted emulate or oppose, but which could not be over the last 20 years revealed that they had their husbands to learn as well and to ignored.”37 permanently lost contact with their father.35 become more involved.” Nihat Aydın, a father on the Fathers’ Yusuf was one of those fathers. Support Programme, Turkey, said of his And how will you remember me, Together with 16 others, he participated father: “He was a great father. He did not my child? Redefining fatherhood in 13 weekly sessions, led by an AÇEV- know how to read or write, but he knew the in Turkey36 trained facilitator. It was not easy: “In my democratic way. I want to follow his path.”38 Yusuf Akhan was making a life for himself social life and at work my friends teased Instituto Promundo did a review of in Istanbul. The grandson of a shepherd, me about the programme. Our community fatherhood programmes in Latin America Yusuf had left school to work at 13 and doesn’t accept such things; they think which showed that “various studies have eventually became a barber. He was we know these things automatically from found that having a non-violent father or providing for his wife and young son’s basic our culture. In Turkey, women can share male figure in the household is important P l a n

38 the state of the world’s girls 39 married couples who in 2008 participated 4 “Everybody has a penis” – impressed and simply said: ‘Everybody has a How advertisers describe toys in ‘Pretty Ermats Meet Proud Erpats’ gender stereotypes in penis; only girls wear barrettes’.”45 – Pretty Mothers Meet Proud Fathers the early years These stereotypes are reinforced by giving Selling to boys (PEMPE). After the training, Arlyn told girls ‘female’ toys such as dolls and tea- other wives in the village about the “Boys are not allowed to play with Barbies.” sets, and boys ‘male’ toys such as trucks positive changes in her husband. “I woke One pre-school boy to another43 and trains. Children learn that adult men up one morning surprised to see my and women hold different types of jobs and husband walking towards the stream with “As a father of two small girls, aged three learn to categorise the ‘gender’ of household our dirty laundry. He has never done the years and eight months, I am frustrated by objects (such as ironing boards and tool laundry before.” my constant struggle to find toys and, more boxes). Once again, this is reinforced by the Most participants said the training importantly, literature, beyond the realms marketing of toys as either boys’ or girls’.46 not only resulted in positive changes at of princesses and fairies (all of whom seem Interestingly, the fathers we spoke to in home, but also in their children’s school only interested in finding a prince, wearing Benin believed that it was acceptable for boys performance. The teachers reported dresses and getting married).” to play with dolls: they mentioned that boys that children were better groomed, Andrew Kinmont44 could “play whatever they want” and that arrived in school early, and many had playing with dolls “developed the spirit”.47 their homework done. “Parents are now “We’ve begun to raise daughters more like Superheroes – from Superman and minding their children’s assignments and sons... but few have the courage to raise our Spiderman to Robin Hood and Aragorn in lessons,” said Rose Baganes, Salcedo sons more like our daughters.” ‘Lord of the Rings’ – are almost always male. district supervisor of the Department of Gloria Steinem, US writer and feminist Gary Barker, developmental psychologist and Selling to girls Education. More parents now participate International Director of Instituto Promundo, in school activities. Even in the places where feminism has notes that: “There are debates about PEMPE is part of the implementation of made the most inroads, young children still whether superhero play is only about men’s the Program Effectiveness Service (PES) seem to adhere to very specific ideas of and boys’ dominance over girls. It also seems and Empowerment and Reaffirmation what it means to be a girl or a boy and a to be about how little boys feel powerless m o

of Paternal Abilities Training (ERPAT) man or a woman. In her book ‘Delusions of before other boys and men. They know that c t . programmes that Plan Philippines Gender’, UK academic Cordelia Fine talks ‘real men’ are supposed to be powerful, c e f f e

supports in partnership with the about the Bem family, who decided to try and wearing the cape is also about trying s Department of Social Welfare and and raise their two children, a boy and a to protect themselves from bullying and the h i l l e Development. girl, in a gender-neutral way. This is what violence of other boys.”48 c Plan organises and trains ERPAT happened when their son Jeremy, then Perhaps one of the reasons that this fathers, who then facilitate parenting aged four, “decided to wear barrettes [hair doesn’t change is that it is actively promoted i t h / w w w . a skills seminars and work in groups slides] to nursery school. Several times that by those producing and selling goods for m

in the community. ERPAT – also a day, another little boy told Jeremy that he, small children. In 2007, the toy industry in t a l S s 49

colloquial term for ‘father’ – has been Jeremy, must be a girl because ‘only girls the US was valued at $3.2 billion. C r y hugely successful in terms of engaging wear barrettes’. After trying to explain to And this is not just a Northern phenomenon: fathers in childcare and increasing their this child that ‘wearing barrettes doesn’t many countries import toys from the big have to look like little princesses. The appreciation of women’s roles and work. matter’ and ‘being a boy means having a US and multinational toy companies. In El boys were action and fighting and stuff In Llorente, a town in East Samar, the penis and testicles’, Jeremy finally pulled Salvador, Plan’s gender Adviser, Beatriz De and the girls were sitting at home and ERPAT session on monetising women’s down his pants as a way of making his point Paúl Flores, noted that it was very difficult to being cute.” household work has even led to some more convincingly. The other child was not find toys that were not differentiated by sex, They wrote a letter to the Advertising fathers stopping smoking in order to “because they are all imported; we don’t make Ombudsman and to Toys R Us and on 9 contribute more to household finances. Getting any toys here ourselves.”50,51 October the Ombudsman reprimanded “Changing traditional beliefs which behind the Toys R Us. They found that out of 58 have been passed from one generation wheel in Swedish children take on pages of toys there were only 14 where to another is an uphill climb because Egypt. Toys R Us boys and girls were pictured together these cannot be changed overnight,” said In December 2008, a class of children in with the same toys. On 44 pages, girls or Godofredo Capara, a local ERPAT trainer Sweden noticed the Christmas Toys R Us boys were playing separately. and a father of seven. “What is important catalogue had pages of pink for girls and Ebba says: “The Toys R Us Christmas is that we have started on that road and pages of superheroes for boys. Philippe catalogue has to change for next year.

we have seen positive results. We are a n Johansen and Ebba Silvert, both aged 13, It made me feel very proud that we m banking on that.” were shocked by this. succeeded and I am very happy I learned e e l e N Ebba said: “I think that girls can be that you can make a difference even if it superheroes if they want to; they don’t seems impossible.”52 B e n n o

40 the state of the world’s girls 41 5 The right start – early childhood This kind of initiative is particularly important services – but we believe that we can development and gender because it is more likely to be urban and challenge the stereotypes of what it means equality relatively well-off working parents who send to be a boy or a girl by providing different their children to pre-school or nursery.56 As a possibilities in our nurseries,” says Beatriz “Huge steps can be made to empower report from the Bernard van Leer Foundation De Paúl Flores, Plan’s Adviser for Gender girls if we begin the movement for gender notes, “the kinds of children who are left out and Child Protection in El Salvador. equality in those first years of a child’s life.” or left behind tend to be… from poor families. Together with Salomon Cruz, in Rima Salah, UNICEF Deputy They are girls. They are disabled. They are charge of Plan’s education work, Beatriz Executive Director53 children who don’t speak the right language, designed a gender equal programme for or whose skin is not the right colour. They are the Centro Bienestar Infantil (Early Years “What young children learn now and what children who live very far away from the city or Wellbeing Centre). The programme is happens to them now will influence them live in urban slums. They are children who have new: it has only been running for two for the rest of their life. The earliest years experienced political violence and who have years, and Beatriz notes that it is “a slow are the most determinant of the child’s grown up with war.”57 process, which needs to be sustained psychosocial and cognitive development.” For example, in Côte d’Ivoire, almost 25 through time”. It was surprisingly difficult Erma Manoncourt, UNICEF per cent of children from the wealthiest to find books and films that did not Representative in Egypt54 households attend pre-school programmes, stereotype boys and girls, toys that were but almost none of those in the poorest not just pink and blue or designated

58 a a g

Going to pre-school makes it more likely homes attend. In Ghana, children from the G only for one sex, and dolls with realistic e r

that a child will go to and do well in primary richest homes are almost four times as likely Samuel hard d shapes and genitalia. school. It can also promote gender equality to attend as those from the poorest.59 at play. Beeri Yem Sanchez Rivera, one of the at an early age. For example, in Latin It is encouraging that the numbers of teachers in the centre, says she came to i k k i v a n America, UNICEF notes that: children enrolling in nursery school are N this nursery because “I wanted to learn “Comprehensive early childhood increasing. In 2008 the global figure stood Red beans and hard hats – more about gender, about how to help initiatives have been instrumental in at 148 million children – an increase of 31 a gender equal nursery in girls and boys relate better and to accept challenging gender stereotypes that per cent since 1999.60 And yet figures for El Salvador themselves and accept others”. reinforce ‘machismo’ and keep women attendance at pre-school are low compared to Nikki van der Gaag reports from Cabañas, The programme also works with powerless in the family and society. In those attending primary school, which at the in northern El Salvador, on an initiative to parents so that they understand what Peru, for instance, Iniciativa Papa, an early end of 2007 was estimated at 694 million, and instil ideas of gender equality at an early the nursery is trying to do. For example, childhood project, strengthens the bond vary hugely from country to country.61 The age. they talk about non-sexist language and between fathers and tots through intensive experience of Samuel and his friends, below, Samuel has put on a blue apron to discuss the ways that boys and girls are male participation in child-rearing.”55 shows the potential of good nursery education. protect his clothes and is standing at the expected to behave. Beatriz says they stove cooking beans in a yellow pot. He meet little resistance, although it is easier Playing carefully fills the pot from another metal to get mothers than fathers to attend together in container and then shakes the beans so the meetings. “The parents see that we Peru. they will not burn. This will be ‘frijoles also teach children to behave, to eat their refritos’ (a dish of cooked and mashed food, to relate well to each other. They beans), he tells me. see the benefits of early years education,” Samuel is not a famous chef or – yet – a man who likes cooking. But he probably has more chance of being either of these than his father or brothers. Because Samuel is only four. He attends a nursery in Cabañas, in northern El Salvador. He is lucky – nursery provision in El Salvador is minimal. Only 1.8 per cent of children from birth to three and 57 per cent of those from four to six attend any kind of nursery.62 And the nursery that Samuel attends is not just any nursery, a a g but one of 56 in the country that are G e r trying to promote gender equality from d an early age. “People don’t understand In the kitchen

the importance of providing early years i k k i v a n corner. Daniel Silva N

42 the state of the world’s girls 43 says Alexia Abrego, Plan’s Community 6 “Boys labour for payment, girls Development Facilitator in El Salvador. labour for love” “The fathers see that the boys talk to the girls with more respect and that both “Housework is to be done by girls. It boys and girls can share toys and spaces doesn’t feel good if boys do housework.” and play together. They see this as a Kanchan, 10, India63 positive thing.” Beatriz says she recognises that outside “My brother… doesn’t move a finger. My influences also shape children’s attitudes, mother spoils him a lot. When he arrives so Plan also works with the government from school, he watches television until to look at the school curriculum. They are around four, and then he goes to the field already training people and institutions to play ball and when he comes back my such as the Government’s ISNA (Instituto mother still has to cook for him. If she Salvadoreño Para El Desarrollo Integral doesn’t cook for him, he doesn’t eat. Then de La Niñez y La Adolescencia – Institute he takes a shower and goes to bed and for the Integral Development of Children that’s it.” and Adolescents) in gender and early Lana, 16, Brazil, in a focus education and working with them on a group for Plan research64 national gender policy for early years. Samuel, after a period of banging While women have moved into the drums with his friend, has now moved workplace in huge numbers, the division of on to feeding a baby doll. Next to him, labour in the home still means that they do Fatima, in a sparkling white doctor’s coat, the bulk of the housework and childcare is listening to Valeria’s heartbeat through in most countries,65 a model which is then a stethoscope. She has an expression of handed on to their daughters and sons.66 concentration on her face and Valeria We will be looking at how this affects gazes trustingly up at her. Most of the relationships between partners and husbands children come from poor families; Valeria and wives in Chapter 5. In this section we This division is reflected in the experience is a difference between ‘men’s work’ On the way

is much smaller than her peers and it will examine the effect on the way that l f Bof e r g the girls themselves: in the Indian study and ‘women’s work’, but also that the home in has taken her some time to adapt to the children perceive their roles in the home and A above, 95 per cent of girls spent at least one appropriate rewards are different for Ethiopia. nursery, but she has made huge progress how this affects both their confidence and and a half hours every day on housework, each. One expert notes that: “Children in the past months, says Beeri. their expectations. and 33 per cent spent three hours or more. have reason to think that boys labour for Of course, some little boys still want The gendered division of household work Many said that they would be punished if payment, while girls labour ‘for love’.”72 to wear hard hats and bang hammers and is accepted almost everywhere and is true they did not. The experience of Sabiya, a Research has shown that it is not just the be builders or truck drivers, and the girls in the North and the South. One study nine year-old girl from Delhi, is typical. She amount of time spent but also the type of still want to dress as princesses, but in this undertaken by Plan in India found that 95 wakes up at six in the morning and fetches chores that parents assign to their children nursery it is acceptable for the children to per cent of children – both boys and girls – milk from the dairy before going to school. that helps create gender stereotypes. try out whatever roles they feel comfortable said that girls should do the housework.67 When she returns home she does school with. In a country with a strong tradition In our recent primary research there was work, housework, eats dinner and finally Division of labour in Andhar Pradesh73 of ‘machismo’ behaviour and high levels also agreement, apart from in the UK, that goes to sleep at around 10 pm.69 10 of violence and sexual abuse, it will be “a woman’s most important role is to take Vietnamese children also said that girls do interesting to see if their grounding at this care of her home and cook for her family”. more housework. Three-quarters of children 9

early stage of their lives will mean that While only 11 per cent of all children in the said that girls have to do more housework y 8 Boys Girls Fatima and Samuel and their friends will UK “totally agreed” with this, the figure rose than boys, while boys have more time to 7 be able to forge the beginnings of a more to 66 per cent in Rwanda and 74 per cent in study. And parents explained that this was 6 equal and violence-free society. India. partly because boys are more clumsy and “Male children do not collect firewood, careless and girls simply do a better job.70 5 As this story from El Salvador illustrates, only female children are involved in the In one 15-year study of child poverty in 4 the role of nursery education in promoting collection of firewood… Boys do not do daily Andhra Pradesh, research found that 14 to 3 gender equality lies not just in what goes on [household] works, it is mainly the activities 15 year-old girls did more work in the home Number of hours per da 2 in the classroom but on the impact it can of females… The male children keep the than boys, which left them less time for have on the whole family. By reaching out cattle. I do not like to send my daughter to school and study.71 1 0 to parents, attitudes can be questioned and keep cattle. She helps me in the home,” says A gendered approach to work in the Household chores School and study family patterns challenged. one mother from rural Ethiopia.68 home teaches children not only that there

44 the state of the world’s girls 45 Research on children’s household chores “My sisters make fun of me when I say in the US found that boys are typically given I will help in the kitchen. Even my mother more independent outdoor tasks (mowing laughs at me,” said a 10 year-old boy in a the lawn, shovelling snow) while girls tend school in Gorakhpur, India.84 to be assigned indoor tasks that must be In Gihogwe, Rwanda, focus groups of boys supervised (helping to prepare food, cleaning aged 12 to 14 said: “The majority of men the house or caring for younger children).74,75 fear to do home activities because they think Girls are also assigned more routine chores they will be laughed at.”85 such as cooking and cleaning. Boys’ chores, Tufa, aged 12, from Ethiopia, says that he while encouraging their independence, will not bake ‘qita’, a kind of bread, “because also tend to involve less-frequent tasks, other children laugh at me if I bake. They such as washing the car or taking out the say that I am acting like a girl.” He says that garbage. And girls rarely earn money by being seen to bake qita is “shameful” and doing domestic jobs, because these jobs are only boys with no parents would do it.86 identified as female responsibilities.I nfrequent But he is happy to do other household tasks are seen by parents as ones deserving tasks – fetching firewood, making coffee, of payment, and therefore they are not likely even cooking stew. Once, he says, he even to pay a daughter for washing the dishes, but did the washing with his father. Ranjana, they will pay a son for washing the family age 12, says: “Whether it is housework or car.76 Thus boys also learn that their work outside work, work is work. If the boy does has monetary value, while girls’ work does housework and the girl does outside work, not. This domestic division of labour and the both are working. They are not forcing one different values attached to men’s work and another to do anything.” Basanti, age 10, women’s work will follow these children all says: “It really feels good when a brother their lives. The gender pay gap is no accident, does some housework.”87 Bedtime in

as we will see in Chapter 5. Tufa is right to worry about being laughed l f B e r g Guatemala. at – boys who do ‘girls’ work’ may be A 7 Who should care for the baby? ridiculed, not just by their male friends but implied by its male counterpart, the ‘sissy’.” Responsibilities in the home by their female friends as well. Cordelia Fine She notes: “Parents were aware of the writes: “Cross-gender behaviour is seen as backlash their child might, or indeed had, “He complains that he is the only one who less acceptable in boys than in girls; unlike received from others when they allowed carries and looks after the babies. He says, Carrying the the term ‘tomboy’, there is nothing positive them to deviate from gender norms.”88 ‘Why is it only me who should care for the baby. baby? Do you think that I am a girl?’ He P l a n says, ‘You should recognise I am a boy.’ He Changing diapers, giving kids a bath, and feeding the kids says, ‘Let the girls carry the children.’” saw their fathers do domestic work are more Mother of 12 year-old Dibaba, Ethiopia77 likely to carry out domestic duties.80 When 100% Plan researchers asked the same question of 90% “I like to do outside work. It is good if the 12 to 18 year olds, 67 per cent of boys and man does housework.” 71 per cent of girls in Rwanda agreed, as did 80% 16 year-old married girl from Rajasthan78 83 per cent of boys and 87 per cent of girls in 70% 81,82 India. 60% Findings from research carried out by the It is very clear where young children, both 50% ICRW and Instituto Promundo in Brazil, Chile, girls and boys, are learning their roles, and Croatia, India, Mexico and Rwanda found the following examples illustrate how hard it 40% that many men did not see work in the home can be to cross the divide. 30% or with children as their responsibility. For Girls from Shyamkat village in Uttar 20% example, while only 10 per cent of men in Pradesh said: “Boys should not do Brazil agreed with the statement “changing housework, it is wrong. A boy can’t make 10% diapers, giving kids a bath and feeding kids ‘rotis’, he will not know how to do so and 0% are the mother’s responsibility”79 it rises to he will not be able to learn. We will do the Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl UK India, District Rwanda, District 61 per cent in Rwanda and more than 80 per housework.” cent in India. The research found that younger “Girls should do housework; boys should are the mother’s responsibility – Agree are the mother’s responsibility – Disagree men, men with more education and men who earn outside,” said a girl aged 10 from Bihar.83 are the sister’s responsibility – Agree are the sister’s responsibility – Disagree

46 the state of the world’s girls 47 Santhi the work thief89 a barrage of advertising, which increasingly Santhi is from an adivasi or tribal family forces them and their parents to choose Family life in in Andhra Pradesh. She has always stereotypical toys. We have shown how Peru. wanted to be a doctor and is criticised by some children have successfully challenged her mother for spending time on studying these stereotypes. and not on housework. Mothers can be as We have also heard from boys and girls determined as fathers to make sure their who question the roles that they find in the daughters conform and do what is seen as home, and who are working to behave in appropriate for a girl. ways that share tasks more equally. Primary “Since my childhood I had the desire to research for this report has found young become a doctor. I can help all if I become people in many countries who are questioning a doctor. Doctors treat some people what they learned as small children. Boys like differently. If they get an illness, doctors these ones from Gasange in Rwanda, who should treat them well, help them all say that: “Parents should play a greater role equally. That is my wish.” in showing their children that they are equal Santhi spends lot of time studying at both in the home and outside.”90 Or girls like home in the evenings and prefers to help Lana, aged 16, from Brazil, who says: “If I her father with his teaching preparation were President I would enact a law for equal rather than doing household chores. rights, a law saying that women and men “Sometimes I do help my mother; if I could do the same things. If she cleans the feel like helping I will help them. I don’t house, he can do it too; and if she can cook, do it daily but I help my father: he is a he can do it too!”91 These young people teacher, so I help him in preparing his believe that they can do better than their teaching material. I enjoy doing that parents in building a more equal world. work; I don’t like household work. My In the next chapter we will look at the sister helps my mother; she does all that influences children face when they move work, I don’t.” from their first institution, the family, to the This causes conflict with her mother, next: school. who feels that Santhi “does not bother about others” and is neglecting her responsibilities to the family. She compares Santhi unfavourably to her other two children: “[The] younger daughter shares everything [chores] with her brother. Those two are alike. Even if she does not know how to do it she will come forward to do it. This girl [Santhi] evades work. She is a work thief.”

This chapter has shown how boys and girls are socialised from a very early age to conform to certain ideas of what it means to be male and female, and how this has an effect on how they behave throughout their lives. We have seen positive examples of how fathers have supported their sons and daughters, but we have also seen how violence in particular is passed on down the generations. We have also seen the importance of early years education, and how positive models of learning at this age can build a firm foundation for the future. But we have revealed how even very young children face Daniel Silva

48 the state of the world’s girls 49 Results 67 per cent of girls in the UK, 51 per cent of girls in Rwanda and 73 per cent of girls in India supporting Making the private public the statement. At the same time, over 80 per cent of Moving Forward Attitudes about women’s participation in politics boys and 83 per cent of girls in Rwanda agreed that and the labour force are very much linked to ‘women are taking jobs away from men’. In the UK, both legislation and wealth creation. In Rwanda, this percentage drops to just 17 per cent of boys and legislation has ensured women’s parliamentary only 10 per cent of girls. – Standing Still participation by stipulating that they make up at least 33 per cent of the legislators, although in Burden of chores the recent elections over 54 per cent of elected Primary Research, Plan 2011 parliamentarians were women.2 At the same “The boys in my family don’t do much of the time, increased economic development across housework. I do most of it as I am the only girl in my all surveyed countries has meant opportunities family, so it is expected of me.” for women to enter the workforce. Both these Marian, 16, Timor Leste3 “A man has to do the same things that a woman does, shifting many entrenched social norms. However, processes influence the ways in which boys and and a woman can do the same things as a man… evidence is not always encouraging. In India, a girls view women’s participation in public life. Household chores take up much of a girl’s time, things are not for men or for women, they are for both strong emerging economy, both boys and girls still However, traditional attitudes can still be both in wealthier economies where working of them, right?” reflect traditional gender stereotypes. Even in a found among boys and girls in these countries. In mothers rely on their daughters for support, and Kelly, 16, Plan Brazil focus group1 high-income country like the UK our research found Rwanda, which has the highest number of women in the context of poverty, economic shock or that a significant proportion of boys and girls still legislators in the world, 33.68 per cent of boys and deprivation. What is clear is that these chores Introduction express traditional gender behaviours and attitudes. 30.17 per cent of girls agree with the statement are unevenly distributed amongst girls and boys. ‘women politicians are not as good as men Indeed, girls spend anywhere between 33 and 85 Working with boys and men for gender equality Key research findings politicians’, which reflects how entrenched gender per cent more time per day on chores around the requires an analysis of the different ways in which There are variations from country to country stereotypes can be, even in the face of robust and house.4 In India, almost half of girls of school age society socialises both girls and boys. By unpicking but the overarching conclusion must be that our arguably successful legislation. In India, 55.18 are engaged in household work.5 As we show in the messages that society sends girls and boys about families and schools are handing gender inequality, per cent of boys and 55.52 per cent of girls agree, Chapter 5, the ways in which girls are encouraged how they should behave, what they should aspire and violence against girls, down through the indicating that both sexes are equally split in regard to take on responsibilities in household duties to become and how they should behave towards generations. to women in decision-making roles. Boys in the UK will continue to have a detrimental effect on their one another, we can better understand how these • 65 per cent of participants from India and demonstrated similar attitudes to boys in Rwanda, future wages. In the UK, 99 per cent of girls think messages can be challenged. Rwanda totally or partially agreed with the while girls in the UK hold the most equitable ‘boys should help with housework the way girls Plan’s research with over 4,000 adolescent statement ‘A woman should tolerate violence in attitudes – only 15 per cent of them agree with the do’. It seems boys in the UK are equally aware of children aims to draw out the differences in order to keep her family together’. A further 43 above statement. the unfairness of the situation, with 71 per cent attitudes and behaviours between boys and per cent agreed with the statement: ‘There are With regards to women’s participation in the agreeing with this statement. girls across different countries and contexts. We times when a woman deserves to be beaten.’ business sector, it seems boys are not convinced that At the same time we see that rigid norms about collected data through qualitative research methods • ‘A woman’s most important role is to take care women belong in positions of economic power. Only women’s responsibilities have shaped children’s (focus groups and interviews) in seven countries of her home and cook for her family’. While 49 per cent of boys in the UK, 52 per cent of boys in attitudes across all three sample countries. Our and conducted quantitative research (school-based only 11 per cent of all children in the UK ‘totally Rwanda and 61 per cent of boys in India agreed with survey shows that 11 per cent of all children in surveys and online questionnaires) in Rwanda, India agreed’ with this, the figure rose to 66 per cent in the statement ‘It would be good to have the same the UK, 66 per cent in Rwanda and 74 per cent and the United Kingdom. Rwanda and 74 per cent in India. number of men and women leading top companies’. in India ‘totally agree’ that ‘a woman’s most • ‘Changing diapers, giving kids a bath and feeding Girls, on the other hand, showed more support, with important role is to take care of her home and Main Findings kids are the mother’s responsibility.’ 67 per cook for her family’. Our research shows that although gender attitudes cent of boys and 71 per cent of girls in Rwanda “Boys should help with housework the way girls do” When it comes to life satisfaction, it seems that are learned at a young age are internalised by agreed, as did 83 per cent of boys and 87 per cent 100 99% children’s views are rather more equitable. 90 both girls and boys, girls are more likely to hold of girls in India. 82% Our survey showed that children are actually 79% 81% 80 transformative and progressive attitudes when • Our survey showed, however, that children are 71% happier when they see their parents sharing 70 68% compared to boys in the same country. This is actually happier when they see their parents household responsibilities (eg when dads 60 especially so in the UK. Our research also reveals that sharing household responsibilities (eg when 50 cook and do the laundry, both parents make

the dynamics between girls and boys in India reflect dads cook and do the laundry, both parents make cent r Pe 40 decisions, and when their mothers spend their 32% 29% a rigid social structure that has been internalised decisions and when their mums spend their time 30 time in and out of home). 21% 19% by both sexes. Children in Rwanda exhibited quite in and out of home). 20 18% 10 equitable attitudes, especially with regards to • Over 60 per cent of children interviewed in India 1% Being a boy, being a girl 0 ‘traditional masculinity’. for this report agreed that ‘if resources are scarce Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl This study confirmed that attitudes regarding UK India Rwanda Economic advancement, legislation and other it is better to educate a boy instead of a girl’. Agree Disagree the value of educating girls is affected by 21st century processes might prove instrumental in gender socialisation. So much so, that girls

50 the state of the world’s girls 51 themselves believe their education views that might be described as traditional. A While we must understand that these findings is less important than that of their Children reporting violent incidents that happen either sometimes or very often significant proportion of both girls and boys in reflect the views and experiences of a relatively 70 brothers. More than 50 per cent India and Rwanda, for example, thought that a small group of children, their attitudes and of girls and almost 68 per cent 60 woman should tolerate violence if that would keep behaviours for the most part support the analysis of boys in India agree with the 50 the family together, and the majority in those in this report – both in terms of the stereotypes statement ‘If resources are scarce, countries also agree that a woman’s most important assigned to girls and boys, and in terms of their it is better to educate a boy instead 40 role is her domestic one. In the UK, where equal harmful implications. of a girl’. Boys also get their fair opportunities legislation has been in place for some It is also interesting to note, however, that the r cent r Pe 30 share of negative messages from years, only 49 per cent of boys agreed that it would children interviewed for this study would prefer to society. According to our survey, 20 be good to have the same number of women as live in less traditional families, with jobs and roles 78 per cent of girls and 76 per cent 10 men leading top companies. It is girls in the UK shared out more equally. It is this that should point of boys in Rwanda either partially who are the most likely to challenge traditional the way forward. The younger generation may be 0 or totally agree with the statement Insulted Hit your Insulted Hit your Insulted you Hit you roles, though interestingly in Rwanda there is a affected by the stereotyping that surrounds them ‘Boys don’t cry’, while in India only your sibling sibling your mother mother robust rebuttal from both girls and boys of the but they would prefer not to be. They have a vision 65 per cent of girls and 73 per cent India district boy India district girl Rwanda district boy Rwanda district girl stereotype that ‘to be a man you have to be tough’. of a different way of life that could be built on. of boys agree with this statement. These rigid ideas of masculine behaviour continue Of the two countries, Rwanda showed higher throughout adolescence and are further reflected in prevalence of both physical (41 per cent) and verbal Methodology participant children, Plan refined an earlier child- boys’ and girls’ attitudes toward relationships. Sixty- (49 per cent) violence. Due to time restraints and the availability of friendly methodology based on the input of a five per cent of boys and 66 per cent of girls from Domestic violence affects more girls than boys services, it was not feasible to collect nationwide number of colleagues as well as WHO (2005b) and India and Rwanda think ‘males should ask females to across the globe – a fact that is verified in our study. representative data in India and Rwanda. For Population Council (2005) guidelines.8 start a relationship, not the other way around’. Girls reported being more often affected by insults these reasons, we selected one district in each The quantitative component collected the (44 per cent in India and 51 per cent in Rwanda) country. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for both opinions of 3,810 children from three countries: Violence in the home than boys (36 per cent in India and 48 per cent in selection processes prioritised population diversity, India (825 boys and 747 girls), Rwanda (677 boys Rwanda). However, more boys than girls report availability of child protection mechanisms and and 550 girls) and the UK (506 boys and 505 girls). “When I know that I have made a mistake and my being subject to physical violence in Rwanda (43 travel costs. To increase the variability in the Their ages range from 12 to 18. Sixty-five per cent parents beat me, I assume they are right and it per cent of boys compared to 38 per cent of girls). sample, randomisation of schools was carried out of them are between 14 and 16 years old. In terms doesn’t make me angry.” While in India this trend reverses, with 43 per cent after stratification on socio-geographical criteria of religious groups, 96 per cent of all participants Girl, 9, Benin of girls and 35 per cent of boys reportedly ‘being of the selected district. This list was provided by from India are Hindu; 85 per cent of the children in hit’. This violence will continue to affect these girls the Ministry of Education. The selection of schools the UK are Protestant, Catholic or other Christian; Domestic violence is highly prevalent across the throughout their lives. In fact, three out of 10 girls inside the stratums was shaped by school (random), and 69 per cent of participants from Rwanda are globe. One in four women will experience domestic in India and Rwanda reported that their mothers are grade (five grades assuming mean ages of 12 to 16) either Catholic or Protestant. violence in her lifetime and studies in the UK insulted or hit by someone at home. and whole-class groups. estimate that domestic violence costs the economy Rigid gender norms serve not only to perpetuate UK participants were recruited through their Aims £5.8 billion each year.6 According to US studies, power imbalances between the sexes but also to parents – who are members of an online research The study aimed to explore how children from this phenomenon also has a severe impact on bolster deviant behaviours, making them acceptable. panel managed and incentivised to comply with different countries describe their life experiences, children there: This is evidenced by the large percentage of children ESOMAR and the MRS (UK) standards. For our as well as their personal and family views on: • Witnessing violence between one’s parents – 65 per cent of participants from India and Rwanda study, the proportions of participants match those • Attitudes and behavioural intentions towards or caretakers is the strongest risk factor of – who totally or partially agreed with the statement of the wider UK population. More specifically, at gender equality and parenting transmitting violent behaviour from one generation ‘A woman should tolerate violence in order to keep 95 per cent confidence level, the margin of error • Masculine gender norms to the next her family together’. Indeed, a further 43 per cent for the whole sample is 3.5 per cent. Due to the • Use of time • Boys who witness domestic violence are twice agreed with the statement: ‘There are times when a format, the questionnaire used in the UK was • Different types of violence as likely to abuse their own partners and children woman deserves to be beaten.’ shorter than in the other two countries. For this • Life satisfaction when they become adults reason, some of the results shown in the next • 30 to 60 per cent of perpetrators of intimate Conclusion section do not include the UK. Research instruments partner violence also abuse children in the As an international child-centred community This study used qualitative and quantitative household.7 Although the countries selected for Plan’s study are development organisation whose work is instruments which greatly benefited from the vastly different in terms of economic, social and underpinned by the United Nations Convention on following instruments and scales: the Gender- In our survey we found that 40 per cent of geographical location, many of the rigid gender the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), Plan is committed Equitable Men (GEM) Scale9 and the International participants in India and 50 per cent of participants norms that continue to disempower girls and boys to promoting the rights of children, including their Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES)10 that is in Rwanda are normally insulted by at least one are equally shared across the study. In the areas of right to be protected from harmful influences, part of the Men and Gender Equality Policy Project member of their family. Half of the participants violence against women, domestic responsibility, abuse and exploitation. (MGEPP) project.11 in both Rwanda and India said their siblings are and the stereotyping of boys as hard and tough, Aiming to preserve the well-being of all insulted and hit either sometimes or very often. many of the 12 to 18 year olds interviewed hold

52 the state of the world’s girls 53 Here we can see young boys and girls at school Through the lens: family life in Benin studying together. If girls do not attend school, it is because they are expected to stay at home and take care of their brothers and sisters. I myself believe that This year, members of cohort families in Benin were given disposable cameras and asked to girls as well as boys should be sent to school, so I photograph their daily lives, documenting who does what in their homes and in the wider sent all of my children to school, without distinction community. These photographs were then used to promote group discussion about personal and between the sexes. Today, the current policy of our community issues. They demonstrate how entrenched the division of labour between the sexes is. government calls for all girls to be sent to school. The photographs were taken by both sexes of varying ages, and show the domestic details of cooking, fetching water, looking after children, lighting fires and, for the boys, playing football. This photo shows several women and girls cooking a The commentary is illuminating and we can see that the project has given family members an family meal while the man is lying in his wheelchair opportunity to think about the ways they organise their lives and the traditions they take for granted. and impatiently awaits the meal. Traditionally, it is the woman who does the domestic work and is “A daughter’s daily domestic tasks include washing dishes before going to school, whilst boys responsible for cooking. I personally don’t cook when do not have any chores… If it is only the daughters doing the domestic work in a family, it is my wife is available and healthy. because parents believe cooking and cleaning is only a job for girls.” Paterne, Ange’s male cousin Jonas Charnel’s father

In this photo, we can see a young girl carrying a basin containing small bags of water on her head to sell at the market, when she should be at school like other children of her age. It is surely a maid child. Here, many girls are sent away by poor families to more influential people hoping that In this picture, we can see girls and women washing they will be better taken care of, although this rarely ends and peeling cassava, and a girl is also washing the up being the case. This is a very big problem because people pan that we use to make the soft paste of ground have large families, and they prefer to take care of sons more cassava in order to process it into flour. than daughters. In our communities, men and women’s roles are Many people in our communities believe that to educate a clearly divided. It is women who peel the cassava girl is a waste, because when she grows up and gets married, and wash it, whilst the man’s role is to help women her education will benefit her husband and the parents of her dig up cassava and carry it home. During all my husband only. free time I help my parents, and even though I am Florence a boy, I do lots of the cooking. Ange’s mother In our community, collecting cassava and producing the flour takes place mainly during the dry season, and sometimes during the rainy season. Nowadays, men are taking more of an active role in helping women with these activities. The man in this picture has accompanied his wife to our Sodjinin local well. After having helped to draw water, he helped Judith’s cousin her to load a large bowl of water on her head. He also carried a bucket of water by hand, because men here do not carry things on their heads. I never saw my father carrying objects on his head In this picture, we can see a young girl preparing the and I don’t want to do it because it is not accepted here, evening meal while at the same time the young boys and when I do people laugh at me. Girls and women are playing football. Here girls cook and young boys make fun of boys and men who carry things on their play. Traditionally in our culture, women and girls cook head, which really puts us off doing it. If they didn’t whilst us boys play and help out with farming activities. laugh, perhaps we would be less embarrassed to help Generally, only when women are sick or physically unable carry packages on our heads, like Nigerian men for to cook can a man take over. example. Sulgence Remi Charnel’s brother Albine’s father

54 the state of the world’s girls 55 Changing our destiny – learning for life3

1 Introduction: seeing likely to believe in and to promote equality of the world as mine the sexes. The benefits of educating girls are clear. “My attitude towards girls has changed. In We know that this is probably the single the beginning, families did not allow girls most important factor in combating gender and boys to work together. Now we have inequality. It has a direct impact on girls’ learned how to deal with each other and we future prospects – building self-esteem, are a team. We don’t distinguish between independence, and the possibility of making boys and girls.” decisions about their own lives.3 We know Mohammed, 14, Egypt1 that educated women are more likely to send their own daughters to school and to be able “If I weren’t educated, I would have to look after their families.4 And research been married early and had tons of kids. has shown that investing in girls’ education Education changed that destiny for me by may also be good for a country’s economic teaching me my right to choose to marry the prospects.5 person I love. To also choose what I want What is perhaps less well known is that men to do; to see the world as mine, where I can who have completed secondary education go anywhere and do whatever I want as a are less likely to use violence against women, human being.” more likely to be present during childbirth, Angélique Kidjo, Benin, musician, to be involved in childcare and hold more singer and performer and gender equitable attitudes.6 Gary Barker, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador2 International Director of Instituto Promundo, says: “In other words, education for boys and The next stage of the life cycle for girls and men is good for men and boys themselves but boys takes them out of the home and into also good for women.” school. There they encounter a whole new At this stage of a child’s life, as this chapter set of ideas and messages about what it is illustrates, education should be tackling to be a man and a woman, and they meet gender equality head on, teaching boys peers who may challenge or reinforce what and girls to question stereotypes, to respect they have learned at home and in pre-school. difference and to support each other’s The years of education are a crucial stage human rights. But first we have to ensure in their journey through life, and if children that all children, and particularly girls, make complete secondary education they are more it to school in the first place. P l a n

56 the state of the world’s girls 57 2 “School is a good thing” – so LEGAL framework – what prevents girls and boys going to school… and staying ACCESS TO EDUCATION there? Education is the cornerstone for the progress and Sexual harassment and violence against school- advancement of a nation as a whole and of girls girls has been widely documented. Apart from “School is a good thing. However, many and women individually. The right to education is deterring girls from attending and succeeding in parents say that it is not good to send enshrined in key regional and international laws, school, sexual violence damages girls’ mental and girls to school. I have many things to do as well as national legislation. The United Nations physical health and well-being, and exposes them when I come home and even if I am tired, Millennium Development Goal 2 seeks to achieve to HIV/AIDS and falling pregnant. In Zambia, after I sweep the floor, go to buy things for my universal primary education by 2015, with the target police refused to investigate the case of a teacher mother. I do not have much time to do my that “children everywhere, boys and girls alike… who raped a 13 year-old schoolgirl, the girl brought homework.” [are] able to complete a full course of primary her case to the High Court to seek reparations and Ballovi Eliane, 10, Benin10 schooling”.7 Despite great strides towards universal a better response from the authorities. The school r g

education by 2015, persistent gender inequality had no policy for addressing sexual violence. “Teachers look down on us and treat us like e

undermines this progress, while fear of physical and Another girl abused by the same teacher had simply we are bad.” l f B A sexual violence is keeping some girls out of school. been transferred from the school. In 2008, the girl, Boy, Jamaica11 Recent court decisions highlight the need for RM, won a landmark victory against the teacher • Poverty Not much greater state involvement and commitment to and the school. The decision became final after In the past, there was a huge gap between • Child labour time for giving girls equal access to education by fighting the Zambian government dropped its appeal to the numbers of girls and boys going to • Early marriage studying in El discrimination, child labour, early marriage, bullying the case in August 2009. Apart from awarding RM school. This gap still exists in many countries, • Dowry Salvador. and sexual violence in schools. For example, in significant damages for the “enduring psychological but it is closing, thanks to international • Illiteracy countries with higher rates of marriage, child brutalisation” she had endured, the court also initiatives such as the United Nations • Son preference labour, and harmful traditional practices, girls have referred the case for possible criminal prosecution Millennium Development Goals, and a push Of these, poverty is key. One mother from poor access to education. This results in lower of the teacher and called on the Ministry of by national governments to increase the India noted: “How can I send my daughter to literacy rates, poorer health for girls, young women Education to issue regulations to prevent such numbers of girls in school. This section will school when I can’t even buy her a notebook for and their children, and unrealised potential. conduct in the future.8,9 look at the different reasons why girls and two rupees?”16 In an ideal world, most parents boys do not go to school, or drop out along would like both sons and daughters to go to the way, and what this means for gender school but many are faced with hard choices. It equality. is not just parents: over 60 per cent of children If you are a girl from a poor household interviewed in India for this report agreed that and living in a rural area, you are 16 times “if resources are scarce, it is better to educate a less likely to be in school than a boy from boy instead of a girl”.17 When money is short, a wealthy household living in a town.12 In it is often sons rather than daughters who are South and West Asia, girls account for 59 per sent to school because parents believe they will cent of children not enrolled in school.13 support them in old age, while daughters will be There are important disparities here between married and live in their husband’s home.18 primary and secondary school, because it ‘Young Lives’ is an international study of is at secondary school where girls tend to childhood poverty, involving 12,000 children drop out. In India, data from between 2004 and 2008 demonstrates that the secondary Mean expenditure on fees and extra tuition, school attendance rate for girls was just Andhra Pradesh (India) under 54 per cent compared with just over 10,000 14 61 per cent for boys. This is important, 8,000 because many of the skills needed to 6,000 operate in a globalising world – international languages, critical thinking skills – are learned 4,000 at this stage. It is also the stage that has the 2,000

most impact on attitudes towards gender Expenditure in Rupees 0 and the future behaviour of a young man or 5 10 15 20

r young woman once they become an adult. Age e Paying There are many reasons why fewer girls go Boys Girls M i l l e attention in to school than boys. A report from Plan Asia Note: includes all children within each household (ie Young Lives sample child plus siblings) Nicaragua. notes six key factors:15 B o n n i

58 the state of the world’s girls 59 Preparing supper it comes to schooling. Girls may be kept at The interaction not only advocates girls’ in India. home to do the housework and look after education, it also identifies hidden younger siblings. Taklitin Walet Farati, a barriers to schooling. Parents reported non-governmental organisation fieldworker that they sometimes failed to enrol their in Mali, who tries to persuade girls’ parents children in school because of late or to let them go to school, said that the incorrectly filed birth registrations; fines opportunity costs are a significant barrier to for late birth registrations have since been girls’ education. “I’d go and check why girls abolished. weren’t attending school, to be told by their Neighbourhood mobilisation is mothers, ‘We can’t let our daughters go to reinforced by television spots featuring school. We need them in the home. They are celebrities urging girls to go to school, our hands and feet!’”21 public announcements about education in print and electronic media, and the Fadimata Alainchar, Plan Country Director l S i l v a for Guinea-Bissau, notes that in many parts distribution of promotional fliers, posters, e of Africa: “There is the mindset that girls brochures, booklets and videos. D a n i don’t need education to succeed in life; they Offshoots from the Haydi Kizlar Okula Boys doing badly Having a need a wealthy husband. Many teachers campaign include a newspaper’s “The girls are more motivated, because laugh in Peru. don’t see the need for the girls to be independent push for girls’ education, we see at school that girls want something educated at all.” pleading the case with the slogan more than the boys: the boys just want Pupils’ own views are shaped at home “Daddy, send me to school!” to play, the girls don’t, they’re interested from an early age. Changing parental Additionally, the Willows Foundation, when the teacher tells about the homework. attitudes remains really important, and the a non-governmental organisation, has The boys don’t, they just play, ‘Ah, ma’am,

a M a r family decision-maker, more often than not visited 120,000 homes and enrolled I didn’t do it’; and they lie, ‘I didn’t do it L the father, will need to be convinced of the 9,000 out-of-school girls. The Foundation because I went to work’. I think this is why l l y e value of educating daughters. has developed a registration system with girls achieve more than boys.”

C o n n colour-coded cards based on the obstacle Thais, 11, from Brazil, taking part in a focus in four countries over 15 years. It is led by “Daddy, send me to school!” that has hampered school attendance. group for Plan for this report23 a team in the Department of International Haydi Kizlar Okula, a programme in Turkey, There is a follow-up visit by teachers in a Development at the University of Oxford in has reached 120,000 girls since 2003. parallel system to the national campaign. A gender gap has been emerging in schools association with research and policy partners Volunteers, including teachers and Coffee-house projects have also in some countries in recent years, and it is in the four study countries: Ethiopia, India, community leaders, conduct door-to-door sprouted in parts of Turkey, building not what the general public might expect. In Peru and Vietnam.19 It found that in Andhra interviews with parents. on the tradition of hospitality and the past, it was always boys who did best at Pradesh, India, parents tended to send The volunteers go prepared with conversation. Volunteers lead discussions school. But in the Global North and in Latin their sons to private school, which they felt scripted answers to parents’ objections about girls’ education in local coffee America and the Caribbean, girls are now provided the best education and where they to sending their daughters to school – houses, usually with men. In a relaxed, overtaking boys, both in terms of their exam could learn English and therefore have better poverty, long distances to travel, fear for supportive environment, men speak results and of how long they stay in school, employment prospects. Girls, however, were girls’ safety, early marriage, lack of school about their concerns with advocates, who as the chart below shows. more likely to go to government schools if relevance, need for her labour in and out then reassure them that sending their In the same regions, the study found that parents had to make the choice. of the home, and religious prohibitions. daughters to school is a good decision.22 girls were also achieving the same or better In 2002, when the first round of data was Each protest is met with an answer that collected, 11 per cent of boys and nine per supports enrolling girls in school. Percentage of 13-15 year olds who have ever attended school24 cent of girls aged eight in rural areas were in 50 60 70 80 90 100 private education. In 2009, the figures were 39 per cent of boys and 23 per cent of girls. 1990-99 96.2 97.3 Kirrily Pells of ‘Young Lives’ notes that: “This Latin America illustrates not only the growth of private 2000-06 97.4 98.1 education, especially in rural areas, but that es the gender gap is widening. This puts a large 98.6 t u r 1990-99 strain on household finances, with parents c 97.5

P i Southeast Asia reporting taking out loans to pay for fees. s 2000-06 98.7 These debt traps will inevitably impact on 99.0 y / P a n o equality and in turn on poverty reduction.”20 e On the way n l Boys, valued as future wage earners, are e to school in 50 60 70 80 90 100 often seen by parents as a priority when Turkey. M a r k H Boys Girls

60 the state of the world’s girls 61 grades than boys. This is also true in the Global promoting learning styles that are about Engrossed in North – recent results in the UK revealed that sitting quietly and getting on with the video games the gap between boys and girls in terms of work rather than more active ways of in Germany. academic achievement is widening. In 2010, learning that might suit boys better.30 the pass rate for girls at General Certificate for 2 Teachers’ expectations of boys and girls es t u r Secondary Education level (age 16) was 72.6 Teachers may have their own stereotypes c P i per cent at A* to C, compared with 65.4 per about boys and girls and how they s cent for boys. In 2009, the rate was 70.5 per should behave which they transmit in the / P a n o cent for girls and 63.6 per cent for boys.25 classroom. One study in Finland found that ess more than half the teachers had traditional f a n B o n Boys are dropping out of school views on gender, and brought these into e Take Juan, 17, from the Dominican the workplace.31 In addition, there is often S t Republic. He says: “There are a lot more little about gender in teacher training States spend an average of 18 hours a girls than boys in my school. Some of my curricula that helps teachers to be more week playing video games – girls spend epp 32 [male] friends are already working, others n D aware of their own preconceived ideas. about eight. Mr Weis, an assistant e don’t like to study. But I like studying and B 3 Good results are ‘a girl thing’ Boys feel professor at Denison University in I would like to do something in music In Latin America and the Caribbean, notes Playtime in that succeeding at school is a female rather Granville, Ohio, undertook a study that when I finish school.” the United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative Haiti. than a male aspiration. Appearing weak or found that boys aged six to nine who Juan is the youngest in the family. He (UNGEI): “The region has substantial work too keen or asking for help is seen by boys owned a video-gaming system at home has one brother, Tony, and three sisters. ahead to make school, especially at the as ‘feminine’. “Part of why girls are really spent less time doing homework, reading Tony left school in Grade 7, but their secondary level, attractive and welcoming kicking boys’ butts is it’s become feminine for fun or being read to by their parents. older sister has just graduated from to boys and young men. The consequences to be smart, or it’s become feminine to After barely five months, their scores on university, another sister is just about to of illiteracy and under-education for have a strong work ethic. And to counter, reading and writing assessments were start studying, and a third sister has just boys and men have dire consequences it’s become masculine to be a bum or to significantly lower than those of the boys finished high school. His mother Ramona, for society. Courageously breaking the be lazy or to not appreciate work,” says who didn’t own a console.37 aged 50, has gone back to studying silence, many community leaders are calling B Lesley Cumberbatch, of CW Jefferys 6 Child labour Boys are more likely to be because she wants to be a nurse. The attention to the phenomenon of gender Collegiate Institute, Canada.33 The pressure withdrawn from school in order to work women in Juan’s family have done much disparity among boys and the resulting on boys in these countries is not to achieve on the family farm or to earn money better than the men in academic terms. spike in violence and crime. This has been – but to fail. This also leads to teachers for the household.38 While girls are also And this pattern is repeated throughout particularly problematic in Jamaica, where themselves expecting boys to be disruptive withdrawn to help with younger siblings the country. Only 64 per cent of boys stay domestic abuse, gang lawlessness and crime and not to work – see the next section on on to the last grade of primary school are on the rise.” teachers’ expectations. A survey in Canada compared with 74 per cent of girls.26 In the North, there is increasing concern found that “parents of 15 year-old girls “There is no doubt in my mind that male about the phenomenon of boys dropping out are more likely to expect their daughter to alienation from the school system does of school. A number of theories have emerged complete a university degree than parents contribute to all the social problems that about why this might be. These include: of boys of the same age, and that boys we have come across. To put it another 1 Learning styles Some educationalists think are less likely to report that all their friends way, if they were educated, I think that that there has been increasing emphasis on intend to go to university.”34 the negative trends that we have been improving girls’ education; the curriculum 4 Lack of role models for boys in school emphasising – violence, irresponsible in some countries – but clearly not in all In some countries, there are very few male sexual behaviour and so on – would – has become ‘feminised’29; for example, teachers, except in leadership positions. be much less,” says Barry Chevannes, So boys do not have good male role professor of social anthropology at the models in school, particularly in early University of the West Indies.27 years education. In England, for example, Boys’ education makes a major between 2009-10 there were only 44 male contribution to gender equality. A multi- full-time nursery teachers registered, and country study by the International Center in 2010 there were no male trainee nursery 35

for Research on Women and Instituto es teachers registered at all. This trend is

Promundo involving 11,000 interviews t u r prevalent in Brazil as well, where only one c 36 P i

found that men with secondary education s in 1,000 daycare workers are men. showed more support for gender equality. Making the 5 New technologies Boys’ work and study / P a n o

They were less likely to be violent se grade, girls at time may be more affected than girls’ o R

towards women, and more likely to d school in the by new technologies. A 2007 Harris poll Earning a participate in the care of children.28 UK. found that teenage boys in the United living in Haiti. D a v i P l a n

62 the state of the world’s girls 63 or domestic tasks, they may sometimes a new initiative aimed at promoting foundation for their adult lives – but negative be able to juggle these chores more easily and intensifying boys’ achievement experiences of school may also put children with school than boys who work outside in Jamaican schools. The programme off learning forever and reinforce negative the home. has two strands. One is a participatory stereotypes of the opposite sex that are then Experts do not necessarily agree on all these action research strategy involving hard to shake off. factors, so more work needs to be done on the community, students, teachers, examining this issue. Class, with poverty administration and parents. The second Parivartan – using sport to and ethnic origin as well as gender, may is the adoption of strategies to promote change boys’ attitudes41 also have a role to play. In many countries change and build cooperation among Sport is an effective way of engaging boys where boys are failing, working-class boys, the schools. A review of the programme and young men. Parivartan uses cricket to e

those from ethnic minorities, and those from found that it succeeded in reducing work on gender equality in India. g l i

poor neighbourhoods, are more likely to see school violence “by identifying and Parivartan, which means ‘change for sce l B i school as something for girls and to state building on positive features in schools, the better’, aims to help boys and young e a that it is not cool for boys to be seen to be and by changing a culture of dependency men to see women and girls as equals, ch keen on education. on external interventions to one of self- and treat them with respect, and in doing M i reliance”.40 so reduce gender-based violence. It 3 Quality as well as quantity – Adding it all Jamaica: changing schools to does this by working with men and boys how to teach about gender in up in Bolivia. change boys’ behaviour39 There is a clear divide between the countries through cricket, which is hugely popular maths lessons Jamaica has one of the highest homicide where boys’ educational achievement has in India. Launched in March 2010, rates in the world, mostly committed become a problem – mainly upper- and the programme enlists cricket players, “Boys are better mathematicians because by young men. Their socialisation middle-income countries, including Latin coaches and community mentors to serve they think in [sic] deeply and try to find begins at home but continues in a America and the Caribbean, and those as positive role models for school-age better solutions.” society that holds strong stereotypes countries where girls still struggle to get an boys in more than 100 Mumbai schools. It Study in Pakistan42 about male behaviour: homosexuality, education equal to that of their brothers. teaches that aggressive, violent behaviour for example, is still illegal in Jamaica. What is clear, however, is that completing doesn’t make them ‘real men’ – nor does “If teachers and others, consciously or The dominant culture in many of the secondary education for girls and for boys it help win cricket matches. unconsciously, falsely communicate that country’s comprehensive schools is associated with better livelihoods, higher “I’ve learned how to be polite, how boys are less able to learn languages, or reflects the attitudes and expectations incomes, better health and more empowered to talk, how to be respectful to girls and that girls are less capable of mathematics of wider society rather than presenting girls and more gender equitable boys. women,” said Jadhav. and science, the students’ self-confidence an alternative to it. As a result, boys also For both girls and boys, education is “I’ve learned that controlling is not a may suffer, and they may lose interest for learn to adopt a ‘macho’ and disruptive important not just for what they learn way to love a girl, but [the way to love] such subjects.” attitude within school. at every stage of their schooling, but for is to give her space in her life,” said Norwegian White Paper43 Boys’ underachievement is evident the social skills and experience they also Adolescents Parivartan mentor, 20 year-old Rajesh at all levels of schooling. According to acquire as part of the package. Education in school in Jadha. While many Northern countries are a recent World Bank assessment, 30 has huge potential for building a positive Jamaica. Leena Joshi, director of Apnalaya, struggling with the reasons for boys’ under- per cent of boys were reading below one of the main local partners in the achievement, they may at the same time their grade level by Grade 6, and this Parivartan programme, told Gillian continue to reinforce gender stereotypes in proportion continued throughout their Gaynair from the International Center the classroom and in the way schools are run schooling. This trend in schools may not for Research on Women (ICRW) that and perceived by the children. UNESCO’s be helped by teachers permitting boys to she believes the effort is timely – if not 2007 Education for All Monitoring Report play and be ill-disciplined, thus excluding overdue. “We have all worked – NGOs, notes that: “Teaching materials tend to them from the learning that the girls, who governments – on women’s issues very promote gender-specific roles, for instance are expected to be more ‘domesticated’ specifically,” Joshi says, “and I think in portraying male characters as powerful and ‘docile’, are getting on with. the whole process, the men have been left and active and females ones as sweet, In this context, the Jamaican education behind.” weak, frightened and needy. Game playing system has a key role to play in The Parivartan programme is an can often conform to stereotype, with addressing the problem of youth violence initiative of ICRW in collaboration with boys playing with blocks and girls in the

and fostering socially and emotionally es Family Violence Prevention Fund (FVPF), ‘housekeeping corner’, and with girls in t u r

well-adjusted children. c Mumbai School Sports Association general having less access to the larger and P i The ‘Change from Within’ programme s (MSSA), Apanalya and Breakthrough. more active toys and playground space.” attempted to move beyond an exclusive An Australian study noted that: “Teachers’

focus on academic performance – for t o n / P a n o simplistic and essentialist understandings example, test scores and ‘chalk and s of gender drive much of the curriculum P i l m

talk’ teaching. The programme started o and pedagogy in our schools, and more T

64 the state of the world’s girls 65 specifically many of the programmes • In Kosovo, one of the legacies of war is a male teachers – and even bigger boys – designed to address the educational needs of lack of resources to train all teachers or harassed the girl students and teachers. Now boys.”44 replace outmoded textbooks. Students are we discuss how to involve girl students and Specific subjects may also be seen as still confronted with schoolbook images how to encourage women headteachers and ‘more appropriate’ for girls or boys. Maths of passive girls and women in traditional community leaders.”56 and Science, for example, may (both roles and only boys and men depicted as While educational institutions often mirror consciously and unconsciously) be perceived leaders.52 and replicate the traditional gender roles and as boys’ subjects, while English or History There are huge challenges here, with some identities that are found in the wider society, are seen as female. Students make their countries struggling with boys’ under- schools can support children’s capacity to choices accordingly – in England in 2006, achievement and others still working with challenge these roles. But in order to do so, for example, only 37 per cent of 16 to 18 materials and methods that treat girls as the everyone in the school, from the head to the year-old students taking A-level mathematics inferior sex. But there are some examples youngest pupil, needs to be involved. Only

were young women, but they made up r of good practice where governments are then can they build a foundation that truly me 65 per cent of modern foreign language i working towards a more gender equal addresses gender inequality along with other she students.45 A Norwegian study found: “Boys i approach in the classroom and outside social injustices. g E are more positive in their assessments of d it. They are showing that taking a gender

their own facilities for mathematics than o l a n sensitive approach benefits both girls and 4 “I tried to fight him” – R girls with similar achievements in maths. boys. violence in school Girls seem to need to perform about half views about girls and boys as learners of In many For example, in Cambodia, children’s a grade better than boys before they have mathematics. For example, one survey of a countries, rights and gender have been integrated into “Since joining this group, I have been faith in their facility for the discipline of cohort of in-service teachers comprising 80 teachers the national curriculum and the government advocating in my school to stop the use of mathematics.”46 per cent women and 20 per cent men asked struggle with has adopted a child-friendly school policy. abusive language to girls and women.” A Norwegian White Paper noted that teachers to respond to the statement: “Boys outdated Children’s rights and positive discipline Mohan, 16 year-old boy, India, involved in a study of 15 year olds found that: “Boys are better mathematicians! Do you agree? curricula. are being included in the teacher training boys’ group on gender equality57 show more interest in ‘hard topics’ such Why? Why not?” Almost 86 per cent agreed curriculum across the whole country, based as technology and space… girls tend to that boys were better mathematicians.48 on government directives on the rights of “I tried to fight him, but I do not have show more interest in topics that have In developing countries, lack of resources the child.53,54 Other countries, including strong feet [due to polio]. He raped me… more possibility for mystery, wonder and and entrenched traditional views may also Timor-Leste and Sierra Leone, capitalising I was not able to attend school since then. philosophy.” mean outdated textbooks and an old- on post-conflict momentum, have included The exam is going on and I am missing it. I Answers by Norwegian youth were fashioned curriculum. For example: peace and conflict resolution, human rights ranked first in my class in the first term…” compared with results from other • In Togo, fewer than one in three of and gender equality issues in the national 12 year-old girl, Sierra Leone58 countries: “The results show that the the teachers is trained, exposed to curricula.55 gender differences are actually greater in contemporary educational theory or In Somalia, Mohammed Abdirahman All too often, the violence that is learned modernised than in traditional societies. gender issues or encouraged to think Jama, a 39 year-old teacher trainer, says: at home is perpetuated once a child goes Norwegian students were more obviously creatively about what and how to teach to “Gender training is a key issue. In the past, to school. Plan research for this report choosing typical ‘girl topics’ and ‘boy topics’ promote human rights and gender equity. found that 35 per cent of children in India than students in Malaysia, for example.”47 Some of the girls interviewed by the and 16 per cent in Rwanda have at some In Pakistan, there are socially and culturally Forum for African Women Educationalists Surviving at point stopped attending school due to fear rooted issues which influence teachers’ (FAWE) commented that the textbooks school. of being attacked by others.59,60 In Ghana they are using “are full of negative a study revealed that 14 per cent of rape Girls learn in Togo. stereotypes of women”.49 cases committed against girls had been • In Nicaragua, educational authorities perpetrated by school fellows, while 24 recently approved a module on sexual per cent of boys in the study admitted to education, popularly known as the having raped a girl or to have taken part in ‘catechism of sexuality’, to be used at a collective rape.61 In Norway, a government schools. Far from challenging violence and White Paper noted that “as many as 10 per gender discrimination, it reinforces gender cent of Norwegian girls had experienced roles and stereotypes.50 at least one incident of sexual intercourse • In Guinea, teachers were found to express against their will. For 19 year olds the familiar stereotypes about women and men statistic is 17.5 per cent.” The paper goes on: s and to believe boys typically learned lessons “These are frightening statistics that indicate

well, gave good responses, and manifested d that schools must work seriously with a B o u l a i r E ce ambition; while girls were seen as timid and students’ attitudes towards sexuality, body r i

b 51 62 a not as hard-working as boys. image and boundary setting.” F M a r k

66 the state of the world’s girls 67 per cent of schoolgirls taking part in and death of girls through early teachers and students, corporal punishment Keeping her a study confirmed being victims of childbirth. and bullying affects both boys and girls, with safe. sexual harassment, abuse and violence There are currently no estimates for boys being hit harder. from their teachers or other school the number of people who die each year All forms of ‘difference’ will also personnel.68 as a result of sexual abuse in school. But exacerbate bullying, and homophobia • Similar findings emerge from a Senegal given the scale of the problem and the is prevalent amongst both teachers and study where schoolgirls identified dangers posed by sexually transmitted students. Plan’s research in India, for teachers as the main authors of sexual infections, illegal abortions and mental example, found that 89 per cent of all harassment, at 42 per cent.69 health problems, it seems inevitable that participant boys and girls in India thought Girls are the primary victims of sexual sexual violence in schools takes the lives that: “Homosexuals should not be allowed to violence, abuse and exploitation of many children each year.75 work with children.”81 perpetrated by men and boys. Sexual In Nigeria, a study reports that girls Homosexuality seems to threaten the r g e violence of boys by teachers (both male live in fear of sexual harassment which status quo of the traditional male norm l f B

A and female) appears to be marginal. The is often combined with verbal abuse in a way that other boys and men find phenomenon reflects socially ingrained from boys and teachers. Girls are thus particularly threatening. In the US, one study Learn without Fear gender-based power disparities which unable to relate to their classmates found that lesbian, gay and bisexual youth “After the war, when I was 14 years old, exist both inside and outside the in an atmosphere of trust. This fear is were nearly three times more likely than their my mother decided to send me back to classroom. accentuated by the prevalent belief that peers to have been involved in at least one school in Kolahan town. I had to drop out In general the vulnerability of children, the victim of sexual harassment or assault physical fight at school, three times more one year later. The 45 year-old teacher girls in particular, increases when the ‘did something to bring it on’.76 likely to have been threatened or injured approached me and I became pregnant. traditional protection mechanisms by Sexual harassment and violence form a with a weapon at school and nearly four I have a baby now but apart from my families and communities are unavailable, major barrier to girls’ and young women’s times more likely to be absent from school mother no one helps me take care of it. or disrupted in the case of conflict.70 access to education and their ability to because they felt unsafe.82 Addressing these The teacher denies what happened and In some countries (for instance Burkina benefit from it.77 prejudices is therefore key to challenging refuses to pay for the child.” Faso), studies revealed children were ideas about masculinity that continue to prop 17 year-old Liberian girl63 more at risk of sexual abuse in rural and In the UK, Keir Starmer, the Director of up gender inequality. As the case of Phillip suburban areas.71 Public Prosecutions, warned that teenage (below) shows, they can lead to violence. Research done across four countries, Evidence from Nigeria and Ghana girls between 16 and 19 are now the group In the UK in 2008, 65 per cent of lesbian, using data from child helplines, shows indicates that adolescent girls are more most at risk of domestic violence, closely gay and bisexual young people aged 18 and that one in every 30 children who vulnerable than pre-adolescents,72 followed by young women aged between under experienced homophobic bullying in contacted the helplines was affected by revealing the importance of age as a 20 and 24 – all victims of a new generation schools. Some of those experiences were sexual abuse.64 vulnerability factor. Girls are seen as of abusers who are themselves in their teens crimes, including death threats and serious There is increased evidence that male women as soon as they have reached and early twenties.78 A recently published physical assaults.83 Phillip was one of these. students are largely responsible for sexual puberty, making them more vulnerable to report highlighted the disturbing prevalence violence in schools, especially against sexual violence perpetrated by men. of extreme violence used by boys against Homophobia: Phillip’s story girls.65 The UN Study on Violence against girls in Britain. One 18 year-old girl from Phillip is gay. His mother Jane tells how • In the Central African Republic a Children found that children with Manchester told her interviewer: “My from an early age he faced taunts from study revealed that 42.2 per cent disabilities were frequently the victims boyfriend broke my nose when I was 15 and his peers: of secondary school boys in Bangui of violence, including sexual violence, in no one helped, no one has ever helped and My son’s journey through the education admitted having perpetrated sexually and around school.73 They are particularly I don’t know what they would have done to system: at the age of three, a rather violent acts in or around the school.66 at risk on their way to and from school.74 help anyway; he watched me all the time, sweet, ever-smiling little boy entered a • In Ghana a study revealed that 14 per Sexual abuse of children with a disability especially in school.”79 world that for years would result in him cent of rape cases committed against also occurs in special needs residential Both boys and girls may be victims of experiencing rejection from many of his girls had been perpetrated by school schools, both in dormitories and violence and bullying in schools. In general, peers, and the reason was ignorance. fellows, while 24 per cent of boys in the classrooms. boys are more likely to face physical violence, Phillip experienced his first bullying at study admitted to having raped a girl or Sexual violence can have particularly while girls are more likely to be verbally nursery school with taunts of ‘girl’ and to have taken part in a collective rape.67 harsh health consequences. Girls abused or face sexual abuse, although physical violence. The hurt, confusion and Male teachers or school staff can also and boys are both at risk of sexually boys too can face this. For example, the tears he shed were simply heartbreaking. in some circumstances take advantage transmitted infections and HIV infection. Norwegian study also found that eight I might add that Phillip was always of their position of authority and trust For girls, a dramatic consequence per cent of boys and 10 per cent of 19 taller by a year than his actual age: to abuse children. Although the large of sexual abuse is unwanted early year-old youths had experienced sexual hence ‘girl’ could only have been due majority of teachers are not to blame, pregnancies. These can be detrimental intercourse against their will.80 While sexual to his gentleness. Phillip went on to there are reports of abuse of authority. to both maternal and child health, or can harassment and violence is perpetrated primary school, where he still had to • In Democratic Republic of Congo 46 lead to unsafe abortions or infanticide, almost exclusively on girl students by male endure taunts of ‘girl’ and some violent

68 the state of the world’s girls 69 attacks. Phillip recalls this time as when when homophobia becomes publicly One researcher argues that “in this way, ‘We don’t he realised how nasty people could be. unacceptable that our children can be safe peer relations end up reproducing the need to be Phillip remained gentle and kind, so and fulfil their potential. School is where authoritarian and masculine system of the beaten’. as a mother the pain he suffered was they spend much of their waking day, and school, where power relations are closely unbearable. By late juniors I knew my where teachers can and MUST play their associated with the control of physical son was different, I was already thinking part. For all our children the education strength.”87 much about his sexuality. system must sit up and take notice! There Within weeks of starting secondary is a lot of work to be done; together we Interviewer: What do you think of being school the homophobic remarks began can and must achieve it.84 chased or hit with a stick? Is it OK, is it useful with taunts of ‘queer’ and ‘girl’. Phillip or not? suffered a physical attack resulting in a One study notes that: “Power relationships – Felipe: It doesn’t hurt. black eye. This attack resulted in Phillip particularly those based on age and gender Interviewer: It doesn’t hurt? too receiving a detention and, appallingly, – between teachers, staff and students Javier: It depends on who is hitting you. the teacher from the class it happened and among students themselves, are at the Interviewer: For example? in told Phillip the incident was ‘the root of violence in school settings. Victims Sergio: When they hit you in the hand [it highlight’ of his day! Year 8, Phillip recalls are targeted because they are perceived hurts]. as awful, the ‘gay’ and ‘queer’ taunts to be different from the perpetrator and Felipe: When others get hit, they run. I stay became more frequent, people regularly less likely to fight back or complain – those there and take it, but it doesn’t hurt. stole his belongings. I made sure he knew who are already discriminated against are Peter: Yes, right? They always stay there, d a

he could walk out if he couldn’t cope. unlikely to have others to turn to to report standing. r E During this year he was punched in the a violent incident. These processes tend to Felipe: You get used to it. eye for not touching a picture of a vagina. exacerbate the exclusion from school of girls, M a r k As a parent I spent every day scared poor children, children with disabilities and Plan Togo points out88 that “violence We all shouted, and the teacher stopped. for his welfare. After complaints to the ethnic minority children, and undermine the against children in schools occurs in a broad We know what we want from school, and school I informed them any more physical capacity to learn for those who do remain in social context that tolerates and very often we don’t need to be beaten to make us attacks would be reported to the police. school.”85 encourages it.” It is rarely punished – least understand,” said one young woman of 18, By year nine he’d formed some good At the same time, violence in school of all sexual violence against girls, because who is determined to be a lawyer.91 friendships that lightened his life, giving does not happen in isolation from the of traditions of ‘honour’ and shame in many him much-needed support. Fortunately wider community and other institutions societies about these issues. The danger “Now we know what abuse means” some of his friends were also gay. These that young people come into contact with could be that the girl is blamed and her life Boys in schools in India92 friends supported him through the gay throughout their adolescence. There is a is ruined. Men’s Action to Stop Violence Against taunts. This continued until the end clear intersection as well with traditional The report notes: “Lawyers they Women (MASVAW) is a network of of Year 10; during one of many verbal notions of masculinity. Boys who face interviewed say parents don’t bring charges; individuals and organisations that attacks from a group of boys, they asked: violence in school are not supposed to show teachers told them cases rarely go outside functions as a large grassroots campaign, “Are you f***ing queer?” Phillip replied that they were affected by it. In the ‘Young the school: ‘professional solidarity’ among active in the Indian states of Uttar “YES!” They were shocked and said Lives’ study in Peru, “boys discussed how teachers ensures pressure is put on the girl to Pradesh and Uttaranchal. These men “really?” and “you are alright, really”. He they became ‘used to’ violence and that Don’t get keep quiet, and the matter dies. A patriarchal and boys have decided to bring about a became everyone’s favourite gay; his peer hiding pain in front of their peers [was] an used to ‘esprit de corps’ among teachers is inevitable change within themselves and in others in group finally left him alone. important part of being considered ‘cool’.”86 violence. when only 12 per cent of teachers in primary order to remove gender injustice. During all this time I wrote letters schools, and seven per cent of teachers in The MASVAW campaign offers a regarding my child’s welfare to the secondary schools, are women.”89 chance for boys and men to raise their school. They assured me they would Once again, it is often not until the men voices publicly against violence against try to help, but at no time was the who are fathers or teachers realise that women and gender inequality. MASVAW homophobic intimidation challenged. such violence is wrong that things begin is also a watchdog, working with the Against all odds Phillip worked very hard; to change. In the Plan Togo report, Chief police, doctors, lawyers, boys and men in he now attends college. Jannoh Abaliya noted: “I was badly beaten universities, schools and the media. Since leaving school Phillip has suffered when I was at school. When I became a Three young men – Mohamed Anas, three assaults, each time by gangs of lads father, I realised beating my children didn’t aged 16, Ashutosh Bhatt, aged 17 and Sri out gay-bashing. Each attack resulted in help them develop. I keep suggesting to our Prakash, aged 18 – from Lucknow College hospital treatment, including stitches to headmaster that it would be better not to share their experiences of combating repair his mouth. beat the children.”90 violence in their school. My belief is in the education of young Young people too can make a difference: “Initially, MASVAW came to our school r g

people and adults. Homophobia must e “One day in class, one of our colleagues was every two weeks and held discussions,

be treated as the crime it is. It is only l f B at the blackboard, and the teacher hit him. but we didn’t pay much attention. We A

70 the state of the world’s girls 71 asked how his parents were going to react All the elements of a good education Fathers also play an important role, as to his behaviour when I informed them. We that improve school life and learning for so often they are the final arbiter in any spoke about his sister and how he would girls and young women also benefit boys. decision about sending a child to school – feel if he learned that there were male Gender justice and gender equality need to or taking them out. Though mothers (and students treating her or his mother the same be specific goals in the education system sometimes older brothers or uncles) are way he treated his female classmate. He – eradicating violence and discrimination, usually the key to persuading them, it is became emotional. At that point I ended the ensuring that schools do not continue to often fathers who make the decision about conversation. I learned that upon returning promote gender biases and stereotypes, whether a girl can go to school. to school, from a suspension, he apologised building in quality education for all children. to the student.”93 Education should provide for both boys and Boy Scouts in Pakistan support The issue of violence, including sexual girls the opportunity to be the best they girls’ education violence, and bullying in schools has to can be, to work together, not to reproduce Half the boys in Baluchistan attend

Signing up to stop W be dealt with at a more structural level as the oppositional notions of gender that in school. But only five per cent of girls v a S

violence against women. A well, by governments, policymakers, and many societies still dominate our institutional do. Baluchistan is the largest province M those in charge of and working in schools, structures and individual lives. in Pakistan, covering around 45 per cent used to treat these group discussions such as teachers and teachers’ unions. Addressing these issues for both boys of the country. It has a population of 7.5 like a free period, happy we didn’t have “Working together with teachers’ unions and girls is not a short-term goal. It requires million people. It is also one of the least to study. But over a period of time we can help us to increase political pressure on support at all levels, from parents to teachers developed regions, with a literacy rate of thought, these people are working governments to improve living and working to the government and, crucially, from young around 27 per cent. so hard on this issue, there must be conditions of teachers, which are often at the people themselves. Most parents want Now, 40,000 Scouts in Baluchistan something to it, we must try and listen… root of frustration and physical and verbal their children to go to school, and many have joined forces with UNICEF to help “Today, if we have any free time we aggression against children,” says Anastasie poor parents have high aspirations for their improve the situation for girls. They are use it for discussions on gender equality Koudoh, Plan West Africa’s regional daughters’ futures as well as their sons’, as being trained to help local communities and violence against women and girls. campaign coordinator. In fact, out of 49 this chart (below) from the ‘Young Lives’ understand the importance of educating We needed to show that not all boys countries, only seven have a national data study of 12,000 children from poor families girls. This has resulted in an increase in are violent, and that is why we formed collection system for school violence. in four countries shows. the female literacy rate, an increase in a group. Because of some men, all men “If we are seriously to address the issues the immunisation rate and a reduction in cannot be labelled as violent. Today of school drop-outs and improve school Parents of 8 year olds who ideally would diseases due to a lack of hygiene. like their children to complete university (%) we are a group of nine boys. We speak enrolment, we have to ensure that our The project is called ‘Brothers Join 90 to other boys, taking guidance from children learn that violence is never allowed Sons Meena’ and it now runs in 23 of MASVAW staff. and that they can lead their lives in non- 80 Baluchistan’s 27 districts. ‘Meena’ is a Daughters “The biggest change we see in violent ways too,” says Raja Mohammed 70 cartoon character; a nine year-old girl ourselves is that now we know what Anwar, chair of the task force on education 60 created by UNICEF in 1990. She promotes abuse means. The way we define abuse in Pakistan.94 girls’ education and is popular throughout 50 has changed itself. Today, we feel so South Asia. connected to this work that we know we 5 School matters: “being strong cent r Pe 40 The Scouts receive training on will continue to spread the message when in their education” 30 children’s rights and data collection. They we go to university. This work won’t stop 20 are also helped to develop interpersonal when we finish school.” “To be honest, before I joined these communication skills. Once they are 10 meetings I thought girls were useless and trained, each Scout goes out into his 0 As we saw in the 2010 report, this violence couldn’t do anything. Now I realise this is Andhra Ethiopia Peru Vietnam local community and collects information today is not necessarily face to face, but can not true and they can do as much as boys. Pradesh on 10 homes with children under nine. also be conducted through the internet or via In fact, I went and talked to my parents They help parents in each of these homes mobile phones: about this. At first they were surprised but Mothers who are educated themselves to understand the importance of girls’ “I am Vice-Principal at an urban high then they agreed with me.” are more likely to send their children, education. They also help the parents to school in Canada. Recently I addressed a Farouq, 12, Cairo, Egypt95 including their daughters, to school.96,97 The understand the need to have their young male student who cyber-bullied a female percentage of children in school increases children immunised. In addition, they may classmate through instant messaging with We have seen how important it is to send with each grade their mother has attained. help each family in a very practical way; her while at home… I met with the student girls to school and how important school Research for ‘Young Lives’ in Andhra constructing latrines in every home that in my office and he took responsibility for can and should be in promoting equality Pradesh, India, found that only 68 per does not have one. the bullying. During the interview it became between girls and boys; not just in terms of cent of the older cohort whose mothers Ghazanfar Mashkoor, International apparent to me that the student had fine equality of opportunity but in finding new received no formal education were in school, Commissioner, Pakistan Boy Scouts’ qualities and values that conflicted with his ways of relating to each other, undermining compared to 92 per cent whose mothers had Association, says: “Through Scouts behaviour towards the female student. I stereotypes and challenging discrimination. received secondary education.98 and the ‘Brothers Join Meena’ project a

72 the state of the world’s girls 73 either; she married when she was 15 and now has four children. Her husband drinks too much and she struggles to provide food for her family on her own. I think that girls should have the chance to go to school so that they can earn the money to look after their families if they need to. When I started in school there were plenty of girls in my class, but by the third term there were only four left. Now I am 16 and there are only two girls in my class. One of them is having a baby soon, so I’m not sure if she’ll still be there when I go back to school. It’s a problem that is very common where I live. I am a member of the Teens’ Watch club, which is made up of students from about 40 different schools across Nairobi. It’s a group of girls and boys who meet in Studying for the the holidays to discuss issues that affect r g Girls at school future. e us as teens: issues like poverty, HIV and l f B A P l a n in Pakistan. AIDs, young pregnancies and marriage, debate has been stimulated on gender registered for primary school... When I government administrators, even the highest and drug abuse. The idea for my ‘Keeping discrimination. Within local communities progressed to the second year, my father office in the country.”104 Girls in School’ campaign came from fundamental issues relating to culture beat me and insulted me every time he Naomi lives in a rural area in Ethiopia. She these discussions. have been explored and attitudes and saw me going to school... In the third is 10 years old. She would like to become a The girls in the group said that during practices have begun to be changed… year, the threats got worse. My father teacher and be able to support her parents their period they weren’t comfortable The Scouts involved in this project will confiscated all my exercise books and my financially. She does not want to marry until being in school: they couldn’t afford to take their learning into their adult lives, school documents, and I had to abandon later, as she feels that “education is better for buy sanitary towels and because of this helping attitudes to be changed in school... When I think about it, I want me”. Naomi’s mother says that her brothers they were embarrassed and unable to the long-term and contributing to the to cry... My mother left my father, and I (Naomi’s uncles) will help her persuade work in class. Sometimes, if they had a sustainability of the work.”99 Starting co- spoke to my father’s third wife, who’s had her husband not to marry Naomi until she boyfriend he would pay the money for education in a traditionally conservative some schooling – but she said my father has completed her education. She also sanitary towels, but after a few months society is a significant step forward for is a wicked person and there’s no point explains that Naomi’s brothers, “particularly they would ask for all the money back the community and Scouts in Baluchistan discussing it with him.” 102 the elder one… advise her to be strong in have played an important role.100 Another eight year-old girl told Plan Togo her education” and persuaded Naomi to that although she’d registered for the first continue when she considered dropping out Forum for African Women Educationalists class, her father “confiscated my exercise- in order to work to support the household.105 (FAWE) notes: “In the case of girls’ books, and used them to roll cigarettes education it is becoming clear that men with”.103 The boy who campaigns for girls who have realised the value of taking girls But the FAWE report also notes signs to go to school to school need to be heard speaking loudly of hope: “Attitudes are changing. All over Nixon Otieno Odoyo, 16, lives in Nairobi. and frequently on this subject. The fact Africa there are men – some men, at least His campaign,‘Keeping Girls in School’, is a t i o n that many men with influence shy away – who recognise the importance of women aimed at providing schoolgirls in Kenya d o u n

from the issues touching on women’s as partners in development and understand with free sanitary towels. He explains F

e

rights, and girls’ education in particular, has that educating girls is the first critical step. how important this is: n i helped perpetuate and transmit negative Fathers who care and are actively involved Our father abandoned us when I was traditions.”101 in their daughters’ educational development three, which was one of the things that C k E C H This girl from Togo explains: have an impact far beyond their immediate made me want to help girls stay in school. i l a M Nixon he

“I wanted to go to school, but my father family. Their progressive attitude will [My mother] never went to school and o / S receives his mb

refused; he said that in his day, women affect their clan, their community, their when my father left she had no money to a campaigning K

didn’t go to school, only men... But I local authority. It will influence the school look after us and she became stressed. i t award from m

asked my mother for a bit of money, and administrators and teachers, the media, My older sister has not been to school H a r Terry Waite.

74 the state of the world’s girls 75 and the girls would be in debt. As a result It is clear from the analysis in this chapter they were missing a lot of classes each that gender inequality in the education month and their studies were suffering. system is failing both boys and girls. We decided to write a letter to the Violence in school, stereotypical curricula, people who founded the Teens’ Watch lack of access for girls and in many places group, the Daretti Youth Network, to an increasing trend of underachievement suggest some ideas for fundraising amongst boys are among the many factors so we could help. Some of the group that we need to tackle. suggested a music festival or doing a ‘Being strong in their education’ is drama. I said that maybe we could do a something that many girls and boys – and football tournament: it would attract lots their parents – can, and do, aspire to. We of villages to get involved and we could have seen that boys and men as fathers, invite plenty of parents and teachers to brothers, scouts and schoolmates have donate money. This was a great success crucial support to offer in helping break and we were able to raise 50,000 Kenyan down the barriers to educational equality shillings (£418). that girls and young women face. Nixon With the money we bought 1,000 sets Odoyo found it hard to get his voice heard of sanitary towels which we supplied but his work has already helped 500 girls to 500 girls over 10 schools in the in 10 schools in Kenya and he is ambitious slums across Nairobi. The pads are very to do more. As he says: “If I, a 16 year-old expensive and we found the cheapest boy, can achieve this, how much more can ones we could get in the supermarket companies, NGOs and governments do?” were 50 shillings (41p) each. The schools He has a point. It is up to those in charge of were very happy and have said that education to make sure that both sexes have the girls’ school attendance has since the same opportunities to build the skills improved greatly. One girl I spoke to has they need to make a real difference in the recently got the second-highest grades in world. her class. We did this for one month, but it proved to me that girls can perform and compete with the boys in the class if they can get the sanitary towels and attend school. In the future I want to have a programme so that 5,000 girls in 50 schools in Nairobi can get free sanitary towels every month. I have to start small and then if I can support them well enough I can begin to help more. It is hard to get my voice heard by older people – they do not listen much to youngsters where I live – that’s why we have the Teens’ Watch group, because we can work more effectively together to arrange projects. It is difficult to organise things and communicate because we can’t afford mobile phones or computers, but if we can talk to the government, NGOs, even companies, and get the information to them, then we can help improve the situation.”106 r g

e Building the skills. l f B A

76 the state of the world’s girls 77 Becoming a teenager: listening to 4 adolescents 1 Introduction: becoming a man, immediate environment. In general, they becoming a woman have a better education than their parents and grandparents, and arguably also better “Young people can really make a difference health. Their opportunities for productive if they have a good vision and they can work are greater and they live in a world unite to meet the vision. In my country, that is more equal and democratic than ever young people have been making a before. These adolescents of today will shape difference. They have made changes, they the future. have initiated ideas that have affected my But many young people miss out on the country.” opportunities that are theirs by right. Boy, 16, Nigeria1 • Poverty In sub-Saharan Africa, the This chapter looks at the different needs and percentage of adolescents who live in experiences of adolescent girls and boys as poverty continues to be extremely high. they grow up. It examines the idea that ‘boys It is estimated, for example, that over 90 don’t cry’ and comes up with some surprising per cent of Nigerian and Zambian youth insights. It looks at sex and relationships and (almost 40 million) live on less than US$2 how attitudes to homosexuality are closely per day.4 linked to attitudes to traditional masculinities. • Child Labour Between eight and 20 million It examines how the relationship between children, the majority of them teenagers, gender and health impacts on HIV and AIDS. are reported to be involved in the worst And it argues that adolescent girls and boys forms of child labour: forced and bonded have a right to be heard. labour, armed conflict, prostitution and There are more adolescents2 in the world pornography, and trafficking.5,6 today than at any time in history and 88 per • Early Marriage Millions of young girls cent of them live in developing countries.3 become wives and mothers whilst they They are the first generation with the are still adolescents. In Andhra Pradesh, opportunity to be part of a truly global India, the mean age for marriage for girls world, linked by social media to their peers in rural areas is just 14.7. Studies reveal worldwide and with access to news and that between 20 and 30 per cent of girls in information coming from far beyond their India give birth by the time they are 17.7 P l a n

78 the state of the world’s girls 79 young people. The peer group – whether Kareena is one of the ‘Young Lives’ cohort. Adolescence is a period when both girls real or virtual or both – becomes paramount. She is 12 and lives in urban Andhra Pradesh, and boys need support from adults and from Hip Hop in Adolescence also often signals a widening of India. She describes the changes in her life institutions in order to grow and develop into El Salvador. the gender gap. In many cultures the lives which followed puberty: mature and rounded adults. Young people and experiences of young men and young “When I was small I used to go anywhere need positive role models. They need to be women become increasingly divergent. but now it is restricted. Mother gave me able to discuss difficult issues around sex and For most boys, adolescence is a time of restrictions that you should not go outside, growing up.15 They need to be reached in exploration and excitement, of learning what you should take care of your younger ways that interest them, such as the media it is to be a ‘man’ in order to prepare for the siblings… you have to wear a burkha when and music. They need to build the skills world of work. But it may also be the time you go outside, you should not talk to and the assets they will need to enter the when negative attitudes towards girls and anybody, now you are a grown-up child, world of work and to become parents. The women are reinforced and when they may you should not play outside the house.” 21st century may be an exciting time to be feel pressure to behave in more stereotypical Kareena’s mother explains that she will growing up, but it is not an easy one. We ‘male’ ways and are particularly exposed to not allow her outside because “the locality should give young women and young men violence. A national survey of adolescent is not good. Not only that, boys will make all the support they need to thrive today and males in the US found that boys thought comments about her.” 14 to grow into the adults of tomorrow. that to be truly manly, they must “command respect, be tough, not talk about problems, and dominate females”.11 LEGAL framework – Being seen as ‘tough’ has negative sexual and reproductive health implications for young men themselves. As one study notes: “A man who does gender Information about and access to health services are the key principles of availability, accessibility, ‘correctly’ would be relatively unconcerned not only rights in themselves but are indispensible acceptability and quality. about his health and well-being in general. for the exercise of other human rights. In line with greater access to accurate and He would see himself as stronger, both In outlining the scope of states’ obligation to comprehensive information to enable more informed

P l a n physically and emotionally, than most the health and development of adolescents under decision-making about sexual and reproductive • HIV/AIDS Half of the 14,000 new women. He would think of himself as the Children’s Rights Convention (CRC), the UN health, in 2006 Argentina approved the National infections that occur each day are in independent, not needing to be nurtured by Committee on the Rights of the Child called states Programme of Comprehensive Sex Education. The young people aged 15 to 24.8 In sub- others. He would be unlikely to ask others to give “sufficient attention to the specific concerns law recognises that “all students have the right Saharan Africa more than two-thirds of for help. He would face danger fearlessly, of adolescents as rights holders and to promoting to comprehensive sex education” in public and those newly infected were young women take risks frequently, and have little concern their health and development”.16 This includes private schools in every province in the country, and between the ages of 15 and 19.9 for his own safety.”12 attention to “developing an individual identity and stipulates that sex education must be incorporated • Maternal mortality Globally, girls aged 15 A young man from Sarajevo comments: dealing with one’s sexuality”.17 into the curriculum imparting “relevant, accurate, to 19 are twice as likely to die in childbirth “The Balkan man should be like a machine The CRC Committee identified the main human reliable and up-to-date” information to enable as women in their twenties. Save the and not show weakness.”13 rights that must be promoted and protected to ensure responsible decisions about sexuality and the Children estimates that 70,000 adolescent This chapter will show that these attitudes adolescents enjoy the highest attainable standard of prevention of general and sexual health problems.18 mothers die every year in the developing can lead to teenage boys not seeking help health. These rights – to be applied consistently with In Colombia, an Education Programme for Sexuality world because young girls are having when they have health problems, whether adolescents’ evolving capacities – include: and Citizenship-Building has since 2008 been children before they are physically ready physical or emotional, and how this can have • non-discrimination, which covers adolescents’ aiming to generate teaching practices that foster an for parenthood.10 fatal consequences for both sexes, especially sexual orientation and health status (including understanding of sexual and reproductive rights.19 • Substance abuse The social and economic when it comes to HIV and AIDS. HIV/AIDS and mental health) Backed by international consensus documents pressures faced by teenagers lead many to There are variations by region, social class • participation by expressing views freely and highlighting the critical role of boys and men resort to drug, alcohol or substance abuse and girls themselves, but for many girls, having them duly taken into account in improving sexual and reproductive health, – often resulting in long-term addiction. reaching adolescence and puberty has a • access to information and materials, including on policymakers and health advocates have called for Or they take health risks, such as smoking profound impact. It is the point in their lives family planning, protection from harmful traditional greater involvement of boys and men as partners. tobacco, that will affect their health in where families start to protect their sexuality practices, such as early marriage and female genital In 2008, the Ministry of Health of Mali approved a later life. vigorously and when gender inequalities mutilation (FGM), and services and information on national programme involving men in reproductive really begin to emerge. In many parts of prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted health. Known as constructive men’s engagement Adolescence is a turbulent time. It is a time rural Africa, the Middle East and South Asia, infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS (CME), the programme’s methods have been when bodies are changing, when sexual parents frequently want to protect their • privacy and confidentiality and providing adopted by other countries around the world.20 identity is developing, when life should be daughter’s reputation because it reflects informed consent to services The past few years have seen progress in full of promise. In many countries, it signals on the family as a whole. So girls may be • protection from all forms of violence, abuse, recognising the importance of health rights, but the beginning of a move away from parents confined to the home, kept out of school, or neglect and exploitation. In providing health also attempts to curtail the reproductive rights of and other supportive adults towards other married early. services to youth and adults, states must consider women and girls.

80 the state of the world’s girls 81 Phann’s story 2 Boys don’t cry? Young men and Way has just spent 15 years interviewing Phann, who is 14 years old, was born to a the crisis of connection teenage boys in the US. She found that: poor couple in Cambodia. His mother is a “Boys between the ages of 11 and 15 are farmer and his father is a soldier. Phann is “Society treats you tough – like we don’t just as sentimental and emotional about the oldest brother. His younger brothers have emotions.” their friends as girls and have no problem are 10, seven and three years old. Young boy in a rural school in Jamaica21 expressing their importance. But around Because of family problems, Phann only 16 or 17 is the age when they can no started school when he was 11. Now he The story goes that boys are brought up to longer resist the ideology of what it is to is a Grade 3 student in the local primary feel that they have to be strong and tough be a man in American and British culture, school about 400 metres from his house. and not show their emotions. This means and that means being stoic, unemotional Among all the subjects, he likes maths P l a n having to repress the sides of their character and self-sufficient. Intimate friends fall by most. Although he is good at maths, his to 1,300 riels (about 10 US cents) per Phann at that are seen as ‘feminine’ – showing the wayside and those lovely emotional irregular class attendance makes him an insect. Most of the time he finds very work. emotion, weakness or uncertainty. Much boys turn into the stereotypes we’ve come average student among his 35 classmates. few. On good days, he can earn around research shows that boys often find it harder to expect – sport-mad, inarticulate, only Phann’s family owns two small rice 10,000 riels (about US$2.50). However, than girls to express their feelings. This interested in sex.”24,25 fields of less than a hectare. The yield this is at the expense of getting to school starts at an early age. By the age of six, one As Michael Kaufman, renowned expert on from these feeds Phann’s family for a late, around 9am (the morning session is study in six countries showed that girls had masculinities and co-founder of the White third of their meals each week, for half from 7am to 11am). He gives the money overwhelmingly more words for emotions Ribbon Campaign, says: “Boys are often the year. Last month some of the rice was to his mother to buy rice. than boys.22 raised through humiliation, and often taught sold for medicine for Phann’s younger If his mother is not around when he Few boys are taught to express with to repress their emotions, causing an inability brother. This will mean the rice harvested comes back from school, Phann has words what they feel, when they feel it. to empathise.”26 this year will not be enough for six to cook as soon as he can because his And even when they are able to express Niobe Way’s research shows that many months and Phann and his mother will younger brothers are waiting for food. feelings in early childhood, they learn as boys do value friendship, and that being have to work even harder. Otherwise salt is the only thing they have they grow up that they are not supposed forced to disassociate themselves from these Phann’s soldier father is violent to eat. After lunch, Phann tells his two to feel – and shut down. Plan’s survey in friendships at the risk of being called ‘gay’ and does not like it when Phann plays brothers to look after the house so he the UK found that only 54 per cent of boys or ‘girly’ as they grow up is a huge loss that with friends instead of helping with can go to find rattan deep in the bushes, talked to their friends about their feelings is not good for their mental health or for housework. Only four days have passed taking his youngest brother to make sure more than once a month, compared to 77 relationships. As we will see in Chapter 6, since Phann was last beaten by his father. he is safe. The rattan thorns give him a per cent of girls.23 it can also lead to violence. “Much of the His father is often away from home. He lot of tiny scars on his hands and body However, evidence is emerging that the anger boys express is itself a response to visits for a couple of days, two or three but it is another source of income. An story that ‘boys don’t cry’ may be more the demand that they not show any other times per month, and hardly brings any afternoon’s work can earn him around complex than it seems at first. Niobe emotion,” says one expert.27 money. To Phann, it is both good and bad 3,000 riels (about 75 US cents). for his father to be away. It is good in If he is not going to find rattan, Phann You need to be tough the sense that Phann feels less pressured goes looking for ‘ang krong’ – large red Not all boys appear to agree. Our research in Rwanda and in the UK illustrates that the older they get, the when his father is away. It is bad in ants that live in fruit trees. The ants can less convinced they are that ‘to be a man you need to be tough’. the sense that he needs to do more, in be fermented into food. They are hard 100% addition to the work which is already to find but they can be sold for around 90% too much for him (though he feels it is US$2.50 per kilo. If he is lucky, Phann 80% normal) at this age. may find half a kilo a day. Since the family’s rice fields are about Until around 3 or 4pm, Phann will also 70% two kilometres from the house, Phann’s put out fishing nets into a small river 25 60% mother often spends the whole day in the minutes from his house. He will collect 50% fields during farming seasons, leaving the fish at dawn the next day. It is vital 40% all the household work to Phann. In the to Phann’s family because it is their only morning, Phann usually gets up at the source of protein. Sometimes, Phann 30% same time as his mother, around 5am. He catches enough fish to sell as well. 20% helps to fetch water from the well at his Phann hardly has any free time to enjoy 10% neighbour’s house, and with cooking and with friends. His duties have made him 0% washing dishes. old for his age and he rarely smiles. He Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged If it is the rainy season, he goes to the says he is too busy to spend much time 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 12-13 14-15 16-18 rice fields in his village to find ‘kantea on his studies and he does not know what Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls UK India, District Rwanda, District touk’ (edible aquatic insects feeding in will happen to him when he grows up. the rice field). He can sell these for 1,000 Agree Disagree

82 the state of the world’s girls 83 When can men cry? Research with • Marcelo, 14: “When they feel a sadness adolescents in Brazil in their heart – ‘ah, she has left me’ – For this report, Plan undertook and then they start to cry.” original research with young people in • Pedro, 14: “Sometimes men cry, and Brazil, India, Rwanda and the UK. In then people ask them why they are Brazil, adolescent boys and girls were crying, and they wipe their tears and asked: “What are the moments and say they’re not crying.” circumstances when men can cry?” These • Marcelo, 14: “When there’s news about were some of the responses from Brazil. someone who’s suffering, you feel like They showed that on the one hand both crying, and then you have to run to your young men and young women thought bedroom because people ask you why it was ok for men to cry, but also that you’re crying.” there was some ambivalence about it, • Guilherme, 14: “I cried because my especially in public, in case it damaged dad promised to buy me a computer your tough image. and because I did not behave well, he did not buy it. I’ve spent one month Young women: without talking to him.” • Dana, 16: “I have a friend who knows how to express when he’s sad: when As well as learning not to show their feelings, his grandmother died he came to talk boys develop a belief that they are or should to us, saying that his grandma had be in control, seeking out ways to get the passed away and crying a lot. Even things they want and assert their needs.28 when he likes a girl he knows how to One study in Bolivia, India, Indonesia, show it. He used to like my sister and Jamaica, Morocco and Mali noted: “We he used to say: ‘Ah, Nati, you know found in all the cultures studied, that there how much I like you, but you like is less socialisation and education of boys some other guy.’ He always shows his into clear roles and behaviours than of girls. P l a n feelings.” Traditional practices included a tendency to 10 pupils with serious behavioural problems and awareness-raising activities, Salud It's good to • Kelly, 16: “They’re afraid to get hurt, privilege boys – giving boys wider leeway in schools are boys.31 This violence can be y Genero helps men to understand the talk. I think. My brother shows his feelings in behaviour, and excusing non-social turned outward, towards others, or inward. relationship between traditional masculine a lot, he talks, he calls practically the behaviours by saying ‘boys will be boys’. This Around 2.8 million adolescents attempt behaviours – risk-taking, low involvement whole family to talk [laughs]. When does not teach boys responsibility, nor clarify suicide each year. Around 71,000 die.32 in childcare, denial of sickness or he’s at home he talks, says he likes what will be expected of them. When they While three times more young women than vulnerability – and men’s shorter life this and that girl, he really expresses are asked to take on responsibilities in their young men attempt suicide, three times expectancy, their failure to form intimate his feelings little by little, but he talks adult life, in increasingly complex contexts, more men than women are successful.33 relationships with partners and children, about what he feels. But sometimes he they have little support or preparation for the This is at least partly because they are less and their inattention to their own mental, doesn’t...” task.”29 This indicates clearly that traditional likely to seek help. Research for the IMAGES physical and reproductive health. • Lana, 16: “There are some boys who, understandings of masculinity let boys down report in Brazil, Chile, Croatia, India, Workshops held by Salud y Genero use you know, have feelings but they want and reduce their ability to be adequately Mexico and Rwanda found that there were a number of exercises to deal with the to look tough and then they don’t prepared for adult life. stark differences between women and men problems that male socialisation pose demonstrate what they feel, they want In another study, in the Western seeking help for mental health problems. In for men’s health. One such exercise – to be ‘men’.” Balkans, young men in Sarajevo noted that: India only 11 per cent of Indian men sought ‘The Male Body’ – involves participants • Mariane, 16: “Because they are not “Communication and intimacy with their help compared to 93 per cent of women.34 writing down what they associate made of stone, I think every human girlfriends was a characteristic they wanted This is why programmes like Salud y Genero with being a man. The idea that ‘men being cries, even the animals cry. Why to develop. Yet, some young men expressed to support young men in discussing the issues are strong’ is most prominent. Hats, wouldn’t men cry?” fear that such emotional intimacy could that are important to them are so crucial. belts, pistols, machetes, mobile phones allow young men to be manipulated by and alcohol all tend to feature highly. Young men: women. When one participant in Belgrade That’s not us – health and gender References to emotions are rare – with • Matheus, 14: “Men cry when they go said: ‘Your girlfriend will expect you to in Mexico the exception of ‘loneliness’. In eight travelling, and they have to leave their be open and tell her things about your The Mexican-based NGO, Salud y Genero years of working with men’s groups, the mothers, their wives and children, some emotions’, other participants responded: (Health and Gender) 35 seeks to generate word ‘father’ has been suggested only men cry.” ‘No, don’t do that, she will take advantage new ways of being a man or woman by eight times. Yet many men, after seeing • Jean, 14: “When a person loses a of you’.”30 highlighting the health consequences of the male image they have created, say: family member.” In most Western countries, eight out of rigid gender norms. Through workshops “But that’s not us”.36

84 the state of the world’s girls 85 Percentage of men and women young women are married early and in Adina does not seem particularly 15–19 who have ever married41 Bangladesh, the Central African Republic, surprised by this. She says she loves her 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % Chad, Guinea and Niger the figure is over daughters but wants nothing to do with 42 Sub-Saharan Africa 60 per cent. About to be married, Vaishali, the fathers. She says she has seen enough from Maharashtra, India, says: “Surely I’m examples of relationships where the man Burkina Faso too young to be thinking of a husband and dominates and abuses his partner and Ethiopia definitely too young to be married. But I she is better off living with her parents Nigeria have to tie the knot with a stranger in just and grandmother. And there is no point in Uganda a few days. The fact that I am just 13 is of chasing either of them for child support little consequence as child marriage is very because neither has any money. Zimbabwe Getting much part of our tradition.”43 But life is hard for Adina and her together in Men can play an important part in daughters. They live in a very remote area Brazil. Asia ensuring that girls and young women are which is cut off in the winter because the Bangladesh not forced into marrying as young as 13 and river below them floods. There are also P l a n China having their first child before 15. Pregnancy avalanches from the hills above. They 3 Trusting each other: India is a leading cause of death for young women have no electricity and go to bed when it relationships and sex between the ages of 15 and 19. And, as gets dark. Nepal Adina’s story illustrates, it takes girls out of School is an hour away and only goes “Support should be mutual. They [women Philippines school and perpetuates poverty. up to Grade 7. Adina herself left school and men] should be equal and trust each in Grade 3, which makes it hard to find other.” Middle East & “A man comes along work or even to study again – you need Young man, Banja Luka, Bosnia37 North Africa and talks pretty” Grade 7 for any distance education. She Egypt Nikki van der Gaag looks at the tried selling from catalogues but found it “If he [a man] really likes the woman, truly, Morocco phenomenon of teenage pregnancy in El difficult and hard to understand. he treats her more carefully, he’s more Turkey Salvador – talking to Adina, who is part of She then found a job through a friend romantic.” the ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ study. in the capital, San Salvador, as a domestic 38 worker. But that meant worrying about Mayara, 14, from Plan research in Brazil Latin America & Adina was only 14 when she fell Caribbean pregnant by a man who was already her daughters when she went to live Adolescence is when young people are Brazil married and has three children. After her in the city. In any case she earned very defining their sexuality and start to think daughter Catherine was born, the father little – US$50 for two weeks’ work. Her about sexual relationships. Global data from Dominican Republic moved to the coast and now makes a living employers treated her badly and then all countries except China found that around Mexico selling coconuts. Then, a year later, Brenda sacked her when she broke a glass. So 11 per cent of young women and six per cent Nicaragua was conceived, the child of a local man. now she is back home and wondering what to do next. But her options are not of young men aged 15 to 19 said they had Peru Both fathers say the girls are not theirs. sex before they were 15.39 Young women great. She says she would like to be a generally have sex earlier than young men, beautician but the obstacles sometimes Industrialised and also marry earlier, as the table (right) Countries Adina and her seem insurmountable. shows. Most young women marry older daughters. Poverty is one reason why young Great Britain* men. One study in 23 countries around the women seek partners that at the time world found that in sub-Saharan Africa, Italy† they hope will support them. Another in Egypt and in parts of Asia, men are on Sweden mother of a three year old explains: “We average four to nine years older than the Japan are all really poor, there is no work, only women they marry. The report notes that: families living on the land and selling “A wide age gap between a man and his 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % their products in Chalatenango. But wife can skew the balance of power and can Men Women sometimes what you grow does not come, foster unequal gender relations in a marriage. * Based on men 16-19 and there is no work for anyone, and you In conservative cultures, men prefer to † Men 20-24 who had married by age 20 have to walk about three hours to find marry young women because husbands are Note: Marriage includes cohabitation and consensual union a spring... well, then, suddenly a man expected to have more experience than their comes along and talks pretty, and says he wives and to be able to exert authority over g will support you…”44 them.”40 The culture of ‘machismo’ means that r G a a Millions of girls are married under the e it is not uncommon for men, both young v a n d

age of 18, and some are as young as 10. i and old, to father children who they then

In 20 countries more than 40 per cent of k k refuse to acknowledge. This 13 year-old n I

86 the state of the world’s girls 87 girl says: “My father left my mother when woman well, I think he’s not a real man – if he found out she was pregnant, and The ideal man he beats women up, for example,” said always said that I was not his daughter. Man’s man Woman’s man Josiane, aged 14, from Plan research in He has had two other women and has Brazil.54 had sons and daughters with them too. I Cool guy Makes her feel safe And this young man from Zagreb, Croatia, think he is a bad man, because he refuses Macho Charming said: “Marriage is about asking help from to acknowledge his children and so we do a woman to go through life together, with 45 Knows everyone in 55

not have a father who loves us.” g mutual respect.” Fear that their daughters might become the neighbourhood intelligent But negative attitudes may lead to high- r G a a pregnant at a young age leads many e Smokes Witty risk behaviours, which not only affect the parents in El Salvador to restrict their young men involved, but also obviously v a n d i Fights/aggressive gentle daughters’ movement outside the home. k k affect their partners as well, as we will see in n I Jasmine, aged 20, says: “Girls have more Has a lot of women faithful the next section. difficulty even going to school because of 94 children, only 10 have fathers who Christian in girls are more vulnerable – our parents are present. “Men want lots of sons; full flow. Stubborn, not Knows how Entre Nós – Young people work may not send us to school because of women want protection.” But she says changing his opinion to listen together to promote gender the risk of becoming pregnant.” She says many young mothers are depressed. “The Never shows emotion shares his emotions equality in Brazil56 this is particularly true once they reach only way to stop this is to work with The media and new communications adolescence: “From Grades 1 to 9 parents children and young people, both male and and should be free to have as many sexual technologies such as the internet and are ok about it but the most difficult stage female.” partners as they can, whereas teenage girls mobile phones play a major part in comes when they reach high school – girls Christian, aged 21, from Cabañas, behaving in a similar way would be labelled young people’s lives as they grow up. have to leave rural areas for urban ones feels that the discussions in the Plan promiscuous. More than six out of 10 young Jackson Katz argues in his film ‘Tough [because there are no local secondary programme have changed his view people interviewed by Plan in India and Guise: Violence, Media, and the Crisis in schools] and parents are afraid.” of what it means to be a father: “If I Rwanda agreed that “men need sex more Masculinity’ that media images have a Jenifer, aged 17, from a youth group didn’t have this training I would have than women do”.48,49 primary influence in shaping perceptions in Opico, says: “I am not allowed out another way of thinking. I want to be Many teenage men are socialised to of what it is to be a man. He notes that because they think I am at risk. It is a responsible dad but I see other cases believe that they have to prove themselves this makes it of crucial importance to look different with boys.” Guillermo, aged 16, where young men don’t know anything sexually. As this young man from India said: critically at these ideals of masculinity, agrees: “Boys get to go out because there about this and become macho and don’t “My friends challenged me. They said ‘If because merely questioning these images is no risk of pregnancy. But girls get their care about women. They leave a girl you are a Real Man, then engage that girl can start a whole debate on definitions freedom restricted.” pregnant with no support.” [to get her to have sex] within eight days’.”50 of manhood.57 Entre Nós (Between Parents may be right to worry. The country has a long way to go Njoki Wainaina, a gender expert from Kenya, Ourselves), an innovative multi-media Nationwide, 21,534 girls under 19 had before most men are like Christian, and notes that: “Boys and men are socialised to campaign, aims to do just this. babies in 2009. Just under a thousand young women like Adina no longer have believe that sex is their right and that they Entre Nós’ flagship is a radio-based were girls between 10 and 14, while the the responsibility of being a parent on are entitled to it whenever they want it.”51 soap opera about a young couple, rest were between 15 and 19 years old.46 their own when they themselves are still This is an attitude that is hard for a young Beto and Jessica, and their friends. This is why Plan El Salvador’s training children. Absent fathers and teenage man to challenge. And young women in their The storyline addresses first sexual The 'Entre Nós' for young people on gender work is mothers mean a daily struggle both turn may have learned to believe that their experiences, condom use, unplanned campaign in so important. Alma Salmeron, who economically and emotionally for the role in heterosexual relationships is a passive pregnancy and adolescent parenthood action. works as a Girls’ discrimination project wider family and the children left behind. one. They may also find that they have little coordinator for Plan and is responsible power – not even the power to say ‘no’. One for 94 vulnerable children, says that out The attitudes that young women and men study in South Africa found that “young have about what it is to be a man and what women identified their ideal relationship as Members of the youth it is to be a woman shape the way that they one in which the male made the decisions, focus group in Opico. behave at this critical time. One study with including the use of condoms and the timing young men in the Balkans found that they of sex”.52 In Jamaica, 69 per cent of boys and felt a young woman’s view of ‘an ideal man’ 32 per cent of girls aged 11 to 15 said they was very different from that of a young agreed with the statement that “if you really man.47 love your [partner], you should have sex with

g Many young people still hold very them”. Thirty per cent of girls and 58 per cent of boys said that a girl should have sex with a

r G a a polarised attitudes towards sex, perhaps not e surprisingly given how entrenched these boy if he spends a lot of money on her.53 a u l l p v a n d

i become at an early age. The prevailing norm Of course, not all young women agree n S k k

in some countries is that men are ‘studs’ with this. “A man who doesn’t treat a o n I J

88 the state of the world’s girls 89 through the lenses of women’s IMAGES research: discussing my own homophobic school empowerment and gender equity. The Brian. being around homosexuals experience, Nick said, ‘…that’s just excessive. choice of soap opera for the campaign makes me uncomfortable It’s like racism used to be.’ Ian agreed, was strategic – soap operas are a big India saying, ‘That’s out of order, you wouldn’t part of popular culture in Brazil and have find that here. It’s just not acceptable a wide appeal across different social anymore.’”66 groups. Croatia Plan research in Brazil for this report found The radio provided a low-cost similar views about homophobia.67 One alternative medium, both for production focus group of girls and one of boys were Chile

and dissemination (as opposed to g asked to react to the statement: “I will never television, or street theatre, for example). have a gay friend”. The majority disagreed r G a a The soap opera is played on local radio e Brazil strongly, although a few in each did not

stations and in diverse settings where v a n d reply. Pedro, Matheus and Jean all said that i

young people hang out – schools, k k 0 20 40 60 80 100% they thought this was prejudice. Jonathan n I community centres, beauty salons, cyber said: “It’s wrong, because everyone has to cafés, snack bars, mobile sound trucks 4 “It’s their problem” – working between attitudes to LGBT people and be what they want to be.” And Pedro noted: and at large community events. against homophobia traditional views of masculinity and “It’s not because someone is gay that we will Lately, more work has been done in femininity. Research for the Images report be gay.” school settings and three to four different “I help my mum even if people say I am gay found that attitudes varied enormously They then went on to talk of a 12 year- schools will be involved in implementing – if they think I am gay it is their problem, or from country to country and context to old cousin of Marcelo who wears women’s the campaign over the next two years. they are jealous because they are limited.” context. For example: “Men who said that clothes, but does not identify as gay, and Advocacy and training based on the Brian, 17, Cuidad Arce, El Salvador58 being around homosexual men makes them Pedro’s brother, who is gay but has not come campaign and its themes will also be uncomfortable, ranging from 21 per cent in out. Only two members of the group of 27 provided for teachers in 10 to 20 other Homophobia and prejudice against lesbian, Brazil to 89 per cent in India. Among the four young people said they would never have a schools. gay, bisexual, transgender and queer people countries where these questions were asked, gay friend. Following the airing of episodes, peer (LGBTQ) is still a strong force in many Brazil and Chile had the least homophobic In the girls’ group, all the girls said they educators facilitate discussion groups in countries. In 2010, homosexuality was still responses, while Croatia and India had more would have gay friends. Dani, a young which youth talk about the storyline and illegal in 77 countries and punishable by homophobic responses.” woman aged 16, said: “If I had a woman its link to their lives and relationships. law.59 In a 2010 public opinion poll, 43 per Young men in Brazil, Chile and Croatia friend they would say ‘ah, she’s a lesbian’, The soap opera is also accompanied by a cent of Americans surveyed believed that held less homophobic attitudes than older but, well, I do have a gay friend and I like him set of comic books and a soundtrack with homosexuality was morally unacceptable.60 men and likewise those with higher levels and the way he is, because he’s extroverted. songs set to popular music styles, from In Europe, reported hate crimes against of education in Brazil, Croatia and India,65 When the other boys call him gay he defends samba to rap, and lyrics inspired by the lesbian, gay, bisexual and trangender (LGBT) which serves to emphasise the importance of himself.” Natalia says she has a gay cousin campaign themes. people have increased in recent years.61 The high-quality, gender equitable education and whose mother found it hard to accept at In four local communities where EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights does the ramifications this can have for society. first.T hais, aged 11, has two gay cousins, the campaign has been implemented, explicitly include the term ‘sexual orientation’ But the attitudes of some young “and my aunt said ‘this is not my nephew, approximately 1,600 youth have and is the first to do so. However, only 13 heterosexual men and women towards he’s gay and I don’t have gay nephews; my participated in organised discussion EU member states prohibit incitement to homosexual men and women may be nephew is a man’, and I thought that was groups and about 4,500 copies of each hatred towards LGBT people, and only 11 changing in some countries. We look here at bullying.” Elsewhere the story is slightly of the three issues of the comic books EU member states classify homophobic attitudes in the UK and Brazil. have been distributed. About 9,000 youth or transphobic intent as an aggrevating Mark McCormack is a Lecturer in Gay Pride and adults have heard the soap opera circumstance in criminal law.62 According Education at Brunel University in the UK. He parade in through public airings (radio and mobile to Joel Le Deroff, Policy and Programmes spent a year with 16 to 18 year-old boys in Oslo. sound trucks). The project expects to officer at the European Region of the three schools. He found that “heterosexual reach 5,000 to 7,000 school students. International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans male students explicitly support gay rights. The campaign was developed and and Intersex Association (ILGA Europe), I was surprised not just by these students’ es

implemented by Promundo, a Brazilian these figures are likely to be much higher pro-gay attitudes, but also by the passion u r

NGO based in Rio de Janeiro, and a in reality, despite legislation against such and intensity with which they held them. In ict P

group of young women and men peer behaviour. “All our member organisations fact, all the boys I interviewed at Standard os educators known as JPEG (the acronym in agree that there is a very high rate of under- College publicly supported gay rights… Matt 63 Portuguese for Youth for Gender-Equity). reporting of hate-crimes.” In Turkey at least suggested that if someone were to express a n n / P a n m

eight transgender people were murdered homophobia, he would be policed by his a u N k between 2008 and 2010.64 peers: ‘He wouldn’t keep at it for long,’ he i d r As we have seen, there is a clear link said, ‘it’s just childish.’ Furthermore, when e F r

90 the state of the world’s girls 91 different. Eighty-nine per cent of all boys than for urban areas.72 talking about their use of porn. Other and girls interviewed for Plan’s research in Natasha Walter, a British journalist who Only such projects have often come from a India thought “homosexuals should not has written a book called ‘Living Dolls’, interested in religious standpoint but the Anti-Porn be allowed to work with children” and in talked to one young man who said that all sex. Men Project is grounded in feminist Rwanda 30 per cent of boys and 24 per cent his friends had watched pornography on the principles, in the notion that pornography of girls would “never have a gay friend”.68,69 internet. is an important social issue and has a Greater acceptance of sexual diversity in “It’s when you’re 13 and 14 that everyone bearing on violence perpetrated against some countries and environments among starts looking and talking about it at school women and wider inequalities. young people is beginning to undermine the – before you’re having sex, you’re watching In setting up the site, McCormack traditional ideas of masculinity which, as we it. Everyone watches porn. And I think that’s Evans is one of the few men worldwide have seen, can often lead to harmful and entirely down to the internet; not just your es to discuss publicly pornography from a violent behaviour. This breaking down of rigid home computer, but everything that can u r feminist perspective – positive about sex ict concepts of what a ‘real man’ is and does is connect – your phone, your BlackBerry, P itself, open to the idea of people engaging os good news for gender equality. whatever you’ve got – everyone’s watching in the widest range of consensual sex acts, porn.”73 n / P a n but concerned about the industrialisation so u l

5 Pornography: An Australian report found an alarming o of sex and where this leads. z C

“only interested in sex”? link between viewing porn and attitudes e J towards relationships. Violence, very 6 “Real men don’t get sick” – “Adults have got to know what teenagers rough sex and even rape would be seen as university and having private access to health and HIV/AIDS are doing, and if you’re caught, you get told ‘normal’ by children and adolescents viewing a computer. At first, he didn’t think this off. But I never had a serious discussion porn.74 Michael Flood, who carried out the was a problem. “It is not possible to halt and reverse the with a teacher or anyone about it.” study, says: “There is compelling evidence It was something he did alone; no HIV epidemic or achieve universal access Young man in the UK70 from around the world that pornography one had to know. The habit need never to sexual and reproductive health, without has negative effects on individuals and bleed beyond his student bedroom. Then reaching and involving men and boys.” In the context of relationships between communities… porn is a very poor sex he realised his male peers were using International Planned young men and young women, it is educator because it shows sex in unrealistic porn too, openly, frequently – almost Parenthood Federation77 important to acknowledge the increasing ways and fails to address intimacy, love, celebrating it – and it started to make him influence of pornography. Thanks to the connection or romance. Often it is quite feel uncomfortable. “Many young people are afraid of having internet, pornography has become readily callous and hostile in its depictions of He had glimpses of how it might this virus, and being excluded by society. available – for example, a quarter of all women. It doesn’t mean that every young influence their lives. There was the Society today is very discriminatory, and search-engine requests are porn-related. person is going out to rape somebody but librarian moment: a flash of how porn so today, people need to be more active to Research in the UK has found that 60 it does increase the likelihood that will might shift the way he responded to seek out those young people and give them per cent of boys under 16 have accessed happen.”75 women in the real world. There was moral support.” pornography, accidentally or deliberately. the moment he noticed a male friend Tiago, 15, Codo, Brazil78 And “the average age at which they first saw Young men who hate porn76 struggling not to ask the stupid, porn has dropped from 15 to 11 in less than A new website (antipornmen.org) set up inappropriate question about oral sex that When it comes to their own health, and a decade”.71 In another study of 13 and 14 by a young man in the UK, aims to get had occurred to him when a female friend knowledge about sex and family planning, year olds in Alberta, Canada, 90 per cent of men to face up to the brutal trajectory of mentioned her sore throat. young men tend to lag behind young boys and 70 per cent of girls said they had the $100 billion global porn industry and McCormack Evans, a thoughtful, women. They rarely attend health clinics – Taking the accessed sexually explicit media content at the self-destructive effect on the millions articulate young Londoner, was a they see them as women’s places; they may test. least once, and figures were higher for rural who consume it. philosophy student at Hull University It was in the cerebral setting of a in the northeast of England, and he had One click away. university library that Matt McCormack never been part of a particularly laddish Evans noticed how pornography was crowd, but he noticed that the “relatively shaping his life. He was watching a well-rounded young men” he knew were female librarian stack books on shelves, changing. stretching for the highest recess, when it “They came to uni, got their first occurred to him he ”should look up some computer, were alone a lot, and everyone librarian-themed porn that evening,” he became much more laddish. It got to the says. “I remember making that mental point where someone groped a woman’s

k a note, and then catching myself.” bum in a club, and I completely flipped c n to J a McCormack Evans was 20 at the time, out.” s n i l a and he had been using pornography McCormack Evans, now 22, has just H m

regularly for a year or so, since starting co-founded an online project to get men d a A n I C H O

92 the state of the world’s girls 93 not see it as ‘cool’ to go to a doctor, or may newly infected are between 15 and 24 see health clinics as something for girls.79 years old. Adolescent girls are particularly As one Zimbabwean man put it, “real men at risk, both because they are physically don’t get sick”.80 Contraceptive use by young more susceptible and because socially they men between the ages of 15 and 24 varies have less power to negotiate safe sex than enormously: for example, in the North and their male peers. They are also more likely parts of Latin America and the Caribbean it to contract HIV from older, more sexually is between 63 and 93 per cent, while in most es experienced men who have had multiple u r

sub-Saharan African countries, it is less than ict partners. 50 per cent.81 One study in the US found P os that “more than four out of five male Grade “The hope for winning the fight with the k a c

7 to 12 students engaging in unprotected n n / P a n HIV/AIDS pandemic lies in changing the J a fi s r o intercourse also participate regularly in one attitudes and behaviour of the boys of l a n T or more additional health risk behaviours. e today, the men of tomorrow, who will not S v One in five young men report having been be afraid of equality with women and who n I C H O drunk or on a drug high the last time they manhood were more likely to experience School are willing to change their behaviour and manhood’.91 The International HIV/AIDS Learning had intercourse.”82 substance use, violence and delinquency and campaign in attitudes.” Alliance notes that: “Prescribed masculine about We have already seen the effects of unsafe sexual practices.83,84,85,86,87 Kenya. Njoki Wainaina, Gender Activist traits, such as the notion that men’s sexual safe sex in traditional masculinities on young men’s This section will focus on one particular and Advisor, Kenya89 needs are uncontrollable or that men should Vietnam. mental health and on risk-taking behaviour. aspect of such behaviour when it comes to have multiple sexual partners, also have One national survey of US adolescent males sexual and reproductive health: HIV and AIDS. When it comes to HIV and AIDS, focusing serious consequences for men’s health, aged between 15 and 19 found that young In many parts of the world, HIV is a young just on young women is clearly not a placing them – and thus their partners – at men who adhered to traditional views of person’s disease. Over 50 per cent of those solution. But neither is it useful simply to high risk of HIV infection.”92 In order to blame young men. The roots of the epidemic tackle these attitudes, interventions must Percentage of young people aged 15–19 who had higher-risk lie in the structures that cause unequal start at an early age when these views sex with a non-marital, non-cohabitating partner relationships and emphasise men’s power are being formed, especially through sex in the last 12 months in selected countries88 over women; in the attitudes that we have education both at school and at home. seen in the earlier chapters and sections of As we saw briefly in Chapter 1, there are South Africa this report. In many societies, these dictate important gender dimensions to the course Namibia that it is men who decide when to have sex, of the epidemic for young men and young Swaziland how many partners they have, and whether women. While, overall, those infected divide Haiti they use condoms. pretty equally between men and women, in Research shows that men who believe in the 15 to 24 age group young women now Ukraine traditional masculine views of relationships make up 64 per cent of those infected with Guyana with women “are more likely to practise HIV, and 70 per cent of those infected in 93 Kenya unsafe sex, treat women violently and abuse sub-Saharan Africa where they are more substances – thus placing themselves, their than twice as likely to be infected. In three Moldova partners, and their families at risk of HIV”.90 regions – South Asia, East Asia and the Lesotho For example, men in Malawi boasted Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean Tanzania about the possibility of being HIV positive, – there are more young men than women Zambia as this would be seen as a ‘badge of who are HIV positive. Young women tend to be at greater risk Uganda Community play about than young men for a number of reasons – Dominican Republic HIV/Aids. having sex early, having unprotected sex, or Malawi sex with a much older partner, transactional sex and violent sex. Additionally, women and Central African Republic girls are not only more likely to be carrying Zimbabwe the disease, they are also more likely to be Viet Nam caring for ill relatives. Globally, 90 per cent Cambodia of the world’s HIV care providers are women and girls.94 The World Health Organisation India

n notes that: “Social and cultural norms, h

0 20 40 60 80 100 H a practices, beliefs and laws can also reinforce e Young men Young women the relative powerlessness of young women, J a n

94 the state of the world’s girls 95 Young people aged 15-24 living with HIV by sex (2009)95 were: 1) staying faithful to one partner, 0 0.5m 1m 1.5m 2m 2.5m 3m 3.5m 4m 4.5m 5m 2) abstaining from sex, 3) advising someone against transactional sex and 4) Eastern and disapproving of violence against women. Southern Africa Those men who knew about or had been involved with the campaign improved their knowledge about HIV and increased West and Central Africa condom use from 25 per cent to 45 per cent.

South Asia While stigma is still a huge issue for both men and women who have AIDS in many countries, men who have sex with men in particular face stigma that may prevent them East Asia and the Paci c seeking treatment. And yet they are at high risk of HIV. Between five and 10 per cent of new HIV infections worldwide each year Latin America and the Caribbean are men in this category. Many men who have sex with men may at the same time be having sex with women, thus spreading the CEE/CIS risk of infection. For example, in Venezuela,

.H. 65 per cent of people living with HIV in 2006 A were men who have sex with men. And Y.E. Middle East and yet 41 countries have policies that prevent North Africa The ‘Be a Man’ campaign – Uganda effective HIV services for men who have sex The ‘Be a Man’ campaign was started with men, and as we have seen, many others World during the soccer World Cup in 2006. It have prejudices against gay, bisexual and is part of the YEAH (Young, Empowered transgender men that make it very difficult for 0 0.5m 1m 1.5m 2m 2.5m 3m 3.5m 4m 4.5m 5m and Healthy) initiative formed in them to seek healthcare when they need it. Female Male Total 2004 in response to the Uganda Aids Sexual and reproductive policies that Commission’s call for a decrease in HIV/ support young men to be healthy, to and their susceptibility to HIV infection.”96 later than women, by which time it may AIDS and adolescent pregnancies. The use contraceptives and to inform them The epidemic may also be perpetuated by be too late for them, and they may have campaign challenges male gender norms about family planning and HIV prevention the fact that young men may be reluctant infected a number of women. In South that put men and women at risk of HIV, are urgently needed. The World Health to seek help. “Going to the clinic is regarded Africa, twice as many women as men are on by delivering messages on the following Organisation found that only about 31 as a sign of weakness, of being ‘not man antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), and two-thirds issues: faithfulness and partner reduction; per cent of young men and 19 per cent of enough’,” says Patrick Godana, of South more get tested.98 In Botswana, 52 per cent non-violent resolution of conflicts within young women (aged 15 to 24) in developing African NGO Sonke Gender Justice.97 This of women have tested for HIV compared couples; active involvement in parenting; countries have a thorough and accurate Use a means that young men may access treatment to 44 per cent of men; in Swaziland, 25 per and couple HIV counselling and testing. understanding of HIV.101 condom. cent of women had tested compared to 18 The campaign uses posters, the media per cent of men.99 and community outreach and training. In his book ‘Sizwe’s Test: A Young Man’s There were ‘Be a Man’ Campaign Journey through Africa’s AIDS Epidemic’, advertisements on television during South African journalist Jonny Steinberg the World Cup, which were followed maps in detail the reasons why Sizwe is by training for youth and workplace reluctant to be tested: shame, fear, culture peer educators on men and HIV/AIDS, – and male identity. He recounts his first interactive community drama, and group meeting with Sizwe: “‘I have not tested,’ he discussions sparked by silent ‘trigger’ said. ‘My girlfriend is pregnant and she went videos. In addition, the ‘Rock Point 256’ to the clinic to test. She’s negative. Do you radio drama series (part of the YEAH think that means I am definitely negative?’ initiative) helped to reinforce the ‘Be a n

A youth centre providing ‘If you want to know, you must test,’ I said. ‘I Man’ messages. to n g i r 100 e sex education in Togo. know,’ he replied. ‘But I’m scared.’” As a result of the ‘Be a Man’ campaign, H m B f l d a

A the top four actions taken by men A

96 the state of the world’s girls 97 Knowledge about HIV and prevention To be young is not a crime is slowly improving. So good sex education is crucial. It needs to go beyond Nikki van der Gaag talks to young people in three towns in El Salvador about youth participation. biological discussions of reproduction and “We are a very ‘machista’ society here in El Hector, aged 20, a confident young man with lots contraception and address the real questions Salvador – this is experienced by children as well as to say, said that he thought it was important to work that young men and women need to have youth. This work with young people represents an with young people because they were still at the answered. “Adolescent boys and young opportunity to break down these barriers and to stage when their identities were being formed: “If men frequently say they want to discuss show that girls and young women are as capable as young people lead other young people, then they are masturbation, penis size, sexual relations boys and young men.” Sulma, who is in her twenties, more likely to get motivated.” and its various forms, sexual ‘performance’ works with the young people in Ciudad Arce. One way of challenging the stereotypes has been and female sexuality,” says Gary Barker, ‘To be young is not a crime’ reads the poster the to create spaces where young people can meet and International Director of Instituto Promundo, young people carried down the streets of Cuidad talk and change the way they see the world. in his book ‘Dying to be Men’. The vast s

Arce as part of a young people’s cultural festival. The new government is interested in the majority of young people learn about sexual w

“Sometimes young people face a lot of stigma,” participation of children and young people. In matters and HIV through their friends, who tthe

says, Hector, aged 20, from Cabañas, in the north 2007, it ran a youth consultation on a wide range may know very little themselves. “Boys M a y n n

of the country. “Just because you are young, adults of issues that included 317 young people from five are crying out to be heard!” says Kunle e J do not respect your opinions. And we face many different areas of the country. Some young people Onasanya, from Nigeria. “Most teenage difficulties in accessing employment.” Javier, also 20, have also fed into the official National Youth Code. boys get information concerning sex from sex, but for those who are sexually Stepping agrees. “Just being young Others have joined the their friends or pornographic films and active, they emphasise the importance Stones youth brings problems,” says ‘Adesquitas’, a junior literature. Some don’t speak to anyone at of using condoms and staying faithful group in Diana, aged 18, from version of the adult all, and are not told anything. Those that do to one partner.106 Nicaragua. Cuidad Arce. “We want ‘Adescos’, which operate speak, especially to adults, are often ignored • In South Africa, ‘LoveLife’ uses to support young people in the community but or told to ‘act like a man’ without being told television and radio to give adolescents to decide for themselves also form a network what it is to be a man.”103 an opportunity to talk about what many and to keep their thinking that lobbies at a consider to be taboo subjects, such as

positive so that they don’t g municipal level. In many Challenging and changing adolescent sexuality. A survey of 1,000 get involved in gangs or get municipalities there is attitudes people revealed that 63 per cent felt r G a a lost in difficult situations. e now a budget for work on There are numerous examples from that ‘LoveLife’ was very effective, and That is why we have been children’s rights. around the world where young people, 86 per cent felt that open and frank v a n d i

organising in our own k k In the municipality both men and women, have taken part in communication is “very important” communities.” n I of Cuidad Arce, youth programmes that successfully challenged in preventing HIV/AIDS, teenage The young people are all volunteers in the participation has been a strong theme. The young behaviour around HIV.104 For example: pregnancy and STIs.107 community. Some are involved in radio projects, people here make a PowerPoint presentation about • In Nepal, an interactive radio • ‘Stepping Stones’ is a successful some with youth clubs, others are part of youth the Cultural Youth Festival that they have organised. programme, ‘Chatting with My Best participatory HIV-prevention groups that work on local policy issues and lobby They begin with a quote from Jose Marti, the 19th Friend’, is produced and hosted by and programme. Established in 1995 their local councils. Others have taken part in century Cuban national hero: “Young people are for young people, to encourage them in Uganda, it aims to improve the workshops on family violence or programmes on happy because they are blind: this blindness is also to discuss the issues and problems of sexual health and knowledge of local sexual and reproductive health. Many are involved in their greatness, their inexperience is their sublime growing up. The programme offers an communities. The programme builds several projects at the same time. confidence. How beautiful is this generation of avenue to discuss common problems stronger, more gender equitable So they are not representative of all young people young activists…” such as boy-girl relationships and relationships by tackling men’s in the country. But looking at them, they could be In Cuidad Arce, the FMLN slate for the city council communication with parents. Since the patriarchal domination of women. a group of young people anywhere in the world. has affirmative action for youth representatives.I t also launch of the programme, the young The manual has been implemented in The majority are wearing jeans, though some of the has a 35 per cent quota for women’s representation. hosts have received an average of 100 over 40 countries, translated into 13 young women are in skirts with high-heeled shoes, Cindy Romero is an elected youth councillor. She says to 200 letters a week.105 languages, and used with hundreds shiny blouses and belted waists. Luis and Javier have that she has been working with a group of young • The Mathare Youth Sports Association of thousands of individuals on all gel in their hair. They use Facebook, argue about people for more than a year. in Nairobi, Kenya, trains its footballers continents.108 One father from an which music they like and enjoy watching movies. Diana, aged 18, says that as a young woman, the to be peer educators and role models indigenous community in Ecuador said: El Salvador has a young population; 35 per cent work has helped her develop her skills and her for HIV/AIDS awareness, prevention “The other day my son came to me of its people are under 14 and the median age is confidence:“This work helps you to grow as a and counselling programmes. The and hugged me… I said to him, ‘my 23.9.102 And because it is young people, in particular person as well as learn new skills – for example, members of the senior squad, better son, what do you want?’ He replied, young men, who are involved in the violence in the I didn’t know I have the personal strength to do known and therefore better able to ‘Nothing, Papa, I just wanted to hug country’s notorious ‘maras’ or gangs, it is easy to see public speaking or to organise groups or many other influence their peers, were the first to you and tell you that I love you’… I why young people feel stigmatised. things…” be trained. They stress abstinence from couldn’t hold back the tears. How hard

98 the state of the world’s girls 99 it is for us to show our emotions. This I are experimenting with drugs on the have learnt in the workshop.”109 risks posed by substance abuse, HIV/ • In Poland, young people have been AIDS and STIs. The young counsellors trained as ‘field counsellors’, visiting are trained to assess individual needs cafés, youth clubs and other gathering and offer appropriate information and places to educate their peers who referrals.110 • The HIV-prevention project ‘Young Men as Equal Partners’ works in districts in Sex education Tanzania and Zambia to motivate young in Vietnam. men to adopt healthy and responsible sexual behaviour. Teachers, church leaders, medical staff and young leaders are all involved in encouraging young men to engage in HIV-prevention and sexual and reproductive health- seeking behaviours through activities such as peer education and counselling, gender awareness workshops, and drama performance. Use of condoms k a c among young men increased from 55 J a s

l a per cent to almost 78 per cent during the three-year project period.111 n I C H O k tyssy LEGAL framework – ACCESS TO l cho S s

CONTRACEPTIVES AND PREGNANCY OPTIONS a r L “All countries should take steps to meet the family or older.112 Women’s health advocates hailed this planning needs of their populations as soon as greater access to emergency contraception as 7 Conclusion: paving the benefit from a society with less rigid notions Looking to possible and should, in all cases by the year 2015, a responsible approach to addressing women’s way to a better world of masculinity. the future. seek to provide universal access to a full range of health and tackling unintended pregnancies in the Adolescents, as we have seen in this safe and reliable family planning methods and to US, which has the highest rate of teen pregnancy “If I were President of my country, I would chapter, have a lot to say about gender and related reproductive health services which are not among the world’s most developed countries.113 write a rule which said: whatever women do how it plays out in their lives. And girls and against the law. The aim should be to assist couples This year, Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and men have to do too. Equal rights!” boys, young women and young men, have and individuals to achieve their reproductive goals Welfare approved the distribution of the first Dani, 16, Brazil, a right to have their voices heard. We would and give them the full opportunity to exercise the emergency contraceptive pills to be available in from Plan research for this report do well to listen. As Nelson Mandela, former right to have children by choice.” Japan.114 Provision of emergency contraception (EC) President of South Africa and champion of Programme of Action of the International is also standard practice in global protocols treating All too often, say adolescents, their needs young people, said, they are the future: “My Conference on Population and women who were subject to sexual violence. and skills are not recognised and their voices dear young people, I see the light in your Development, Cairo, 1994 Because EC is a form of contraception, many not heard. The focus is on younger children eyes, the energy in your bodies and the hope countries that permit it – such as Argentina, Brazil, or older youth. There is little recognition of in your spirit. I know it is you, not I, who will International standards require that states ensure Colombia, El Salvador, Kenya, Pakistan, Thailand and the fact that girls and boys at this age are make the future, will fix our wrongs, and access to accurate and comprehensive information Venezuela – have highly restrictive abortion laws.115 developing differently and require different carry forward all that is right in the world.”117 about contraceptives and pregnancy options, as Yet, in 2000, the Constitutional Court of Peru kinds of support at different stages of their In recent years, there has been an increasing well as to related reproductive health commodities prohibited the sale or distribution of the morning- adolescent lives. focus by the international community on and services. Countries across the globe have been after pill. The Court decided that emergency oral This chapter has dealt with some of the adolescent girls. This is important work making contraceptives more widely available and contraception could be considered an abortive increasing pressures on both girls and boys and needs to be translated into many more affordable. In 2009, following a court decision, the substance if there is a possibility that this would as they reach adolescence. For boys in programmes on the ground, building girls’ United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inhibit implantation of a fertilised ovum. The court particular, the straitjacket imposed on them skills and capabilities, and ensuring that their approved the sale of the Plan B (levonorgestrel) banned the Minister of Health from launching a by notions of toughness and the effort of environment supports them as they grow into ‘morning after’ contraceptive pill – which prevents distribution programme to benefit economically keeping their vulnerabilities to themselves women. But unless there are also programmes pregnancy if taken within 72 hours of unprotected disadvantaged women with free EC pills.116 undermines their physical and mental health. for boys, the struggle for gender equality will sex – without a prescription for anyone 17 years Both young men and young women would never be won.

100 the state of the world’s girls 101 Hopes and fears: the transition 5 to adulthood 1 Introduction: a changing world institutions, both public and private. This chapter examines the different steps “The world is changing a lot and now we along that route, and looks at how the see women doing jobs which used to be challenges vary for young men and young done just by men, so I think a woman can women. We look at young men as fathers, and work in a man’s profession and a man can the different expectations of men and women also do a job that is normally for women. as both partners and parents. And finally we So, men say, oh, it used to be like this, show how the world is changing for young women were the ones who cleaned the men and women, and how they are adapting house, and it has to be like this, it’s the to new ideas and new circumstances. women’s obligation. I don’t agree, because Young men and women are not just a man can do the same jobs as a woman.” the products of the early conditioning we Lana, 16, focus group for have seen at play. As they emerge into the Plan research in Brazil1 adult world of work and begin to build relationships and families there are many At the beginning of the 21st century, the road signs, as this chapter will demonstrate, that to adulthood is not an easy one for young they will also build a world with better and people of either sex. Work can be hard to more equal relationships between the sexes. find, relationships need to be formed, the move away from parents negotiated, and 2 Hopes and expectations an increasingly complex world dealt with on a daily basis. There are some powerful “My hopes for the future are to get my institutions influencing the lives of girls and own house, have a family, and have a good boys as they move into adulthood. As they future by completing school to help my enter the world of work, young men and parents and the whole family.” women will come up against rigid barriers Boy from Plan cohort study in and engrained prejudices that limit their Masbate, the Philippines choices. In order to overcome these structural inequalities, young people must engage “I think when I grow up, when I’m older… beyond their peer group and their family I think I’ll be a prosecutor, or a police chief.” with a much wider range of people and Natalia, 15, from Plan focus groups in Brazil Erik Thallaug

102 the state of the world’s girls 103 I can dream. in primary school to perform a task and roles that are considered traditionally 14-15 year olds who ideally would pay themselves the amount they believed ‘female’ and that include an element of care like to complete university (%) they deserved. In every grade girls paid work – such as teacher, doctor or nurse. 90 themselves 30 to 78 per cent less than boys. There are some notable exceptions, which 80 Girls who identified more with ‘male’ jobs indicate that gender roles are not set in (firefighter, astronaut) paid themselves stone, and social attitudes regarding female 70 more than girls who preferred ‘female’ roles and male work roles can change over time. 60 2 (secretary, nurse, teacher). Long before Whatever these girls grow up to be, 50 girls enter the workforce they have learned unless domestic roles change radically, they to undervalue their worth and economic will continue to shoulder most of the care 40 contribution. responsibilities and are therefore likely to 30 As the study’s author asks: “How do spend the rest of their lives working double 20 well-loved little girls, given every material and triple ‘shifts’: first at work, then in the 10 advantage and offered opportunities home and finally in their community. 0 never dreamt of by their female ancestors, However, interviews with girls and boys Andhra Ethiopia Peru Vietnam r g e grow up to display the same lower sense show that attitudes and expectations may be Pradesh l f B A of entitlement felt by their mothers and slowly changing in some countries. Indeed, Boys Girls grandmothers?”3 as girls begin to do better than boys at We have seen in Chapter 2 how children’s school and they see role models like a female Young people today – even if they come upbringing may condition them to see boys What do you want to be when you President of Liberia or a woman Secretary from poor families – have more ambitious as superior to girls. One of the results of grow up? of State in the US, girls’ expectations – and expectations. ‘Young Lives’ is a 15-year this can be that girls and young women These testimonials were collected from those of their parents – are often as high as study of child poverty in four countries have come to expect less of themselves Egypt, Ecuador, El Salvador, Timor Leste, those of boys. which has shown that a high percentage of than boys and young men. Combined with Tanzania, the UK and US by Plan around the In the focus groups for this report, Plan 14 and 15 year olds say they want to go to expectations of what jobs men and women world to provide a snapshot of the kinds of found that girls in Brazil and Rwanda wanted university. In India and Ethiopia more boys do, this may limit girls’ ability even to futures boys and girls dream for themselves. to be lawyers, firefighters, police chiefs than girls said they wanted to go, but in Peru imagine themselves in certain jobs. The table below demonstrates that girls (not policewomen), doctors, vets, nurses, and Vietnam it was the other way round. For example, one study asked children from all over the world have largely chosen accountants, journalists, teachers and singers The problem is that, in many cases, their – not all traditional ‘female’ professions and expectations are not likely to be realised – Most prevalent profession chosen, by girls and boys (aged 11-16) very similar to what boys aspired to. Boys too even finishing secondary school is a major 0 5 10 15 20 25% expected that girls would also do paid work challenge. Some parents already recognise when they grew up: “Things are changing; that this is an issue. “There are many youth Teacher this is good, because now the women have that are trained in different activities but Doctor more opportunities to work, more access to they do not have job opportunities,” said technology”; “Nowadays, women even play one parent from urban Ethiopia. “There Footballer football”; “Before, men had more power and is no spare land in this ‘kebele’ [local Police o cer the women, poor things, did not have any administrative unit] even for youth who are rights.”4 trained. They are interested in work but they Journalist/reporter do not have opportunities.’5 Secretary Not just for 3 The transition to work Nurse boys. Pilot “Before, women couldn’t even get out of the house. Now we see women driving Architect lorries, working as mechanics, being important executives, managing banks, and Lawyer so many other things.” Artist Father in Brazil, from Plan focus groups for this report6 Author

Business More women are working outside the home d than ever before – and the majority of 0 5 10 15 20 25% men see this as positive. But this changes

Boys Girls o D r u m o n traditional gender roles and leads both l E

104 the state of the world’s girls 105 women and men to question their attitudes woman’s status and self image. This may means no manhood. It means that women and behaviour both in the home and outside. be because they are less defined, both by will not find you attractive as long-term We will see that this has its own challenges, themselves and by society at large, by their partners. It means the police will harass you. as 14 year-old Guilherme from Brazil rather job and their ability to earn money. But It means your parents will hound you to find nervously explains: “Today, there is not many young men still see providing for the work. As a result, some young men turn to much difference: men do women’s work and family as their role and find it very difficult other ways to achieve respect or recognition women do men’s work and today women if they can’t find work – this jeopardises – ranging from gangs to domestic violence 17 are already doing more things than men and not only their ability to earn an income but s and substance use.” e

7 14 u r women are about to dominate the world.” to marry and start a family. It also affects t This view is echoed in another study: Guilherme is still not sure whether this is their image of themselves as the man, the “Poverty places a heavy burden on many a good thing and what it might mean for provider. The IMAGES study of men across fathers, husbands and sons, because in most him. It will in any case be a long time before five nations, conducted by the International societies men are expected to be the major ws/ Panos Pic e

“women dominate the world”. They may be Center for Research on Women and Instituto h providers in the family. Some poor men might tt working, but it is often in low-paid, part- Promundo, found that work-related or Police officers a ask themselves: ‘If I cannot provide for myself, M time work and they are still paid less than economic stress had other negative effects in Ethiopia. should I have a family?’ or ‘If I cannot provide n n y e men. As the 2011 ‘Education For All’ report on men, including depression, ideas of J for my dependants, am I a man?’”18 notes: “Women’s pay and their employment suicide, arrests, and use of violence.15 • “I mean, unemployment is rough. Then conditions are influenced not just by the the money you get is not enough to 4 Young men as fathers supply of labour and demand for skills, but % of men reporting stress/depression make ends meet. Then a guy will start also by social barriers, cultural practices and related to work or income to get desperate. If he’s a guy without a “Imagine my girlfriend and I had a child. discrimination.”8 head [meaning that he does not think for Do I have the right to change its diapers? I Doing better at school than boys does Brazil himself] he’s gonna rob, gonna become a can already picture the looks on my friends’ not translate into better opportunities for gangster.” faces if they saw me with a dirty nappy in girls in the workplace. Women still earn Chile Jeferson, 19, Brazilian, Rio de Janeiro my hand. They’ll make fun of me. Still, that between 16.5 and 22 per cent less than men is how I’d want to relate to my child. I want 9 in most countries in the world. Globally, Croatia Gary Barker, International Director of to be a caring dad. For most of my friends, young people are three times as likely to Instituto Promundo, notes that this area of that’s worth a good belly laugh.” 10 19 be unemployed as adults. They are also India young men’s unemployment needs more Dikitso Letshwiti, 23, Botswana more likely to be among the ‘working poor’ discussion: “If work is an imperative to – those who are earning the most minimal Mexico achieve a socially recognised version of Getting a job and becoming financially living. In most regions, young women are in manhood, the syllogism is that no work independent is one way that adolescents a worse position than young men, and have 0 20 40 60 80 100 been more affected by the financial crisis, despite the fact that they may be doing In another study, young men from poor better at school.11 This is not true, however, areas of Brazil described what they felt about in the Northern countries, where the being unable to find work and how it can increase in the male youth unemployment lead to crime.16 rate between 2007 and 2009 was 6.8 per • “My mother insists that I find a job. cent compared to 3.9 per cent for young Sometimes I run away from her so I don’t women.12 have to answer [when she asks me if I Young people this age who are not have found a job]. I look and I look and I working may be in this position for positive can’t find a job. It’s hard.” reasons – they may be still in education Arturo, Brazilian, Rio de Janeiro or training. But they also may be out of • “[Work isn’t] everything but almost work simply because they have become so everything. You know [if you work] you’ll frustrated that they have given up looking.13 have some money in your pocket. I mean, if you don’t have work, you see men get No work, no manhood? involved in all kinds of trouble. I have For young women who are out of work, seen a lot of hard workers get a weapon there may be more opportunities to join and start to rob buses just to make ends the informal market, or to be useful at meet… When a guy is working, he’s not home. Not having a job is still an economic gonna get rich, but he’ll get by.” problem but has less impact on a young Anderson, 21, Brazilian, Rio de Janeiro Making time

P l a n to play.

106 the state of the world’s girls 107 make the transition to the adult world; teenage pregnancy requires working Boys will be boys? becoming a parent is another. Yet we hear with adolescent boys as well as girls, in Nikki van der Gaag speaks to boys in a Plan supported project in Senegal about their hopes and fears for the future. far more about young mothers than young 1999 the Centre began a programme for fathers. This may be because there are fewer teenage fathers. The boys are silent with concentration as they make a second parent: they look after you when you are young fathers – as we have seen, young Both girls and boys benefit from drawings of their lives. Many are illiterate, but all sick, and give you a birthday present.” women are likely to marry and have children the Young Men At Risk Counselling can draw. Some of their art is beautiful, intricate There is general agreement that work is as much with older men.20 Programme. ‘Baby fathers’ learn how to and colourful. Ishmail, a 16 year-old apprentice about respect as money: “If apprentices were paid, It is also possible that reported levels become better parents, and at the same mason, does a detailed they would be more of fatherhood among young men are low time increase their employment skills drawing of the centre Ishmail interested in the because some men do not know that they and opportunities. The teenage mothers where he and the money than in the have fathered a child, choose not to report and babies benefit from the additional other members of the work,” says Salif. the fact (perhaps because they do not live emotional and financial support the boys Association of Working “Once my boss with the child’s mother) or do not want to are able to give. Children and Youth realised I was serious acknowledge paternity. The programme operates in all seven meet. He draws each about the work, he But lack of information about young Women’s Centres throughout Jamaica. brick and colonnade, started to give me fathers may also be because there is little Each centre has a part-time counsellor a a g G the woodwork on the r some wages,” says research in this area. Or because prejudices and teachers who conduct evening door and windows, de Ishmail. “I gave half against young men mean that people assume classes in English, mathematics, electrical and colours it in to my mum.” they are not involved in their children’s lives. installation and technical drawing. i k k i v a n carefully. Salif, 22, an N Their views on the As one study noted: “The young father is During the day, the young men receive apprentice carpenter, differences between generally seen as absent and irresponsible: counselling in legal matters and in draws a wooden bed, complete with mirror Salif boys and girls reflect a changing world. ‘It’s no good looking for him, he doesn’t resolving personal problems. Speakers and side tables and swirling patterns on Most expect their future wives to work want to know about it!’”21 are invited to discuss career choices, the headboard. “I made this myself,” he outside the home, though perhaps not And yet many young fathers do want to parenting, reproductive health and says proudly. Bacary, who is only 12 and as apprentices in trades that require support their partners and children. In Brazil, sexually transmitted infections. sells mangoes, rattles through drawing physical strength. Cameroon, Jamaica, Sweden, Uganda and According to Pamela McNeil, founder after drawing, showing his home, his “Poverty means that girls have to elsewhere, initiatives have been set up to of the Women’s Centre, fear had kept rich neighbour who owns a car, and his work too,” says Ishmail. “As the eldest promote greater participation by fathers and many young men from becoming better grandfather; and expresses his undying son of four, with no sisters, I help my future fathers in caring for their children.22 fathers. “For some, it’s gangs,” said love for Mai, who is 24, and is the mother by doing the kinds of things But young men themselves need support McNeil. “Others are afraid of the parents a a g

Secretary General of the national office of G that girls used to do, like going to the to engage in childcare and domestic chores of the girls; some fear the police. This r

ENDA, a non-governmental organisation de market. But I don’t think a girl could and take on more of the burden of care fear causes some of them to run away working with children. do the kind of work I do as a mason. It borne by teenage mothers. This is not easy, from their responsibilities. Most of them

The young men come from different i k k i v a n involves a lot of physical strength.” and they may face teasing and even hostility want to be good fathers but they are not villages and towns in N All the boys from their peers. sure how.” Over 1,000 ‘baby fathers’ A young different parts of say that if they Young parents in many cultures do not and other young men aged 16 to 25 have father in Senegal. They are aged Bacari have children, have a positive image. There is good reason, participated in the programme.23 Liberia. between 12 and 22. whether boys or as we have seen, for delaying parenthood, They all believe that girls, they would whether you are a young woman or a having a trade gains ensure that they young man. Being a parent is hard work, them greater respect. were educated. and doubly so if you are missing out on the They are proud of what This is despite the education and exploration that most of your a a g they do, though as G stories that some peers seem to be enjoying. But whatever r

apprentices they don’t de of them tell about your age or sex, you can learn to be a better earn a wage. They can friends who went parent with the right support, as this project make a little money by to university and demonstrates. i k k i v a n doing extra work. For N still couldn’t find a example, a carpenter can make carvings from offcuts job. In fact, most would send their girls to school and Young fathers in Jamaica that his boss might throw away, or a mason can do a their sons to be apprenticed. For over 20 years, the Women’s Centre small job for a neighbour. “As a parent, I would say that daughters need to of Jamaica Foundation has encouraged “As an apprentice, you start by fetching and have good jobs,” says Papa Sidou, “because they more than 26,000 teenage mothers to carrying, bringing food, sweeping the workshop, and give their wages to their parents, while sons spend continue their education and to learn r g then gradually you learn how to do things that are them on their girlfriends!” a skill. Recognising, however, that e more skilled,” says Ishmail. “A good boss is a bit like addressing the problems associated with l f B A

108 the state of the world’s girls 109 5 Working women, working men: Chile’s agro-export sector, where wives % who participate in the go. In a 2010 study of six countries by the changing role models? and mothers had to convince husbands daily care of a child International Center for Research on Women that their paid employment would not and Instituto Promundo,29 the percentage of “In my house my father works and when disrupt the fulfilment of the household Brazil men who took paternity leave varied from my mother isn’t working she gets upset responsibilities. In Mexico, the ‘offer’ to 69 per cent in India to 24 per cent in Croatia. because she doesn’t like to depend on him. ensure the housework got done was one However, the average number of days taken She always finds something to do, and both of the ways in which wives and daughters Chile was still small, ranging from three to 11 days of them work.” obtained permission to work. As one woman of paid leave and four to 10 days of unpaid Dani, 16, Brazil, from Plan explained, her job made little difference to Croatia leave. This reflects the fact that legislation research for this report her husband as long as the house was clean in most countries still does not allow men to and his meal ready when he came home.25 take more than a few days off when their “My father had an authoritarian style. Working outside the home does not seem India baby is born. A child did not have the right to voice to change this division of labour; in fact, an opinion. I was beaten because of my when a husband is unemployed and his wife Links between fathers’ and sons’ Mexico mistakes. I think my father’s generation goes out to work, he may well do less work participation in domestic duties (de ned as playing an equal or lacked knowledge of fatherhood. He applied in the home than when both are employed. 0 20 40 60 80 100 what he had seen from his father.” For example, one study of a flower-growing greater role in one or more duties) Men’s reports Erol Dündar Deveci, group leader, Fathers’ area in Ecuador found that, in general, Women’s reports (of men) Brazil Support Programme, Turkey24 “women put in longer hours in domestic work if their husbands did not work than if So has the fact that more women are they did”. And “even in… those households Center for Research on Women and Instituto Chile working than ever before changed male where both women and men worked in Promundo found that 84 to 98 per cent of attitudes towards women in the home? In the flower industry – the imbalance was men in the countries of focus believe that Croatia some cases the answer is definitely not. For striking: men worked 76 minutes a day [on a father’s early involvement in his child’s example, a study by Naila Kabeer found domestic chores] while women worked 221 life leads to a better relationship later.27 that married women working in garment minutes.”26 Only in two households in which However, a significantly lower percentage India factories in Bangladesh reported that they women earned considerably more than their of men actually take time off after a child woke before dawn to make a start on their husbands (121 per cent and 336 per cent is born. It is interesting to note here that household chores and went to bed after more) did men assume a greater share of men say they play a much larger role in daily Mexico other family members in order to complete unpaid domestic work than women. childcare than their partners think they do – them. Similar findings are reported in The IMAGES research by the International in Brazil, 39 per cent of men said they played Rwanda an equal role in childcare, but only 10 per cent of women thought they did.28 0 20 40 60 80 100% But involvement by fathers needs to begin Men whose fathers DID NOT at birth. In some countries, paternity leave participate in domestic duties (see Section 3) is now part of legislation, Men whose fathers DID although practice still has a long way to participate in domestic duties

Took leave after last child was Paternity leave is only the start. Bringing born (paid and unpaid) % up a child is not a matter of a few days or a few months, but the job of a lifetime. Brazil Many young fathers spend time with their children,30 but working fathers with young Chile children are also, at least in Europe, those who work the longest hours.31 Croatia So what influences change in relationships between men and women? We have s e

u r seen that role models in the family make

t India a difference. This may be positive – for Mexico example, young men who learned about how to do housework when they were Female boys “entered marriage with the expert kash/ Panos Pic Rwanda A breadwinners in knowledge of domestic tasks and took . B .

M 32 . Bangladesh. 0 20 40 60 80 100 pride in it”. The IMAGES research by the G

110 the state of the world’s girls 111 International Center for Research on Women so desperate until my first-born daughter came while nearly half do so now. In Russia, and Instituto Promundo found that younger to our rescue and helped us. The help from my Poland, Lebanon, Mexico and the US, the men, men with more education and men daughter is what changed my perception about numbers approving the more non-traditional who saw their fathers do domestic work are women working and my bias against having a arrangement have also gone up. more likely to carry out domestic duties.33 daughter as a first born.”35 In China, Pakistan and Nigeria, however, The boys who we interviewed for this report But what is absolutely clear is that this “views of marriage have become more in Brazil were very much aware that the change is no quick-fix, because boys and traditional since 2002”. This is particularly workplace was changing. As one boy said: young men are going against deeply marked among Nigerian Muslims, where “Our mother did not have the opportunity engrained socialisation messages, from their the figure has dropped from 70 per cent to study, and now she does. In the old times families, peers, communities and the media. expressing approval to 47 per cent.37 P l a n there were no opportunities for women. Men and boys taking a stand against The study noted that: “In 19 of 22 Chapter 1) which have proven so successful Expressing Now, women are lawyers, doctors…” unhealthy and rigid notions of ‘being a countries, majorities say that a marriage in one country that they have been adapted their feelings But positive change can also be a reaction man’ may feel too risky as they have been where both husband and wife have jobs and rolled out in other countries and on in Brazil. to a negative upbringing. This young man in socialised and rewarded for following the and take care of the house and children is a other continents. But these are still only the US, whose father had been absent, said: status quo. Studies involving men in Brazil, more satisfying way of life than having the scattered examples which can influence, at “I just don’t want my children to grow up Chile, Croatia and Mexico found that 87 to husband provide financially while the wife best, thousands of young men and boys. feeling the way I feel about my dad. That’s 90 per cent did not feel that they lost out cares for the household.” Children appear to Most of these programmes work with all. So, if I have to work two jobs and go to when women’s rights were promoted; but in agree. Plan’s research with 12 to 18 year olds adolescents, who are at a crucial stage in school at the same time, and sleep only two India only 47 per cent of men agreed.36 indicates that they are actually happier when their lives for intervention. But as we have hours a day, that’s what I’ll do. To be sure Research by the Pew Center in 22 they see their parents sharing household seen, inequality begins at birth. that they don’t feel the way that I feel.”34 countries found that in seven countries, there responsibilities – when both parents make Every young man who stands up for Sometimes unemployment can be an eye- has been an increase in the numbers of men decisions and when their mothers spend their gender equality has to face the difficulties opener, as this man from Zambia explains: who agree with a model of relationships time in and out of home. of going against the prevailing norms which “When I started work, I did not allow my wife where roles and responsibilities are equally are reinforced day by day, minute by minute. to work and did not even teach her how to shared. In Jordan, in 2002, 37 per cent 6 “Equality makes me happy” Those who do work for gender equality make money. But when I lost my job, we were opted for the more egalitarian approach, do not have the many years of work that “Having more equality makes me happy. I support women working on this issue. They What kind of marriage is more satisfying? am a better friend, with closer friendships may face ridicule and derision not only from US with both boys and girls, and better other men, but from women as well. conversations.” For every man who supports gender Spain Luis, 21, El Salvador38 equality, there are many more who continue France to be trapped in dominant notions of Germany Britain “If I think about my own experience, I’ve masculinities which shut off whole sides been doing work around these issues of of their personalities, and turn feelings Russia gender and masculinities working with into frustration, frustration into anger, and Poland men for a little over a decade. And I grew anger into violence. While these counter- Turkey up in South Africa, playing rugby… in a productive notions are deeply embedded, very conservative, racist society that was they are never an excuse for violence. They Lebanon Egypt full of all sorts of hierarchies. And you may, however, help us to understand why Jordan know, certainly what was exciting about this violence happens and therefore how it taking this on, was examining some of the might be prevented. We will examine this China Japan assumptions I hold about gender, about question further in Chapter 6. South Korea myself as a man, and finding out that in We have shown how these attitudes start India fact I felt much freer challenging many of at an early age. We have also revealed just Indonesia those gender stereotypes. And so, for me, how gender inequality intersects with other Pakistan it’s been at times… a struggle, but in many social injustices – not least poverty and Brazil ways a very (liberating) experience.” unemployment. This chapter has demonstrated Mexico Dean Peacock, South African activist and how little we understand and support young Argentina director of Sonke Gender Justice Network39 fathers, and how these young men and their Kenya children suffer as a result. But our research has Nigeria We show many examples of successful also revealed young people in many countries 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100% programmes and projects with boys and challenging the way that their parents behave One where the husband provides young men for gender equality throughout and wanting to build a more equal world for Both husband and wife have jobs Source: Pew Research Center this report – those like Program H (see themselves and their children.

112 the state of the world’s girls 113 own money”, every single woman nods furiously. to my children, I know that to teach them I must not hit Speaking from the heart Ronnie, the secretary of the group, says: “It was them. Violence in the home can cause delinquency – if Nikki van der Gaag talks to a group of men in the Dominican Republic. important to organise a group like this because a child sees violence they will be violent.” before so many women stayed home and would The men in the room say they believe in equality, It takes us a while to find the right place and we have And they agree that this is because women have to wait for their husband to bring the money but it is not always easy to put it into practice. They to stop and ask people along the way. Eventually are starting to challenge some of the ‘machista’ home, but now we know that nothing we turn off the road and a few metres further down assumptions that have always been part of the don’t have to do will change unless there is a school building. The men are waiting in a culture in the Dominican Republic. Manuel explains: this. We have more men are involved, classroom and we all perch in a circle on tiny chairs. “When women exercise their rights today, men are security now – the because it is men Children’s drawings cover the walls. The group not educated about those rights. So when a woman amounts are small who hold the power, ranges from Wilman, the youngest, to Bienvenido, starts to demand her rights, men get angry. Men but the pot grows. and mostly men who who could be his grandfather. need to know how to change their way of thinking.” We don’t have to are the violent ones. We are here to talk about the masculinities project Rudio, who is smartly dressed in a pale yellow worry so much Rudio says: “We that they have been involved in with Plan Dominican shirt, notes that: “We ourselves need to understand about something have a responsibility Republic. They come from different communities, the source of the violence. We can be violent happening…” as men because so they don’t know each other. They have only just without thinking about it or without meaning to The women of women are more begun the work, but during the two hours that – there are things that women do that in a society Barreras say that vulnerable – but

follow, they are open, animated, thoughtful – and of equality would be normal, but in our society we they haven’t faced i n i men and women t worried. It is clear that this work touches their hearts. react with violence. For example, a woman can’t any resistance from must work together. o P i a n

They talk first about why they became involved. leave the house without asking the husband. Women the men, because d Every day I see on Cristobal, an older can’t make their often they are using television cases of i c a r man in a red shirt, own decisions. Even the loans to help the R men killing women says: “I became I take the decisions family business – buying nets for fishing, for example. and never women killing men. Those like me who involved because in my household.” Ronnie says: “We believe that relationships between belong to a church or a community must take the as a father myself I He goes on husbands and wives are also improving – before, men initiative because it is a problem that goes from was interested in the to explain that believed that women had to stay in the house – now it generation to generation. It is important to work with relationship between migration means is not so easy for men to say ‘I am the macho man’.” men so that women can have equality and to protect fathers and children.” that women go Back in Azua, Wilman laughs and says: “As a children. Every man knows this but does not know The other two abroad and learn young man I am quite happy to marry a woman with how to put this into practice.” main motivations are about equality, but money!” They say that it is important to work at an concern about rising when they come There are clearly changes between the individual and community level, as they are doing, levels of violence back with new ideas, generations. The but also to involve

and abuse in the i n i they get beaten. men talk about their institutions – for t community, and Some men, he says, own childhoods, example, the justice o P i a n

teenage pregnancy. d don’t want women and know that system, says Patricio.

Patricio, who wears i c a r even to be educated: they want more for Manuel believes the a Red Cross cap, a R “If a girl studies, their own children programmes need to Plan T-shirt and a cross around his neck, talks about some men worry that she will become superior to and grandchildren. be bigger, and also violence: “I see every day how women suffer from them.” Rudio agrees: “If there is women’s liberation, Cristobal says: “In that: “We need to violence – mostly verbal rather than physical, but it is a shock for men’s reality. And that is how the my case, this work show the benefits in there are lots of kinds of violence. In our community violence gets worse.” has helped me think economic terms, for I see cases where a girl at home becomes pregnant Cristobal says that it is all quite confusing: “We about my family – the better education because she has been abused by her brother, father know that this is the world we hope for and work when I was young of children and

or stepfather.” for. But we also worry that if women are educated I wanted to make a i n i building a better t Wilman, the youngest in the room, has a very and know there is a better life that they might leave different family from society.”

o P i a n Manuel points out personal reason for wanting to do this work: “I am their husbands.” the one I was born d here to learn about not doing violence to women Rudio adds: “Most women still depend on men for into. My parents that it is important i c a r because I see this a lot in my family. Lots of men hit money – if a woman works she doesn’t need money treated us as animals, R for men to be able women if they don’t do what they want.” from her husband…” we worked, we never went to school. I wanted to to meet and talk together about these things, and for The men all say they believe that violence against The women in the community of Barreras, on the make a different family but didn’t know how and so women to do the same, but also, as Freddy notes: women is increasing. They are probably right; other side of the country, would agree with him. When with my ‘compadres’ we have started to meet and “That men and women need to work on these things domestic violence in Santa Domingo is the single Beda, who is one of 50 women belonging to the local exchange ideas. I hope my children will treat their together.” most reported offence, with 15,000 complaints microcredit group, says, “I feel very proud that I am children differently.” “Yes,” says Rudio, “and then the family becomes reported over the last two years.40 part of this group. It is good for a woman to have her Emilio agrees: “I am a father. I have given confidence a team.”

114 the state of the world’s girls 115 A dangerous boy? Saying no to violence 6

1 Introduction: Pascal’s story to me and my sisters, beating us, chasing us away, saying that we are ugly like my “As a child I asked myself why my father mother, stupid, nothing…” 1 continued to fight with my mother every day. I could not get the answer. Then I Pascal’s story shows both the pervasiveness found out that my father was cheating on and the lasting effect of his father’s violence, my mother; that was the main cause of the not only on those who were beaten, but on the fighting. Later I realised that women in the whole family. For young men like Pascal, who entire village were experiencing gender- have witnessed and experienced this from a based and sexual violence. young age, it leads to a cycle of violence which “To my father, beating and assaulting my it is hard to break as they grow up. lovely mother was the way of proving his Pascal himself tells how he went on to be manhood. He used to say every day that a violent young man, using violence not just he was the man: all decisions should be against young women, but against his male directed to him and he would have the final peers as well. He is quite clear that this had say. He used to beat my mother nearly to its roots in his childhood: “Before I started death; but when she talked to her family doing this work [for gender equality], I was a and elder women they used to answer her, dangerous young boy. I think this is because of ‘That’s how you build the house! You must the violence that I experienced in my growing stay, he will change.’ up time. I remember I used to be very angry at “Sometimes she would wake up with a any child or person. Many times I would fight swollen face and fear telling the truth. She and this led me to join a bad group of people would say that she fell during the night who were abusing women and girls... what my because it was dark. All this beating that father did to my lovely mother had become my father was doing to her, many times what I was doing to girls. I became conscious he would kick her against the wall or beat and started to think about how I could change, her with sharp objects. He would insult her though it was very difficult.” in front of us, telling her that she was less Perhaps this is one reason why young

t a r ithan P. a woman; she was nothing, stupid,

n men’s violence is one thing that does not ugly, she didn’t know how to cook. seem to change. It continues because “It affected me a lot because when he violence, particularly male violence against started beating my mother he would turn women, is strongly related to power and to Dyayi Nuswa

116 the state of the world’s girls 117 patriarchal systems. Violence against women have seen the causes and consequences much out of me left ear, I’m partially deaf in is sometimes treated in isolation from the of violence in school in Chapter 3. And we that ear cos of him.” systems and structures that give birth to will look at how violence can be prevented, Woman, 20, Manchester, UK, that violence, but in fact is an integral part using case studies of successful projects and reflecting on relationships of those systems. Inequalities of poverty, programmes, and individual voices from between the ages of 15 and 1912 class and race are also forms of structural young men and young women. We will look violence, and are themselves constructed at the issue from the perspective of both Suffering in The same study also uncovered some in a way that is entirely gendered. UN girls and young women, and boys and young silence. extremely worrying attitudes amongst l f B e r g Women defines gender-based violence men; and ask: what can be done – at both A young men: (GBV) as “violence involving men and structural and individual levels – to try to especially those aged 15 to 19, are at higher “Some of them they do need to get hit. I women, in which the female is usually the put an end to the violence so that men and risk than other groups.8 Sexual, physical and don’t believe in that ‘oh, don’t hit a girl’. victim and which arises from unequal power women can live in peace with each other? psychological violence, mostly by an intimate Even though I don’t like hitting girls, I don’t relationships between men and women”.2 partner, causes women age 15 to 44 as believe in it because sometimes they do This chapter begins by looking at the 2 How violence affects girls much ill-health and death as cancer – and need to get hit.” consequences of violence, first on young and young women more than malaria, traffic accidents and war women, and then on young men, who may combined.9 Violence against women includes An online poll by US-based organisation be both perpetrators and victims. We have “A man of 27 forced me to make love with physical, sexual, psychological and economic Men Can Stop Rape, which mobilises male seen how traditional norms of masculinity him. I felt a lot of pain. I lost my virginity abuse. It occurs in the richest homes and youth to prevent men’s violence against can undermine young men’s ability to show to someone I did not know and who the poorest refugee camps. A World Health women, asked: “How many people do you emotion or weakness. In this chapter we disappeared. My father gets angry very Organisation study10 found, for example, that: know who have been sexually assaulted?’13 will show how this can also push them to be easily and does not care a lot about us. I • In urban Bangladesh, 48 per cent of 15 Forty-five per cent said they knew three or violent towards women and towards other did not dare to tell him because I knew he to 19 year-old women reported physical more people. young men, and examine the causes and would beat me very badly. I also did not tell or sexual violence, or both, by a partner consequences of this violence. What makes a my mother, for fear that she would tell my within the past 12 months, compared with ‘How many people do you know who boy turn into a violent man? What prevents father. I feel guilty and angry with myself.” 10 per cent of 45 to 49 year olds. have been sexually assaulted?’ him doing so? And what structures – legal, 15 year-old girl in Cameroon5 • In urban Peru, the figure was 41 per cent religious, cultural, economic and social – among 15 to 19 year olds compared with 3 or more condone and even support such violence? “I was brought up knowing that if you want eight per cent of 45 to 49 year olds. If we look at society as a whole, what is to have sex with a girl and she doesn’t • In South Africa, one study found that 27.6 2-3 surprising is not that young men are violent, want you, you just klap [hit] her two or per cent of the men interviewed said they but that most are not. Young men are three times and she will give you what you had raped a woman. Asked about their socialised and expected to be violent, if not want. I grew up doing those things... After age at the first time they had forced a 1 actually going to war to fight, then proving being in contact with [Men as Partners]… I woman or girl into sex, 62.9 per cent were themselves in other ways to be ‘real men’. realised that the way I grew up was actually between 10 and 19 years old.11 0 Violence, being tough, is inherent to how we wrong; it wasn’t supposed to be like that. If construct masculinity. you want to have sex it should be a mutual A recent UK study documented some horrific 0 20 40 60 80 100 The focus of most work on gender- feeling, both from your partner and you, violence experienced by young women, % of respondents based violence has been on women and and you agree on doing that.” and frightening levels of domestic violence on supporting them when they flee from Lee Buthelezi, a 25 year old from directed towards 15 to 19 year-old girls. In the same way that young men are violent husbands or partners.3 This work the Johannesburg township of “I’ve had some pretty bad injuries from socialised to be violent, girls and young is absolutely essential. But what has been Thokoza, South Africa6 both my exes and their mates: fractured eye women are seen as compliant, and socialised missing until quite recently is an analysis of socket, I’ve had me jaw broke, broken collar to behave in non-violent ways. Gender is why men – particularly young men – are International laws have made it illegal bone, broken hands, broken legs. R broke about relationships, and as masculinities violent, and what can be done to stop it. to use violence against women and the both of my legs six months into being with expert Michael Kaufman notes: “Gender Until this work is recognised and expanded Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of me, because we were at a party and his roles are constructed and reconstructed – and then joined up with the work with Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has friend’s given me a hug, and as he’s done – and must be questioned – by both women – the focus will continue to be on made it obligatory for countries to take steps to that he’s touched me bum, like on purpose, men and women. Girls and women can the problem rather than the solution. “The end this widespread violation of human rights. and R dragged me out of the party by me contribute to traditional harmful versions more I work on violence against women, the And yet it continues. And the facts are hair and snapped both me legs outside with of manhood, just as boys and men can more I become convinced that the real way truly shocking. Six out of every 10 women a baseball bat. Had a metal pole round me contribute to traditional, restrictive versions forward is to redefine what it means to be in the world experience physical and/or head, dung bells, you know the weight bars, of womanhood.”14 male,” says expert Lori Heise.4 sexual violence at some point in their lives.7 I’ve been knocked out I don’t know how We show how these patterns of behaviour This violence takes no account of age, class, many times, broken nose, they thought I begin to be set from an early age. We religion or ethnic origin. Young women, had bleed on the brain I was bleeding so

118 the state of the world’s girls 119 3 “Guys who fight are cool” – Playing not LEGAL framework – VIOLENCE AGAINST resisting the pressure to punch fighting. WOMEN, RECENT LEGAL PRECEDENTS “I was always the youngest in my neighbourhood. They always bullied and Across the globe, national laws addressing violence law on the part of police, prosecutors, lawyers and molested me. My dad told me to ignore it, against women continue to be updated and improve judges. A second unit is scheduled to open in 2011 but if they attack you defend yourself. And their scope and enforcement capacity. Brazil’s in Herat Province, in northwest Afghanistan. then one day I picked up a rock and hit them Maria da Penha Law on Violence against Women In 2006, neighbouring Pakistan amended Section and the bullying ended.” (2006), the culmination of a lengthy campaign by 8 of the Offences of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Young man, Banja Luka, Bosnia women’s groups and regional and international Ordinance, 1979, which required as proof of rape and Herzegovina20 bodies, has been cited as one of the most advanced four Muslim adult male witnesses to “give evidence in the world. The law provides a variety of legal as eye-witnesses of the act of penetration necessary The reasons for men’s violence against protections, including special courts, preventive to the offence”. However, while this requirement women are complex. They are both structural detentions for severe threats, increased penalties no longer applies to rape, it continues to be in force and individual. They are closely linked to for perpetrators, and affirmative measures to assist with respect to adultery and other extramarital struggles for power and status, and rage and women, including vulnerable domestic workers, and sexual relations (‘zina’).18 frustration. They are at their most intense 15 to educate the public about the issue and the law. In Fanuel Sitakeni Masiya (2007), a 44 year- during youth and adolescence.21 And in many pp D e In August 2007, the President of Brazil announced old man had forced anal sex with a nine year-old societies such violence is perpetuated because n US$590 million to implement the law. UNIFEM girl, which the law classified as indecent assault it is seen as ‘normal’ behaviour. B e hailed the budgetary pledge as a leading example rather than rape. In response, the South African We know that violence, or potential of “a substantial allocation for implementation of Constitutional Court ruled that the definition of the violence, looms large in every boy’s life A 2010 study of six countries by the legislation”.16 crime of rape should be prospectively developed as he grows up. Having to prove yourself International Center for Research on Women In 2009 the Elimination of Violence against to include non-consensual anal penetration of physically is often seen as part of the process (ICRW) and the MenEngage Alliance found Women (EVAW) Law came into force in females, as such violence is no less invasive or of becoming an adult if you are a boy, and that the single most important factor for Afghanistan. A landmark achievement for a degrading to the victim than the current rape is intimately connected to power and status. men who were violent at home was that country emerging from decades of war and gender element requiring vaginal penetration. Anal rape of As one young man in a study in the Balkans they had been victims of violence when they repression, the EVAW law is in line with the Afghan males remains outside the definition of rape.19 said, “Physical strength brings respect.” were children, either abused and beaten constitution and the principles of Sharia that Another noted: “Guys who always fight themselves, or witnessing the abuse of their seek to ensure the dignity are regarded as cool.”22 mother.25 UNICEF reports that boys who and equality of all human As we have seen in Chapter 2, even as see their fathers beating their mothers “are beings. Due to strategic small children, boys are constantly given the twice as likely to become abusive men as considerations, the law came message that they must be strong and tough are the sons of non-violent parents”.26 And into effect as a presidential and fight back. Gary Barker notes: “The this violent model may then be passed on decree rather than going majority of violent behaviour is explained from father to son. It takes a strong young through the parliament by social factors during adolescence and man to move away from a violent childhood and risking its dilution or childhood.”23 – although sometimes boys who have evisceration by conservative At home, negative role models are all too experienced violence at home are those most members. common. opposed to any kind of physical punishment: By July 2010 over 90 “I don’t agree that a man should beat his women had come to the “Violence in couple relationships is a problem wife. I’ve seen my father slap my mother,” newly established unit in of power and control. It is maintained by the said one young man from the Balkans.27 Kabul and said they wanted social structures of oppression in which we In a study in Uganda and Nigeria, young to prosecute their husbands, live... based on gender, class, age and race men in a variety of settings generally saw in-laws, or other abusers.17 inequalities. A national history of wars and a violence against young women as a socially The special unit, with its culture of settling conflict through force also sanctioned extension of male authority 11 prosecutors, can only maintain it. Both men and women learn and at home.28 Young men in India reported reach women who live in practise this logic of human relations based group support for acts of coerced sex; and

Kabul and surrounding os Pictures on power and control over others; however, clearly categorise girls into those seen as areas. It lacks the resources n for men the exercise of this power-over-others sex objects and those seen as eligible for to conduct extensive Seeking help model becomes almost an obligatory criterion marriage. Many saw sex as contractual; if a m i t h / P a investigations and has to in Venezuela. S to our male gender identity.” young woman accepted favours or said she deal with a poor grasp of the P a u l Oswaldo Montoya, Nicaraguan would go out with him, sex was expected. anti-violence activist24 Otherwise, violence could be justified.29

120 the state of the world’s girls 121 A survey of 250,000 school-aged youth in this transfers to kids who then are more She’s come a long way since those days. Men’s denial of violence South Africa indicated that young men were likely to be violent.” “Violence, like wife beating, is considered against women more likely than young women to believe 6 Alcohol and drugs as a catalyst – “Alcohol a natural part of our society,” Rana says. that: makes it possible to beat someone.” “Many don’t even consider it a form of “I had this sneaking suspicion that my • forcing sex with someone you know is not 7 Expectations of what it is to be a man. abuse. When we first started to work on feminist friends – including my esteemed sexual violence violence against women, people laughed co-mortgage holder – were blowing this • girls have no right to refuse sex with their The young men stressed how family, and at us. ‘There’s no violence here,‘ people whole violence against women thing WAY boyfriends fathers in particular, supported violent said. It took a lot of energy and will for OUT OF PROPORTION.” • girls mean yes when they say no behaviour which was also encouraged us to keep talking about it. But it’s much Canadian man34 • girls like sexually violent guys by male peers. But this young man from easier now, since we’re not alone in • girls who are raped ask for it Sarajevo noted: “Sometimes, words are not working on this issue anymore.” Many men say they are not aware that • girls enjoy being raped.30 enough, and you must use physical power. SAATHI – which means friend in violence against women and girls is a major One study in the Balkans found that most But it’s always good to first try and resolve Nepalese – is sponsoring a series of problem.35, 36 This denial and silence is one of young men see physical fighting as both the situation with words.” youth camps to teach young people the reasons why the violence continues. For unavoidable for a man (“nobody gets how to mobilise against gender-based example, in Spain, research showed that only away without fighting”) and formative Breaking traditions in Nepal violence in their society. Workshops 1.2 per cent of men said they were aware (“you cannot grow up to be a man without Bandana Rana is General Secretary of were held on the effects of violence on that violence against women and girls was a fighting”).31 The young men identified a SAATHI, a non-governmental organisation health, safe motherhood, education and serious problem.’37 cycle of violence and pinpointed seven key working to change traditional views on socialisation. Classes were also taught This may be in part because men do causes of violence: violence against women in Nepal. in leadership and communication skills. not define certain acts or verbal abuse as When Bandana Rana talks about Rana remembers a young woman in one violence. Sexual harassment, for example, 1 Exposure to family violence – “If you are growing up in Nepal, one particular of the classes saying that she’d been may not be seen as violent. One report raised well you will not behave violently.” morning often comes to mind. She and taught that girls should be seen and not noted that: “In India incidents other than 2 Exposure to media violence her brother were on their way to school heard and that she always considered rape are dismissed under the inappropriate 3 Individual feelings of inadequacy – “He’s and she was telling him how nervous herself a ‘good girl’ for obeying. “Now, term ‘eve-teasing’… Eve-teasing degrades unwanted in a group and all groups reject she was about a big test she had to take I’ve learned that I must speak out,” she a girl or woman without affecting her and insult him. One day he’ll definitely be that day. “It doesn’t matter if you pass told Rana. physically and is considered by men as violent.” the test,” her brother told her in a well- Boys are taught to rethink the something ‘light in nature’ and ‘fun’, whereas 4 Sexual jealousy, and related feelings of meaning attempt to comfort her, “you traditional gender roles they’re used to for females it is a violation.”38 insecurity – “Jealousy leads to fear, which don’t have to get good grades or a job seeing at home. A young boy at the camp In the Balkans, while the young men in leads to powerlessness, which leads to when you grow up; you’re just going to said he thought it was perfectly fine for the study almost unanimously opposed [rage which leads to] violence.” get married anyway.” Rana remembers his father, while watching television, to violence against women (“a real man 5 Stress related to economic insecurity and feeling relieved, thinking he was right. demand that his wife fetch him a glass should not allow himself to beat his wife, jobs – “Unemployment raises frustration As it turns out, Rana did pass the test of water, even though she was busy with should stay cool”) some felt that slapping which makes tension into the family, and and did get a job (she also got married). something else. The boy told Rana that and what they considered to be milder he thought he’d be like that when he forms of chastisement was allowed: grew up. “But the workshop taught him “Beating is not good, but slapping is Gender-based violence through the life cycle32 that there’s another, better way to live, sometimes OK.” “If you push her, it is not This diagram from Save the Children Sweden shows how by sharing the workload and thereby violence.”39 gender-based violence continues through the life cycle. lessening the burden for both,” Rana In the UK, a survey for Amnesty says. “After the workshop, he told me International found that more than one in Prenatal Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adult Elderly that when he marries, he will look for four respondents thought a women was Sex-selective Female Child marriage, Dating and Abuse by intimate Physical and someone to share his experiences as well partially or totally responsible for being abortions, infanticide, genital mutilation, courtship violence, partner, marital psychological as his work.” raped if she was wearing sexy or revealing battering emotional and sexual abuse, economically rape, dowry abuse abuse, Rana is optimistic about the future and clothing, and more than one in five held the during physical abuse, differential access coerced sex, rape, and murder, negligence pregnancy, differential to food and sexual harassment, partner homicide, believes that attitudes are changing in same view if a woman had had many sexual coerced access to food medical care, child physical and psychological and Nepal. She sees the changes reflected in partners.40 pregnancy and medical care, trading, physical degrading abuse physical her two daughters, who still face many Research in Scotland found that 50 per negligence and degrading abuses, sexual challenging tests of their own. “I’ve cent of boys and 33 per cent of girls thought abuse exploitation, physical harm, noticed a shift in our society,” she says, that it was OK to hit a woman or to force rape “and I’m ready to break traditions to help her to have sex in certain circumstances. push it along.”33 Thirty-six per cent of boys believed they might personally hit a woman or force her to have sex.41

122 the state of the world’s girls 123 While boys are socialised to believe they 4 Flashpoints and male violence beaten by the police.48 them to become activists themselves in have sexual rights over girls, especially if the Gangs like this are part of a drug culture, their communities. girl is perceived as sexually ‘loose’, girls are “The answer to the youth challenge is and as Darwin’s mother said, once you are Janaina feels that the project has had often socialised to accept male control of not to further marginalise or paint male in, you can never get out. Of the estimated a ‘multiplier effect’ on her and the other sexual decision-making and even violence.42 youth as fearsome security threats… It is, 10,000 people in the gangs in favelas in Rio women in the group, encouraging them to A study in Nicaragua found that 25 per cent in fact, quite the opposite: unemployed, in 2002, more than half were under 18.49 want to reach out to more young women. of rural and 15 per cent of urban women under-educated young men require But labelling young men, particularly those She feels that her life has definitely believed a husband was justified in beating positive engagement and appropriate on the margins, as violent also contributes changed for the better since joining his wife for neglecting the children or the empowerment, and participatory financial to that violence. What they need is support, Minas da Rima, and that it is an initiative house.43 In Egypt, between 40 and 81 per and programme support.” alternative models of what it is to be a man – that could really reverse the history of cent of women felt beatings were justified Marc Sommers, South Africa46 and gainful employment. violence in her neighbourhood. for reasons including neglecting the house “The project brought access to or children, refusing sex, answering back or While violence against women cuts across Brazil: Speaking out against information, something that didn’t exist disobedience.44 class, race, and geography, male violence – violence through hip hop50 before,” she says. “It is startling to see outside wars – tends to be most intense at Janaina Oliveira is a young woman from how the criminals are never punished, The Men of Strength Campaign45 the ‘flashpoints’ in a society. For example, a poor neighbourhood in one of Rio de and how women end up without any ‘My strength is not for hurting’ reads the it intensifies where there is poverty or Janeiro’s suburbs with an alarmingly rights. There are few actually aware of slogan on the young men’s T-shirts. unemployment, or where there has been high rate of violence against women and their right to denounce domestic violence, Men Can Stop Rape’s youth conflict, or where men feel threatened in girls. She is not only an advocate against and it’s easy to understand why. They’re development programme, the Men of other ways related to religion or culture. violence, she is also a rapper. She belongs afraid, because even if the aggressors are Strength Club, is the US’s premier primary to a group of women who are part of caught, they can easily get out, and when violence prevention programme for Young men on the margins a project called Minas da Rima (Girls they do, the situation gets worse.” mobilising young men to prevent sexual Although male violence against women cuts of Rhyme), supported by the UNIFEM Janaina says that her decision to join and dating violence. The Men of Strength across all social classes, young men living Trust Fund to Eliminate Violence Against the fight against violence came from (or MOST) Club provides young men with on the margins – in ‘favelas’ and slums and Women. her learning through the project of the a structured and supportive space to build on poor housing estates, those with little or Minas da Rima has been using hip challenges facing women who are abused. individualised definitions of masculinity no education and few prospects – are more hop music and dance to highlight issues She wants to do something about it: “It’s that promote healthy relationships. The likely than others to be both the victims and related to gender-based violence, important to demand from our members programme works in over 100 schools the perpetrators of violence. especially among youth. The group, made of congress to approve more severe laws and has its own TV programme. MOST Being seen as tough and strong gives up of female hip hop enthusiasts, has that address this problem, because there Club aims to: them status among their peers – and often been reaching out to young women to are more women dying at home, as a • Provide young men with a safe, with young women too. Reed, an 18 year get them to share their experiences of result of domestic violence, than in wars.” supportive space to connect with male old from Chicago, said: “I used to be in discrimination and violence, in order to The rapper will soon launch a video peers that stuff [gangs] but not anymore. And rebuild their confidence and empower clip that condemns domestic violence, • Promote an understanding of the girls used to come up to me by the dozen and she expects that its broadcast on ways in which traditional masculinity because I had money and cars… I made a Getting out TV will open up an important space for contributes to sexual assault and other reputation for myself that will pass for myself the message a more intense debate around the issue. forms of men’s violence against women over a long time.”47 in Brazil. “It is important that women have access • Expose young men to healthier, non- The lure of belonging, of having access to to information, that they fight for their violent models/visions of manhood power and wealth, is too strong. Boys like rights, so that in the next elections we • Build young men’s capacity to become Darwin, from Tegucigalpa in Honduras, who can choose better and demand a more peer leaders and allies with women was good at school and wanted to become solid legislation, one that guarantees our • Serve as a hub for social justice a doctor. But when he was 14, he joined the protection,” she says. activism and non-violence. 18th Street gang. “Darwin met a girl from Vincent Scott, a young man who has the 18th Street gang at a party. The gang Young men, gangs and guns been through the MOST training, says: “I was a new world. They promised clothes, In this context, drugs come with guns. And have a new-found respect for women and shoes, gold chains, and the chance to be a with guns comes violence. A report on what they go through. I learned about leader, a boss,” said his mother, Sarah. “But teenagers notes that: “Young people are the things that males do that are harmful it was all a lie. When you start, the gang particularly vulnerable to gun culture if they to women everywhere. I now think of a gives you a better identity, but when you try have grown up knowing no other way. The woman as my partner and no more as an to get out you can’t.” Darwin started to get proliferation of guns across conflict and object.” in trouble with the police, and was arrested non-conflict zones, cities and countryside,

several times. He died when he was 16, two a c m continues. The phenomenon of youth gangs i o b

days after being arrested and reportedly á in El Salvador has spilled over into schools, F

124 the state of the world’s girls 125 with coalitions of high schools fighting the 1991 war – notorious for mass rapes as Researchers worked with young men in jail, they look for revenge.” each other, using knives and modified belt well as for the castration of men and boys Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Few of the young men referred directly to buckles, but also guns. In South Africa, imprisoned in war camps – found that, post- Montenegro to find out about how they the war as a cause of current violence, saying boys told interviewers that they felt girls war, women and girls faced increasing levels understood masculinity, what they felt were that they were too young when it happened. prefer men who have guns. However, girls of domestic violence.53 the main influences on them as males, how But one noted that: “Lots of time needs to in the same community said that boys used they viewed women, what they thought pass until we can accept the fact that we are guns to coerce them into sexual relations. caused male violence against women and a violent nation. I think a lot of effort and Male violence against girls and women is what prevented such violence. financial support needs to be invested in this reinforced by cultures of weaponry; the The young men felt that “sexual violence issue.” gun becomes an extension of male power. is one of the types of violence around which Another pointed out: “Wars, blood Wherever guns are present, in the home, the most silence exists”. They also said that revenge are a part of our history. I doubt you at school or on the street, violence is more abused women were unlikely to get help and can eradicate them anytime soon.” likely to be lethal.”51 highlighted the failure of the police and court And another said: “I think that war This is self-evident in actual conflict system to bring justice to the victim. had some influence [on his development] situations, but also post-conflict.52 During The young men felt that laws relating because I was born in 1991. It also war, young men are forced to display violent to violence against women were not influenced my neighbours; there were many behaviour towards the ‘enemy’. Once a war implemented and this could put women in violent neighbours in the building. There os Pictures is over, this violence is often brought home n danger once again. As one young man said, was one neighbour who would carry a club and manifested towards sisters, mothers and “because of the inability to enforce laws, and he liked to fight. He had beaten a few m i t h / P a daughters. S criminals stay in jail for only two to three people… that really influences you when you One study in the western Balkans after days or a month, and when they are out of see it.” P a u l

the case by Jessica Lenahan (formerly Gonzales) raped by her teacher and instructing the Ministry LEGAL framework – VIOLENCE AGAINST against police in Colorado who failed to enforce of Education to issue a policy addressing the WOMEN, in the home and at work her protective order against her abusive estranged phenomenon). husband, who abducted and later killed her three Without legal protection against sexual Many nations have passed specific laws to address to arm police with a much-needed tool to deal with young daughters. Although Jessica repeatedly harassment and retaliation in the workplace, domestic violence and intimate partner violence, domestic violence. Under the new law, police may called the police, telling them of her fears for her women can be abused, fired and overlooked in adding particular circumstances relevant to their issue 24-hour restraining orders on the scene of daughters’ safety, the police failed to respond.57 hiring and promotions with no recourse. In 2006, contexts. Some nations remain reluctant to abolish a domestic violence incident. Victims can request The Supreme Court held that she had no after 12 years of advocacy and negotiations, the the marital rape exemption – where husbands who courts to issue similar civil protective orders for up Constitutional right to police enforcement of her government of Bangladesh passed a new labour force their wives to have sex cannot be held liable, to three months. The law also calls for government restraining order. code, which, while it applies to all workers, premised on the notion that once a woman marries funding of temporary shelters for victims, in After this dismissal, which critics deem to be in contains specific sections to protect garment she provides blanket consent to the sexual demands addition to the one such shelter in existence at the violation of US obligations under the International industry workers, most of whom are women. The of her husband. time the law was passed. Supporters of the law Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and law provides explicit protections against sexual The 2007 Domestic Violence Act in Ghana hope it will encourage victims to refuse to endure related international human rights instruments, Ms harassment, as well as other employment rights is credited with bringing to the foreground violence and come forward seeking justice. In Lenahan filed a petition before the Inter-American such as written contracts and identity cards, timely discussions about domestic violence and its adverse 2005 – the year before the law was passed – the Commission on Human Rights, the first individual payment of wages, revised minimum wage, and effects on women and families. A coalition of civil Supreme Court reported only 11 cases throughout complaint brought by a victim of domestic violence paid maternity leave.59 society and government actors advocating for a the country.55 against the United States for international human To tackle directly persistent sexual harassment Domestic Violence Bill was prompted by ground- In Jordan, after years of advocacy by women’s rights violations. The case is currently pending affecting women in educational institutions, NGOs, breaking research in 1999 on violence against girls rights and civil society organisations, the before the Commission.58 academia, media and factories, the Bangladesh and women in Ghana that revealed that one in three government enacted the Family Protection Law in Women Lawyers’ Association filed a court petition women experienced physical violence and 20 per 2008 and established a special court in 2009 to Sexual harassment in 2008 to require legislative implementation “to cent of women said their first experience of sexual process cases involving so-called ‘honour’ crimes. Sexual harassment, defined as a form of sex address the issue of abuse of sexual harassment, intercourse was by force.54 The law outlines procedures for police, the courts discrimination by the CEDAW Committee, [to] protect and safeguard the rights of women The Act establishes a protective orders regime and medical providers to follow when dealing with undercuts women’s ability to exercise their human and girl children at the work place, educational and establishes a fund for basic material support victims of domestic abuse, and prescribes penalties rights, in particular their right to education and institutions/universities and… public and other and rehabilitation of victims, and for building of fines and imprisonment for perpetrators.56 employment. Sexual harassment in schools severely places”.60 shelters in the regions and districts. While international and regional legal standards curtails girls’ ability to succeed in their studies and Two years later, the Supreme Court ruled that Georgia’s new law on domestic violence, passed move toward a global consensus about state duty severely affects their mental well-being and self- every business and college must designate a in 2006, explicitly defines abuse within the family to exercise due diligence to prevent gender-based esteem. (See Chapter 3 for the Zambian High Court process for women to complain safely about sexual as a crime and sets up a protective orders system violence, a 2005 US Supreme Court dismissed decision awarding civil damages to a schoolgirl harassment.61

126 the state of the world’s girls 127 that victims as well as perpetrators of Fear among homicide were mostly young men, and that in 2004, 10 men were killed for the ’maras‘ every woman.66 The same report notes Nikki van der Gaag talks to young that: “Youth seem to be the social people in El Salvador about the country’s group most prone to be the victims of notorious gang violence – and what can be any type of street violence, including done about it. violence from government agents or El Salvador has one of the highest murder from representatives of private security rates in the world. Up to 10 people die companies. Thus, this data confirms the every day in this tiny country with a idea that youth are usually the victims of

62 a a g population of just over seven million. violence, rather than the victimisers.” G e r d The majority are young men who become There is a link between the violence Working n a involved in gangs, known as ‘maras’ or in the streets and violence in the family. v to combat ‘pandillas’. One study of El Salvador’s gangs found violence. N i k k i Cindy Romero, who is an elected youth that almost eight out of every 10 gang councillor in Cuidad Arce, one of the 20 members came from a violent home.67 on the gangs. Prisons are packed, there is most violent towns in the country, says: Carla, aged 18, says: “The first education a poster campaign against violence, and “In this municipality there are places that we receive is from our parents. If our in September 2010 it introduced a law to .

are fully controlled by gangs and where K parents are not violent in the home we criminalise the maras. In response, the even the police don’t go.” The maras are are not going to be violent outside.” maras brought the capital, San Salvador, u s V i k i

known for their brutality. Murders, rapes n Some young people talk about to a halt for three days by forcing

and beheadings are common – in August t e f a witnessing parents abusing their children. transport to shut down; 80 per cent of 2010 a six year-old girl was beheaded on S Ana, aged 16, from Opico, says: “Close to public buses stopped running and many her way to school.63 another very violent city, says the media Living in fear. my home there is a man who has a child businesses closed as well.68 Most Salvadorans will tell you that don’t help: “Often we are afraid to leave and he chains him to the window and Nonetheless, the law was passed. the gang violence comes from the the house because the media projects sometimes we can hear screams all the Among other things, it put into place United States: 1.1 million El Salvadorans violent images. Sometimes they are true way from our house. Unfortunately, now measures to prevent young people emigrated to the United States in and sometimes not. The media makes he has another child too…” becoming involved in crime. Non- 2010, making up 2.7 per cent of the people very worried. Young people Seventeen year-old Nelson says: “In my governmental organisations like Plan US’s total foreign-born population.64 see other young people dead and this neighbourhood there is a kid who sells play a key role here, working with young El Salvador itself has an estimated 6.7 frightens us.” vegetables and if he doesn’t sell them he people on projects to prevent violence. million population – thus the impact of Rosario, aged 18, has seen that gets hit. Last year the police came to talk The young people themselves believe emigration to the US must be strongly violence at first hand. She is a young to them because neighbours called the that active participation and education felt.65 Many become involved in gangs mother with two small daughters. She police. But they didn’t take the kid away can help to prevent future generations there and bring a gang culture, driven lives in a poor and violent community. and nothing happened.” becoming violent. Cindy, aged 20, says: by drugs and extortion, back with them She makes a living for her whole family The government is trying to crack down “Violence is a wide topic because it is when they return. The violence can also by selling vegetables on the street. Three where all rights are taken away. We have be traced to the number of guns in the months ago her brother was shot by gang to be honest and say that most families country and to the history of extreme members not 100 metres from her home. Police patrol in a are not able to educate their kids about violence during more than a decade of Her own father is an alcoholic who beats slum in El Salvador. violence – it is passed on from generation civil war in the 1980s. Add poverty and up her mother on the occasions that he to generation.” Hector, aged 20, said youth unemployment into the mix and it turns up at their house. Rosario wants no that he thought it was important to work makes an explosive cocktail. contact with her girls’ two fathers. with young people because they were Whatever its origins, the power of Javier, aged 20, from Cabañas, says: still at the stage when their identities the maras lies not only in their physical “We are the second most violent country were being formed and there was the presence, but in the fear that they spread. in Latin America and in most cases it is possibility of changing their behaviour. Residential areas in San Salvador look like boys that are affected – violence against In addition: “If young people lead other os Pictures

mini-prisons, with metal security gates young men is higher than violence n young people then they are more likely to

closing off every front yard. If they can, against young women. We face pressure / P a get motivated.” n k e

people drive rather than walk. And private from the police and the authorities – n In the meantime, the metal grilles security guards with guns patrol shops, the police search us and harass us just remain on people’s homes and the gangs B l a n e

businesses and restaurants. because we are young and male.” His d continue to roam freely in many parts of Fifteen year-old Dinora from Cabañas, view is confirmed in a study which found the country. P i e t

128 the state of the world’s girls 129 Young men, unemployment expected to protect our family honour. This violence, all of which are related to the and violence involves us in fighting.” He adds: “But we way that they are socialised to be men.84 In don’t like it.”80 Jamaica, Brazil, Colombia and some parts “Since 1981 I have been involved in every Hence the increase in so-called ‘honour of sub-Saharan Africa, more young men riot there has been… I had no work. I crimes’ where a young woman is seen to die in these ways than in countries at war. had nothing to do. Why should I not get have transgressed traditional family codes. Even in Western Europe, these external involved? Three months ago, I became While there are no accurate statistics, many causes make up more than 60 per cent of employed as a civil servant. Now that I am countries have documented girls who have mortality among boys and young men up getting my daily bread, why should I get been forced to marry or been murdered by to the age of 24.85 In the Americas, the involved [in such violence]? Lots of young their families in the name of family ‘honour’.81 World Health Organisation estimates that men do not have [stable work].” the risk of dying from homicide if you are Mohammed, now a civil servant in Nigeria69 Elektra and Sharaf82 a young man between the ages of 15 and Elektra is a programme of Fryshuset, 29 is almost 28 times greater than the Research has also shown that young men which calls itself ‘the largest youth centre average risk worldwide.86 In Brazil, the may turn to violence as a way to display in the world’. Elektra works in Sweden 2000 census found that there were nearly power in the face of rising unemployment with migrant communities against 200,000 fewer men than women aged which has left many unable to fulfil ‘honour’ violence and oppression. It between 15 and 29 because of higher rates 70, 71 87 traditional gender roles. One study by os Pictures defines ‘honour-related violence and of mortality. n Instituto Promundo in Rio de Janeiro found oppression’ as ‘an archaic and cruel way / P a that a third of male partners of women n to execute control over daughters (and One Man Can: “See it and stop it”88 t o n i victims of domestic violence were out of H sons) in order to preserve the family South Africa has amongst the highest work. This was about twice the national a m honour’. Elektra’s goal is that nobody levels of domestic violence and rape average. Another expert noted that: a D should live under honour oppression. of any country in the world. Research “Becoming a man – generally defined first into care when he was nine years old: “My Young men Elektra therefore works with: conducted by the Medical Research and foremost as being the provider – is mum was drinking... my brother got adopted may turn to • Providing support, counselling and Council in 2004 shows that every six becoming increasingly difficult to achieve out. I started drinking right heavy. My dad alcohol. in acute cases a protected means of hours, a woman is killed by her intimate for many low-income young men due to was violent... Had my daughter when I escape partner. South Africa’s National Injury the instability of traditional sources of was 16 but I haven’t seen her for months. • Prevention by changing attitudes Mortality Surveillance System also tells us employment.”72 My mum died while I were inside and they among young people from affected that the rate at which South African men As a result, young men may turn to wouldn’t even let me go to the funeral.”77 cultures. This is done within the youth kill each other is amongst the highest in gangs – or alcohol. The World Health “Prison is a place of aggression in which groups Sharaf heroes (boys) and Sharaf the world. Organisation notes that: “Drunkenness is a young adult learns even more about heroines (girls) The One Man Can Campaign is run by an important immediate situational factor selfishness and violence as forms of survival,” • Educating and giving advice to the Sonke Gender Justice in South Africa. It that can precipitate violence. In a Swedish said Finola Farrant of the Howard League for authorities – schools, social services, supports men and boys to take action to Ending up in study which was part of the WHO report, Penal Reform in an interview with Yvonne police and other agencies end domestic and sexual violence and to prison. about three-quarters of violent offenders Roberts of the UK’s Observer newspaper. • Lobbying in order to make the whole and around half the victims of violence were “Prison infantilises these 18 to 20 year olds society aware of and committed to intoxicated at the time of the incident; and in at a crucial moment in their development. extinguishing ‘honour’ oppression and the same report’s Cambridge study, many of A vital opportunity to recast themselves as violence. the boys fought after drinking.’73 men with a non-criminal future is lost.”78 Violence is also likely to mean that 5 The consequences of violence someone ends up in prison. Not surprising, Culture under threat for young men then, that the prison population almost Violence may also emerge strongly when always includes more young men than men feel their religion, culture or authority “Whatever the complex social and women, and that many of these are from is threatened, either at a societal or family psychological causes of men’s violence, it disadvantaged backgrounds or marginalised level. As one report notes: “If men feel their wouldn’t continue if there weren’t explicit groups. In the US, women accounted for authority is in jeopardy, they may attempt or tacit permission in social customs, only 7.9 per cent of the prison population to tighten control over the women and girls legal codes, law enforcement and certain

74 os Pictures in 2008. More young men of African around them, especially if it is perceived religious teachings.” n

American descent go to prison than that female gains toward independence or Michael Kaufman, Co-Founder of / P a n 75 83 k e

university. Among youth aged 20 to 24 in equality mean a loss in their own entitlement the White Ribbon Campaign n as men.”79

2008, men were 11 times more likely than And as Iqbal, aged eight, from B l a n

76 e women to be in prison. Pakistan, notes, boys like him get involved Young men have [among] the highest rates d Young men like Lee, aged 19, who went in violence. “Because we are boys we are of death by traffic accident, suicide and P i e t

130 the state of the world’s girls 131 whether from the structural violence that is part of society, or from other gender “It took me 20 years to realise that I’d 90 inequality. Most grown men find it difficult to challenge violence, and to acknowledge done something wrong” its roots in their own views of women. Dumisani Rebombo was 15 when he raped a girl “When we met, she recognised me and was For boys and young men it is even more at his school in South Africa in 1976. Twenty years surprised. I told her: ‘I realise I caused you pain 20 difficult. They are at a stage in their lives later he met her to apologise. Now 48, he is a years ago. I understand how wrong this was and I when being accepted as part of the group gender equality activist and is married with two came to apologise.’ She was silent and she started and fitting in with their peers – not to daughters and a son. He says: crying. mention being ‘cool’ in front of young “She said: ‘After you, two other men raped me. women – is important. “I didn’t have any goats or cattle, which brought a I’ve never told anyone that. Every time I think of it It takes a brave person to say: this has to lot of ridicule from my peers. There was constant my whole body shudders. I’ve never really been well. stop. As one young man said of watching jeering that I wasn’t a real boy. Some of them said: Sometimes, when my husband touches me, I cringe boys harass girls at his school: “Some of ‘There’s a girl who’s full of herself and doesn’t want and he wonders why.’ the boys that I considered my friends even to know us; you need to be party to disciplining her.’ “She said: ‘The fact that you’ve come 600 miles to began to do it. It felt awful to watch, but if “I made the decision to agree to it. I was given apologise helps me believe you and I’m grateful. Do I said anything it would not stop them and beer and I smoked. I remember that, after the act, me a favour: teach your son not to do what you did would only hurt me.”89 it was reported to the whole soccer team and my to me.’ Gary Barker, International Director of friend and I were given a standing ovation. I moved “I thought I was going to leave behind one load but, er Justice Network Promundo, who has written extensively away and it faded away from my mind. when she said that, I had a new load to take with me. nd e

G on young men and masculinities, notes: “It took me 20 years to realise that I’d done “We live in a society that has known so k e n “For every young man who recreates something wrong. In my work in the HIV field I met much violence for so much time that it becomes o S traditional and sometimes violent versions unemployed women and every single week they normalised. People don’t shudder and jump promote healthy, equitable relationships of manhood, there is another young man reported violence from the men. I couldn’t help but when they hear these things. There is a negative that men and women can enjoy – who lives in fear of this violence. For every go back and say: this is something I did myself 20 perception that if you don’t treat women as second- passionately, respectfully and fully. young man who hits his female partner, years ago. class citizens, they will take over the leadership. The One Man Can Campaign promotes there is a brother or son who cringes at the “I went to see my religious mentor and said I have “We need a bigger movement. There are men the idea that each one of us has a role to violence he witnesses men using against his Traumatised to go and apologise to my victim. He said, ‘You were who don’t rape but when they see these atrocities play, that each one of us can create a better, sister or mother.”92 by violence. only 15 years old, it’s in the past; what if she reports around them, they remain silent. When they speak more equitable and more just world. At it?’ I said that would be justice for her. out, we will win the battle.”91 the same time, the campaign encourages men to work together with other men and with women to take action – to build a Other young men point out that acting pledged: “never [to] commit, condone or movement, to demand justice, to claim our in a non-violent way is risky on a number of remain silent about violence against women rights and to change the world. fronts. This applies to intervention: “It is not and girls. Wearing a white ribbon is a way One Man Can believes that young easy to stop a fight. The person who tries to of saying: ‘Our future has no violence Campaigners men have a particular responsibility to is very brave... it is very hard to be against against women’.”94 use music. challenge violence against women and the majority.”93 girls. Every day in South Africa young Boys and young men need support in men and women as well as boys and girls order to take a stand against violence, face alarmingly high levels of domestic especially if violence is considered the and sexual violence. One Man Can gives norm by all their peers. And while excellent young men and women ideas about what programmes for young men do exist – many they can do to change this. These include of them showcased in this report – there ‘examining your own beliefs and actions’; are not nearly enough of them to challenge ‘supporting a survivor’; ‘taking action’; the violence that is institutionalised and and ‘see it and stop it’. condoned in most societies. This is why campaigns such as White 6 “Everyone gains” – challenging Ribbon, the largest effort in the world male violence to end violence against women, are so important. White Ribbon focuses on public Addressing violent behaviour is not a actions and awareness-raising among men problem with simple solutions. It is not and boys. Campaigners use the white n n something that can be viewed in isolation, ribbon as a symbol that its wearer has P l a P l a

132 the state of the world’s girls 133 The White Ribbon Campaign 7 Conclusion: what helps young “From recent experience I understand men not to use violence? how difficult it is for a woman who is abused to find real help. Being abused is “I’ve learned to talk about my problems or usually not just a single action against a if I can’t talk about it, I listen to music. I tell woman from an abusive man, but rather myself I’ll never hit her again.” a result of several factors, including Armando, 19, Chicago, US98 psychological, physical and economic combined together into a web, where Work that has been done with young men women get trapped.” about violence has identified a number of Stanislav Kadura, street seller, involved in factors that help them not to be violent. the White Ribbon campaign in the UK95 These include: • Maturity as young men gain self control The White Ribbon Campaign aims to and recognise that their actions have mobilise men and boys in support of consequences. “I sometimes wish to have working to end violence against women. a fight, when someone is being a jerk. But Participants in the campaign wear or I stop myself. I think about consequences,” display a white ribbon or other white says one young man from Podgorica, symbols to make a public pledge never to Western Balkans.99 commit, condone, or remain silent about • Talking about it. Having others recognise violence against women. that working against the violence so The first White Ribbon Campaign was prevalent in our societies is hard. Getting launched by a group of men in Canada support from counsellors and others whom after the brutal mass shooting of 14 young men respect, and in particular female students at the University of having one individual who is there to help Montreal in 1991, and led to 100,000 them through the difficult times, is crucial. men across Canada wearing a white It is important to be positive rather than n ribbon in 1991 alone. The campaign has foster a culture of blame. P l a now spread to over 55 countries and has • Support from mothers, and importantly, affected many men and women.96 fathers, is needed to counter violent seeking alternative ways of being a ‘real man’. Jackson Katz, an American who works 'Hatred and The White Ribbon Campaign attempts impulses and tendencies. As is support “Our task is to consider men and boys on men and masculinities issues, says: “We anger don't to include men from across the social from a peer group that is interested in not just as beneficiaries of women’s work need more men with the guts to stand live in my and political spectrum. It also works alternative views of what it means to be a or holders of privilege or perpetrators of up and say abusive behaviour is abusive community'. with women’s organisations; conducts man. Reach young men where they are – violence against women; but also explicitly behaviour, and it’s not right, and it doesn’t high-profile public campaigns with using activities that young men enjoy, such as agents of change, participants in reform, make me less of a man to point that out.”102 popular male leaders in speaking out as sport, games and music. and potential allies in search of gender But together with young women, many against violence; and provides resources In both Nairobi and Accra, young people justice,” says Raewyn Connell.101 young men are willing and able to envisage for work in schools. The campaign aims described the benefits of schooling in Breaking the cycle of violence will take a world where they are able to be the kind at encouraging men and women to relation to conflict reduction. The young years of work by men who are not afraid to of man they want to be; a world free from partake in its activities at a local level, men particularly spoke about needing to speak out and may be vilified by other men violence. We need to support them in as it believes ‘people know best’ when ensure peaceful coexistence as an outcome for doing so. building this world. it comes down to what will effectively of school, not least by listening, by self reach men and boys in their community, discipline and keeping control, and by not school, workplace and country. forcing principles on other people. Key to “Violence against women is an issue that improved communication skill was that is relevant to all men. All of us have interaction with the opposite sex. Mixed friends who could be potential victims, secondary schooling clearly had an effect of and all of us know people who could be encouraging young men to see girls as their potential abusers. It is essential that all ‘sisters’ and for girls to redefine boys as their people work together to end domestic ‘brothers’.100 abuse now,” says Adam Phillips, a While violence continues to be pervasive, student in Britain.97 there is hope for change. Programmes working with young men have shown that they are prepared to take up the challenge of

134 the state of the world’s girls 135 Changing our lives

Introduction of the male politicians in power. More7 recently, in Rwanda male politicians enacted For the last four years Plan has published legislation that would put equal numbers reports on the State of the World’s Girls. of male and female representatives in their These reveal that in too many countries parliament. They had been convinced it girls are not valued by their families, are was the right thing to do and it was vital, if not protected by their communities and change was to be achieved, that they were that governments fail to give them the convinced. legislative and financial support they need. However, bringing about change is Girls remain too often second-class citizens. complex. It is not merely a question of Their opportunities are limited by the legislation; even in societies with legislation infrastructure and attitudes of the world they in place, attitudes remain hard to shift. live in. In order for a girl to gain the rights Behavioural change, which lies at the she is entitled to she must therefore change heart of achieving gender equality, at the world around her. This is asking a lot. individual, family, community and national The responsibility to bring about change and level, will be difficult. This year’s report to achieve justice should not be left to girls, has illustrated the price that boys and or women, alone. This year the ‘Because I am girls continue to pay if we do not make a Girl’ report has looked at the role of boys this shift. This chapter identifies some and men in achieving gender equality and key strategies and brings together some social justice. Men and boys who often hold key initiatives – programmes, campaigns the levers of power at family, community and and legislation – that have played their government levels must work with girls and part in consolidating behavioural change, women to achieve real and lasting change – and point the way to how, working and that change will benefit boys too. together, we can go further and faster in Increasingly, men themselves are transforming the world we live in. acknowledging, as we have shown in earlier chapters, that they too are impoverished Challenges by rigid gender roles. Sharing power may Current policy challenges in relation to in fact be empowering for everyone: transforming masculinities and engaging not a diminishing of masculinity but an boys and young men involve: enhancement of it. In many societies in • Public policies which reinforce traditional many different parts of the world men stereotypes of men and boys, and portray have voted for legislation that gives women male youth as problematic rights. In 1902 Australian women, followed • Most policies on gender issues make no shortly by women in Finland and Norway, mention of masculinities, or engaging men got the vote; a change that would have and boys as both beneficiaries and power been impossible without the cooperation brokers A l f B e r g

136 the state of the world’s girls 137 • At a global level, policies remain ‘men- The 48th Session of the Commission on the Changing Human Behaviour centric’, assuming that men are a Status of Women: Agreed Conclusions on “The question about inequality among girls, and later about women, is a central question homogeneous group, and are either not Engaging Men and Boys in Gender Equality for society. The gender gap starts at an early age and continues, and if we want to willing or unable to change.1 Policies tend In the final statement of the UN Commission advance as a society we have to solve that. We have to solve it for women but we also to conceptualise men as the problem and on the Status of Women, member states have to solve it more generally for society. not the solution agreed to call for: “The question is: how do we decrease this gap? How do we get people to view each • There can be conflicting policies in • Gender-equitable education for boys and other in a more equitable way? One of the answers that comes from social psychology is different ministries or departments with girls that as long as there’s a separation between ‘us’ and ‘them’, prejudice can still happen. divergent perspectives on masculinities • Engaging men as fathers in gender equitable Under those conditions, when there is ‘us’ versus ‘them’, people view the in-group (their and youth socialisation of children in care-giving own group) as having lots of variability, individualism and individual nuances; and they • Not enough is known about boys aged 10 • Institutionalising the inclusion of men view the other group as being very separate, with very different motives, and they also to 13 (ie early adolescence). This makes and boys in gender equality and gender view the other group as being much more homogeneous, and much more the same. Of creating targeted policies difficult. mainstreaming policies course, under those conditions it is easy to say that everybody from this ‘other group’ is These challenges require not only a new • Public information campaigns and X, Y, and fall to stereotypical ideology. approach to integrating boys and men into engaging the media, including internet, in “So with this in mind, one of the suggestions is to think about how we reduce this the gender equality agenda, but new tools questioning inequitable and sexist views segregation, how we get men and women to become friends from [an] early age, with for ensuring this work is done effectively. • Engaging men and boys in HIV/AIDS the idea that the more friendship that exists, the more nuances people would see with treatment and prevention, and in sexual the other gender, and the less likely they are to discriminate against the other gender.” Commitments and reproductive health; and Dan Ariely, Alfred P Sloan Professor of Behavioral Economics; Director, The Center for Advanced Over the past decade we have seen high- • Engaging men and boys to reduce gender- Hindsight; Director, eRationality Research Group at MIT; and author of the NYT’s best-selling level policy support to mainstreaming based violence. ‘Predictably Irrational’ and ‘The Upside of Irrationality’ masculinities in gender equality policies. We highlight some critical commitment EU Council of Ministers: Conclusions on Working towards gender equality and social justice is about changing human behaviour. This statements to highlight positive practice Men and Gender Equality report acknowledges that this will inevitably involve trying to change social norms, cultural which should be encouraged, and also In the past there has been a limited explicit or religious beliefs, attitudes and even habits. As such, the policy recommendations below leveraged, by Civil Society Organisations to focus on men within EU policy. There has been are not offering precisely targeted solutions but reflect the inherent complexity of attaining hold duty bearers to account. a longstanding interest in encouraging men gender equality. An issue, which in the private sphere, in the minutiae of human relationships and behaviour, public policies find hard to reach. To understand what would be involved from a policy standpoint we draw on work This report has proved just how important real change is; as the chart below demonstrates, gender-based from the field of behavioural economics, which attempts to influence people’s choices by discrimination is a double-edged sword, hurting both girls and boys in different ways: unpacking what motivates them to change.5 • People are influenced by other people’s behaviour. We observe others and copy them, Girls Boys and we are encouraged to continue behaving in a certain way if we feel others approve. • People are creatures of habit. We won’t think about our actions, we’ll just go through Less likely to go to school to begin with, as their More likely in some regions to drop out of school the motions, unless someone brings it to our attention. education is not valued • People need to feel involved and effective to make a change: just giving people the incentives and information is not necessarily enough. Hand in hand Harmful Traditional Practices such as FGM and Pressure to conform to stereotypes leads boys to in Cambodia. early marriage specifically target girls to control act in violent ways, including increased instances as carers (especially for children), but only in their sexuality of substance abuse and homicide the last few years have initiatives to combat violence – and in particular, transnational Violence against women and girls aged 15 to 44 Rigid norms of masculinity can lead to violent issues in relation to prostitution, trafficking and causes as much ill health and death as cancer, and policing of boys who are seen as deviating from sexual exploitation – developed any focus on more ill health than malaria and traffic accidents the norm men and masculinities. In 2006 the Council combined of EU Ministers agreed on a set of conclusions on men and gender equality, providing an 150 million girls under 18 have experienced forced Traditional masculine behaviour precludes fathers important framework for member states to sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence from taking an active part in raising their children develop corresponding national policies. involving physical contact2 ‘…In order to improve the status of women and promote gender equality, more attention r Girls in sub-Saharan Africa are up to five times Men and boys are less likely to seek healthcare should be paid to how men are involved in the a M

more likely to be HIV positive than boys.3 Young provision and support, which leads to high achievement of gender equality, as well as to l A women suffer from higher transmission rates too.4 incidences of STIs – this can affect their partners the positive impact of gender equality for men when combined with risky sexual behaviour. and for the well-being of society as a whole’.6 C o n n e l l y

138 the state of the world’s girls 139 8 Point Action Plan: Educate, Campaign, Legislate Education 1 National Governments and Donors 1 Start young – pre-school education should promote equality between girls must adapt Early Childhood Care and and boys and involve parents Development (ECCD) programmes to incorporate explicit gender equality goals 2 Transform school curricula to challenge stereotypes and acknowledge difference 3 Support girls’ and boys’ participation in the creation of policies to improve sex education Early development programmes have been 4 Make schools safe for girls and boys proven to be effective in engaging both fathers and mothers in the development of their child. ECCD projects have also 5 Launch campaigns that challenge discrimination and engage men and boys proven effective in promoting schooling and increasing the likelihood of children 6 Pass laws that enable both parents to take an active part in raising their children overcoming early disadvantages such as poverty.7 Moreover, ECCD has been proven 7 Enforce legislation to end violence against women and girls to provide the greatest cost benefit of all 8 Legislate for equal opportunities educational interventions: a study of ECCD programmes in Ireland found that the return on investment in ECCD was 15 to 17 per Recommendations for change cent and the cost benefit eight to one.8 n This chapter will articulate a number of Legislative and institutional change will never Promising Practice: challenging gender a clear strategies to put policy into practice be enough. stereotypes through holistic Early P l successfully. Each recommendation is Drawing on the principles of behavioural Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) approach. Parents are then encouraged At nursery in supported by a clear rationale, by evidence, economics, we also recognise that collective to reinforce messages of gender El Salvador. and includes specific examples of best practice attitudes and behaviours can, and do, influence Centro Bienestar Infantil project equality in the home, such as non-sexist approaches as articulated in our conceptual individual choices to a large degree. Taking (El Salvador) language. framework. Our recommendations for change all this into account, our recommendations The early years well-being centre As José Vásquez, whose son attends touch on cross-cutting issues that have been offer interventions that challenge all levels of has been running for two years and the daycare centre, says: analysed in this report, including: society to ensure a successful and sustainable is part of Plan El Salvador’s ‘A Good “My son has taught me a lot about • Engaging men as fathers and caregivers transformation of gender norms. Start to Life’/‘Gender Equality in the gender equality; he is barely five years • Education, including early childhood A key challenge underlying all gender Early Education of Boys and Girls’ old and he has already explained that I education equality development interventions is lack programme, which aims to challenge should respect and see girls and women • Health policies, HIV and sexual and of gender disaggregated data. This is an traditional gender roles from an early as equals.” reproductive campaigns important and consistent problem which must age. With the support of the Ministry of In order to extend the impact of • Gender-based violence prevention and be explicitly addressed if programmes and Education, these nurseries ensure that gender equity within early education and legislation. policies aspire to produce gender equitable the teachers involved have taken part increase its influence, Plan El Salvador These recommendations on their own do outcomes. We, in the development arena, in gender sensitive training, and that is training individuals and government not represent a comprehensive strategy to do not know enough about girls and boys the educational and play materials do institutions in gender and early education advance gender equality or mainstream growing up in the context of poverty, violence not reinforce gender stereotypes. Plan and working with them on a national masculinities in policy work. However, and exclusion. Without resources to pursue currently runs 56 nurseries in El Salvador, gender policy for early years. based on the analysis in the previous in-depth research and robust monitoring which all aim to promote gender equality chapters, we showcase the main areas of and evaluation of existing interventions, from an early age. In addition, Plan also 2 Donors must replicate successful intervention which have been effective programmes and policies will never graduate works with both parents of children initiatives and proven mainstream curricula and could lead to real change in terms of beyond the level of promising practice. attending the nurseries to understand that challenge traditional masculinities and gender equitable attitudes and behaviours. We call on all development actors – from the aims of the gender sensitive promote healthy, supportive behaviours In order for this to be achievable we must donors to governments, from the private approach adopted by the programme. also concern ourselves with ensuring donors, sector to civil society organisations, to Parents are asked to attend meetings at Although the field of ‘masculinities’ is governments, civil society, families and increase investment in data gathering, the nursery, or to participate in family relatively new, promising practice on individuals create a society which enables research and evaluations to ensure the workshops, which give both fathers challenging masculinities exists. These girls and boys to make equitable choices. reality of girls’ and boys’ lives are adequately and mothers the chance to be a part pockets of good practice should be We understand and acknowledge that captured. Unless we take steps to close of their child’s educational experience replicated, and successful models of lasting change in terms of social norms and this knowledge gap, girls in particular will and to comprehend fully and appreciate education should be mainstreamed into behaviours happens at an individual level. continue to be sidelined and invisible. the benefits of adopting a gender equal national education systems.

140 the state of the world’s girls 141 mentors to younger youth. An evaluation 3 National Governments must enable women and to involve boys and young study found that knowledge and and support girls’ and boys’ participation men in gender equality by changing awareness about gender-based violence in the creation of policies on sexual and harmful attitudes and behaviours towards (what constitutes harassment, rape, etc) reproductive rights women.’ The National Youth Consultation was significantly higher after the training led to a National Youth Charter that was as compared with a non-trained group of Youth participation should form a key pillar adopted by the government and also had peers. In addition, it was found that the of any effort to create a policy which aims direct impact on Ethiopia’s National Youth test group’s ability to intervene to prevent to address adolescent issues, especially with Policy.11 gender-based violence increased from 76 regards to HIV/AIDS. Although this disease to 94 per cent.9 affects all age groups in society, evidence Best Practice: adopt a comprehensive shows that the highest infection rates are gender sensitive approach to sexual and Young people School curricula can encourage girls and amongst young women aged 15 to 24.10 reproductive rights tackle gender- u l l boys to question and examine stereotypes Prevention strategies that involve both girls, pa based violence. in a constructive way and foster equitable who are at greater risk of infection, and boys, National Multi-Sector Strategic J o n S attitudes. Efforts to promote gender who hold more power over sexual decision- Framework (NMSF) on HIV/AIDS Best Practice: analyse masculinities neutral or even transformative curricula in making and are more likely to engage in (Tanzania) and re-educate youth schools have been tried and tested and are risky sexual behaviour, are more likely to be The NMSF is a model policy document an important policy tool that donors and successful in achieving behavioural change. that presents a holistic understanding Promundo (Brazil) national governments can mainstream into By supporting youth participation in policy of the links between HIV and gender, Founded in 1997, Promundo is a Brazilian existing national education strategies. processes, donors and national governments and promotes a gender transformative non-governmental organisation (NGO) can effectively develop positive deviance in approach to programming. NMSF that seeks to promote gender equality Best Practice: create transformative young men and develop role models that explicitly focuses on changing the social and end violence against women, educational curricula will encourage gender equitable behaviours norms that create and reinforce gender children and youth. Through research on amongst their peers. Youth councils and inequalities as well as vulnerabilities gender equality and health, programmes Gender Equity Movement in Schools participatory consultation processes have for men and women. It calls for a (such as Program H and Program M (GEMS) (India) been proven to increase the effectiveness of democratisation of sexual relations, featured in Section 3) and advocacy, The International Centre for Research on policies on sexual and reproductive health. recognising dominant structural the organisation seeks to foster positive Women, together with the Committee inequalities that reproduce traditional behaviours among individuals (men and of Resource Organisations for Literacy Best Practice: create a participatory process gender norms (eg male aggression and women), families and communities. (CORO) and the Tata Institute for Social involving youth leaders, both girls and boys female subservience) and promotes Influencing social norms requires a multi- Sciences (TISS) has developed and prevention strategies that span multiple pronged approach as demonstrated by implemented a curriculum to encourage National Youth Consultation on Sexual levels, from education and life-skills Promundo’s combined programming, equal relationships between girls and and Reproductive Rights (Ethiopia) programming with men and boys to research and advocacy work. Most boys, examine the social norms that Ethiopia’s Ministry of Youth, Sports awareness-raising campaigns. The importantly, Promundo’s Program H define men’s and women’s roles, and and Culture coordinated a participatory NMSF also highlighted the need for Campaigning works with young people (adolescents) address different forms of violence and process involving 800 young people from further research and the need for through which, as our analysis has shown, is a how to intervene. Using extracurricular across the country to produce an action galvanising the support of power holders drama in critical time when identities and attitudes activities, role-playing and games, GEMS plan to mobilise Ethiopian youth for within the community. In addition, the Tanzania. about gender roles and relationships are begins in the sixth grade and works improved sexual and reproductive health being formed. Intervening at that stage for two years with boys and girls aged and HIV/AIDS prevention, behaviour, care can yield real returns in terms of future 12 to 14 in public schools in Goa, Kota and support. This served as a ‘roadmap’ behaviours. and Mumbai, India. A recent survey of for the government, donor agencies and participants shows that many students’ religious leaders. The process at every Best Practice: work with boys and girls in impressions of traditional gender roles stage engaged both young women and schools to challenge negative behaviours had shifted during the course of the young men in a detailed holistic analysis programme, particularly among girls. of how they viewed the relationship of Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) The findings also suggest that schools gender to society, sexuality, sexual and (United States of America) are perhaps the most appropriate places reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. The Targeting both girls and boys in 10 to intervene for a lasting impact. In the final statement issued by the young secondary schools in the USA, the 2001 next phase of the project, ICRW hopes to men and women is a testament to their MVP programme aimed to prevent involve teachers at a deeper level, as well increased understanding of the issue of gender-based violence by encouraging as to engage the fathers of girls in the gender inequality: ‘We have to explicitly youth to speak openly against such programme. address gender inequality in order to n instances and establish themselves as reduce the vulnerability of girls and young a P l

142 the state of the world’s girls 143 NMSF underlines that boosting men’s 5 National Governments and Civil Society commit, condone or remain silent about participation in childcare and health- should develop campaigns that encourage violence against women. One of the core related services is critical for promoting the public to question inequitable and success factors of this campaign has everyone’s health. Finally, the policy sexist views been its ability to build enduring and emphasises that interventions to sustainable partnerships with women’s strengthen women’s sexual negotiation For young people who spend much of organisations.15 The White Ribbon skills should be conducted concurrently their time tuning in to radio and television Campaign continues to be the largest with men, thus highlighting the broadcasts, as well as internet and social effort in the world of men working to end importance of relational programming.12 media websites, these campaigns can be an men’s violence against women.16 effective route for reaching large audiences. 4 National Governments and Donors must By bringing together diverse multi-sector Best Practice: reach men when you know ensure that schools are safe spaces for partners and working with grassroots they are watching both girls and boys by promoting gender youth organisations, campaigns can reach equitable attitudes and through gender both girls and boys across a variety of Be a Man (Uganda) equitable curricula social and economic backgrounds. Large- The campaign challenges male gender scale campaigns have also shown that norms that put men and women at risk Training teachers in child rights, including working in partnership is a fail-safe way of of HIV/AIDS through advertisements on a strong focus on non-discrimination overcoming the tired dichotomy of gender television which were broadcast during n based on gender, and positive discipline a relations that ‘pits the needs of men against the soccer World Cup in 2010, a radio methods, helps to make schools safer P l the needs of women’.14 Forming alliances drama series (‘Rock Point 256’) which for boys and girls. Through appropriate Fear, more than 4,300 teachers have Girl taking part between women’s rights organisations was aired on national TV, and some silent training, the use of corporal punishment as been trained in school violence issues in a positive and organisations working with boys and ‘trigger’ videos. An impact evaluation a discipline method can be challenged, and in Vietnam and over 19,000 globally. discipline forum. men, together with other social justice found that the top four actions taken children’s rights promoted. It is critical that Teachers are key partners in succeeding movements, can ensure that masculinities by males were: 1) staying faithful to teachers are shown the universal benefits to eliminate violence against children in work is holistically integrated within a one partner, 2) abstaining from sex, 3) of a school which is free from violence and schools. feminist agenda. advising someone against transactional discrimination. sex and 4) disapproving of violence Campaigns Best Practice: build partnerships with against women. Best Practice: training teachers women’s organisations HIV knowledge: Males with low exposure Changing human behaviour, as explained to Be a Man had an average HIV Positive Discipline Training (Vietnam) earlier, involves positive external White Ribbon Campaign knowledge of 77 per cent while the highly As part of Learn Without Fear in Vietnam, affirmations. Thus campaigns which promote The White Ribbon Campaign was started exposed had 82 per cent. Plan worked with teachers, parents and and encourage collective attitudinal change in 1991 in Canada and has since grown Condom use: Young men who had low district education authorities to develop are an important measure in challenging substantially. Currently, the White exposure to Be a Man reported 25 per a teacher training manual on positive negative masculine behaviours and Ribbon Campaign is active in over 60 cent condom use, compared to 42 per discipline. Children have already noticed promoting equitable attitudes. A 2007 countries across the globe. The campaign cent condom use of the highly exposed. positive improvements. One girl said: report13 by Brazilian NGO Promundo notes aims to mobilise the voices of men and Disapproval of risky behaviour: The survey “My teacher is different. If she sees two that the best campaigns on challenging boys by the wearing or displaying of a found that positive behaviours among children talking she will come and sit with masculinities followed these criteria: white ribbon or other white symbols, males and females exposed to Be a Man them or send them out of the class but • Positive, affirmative messages showing thus making a public pledge never to increased with level of exposure eg low = not use violence.” The manual explains what men and boys could do to change, 19 per cent, medium= 21 per cent, high= how to address the causes of violence, affirming that they could change and 27 per cent.17 such as gender inequality, and how that showing men changing or acting in can manifest into gender-based violence positive ways Best Practice: use popular mediums to against girls in and around schools. It • Commissioned extensive formative convey sensitive messages then goes on to set out practical ways research prior to launching the campaign and methods for teachers to deliver to test its messaging Sexto Sentido (Nicaragua) quality education using positive discipline • Specifically aimed to target ‘men of ‘We’re Different, We’re Equal’ is a multi- methods. Studies have shown that influence’ such as coaches, fathers or media campaign designed to empower teachers receiving training on alternative religious leaders youth, promote gender equality and discipline methods are more in favour • Involving high-quality media content reduce violence and STI/HIV risk. At of abolishing corporal punishment than • Targeting a specific issue, such as family Campaigners the core of the campaign is a nationally teachers who have not received training. planning or domestic violence. in Uganda. broadcast TV soap opera, ‘Sixth Sense’, .A.H. E Since the launch of Learn Without . which addresses sensitive and complex Y

144 the state of the world’s girls 145 issues such as sexuality, HIV/AIDS, Protection System for Early Childhood four per cent a decade ago. Out of 190 end this abuse are men as well. Therefore we reproductive rights and domestic violence (Chile Crece Contigo / Chile Grows countries surveyed as part of a 2010 must recognise both that boys and men can, through dramatisation within realistic with You). This provides: psychosocial global study of workplace benefits, 178 and are, perpetrating acts of violence and storylines. An evaluation carried out support for parents and children from guaranteed paid leave for new mothers, that at the same time they hold the power to in 2003-05 confirmed that there was pregnancy to age four; a large number and at least 54 countries guarantee some stop these acts. Most men are not violent. a cumulative effect: the longer the of free daycare centres and nursery form of leave for new fathers.27 They simply allow others to act in violent exposure, the more likely youth were to schools nationwide; an equal wages ways by not standing up to violence against have a ‘positive’ attitude towards equity law with labour benefits for domestic 7 National Governments must put in place women and girls alongside their female issues. The series has since been repeated workers; and a basic pension for poor comprehensive legislation to end violence friends and family members. more than once and has also been homemakers, as well as promoting against women and girls, and provide broadcast on major TV channels in Costa increased participation of fathers in victims with effective means of seeking Best Practice: legislation to end violence Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico. childcare, pregnancy, and birth.23 Chile redress against women and girls Grows with You runs alongside other Legislation policies including: Chile Barrio, which Violence against women and girls is not only Violence Against Women Act (1994) focuses on combating extreme poverty in widespread and multifaceted; it has also (United States of America)28 6 National Governments must provide slum settlements; Chile Emprende, which been at the top of both the feminist and First passed in 1994, the Violence Against support to encourage both parents to take focuses on increasing equal access to human rights agenda for decades. And as Women Act (VAWA) made domestic an active part in raising their children markets; and Chile Solidario, which uses we show in Section 3 there have been some violence and sexual assault crimes. The a social protection approach for poverty major improvements over the past years, VAWA created new punishments for Government policies can effectively promote reduction. Among other outcomes, this both in terms of legislation and in terms of these crimes and gave agencies helping both female and male participation in child- comprehensive legislation has led to an awareness globally. However, even where victims more funding to improve their rearing and caring. Research has shown that increase in the number of partners (from legislation exists, it is often not enough to services. In 2000, stalking and dating men who are positively engaged in the lives 20.5 per cent in 2001 to 71 per cent keep women and girls safe from the various violence were added to the list of crimes of their children or stepchildren are less likely by 2008) – nearly always the father – forms of violence they face daily, or even covered by the law. Also, more funding to be depressed, to commit suicide or to be accompanying women during childbirth.24 to provide them with a means of seeking was added for legal aid programmes violent.18 They are more likely to be involved justice. Violence against women and girls is for victims. On 5 January 2006 even in community work, to be supportive of Best Practice: targeted policies with clear still more often than not a man’s recourse, more programmes and services were their partners, and to be involved in school objectives and those with the power to take steps to added, including: violence prevention activities.19 Research also shows that boys programmes; protection for those who with more involved fathers are less likely Non-transferable paternity leave25 are evicted from their apartments because to take part in risky sexual behaviour20 and Non-transferable paternity leave quotas they are victims of domestic violence are more likely to start having sex at a later have been proven to have a solid impact and/or stalking; funding for rape crisis age.21 Boys who grow up around positive on gender and family relations and centres; programmes to meet the needs male role models are more likely to question practices. The paternity leave quotas in of women of different races or ethnicities; gender inequities and harmful stereotypes, the Nordic region are examples of how programmes and services for victims says the United Nations Population Fund perceptions of fatherhood and equal with disabilities; and services for children (UNFPA).22 Such measures may also prove parenting can be transformed during and teens. Alongside this comprehensive effective in promoting the involvement the course of a single generation with legislation the US Department of of young fathers, as discussed in Chapter institutional support and incentives. “By Health and Human Services and the US 5, who in some cases require increased 2005, most Nordic countries… began to Department of Justice announced the support to ensure they stay involved in their see the striking impact on gender roles, creation of the National Advisory Council children’s upbringing. parental bonds with young children and on Violence Against Women (1995). lower divorce rates as a result of generous Amongst its duties are the creation of Best Practice: comprehensive national paternity leave policies.”26 the ‘Community Checklist’ initiative, to parenthood policies In 2007, Germany, for example, help make sure each community in the adapted a Swedish model and reserved country has programmes for domestic Chile Grows With You (Chile) two out of 14 months of paid leave for violence prevention and intervention; During her tenure as Chile’s first female fathers. Within two years, the proportion the creation of the Workplace Resource president, Michele Bachelet not only of fathers taking parental leave surged Centre to inform the public about appointed a Cabinet which, for the first from three to more than 20 per cent. violence through newsletters, information time in the Americas, had women in Eight out of 10 fathers in Germany now fairs and workplace programmes; and

half of the posts, she also succeeded in take one third of the total 13 months of d the development of a toolkit to help a e achieving concrete gains for both women leave, and nine per cent of fathers take R communities and individuals end violence r k and men, including the oft-duplicated 40 per cent of the total or more, up from a against women. Each Toolkit chapter is M

146 the state of the world’s girls 147 designed for a different audience and Conceptual Framework includes suggestions for improving By articulating a clear framework that keeps girls’ empowerment and gender equality at its heart, much of the prevention efforts as well as services and perceived tension between women’s rights and men’s engagement agenda will be mitigated. Such an approach advocacy for victims. will also ensure the girls’ empowerment arena moves beyond gender-targeted programming alone, which in some As a result of this legislation and other cases burdens girls with the onus of challenging existing power bases from a position of exclusion, to gender- macro-level processes, between 1993 relational programming aimed at working with both the powerful and the powerless to reach equality effectively. and 2008 there was a 53 per cent drop in the number of non-fatal, violent acts Policy development Policy implementation committed by intimate partners. Policies on engaging boys and young men must All policies should complement dedicated measures such as National be framed within an agenda that promotes Women’s Machineries (ie Ministry of Gender and Child Affairs) and Promising Practice: engaging traditional human rights, including the rights of girls and related mechanisms, and be developed together in collaboration n male leaders in ending harmful traditional a young women. with women’s rights groups and experts. practices P l Policies on engaging boys and young men must Policies and programmes should move beyond targeting individuals sessions and events; this helped her to Tackling FGM be guided by the primary goal of furthering and begin working with broader communities in order to shift social Ending female genital mutilation (FGM) be convinced that FGM is harmful. We in Sudan. gender equality. norms, gender roles and power relations. and early and forced marriage (Egypt) decided that our daughter will not go Ending harmful traditional practices through this bad, inhumane experience… Policies on engaging boys and young men Policies must address institutional inequalities and discrimination in a requires a holistic approach which aims I am now one of the activists against must recognise and respond to the diversities concrete, systematic way. amongst boys and young men whose lives, to engage all spheres of influence over harmful traditional practices, I am like those of girls and young women, are Senior policymakers and decision-makers in government must a girl’s life choices – including boys and enthusiastic to work with families on shaped by class, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, endorse commitments to gender equality in their public roles and men. In Egypt, Plan is working with these issues and feel that I am a part of locality, etc. hold one another accountable. girls, with female figures within the the change.” Policies will be more effective if they outline Policies must engage boys and young men as partners and allies in family, with men (fathers, brothers and Such projects can be scaled up through the shared benefits (ie the dividends) of solving the problems of gender inequality and discrimination against husbands), with medical professionals targeted funding, and components of the gender equality for boys and men. girls and young women. and midwives, with school teachers ‘New Visions’ training curricula could and social workers as well as with easily be adopted at national level. Policies must be age and stage sensitive (take Policies must take successful initiatives to scale and aim to push community leaders, religious leaders, a life cycle approach). forward systemic, large-scale and coordinated efforts (including through gender budgeting). media professionals and local government 8 National Governments must pass equal officials to end harmful practices. The opportunities legislation and policies project uses the following tools to achieve to ensure men and women, fathers and its aims: mothers, can enter the workforce on equal Conclusion small-scale grassroots work will prove the most • Social marketing, communications terms In the recommendations above we have successful. Legislation that tackles violence and advocacy (eg community theatre, targeted attitudinal change for individuals, against women, for example, may be most puppet theatre, seminars, conferences In line with the provisions made in the and social and legislative strategies that effective supplemented by projects that tackle at governorate level and local public Convention on the Elimination of All Forms work at national and community level. There violence at individual level in communities. events) of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), is also a role to be played by international For girls’ rights to be fulfilled, all of us, • Programmatic interventions that member states must pass national legislative organisations and policymakers. The recent girls and boys, women and men, need to promote the empowerment of frameworks that ensure non-discrimination establishment of UN Women further challenge the structural causes of inequality women and girls (eg awareness- in the workforce. enhances the ability of international inherent in all our institutions, at home, raising campaigns about girls’ rights, organisations to focus on gender equality in school, in government, the workplace vocational training and literacy classes, Equal Opportunities Legislation (United to support the rights of girls and young and the health clinic. By taking concrete micro-credit projects, support for girls Kingdom) (1970) women and to reach out constructively to measures to work with and designing who dropped out of school, support for The provisions under the Act prohibit key partners in governments, international programmes for boys and girls, and their reproductive health services) discrimination on the basis of gender, campaigning organisations and legislative fathers and mothers, real strides towards • Awareness-raising training for boys race and ethnicity, disability, sexual assemblies. Girls’ rights, an end to achieving lasting change in gender relations (with ‘New Visions’ training curricula) orientation, religion or belief and age. discrimination and stereotyping, need to can be achieved. Momentum must be • Pre-marriage counselling on gender- This legislation has been instrumental be at the heart of policy and programme harnessed and investments made now to based violence and reproductive health. in ensuring women’s equal access to analysis until full gender equality is reached. ensure the next generation of girls can break One of the project’s main successes has work opportunities as well as addressing In this chapter we have suggested free of the constraints imposed upon them, been the commitment of religious leaders, existing institutional and attitudinal interventions that can be scaled up or to realise their rights and achieve their full such as Sheikh Saad, who have actively gender-based discrimination. It also replicated. The analysis and research potential. When girls play an equal role in joined the campaign to eliminate harmful provides women with a means of seeking undertaken for the report have indicated that their families and communities, boys too practices. “I started to encourage my redress through legal actions in cases of an approach that takes into account macro- will be liberated from the rigid roles and wife to participate in Plan awareness discrimination. level changes, including legislation, alongside expectations their gender places on them.

148 the state of the world’s girls 149 Leidjane and her father. Section 2 Because We are Girls ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ cohort study update Marcelo Ferreira

150 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 2 151 to this school, but as it is the only one nearby Reaksa which is free, they have little choice. Starting out in life: and her Lack of money remains an issue for all family. the families; the economic circumstances of the vast majority of those taking part in ‘Real Choices, Real the study remain unchanged. A minority have seen their incomes increase but many reported higher food prices and a difficult Lives’ looks at roles and growing season. They are at the sharp end of a global financial downturn and the impacts of climate change. More families have also reported either a ‘hungry season’ or difficulty responsibilities within the in affording food during part of each month.

N In the Philippines, Girlie’s mother explains l a P her priorities: “I don’t want to spend on family parents showing a clear understanding non-essentials. I want to spend our money of the progression from pre-school to on food for our kids. When it comes to food, primary school and the importance of I don’t hold back. That’s the reason I work The ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ study is a Airesh with establishing the building blocks of learning hard – to have something for my children… multi-country longitudinal study through her mother and social skills in a pre-school setting. In When they ask for food and I cannot give it which Plan’s researchers are examining, and younger Benin, Huguette’s mother explains that her to them, they cry. So I really save money for in detail, a range of issues affecting girls brother. daughter “used to be shy. But since she their food so they won’t have to cry.” during the first nine years of their lives. started school she is no longer shy. She can As we showed in last year’s ‘Because I am The study is following a core group of 142 sing, recite poems, dance, play and she is a Girl’ report, migration remains a reality for randomly selected girls from nine countries learning to read.” Airesh’s mother in the many families. In the Dominican Republic, and uses in-depth interviews, focus groups Philippines says that her daughter “now Noelia lives with her grandmother, because and annual surveys to uncover the reality of knows how to write and can identify colours. her parents have migrated for work. “Is her their lives. Members of 115 of the families When she gets home, she shows me what mother thinking about coming [back] here? taking part were interviewed this year; they did in school. She is very talkative. Her Not to live, she lives in the capital,” her others had migrated or were unable to take papa and I are amused when she tells us grandmother explains. “Once people get used part due to work commitments. Sadly, six what happened in school, because she does to something, it is very hard to go back. She of the girls from the original cohort have it with actions.” lives with her husband and they are happy.” died since the study began. Emilienne from However, the educational prospects Benin, Fridos Id. from Togo and Mary Joy of several of the girls have been affected T from the Philippines all died as a result by their poor health. In Togo, Fridos Is. is

of accidents; Resty from Uganda died from N unable to attend school regularly; Reaksa in l a malaria and Chimene from Benin from an P Cambodia missed her enrolment day due to undiagnosed illness. Even when taking into All the girls in the research group were illness and therefore missed a year of school. account the accidental deaths, it can be born in 2006. This year, they reach their Many parents also expressed their concerns argued that poverty, including poor housing fifth birthdays. What is happening in their about the quality of the education their and lack of sanitation, is the underlying lives now, particularly as they start their children are receiving. They are cause of their deaths. formal education, will have consequences worried about children repeating throughout their lives. Their parents are classes, the lack of adequate generally committed to, and interested in, teaching staff and class sizes. their daughters’ education. However, in They explained that if they this year’s interviews the pressures, both in were able to afford it, or if their terms of the families’ financial circumstances daughters were able to travel and their daughters’ state of health, are further on their own to school increasingly evident. (as boys are), they would want Heidi on The majority of the girls are now either to send them to better schools. her way attending a pre-school facility or are already In Uganda, Juliet’s siblings Girlie to primary in their first year of primary school. The are in classes of more than and her school. girls’ parents express great pride in their Fridos Is. 200 students. Her parents are mother. N N N l a l a progress through kindergarten, with several l a ambivalent about sending Juliet P P P

152 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 2 153 As the families grow (at least 14 of the Research summary with agricultural work. Some of the men reported, girls have had new siblings since the study Research teams interviewed 86 fathers of the “Boys help Dad, girls help Mother.” These divisions started), they are beginning to feel the cohort girls from nine countries taking part in the of labour, based on gender, have remained an abiding financial pressure of educating all their ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ study. The interviews memory for the men and have heavily influenced how children. Larger families, in particular, have are life histories, designed to examine how the their own households are now managed. explained how difficult it can be to keep their men’s attitudes as adults have been shaped by children in school and to pay for healthcare their experiences as boys and teenagers. Despite Life as a teenager when they become ill. Hentou’s mother in Jacel’s researchers’ attempts to interview fathers in all the When asked about an abiding memory from this Togo says: “We spend a lot on our health. father being families included in the study, many chose not to period of their life, most remember an incident that I had one still-born child and Hentou’s interviewed. take part or could not be contacted in time. In fact, involved them being a victim of violence – at the N l a

father spent a lot during my pregnancy. All P in the Latin American cohort (Brazil, El Salvador hands of a childhood friend, teacher or, in most the money he earned for the benefit of the and Dominican Republic), the majority of the girls cases, parent. Almost all of the men named male role family was spent. Presently, he is suffering Father figures: protector and provider do not live with their fathers and often have no models, ranging from archetypal males like the local from malaria. In case of emergency, we relationship with them. Some of the fathers who buffalo hunter to teachers who were kind and taught borrow money from the neighbours.” “Of course I want them to remember were interviewed were emotional about having the well. Many of the men reported having friends with The girls’ health is also a major concern. that I took care of them, that their father opportunity to reflect on their childhood, as they whom they expressed their feelings openly. Most of them have had minor illnesses in the struggled for them to complete school even had never done so before. past year, requiring a visit to a local health if he doesn’t have a job and is poor.” Life as a man centre for treatment. The girls in Benin, Togo Jacel’s father, Philippines Life as a boy Almost all the men reported that important family and Uganda suffer regularly from malaria. The majority of families taking part in the study are decisions are made by them, although many stated In Cambodia, several have been seriously ill This year we are looking particularly closely poor, and the fathers reported being just as poor that they also consult with their spouses. They saw with dengue fever and tuberculosis, which at the way the girls’ families view gender when they were boys. Most lived either in rural or themselves as providers and protectors. They work has meant continuing medical attention and equality in relation to what happens in semi-urban villages or towns. Their memories of hard for their families, though that might mean a strain on the family finances. In the African their own homes. What are these five year boyhood largely involved supporting their parents missing out on family life. cohort in particular, parents have mentioned olds already learning about the differences the ongoing expense of having to take their between them and their brothers? Are they daughters to health centres and hospitals for valued equally? What is expected of them instructions of her father. He believes that it What families do have in common, medical treatment. as girls? We also conducted a series of in- is important for his children to get to know though, is how influential they are. This As the study progresses, we will be depth interviews with the girls’ fathers (or one another even if they have different year’s research demonstrates quite clearly exploring the impact of the girls’ health on in a few cases, their uncles or grandfathers). mothers. Although Sarah’s mother, Hellen, that attitudes learned in childhood resonate their education. Some families are already Finding out more about the men’s lives and did not want her young daughter to leave down the generations. reporting disruptions to school attendance. experiences provided a valuable insight into home, she followed her husband’s wishes. This is particularly reflected in three key Combined with domestic responsibilities, this is family life. areas: likely to affect the girls’ ability to attend school • decision-making within the family regularly and to learn when they do attend. The power of family Lyca and • the division of labour The reality of family life for the girls taking her mother. • the incidence of domestic violence. part in the ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ cohort Noelia study is in no way uniform. Lyca in the 1. The head of the household: “fathers and her Philippines lives in a household where both have the last word” grandmother. her mother and father strongly believe that The role of the father as the head of household tasks should be shared, and that the family, the chief decision-maker and girls and boys should be raised equally. By protector, comes out clearly from our contrast, in Togo, Adjara’s father is raising interviews. There are instances when his children according to a strict set of social decision-making about daughters is boundaries around what it means to be a delegated to the mother, but by and large it girl and what it means to be a boy. Sarah is the father who “has the last word”. and Ruth in Uganda are actually stepsisters, This decision-making role is obviously crucial. living in a polygamous family. Their mothers The attitudes of the household’s decision- are raising the girls and their other children maker have an immediate impact on the on their own as their father lives elsewhere opportunities of girls in the household, as i n

t i for most of the time; yet he is the one who they include decisions about whether girls n i a

p makes all of the important decisions for should go to school, how long they should their families. Sarah is currently staying with remain in formal education and when they N

her stepmother in Namisambya upon the l a should get married. In some countries, the r i c a r d o P

154 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 2 155 He who pays the piper calls the tune: to school: “It is difficult for a man to find time... the to be the carers of the family. The fathers express mixed views about investing in focus group discussions with families from fathers are not very worried about these things... interviewed routinely described their spouses girls’ education. Most of the Brazilian Brazil, Uganda and the Philippines I have to make a living, provide for the family.” using words like ‘respectful’, ‘innocent’, respondents defended equal education In Uganda, the majority of teenage boys and Another said, “It is the mother, because she takes ‘well-behaved’ and ‘courteous’, indicating opportunities for girls and boys, justifying their fathers said that it was the father who made more care of children than the father… because the the submissive role of the women in their investment in girls’ education with important decisions. The father is viewed as the head father sometimes is very busy, and the mother is families. comments such as “the girl must study of the family, the one who pays, the one who decides more able to organise things.” Such a clear distinction in male and female so she won’t always be dependent on where children will go to school, and when and The discussion moved on to how decisions are roles influences girls’ continuing education, others”. Or: “[without education], she will where the girls will be married. Fathers from both made about matters like marriage. One of the particularly beyond the primary years. Some become a person without knowledge, and Uganda and the Philippines related decision-making fathers from the Philippines explained how much parents are less willing to invest in a girl’s will always depend on her husband”. In to income. One father from the Philippines said: “It things are changing: “In the past, even as a child post-primary education as they consider the Philippines, Edwin, father of Edwina, is us fathers [who make decisions], because we are was being conceived, his/her marriage was already that the risk of early pregnancy or marriage explained that “a girl should be given the ones who work and earn the being arranged. Now there will mean a low return on their investment. priority to study because girls have more family’s keep.” And a Ugandan Riza and her is no need for that. It used to Better, some think, to spend the money chance to graduate”. Another father from father explained: “[it is] the father. be that touching the hand of on their sons. One Ugandan father said, the Philippines did not decide on the basis man who has the primary a girl would require a man/ “You may invest a lot of money in her and of his children’s gender: “The oldest child, responsibility to decide where boy to marry her; now, even she disappoints you by getting pregnant.” whether girl or boy, is the one we strive [a] child will study, because if girls are already pregnant Another wondered, “Joel’s daughter got to support through completion. Then he’s the one who knows how they don’t get married.” Riza’s pregnant in Senior 5 [fifth year of secondary we expect that child to help support the much money he has.” Another mother from the Philippines school]. Do you think if he had invested younger ones. The support that we give father in Uganda added said, “It will depend on in a boy he would have reaped big(ger)?” depends on [our] financial capability as well that “It would be irrelevant the readiness of the child if Marcelle’s father in Benin explained, “If it as on the interest of the child.” for the woman to decide, she decides to settle down. were up to me, I would choose to have four On the other hand, some of the Brazilian

when she is not contributing N Before, there were instances boys and two girls. When the girls grow they fathers believed that “it is important to l a anything.” Even when the P when the parents decided will join their husbands; the boys will remain give more attention to the boys, because teenage boys in Uganda did think that they had when their children should get married. But now, here and make the name of the family the girls are becoming more advanced some input in decision-making, it was still felt that some girls or boys marry at their own will and survive eternally.” than the boys”, and “the boys have to their “fathers have the last word”. Many of the girls preference.” In fact, all of the Brazilian participants In general, the families continue to be more incentivised because they have and women who took part in the discussions have said that it would be bad for someone else, even more opportunity to become someone in internalised this view, as 12 year-old Jennifer from a parent, to make such decisions. One father said life. Men are smarter than women.” One the Philippines explained: “The father is the head of that “it is better when the person has the power of of the teenage girls from Brazil explained the family and his big responsibility is to protect the choice”. Another explained: “If, when we choose Edwina. how these attitudes manifest in real-life family, not only the girls.” the person we marry it may not work out right, decisions: “Education must be equal for In Brazil, on the other hand, the majority just imagine when someone else does it for us…” boys and girls; our rights must be equal, of parents said that mothers and fathers have However, the Ugandan parents were quite clear that too, but this doesn’t happen. Often, we influence in different areas of family life. One of the parents, most often fathers, should guide decisions want to take a professional course, but the fathers explained why mothers decide when girls go about when girls marry. community doesn’t offer it. Our mothers never let us take a course outside the community because normally the school is girls taking part in the study will be the And that “what a man does, a woman can far from home and they are afraid of sexual first generation of girls with access to free also do”. In Brazil, Kevyllen’s father said violence and harassment. The boys want education, an important opportunity for that as a couple he and his wife make the to go too, and there isn’t enough money them to change their families’ future. decisions together, but he has the final word for both, so the boys end up taking the In Benin, Consolata’s father explained how – a view reflected by the majority of fathers course…” social pressure dictates decision-making in interviewed. However, on the whole, the parents his family: “In Africa, it is the father who Although attitudes about who makes interviewed across the study have shown makes the main decisions. But sometimes decisions differ within and across the great ambition for their daughters’ education the mother happens to make some decision countries taking part in the study, all the and future – more than half would like their because we are a couple.” He then outlined adults interviewed have a polarised view daughters to pursue careers that would how his personal actions are somewhat about the roles women and men, and girls involve post-secondary education or training. different. When asked who takes care of and boys play. The girls’ fathers perceive One of the major challenges many of these the children in the family, he explained: “I their role to be the provider for the family, families will face is access to sufficient become the mother to my children when a decision-maker, an authoritarian and a resources for their daughters to have even a N

their mother is not there. I can do it all.” protector. The girls’ mothers are considered l a post-primary education. P

156 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 2 157 Philippines, have daily chores to fulfil, Governments are increasingly following including sweeping and washing dishes. Cintia and the lead of Latin American and European These roles are then replayed outside the her family. states with progressive legislation on family – when girls go to school it may be issues like parental leave. National assumed that they will help to clean the strategies to provide comprehensive classroom.2 Most of the girls in the other family planning services are also countries taking part in the study do not becoming more widespread.6 have daily chores, but all of them spend much of their playtime mimicking the work Like father, like son? of their mothers and the older girls around The interviews with the girls’ fathers reveal them. Their older sisters and other female how their own experiences as boys and relatives report having regular household young men have informed their attitudes chores. For example, in the Dominican regarding the division of labour in their

Republic, Nataly’s nine year-old sister N families and what they expect from their l a cooked the family meal the day before the P children. Boys were largely expected to interviews. In focus group discussions, these family’s income, one of them said “me, behave like and work alongside their fathers older girls spoke openly about their daily and my father”. Hilda’s father in El Salvador and other male adults, although there were work and how boys have more free time and explained that when he was younger, he some exceptions. In Benin, Marcelle’s father Juliet and time for study. Girls from Brazil explained did not help with household tasks or caring was brought up by his own father after his her father. that “at home, the girls have to sweep the for his younger siblings, but he “supported parents’ divorce. As a result, he expected N floor and do the washing while the boys the family with money”, having left school men to take on household tasks the way his l a P watch television”, and “the girls sweep the at the age of 15. The mothers and fathers father had done. Several other men had the 2. The division of labour: floor, wash the dishes and cook the food. we interviewed explained explicitly how opposite experience, that of being brought “I have started training her” This happens because of prejudice: people this gendered assigning of roles and up only by their mothers. They explained The words of Walidatou’s mother quoted think that the domestic chores are more responsibilities happens. In Brazil, Cintia’s that being raised without a father figure above show us just how early on girls suited to women.” father explained that “domestic chores are meant that they took on caring roles as learn that they have domestic work to do. The household work that girls do is the girls’ responsibility. Fishing is a typically part of their domestic responsibilities; they Girls and boys are both consciously and perceived to have no monetary value and male activity.” continue to do so in their homes today. In unconsciously initiated into a world where remains unpaid, unlike the tasks handed Many recent studies show that the division fact, where the men are happy to play with the primary responsibilities of the girl within over to boys. As well as having less to do in of labour in the home has a major influence their children, help with their homework the home will include cooking and cleaning, the home, boys are generally tasked with on girls’ ability to remain in school and and support their wives with domestic work, fetching water, gathering fuel and caring for supporting their fathers as the family’s progress to secondary education.4,5 The their mothers are usually strong role models others. In Uganda, Juliet’s mother explains breadwinners, often acquiring skills they will impact of this will become clearer as the for them. In Brazil, Ketily’s father explained how five year-old Juliet helps her: S“ he go on to use as adults, and socialising boys study progresses. how when his mother found a job outside supports me in domestic chores, especially to be producers of wealth.3 Teenage boys the home, he stayed at home to look after fetching water in a five-litre jerry can and we interviewed in the Philippines confirmed The role of government his younger siblings and was responsible washing plates with her sisters. She is always this – when asked who contributes to the The International Conference on for doing all the domestic chores – cooking, sent to bring firewood to me in the kitchen Population and Development (ICPD) cleaning the house and taking care of the and other items like plates.” Programme of Action clearly outlines the children. He had very little time left to play “Walidatou is still a little girl and she importance of the government’s role in and relax. doesn’t have any [household] responsibilities encouraging gender equality in the home: yet,” says her mother in Togo. “However, “The equal participation of women and Ketily and I have started training her to wash a few men in all areas of family and household her family. dirty dishes.” One of the teenage girls who responsibilities, including family took part in a focus group discussion in planning, child-rearing and housework, the Philippines1 explained that “boys are should be promoted and encouraged by assigned heavy tasks. Very few boys would governments. This should be pursued perform household chores because of the by means of information, education, thinking that those who do are gay.” Many communication, employment legislation of the fathers interviewed in the Philippines and by fostering an economically enabling and in the Dominican Republic expressed a environment, such as family leave for similar sentiment. men and women so that they may have Almost all of the girls in Uganda, and Walidatou. more choice regarding the balance of their N

many in the Dominican Republic and the l a domestic and public responsibilities.” P Marcelo Ferreira

158 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 2 159 “These changes are going too far”: they are involved with. Nowadays, parents are more The UN Convention on the Rights of focus group discussions from Brazil, Uganda affectionate than before... they care more about Huguette. the Child outlines the responsibilities of and the Philippines7 the children. We didn’t use to talk a lot, we only governments: “States Parties shall take The vast majority of the families acknowledged used to work.” One of the Filipina mothers went all appropriate legislative, administrative, that changes between the sexes had taken place. on to explain, “Before, girls and boys were easy social and educational measures to A Brazilian father had this to say: “Before, women to talk with. They could understand easily. They protect the child from all forms of couldn’t even get out of the house, and now we were passive. Now, they understand but they keep physical or mental violence, injury or see women driving lorries, working as mechanics, on asking and reasoning. They are able to express abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, being important executives…” Another added, “The themselves. They know their rights.” A Ugandan maltreatment or exploitation, including more time passes, the more attitudes change. Here teenage girl felt strongly that these changes present sexual abuse, while in the care of in Brazil, women have achieved many important an opportunity: “Changes will start with those who parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other things…” One father felt that the changes had have got the opportunity to speak and express their person who has the care of the child.” gone too far: “Women have won too many rights. views in their communities.” The African Charter on the Welfare of Nowadays, if you have a wife and she doesn’t want Fathers from all three countries said that they The Child goes further, outlining the need to have sexual relations with you, she can denounce felt that “children no longer respect their parents”. for protection from “all forms of torture, you to the police. This is good because it recognises “In my time,” one of the Brazilian fathers inhuman or degrading treatment”. N

explained, “I respected my parents. Now children l a the woman’s right. The problem is that women P might want to overcome men and men are always don’t respect their parents anymore, they even Yet families also play the primary role in stronger. That’s why I think that these changes are want to beat them up…” most important memory of their childhood. protecting girls and ensuring that their rights going too far.” Freedom could be interpreted positively or Huguette’s father in Benin explained that are respected. Focus group discussions with Girls and women across the three countries had a negatively, as described by one Brazilian father: “the strictest person was my father. He was the girls’ parents show a clear role for fathers somewhat different perspective, not convinced that “These days, anyone can pass by and ‘take’ our the one who often beat us. I did not like to within the family as protectors of their much has changed. One of the teenage girls from daughter away… in my time, no girl would leave bathe and one day I ran away and hid myself daughters. This protection, however well Brazil explained that “not everyone respects us, the house without the parents’ authorisation... under the bed where he discovered me. meaning, also plays its part in emphasising and when we ask for respect, they call us rude”. A they could only go out with their parents and Then he beat me severely.” In El Salvador, the ‘weakness’ of girls, discouraging Brazilian mother said, “People say a woman is like the siblings, especially the girls.” One of the Melissa’s father told of how he watched as independence and putting men firmly in an infectious disease; society has a lot of prejudice mothers from the Philippines embraces the new his grandfather attacked his mother. control. against us.” freedom girls have, however: “Nowadays, girls For many, this routine masculine violence A growing number of governments Many of the mothers and fathers were keen to are courageous. It used to be that they couldn’t was troubling, and several sought out role are legislating against violence against talk about changes in the way children and parents go on their own to another place: now they are models who offered an alternative view of women and girls. Brazil’s Maria da Penha communicate. A Brazilian father noted, “I talk to confident as long as they have mobile phones the world. Albine’s father in Benin looked up Law on Violence against Women (2006), my daughters about their studies and about whom with them.” to a teacher who did not beat his students: for example, was the culmination of a “Mr Gnonhoue was the teacher who taught lengthy campaign by women’s groups, 3. Violence in the home: “the strictest other relatives or by teachers. Discussions me in sixth form of primary school. He was regional and international bodies. It has person was my father” with the girls’ fathers illustrate how boys can patient and did not use a stick to explain been cited as one of the most advanced become conditioned to the idea that married things to us.” in the world. The law provides a variety of “I spank them with one stick of raffia men are expected to control their wives and legal protections, including special courts; broom. I just hit them once, but when I’m punish their children. Many of them reported Supporting frameworks preventive detentions for severe threats; really angry, I give them three hits.” that violence was part of their parents’ The International Conference on increased penalties for perpetrators; and Bhea’s father, Philippines relationship and that violence was often the Population and Development (ICPD) affirmative measures to assist women, Programme of Action outlines clearly including vulnerable domestic workers, and The lives of many of the girls taking part in what is needed to challenge traditional to educate the public about the issue and the cohort study have already been touched, gender roles and the issue of violence the law. Several laws have recently been either directly or indirectly, by violence. In against women and girls: “Parents and passed specifically directed at preventing their own homes and communities, gender- schools should ensure that attitudes violence against women and girls, including based violence is by no means rare: some of that are respectful of women and a number promoting positive attitudes the men we interviewed were very much in girls as equals are instilled in boys towards women and girls, and the need for favour of violence as a means of disciplining from the earliest possible age, along shared responsibilities for safety in the home. their children. with an understanding of their shared Some of the legal progress includes guidance Interviews with cohort fathers show responsibilities in all aspects of a safe, for promoting gender equality in schools how violence that was integral in their own secure and harmonious family life. and pre-schools.8 The Brazilian five year upbringing is now shaping their notions of Albine’s Relevant programmes to reach boys olds in our study will grow up with strong masculinity – almost all of them were beaten father. before they become sexually active are legal protection in a society with a growing N

as children, either by their own parents, by l a urgently needed.” awareness of gender equality. P

160 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 2 161 “Girls should really be protected” abused”. In the focus group discussions in the Family matters happening. There is, of course, some – values and attitudes about protecting girls Philippines, teenage boys said that girls are ambivalence about this and some from violence subjected to violence in their community because “The world is changing and soon everybody disagreement between the generations and In focus group discussions about the role of the they are “looked upon as the weaker sex”. Others will understand that we should not treat between the sexes. However, many families family in protecting girls from violence, a father stated that they believe that girls are subjected them [girls] in a different way [from boys].” are beginning to value girls’ education. from the Philippines explained: “They should to sexual violence because of the way that they Sulgence, father of Charnel, Benin Progress in this area is being held back by really be protected. look: “Nice body, legs are displayed, smooth skin.” poverty as much as prejudice. Treating They are our flesh Edwina with Although some took a different view of protecting Now aged five, the girls in our study are girls and boys differently is now being and blood. They are her mother girls, their attitudes remain informed by this view beginning to “learn their place”. Although questioned, not just accepted. There is a weaker than our and sister. of girls being weak and vulnerable. According to there is a lot of variety between individual greater recognition that discrimination is boys. For example, Gremenio, a teenage boy from the Philippines, “It’s families and between the different countries, having a negative effect on boys’ as well as in terms of abuse, good that it’s the mother [who protects the girl it is clear from the interviews that gender girls’ lives, and on the wider success of their more girls are being child] because the mother knows well what the girl discrimination is handed down from one families and communities. abused than boys.” needs. They know their weaknesses.” generation to the next. Without some In Section 1 of the report we discussed the Edwin, father of Jacel’s mother, Analie, presents a different positive intervention, the girls will have price men and boys pay in terms of living up Edwina (Philippines), view: “Most of our husbands cannot control their little choice but to become the carers and to the idea that they must be tough. Many added: “I am the emotions if our children ever commit mistakes. This cleaners, rather than the decision-makers, of recognise the richness that gender equality one who will protect sometimes leads to physical abuse. Thus we can say tomorrow; seen as in need of protection. By can bring to their relationships with partners, my girl, especially that it is more the responsibility of us mothers to starting with the family, and addressing the friends and children. The father of Doreen from from those who may N protect our girl child.” The girls’ parents discussed obstacles and barriers girls face at home and the Philippines, for example, is obviously aware l a put her in danger.” P further the importance of a mother’s in their communities, it is possible to disrupt that he has missed out on family life and his The girls’ fathers in Uganda felt that protection. Antonio, father of Mary this cycle.9 It will be very hard, though, to daughter’s childhood: “I would like my children mothers were “too soft” to protect Jacel and Joy O (Philippines) explained: “In the do so without male support. The family to remember most the good things that I did their children. The Brazilian fathers her mother. family, of course it is the mother [who decision-maker, the father, is a crucial ally. for them… that their Papa came home late echoed this view: “The father… the protects the girl]. The mother takes Change, as Charnel’s father says, is because he was working for us.” man… [is the one responsible for care of the child, and she knows what protecting girls]. I think he has a more the child wants.” Doreen and Consolata authoritarian presence, and people Another father from the Philippines her father. with her respect him more…” said: “It is the mother’s responsibility family. The majority of the men in Brazil [to protect the child] because fathers who joined the discussions justified are usually not around because they the necessity of protecting the girls. are working outside. Girl children are One father noted: “It’s not that I’m most often with their mothers, more sexist, but women are more helpless, than with their fathers.” One of the N Brazilian fathers commented: “When

they have a fragile side.” Ugandan l a fathers felt that ‘weakness’ even P it comes to the girls, Charnel and extended to will-power – one respondent adding it is the mother who her father. that “[girls’] hearts and heads are too weak to must provide the resist some temptations”. A Brazilian father added: care. Men taking N

“Girls are very easily influenced.” Another Ugandan care of daughters is l a father commented: “These days girls are seduced a little strange…” S P o t o

by the older men who have the resources. They Another explained, P H no longer go out with friends of the same age.” A “The mother must a l l Brazilian father explained that “girls must be more take care of the protected because they are women… and there is daughters, because the issue of virginity”. she’s a woman… Some women taking part in the discussions have for us, it’s more internalised this attitude by explaining that “girls Mary Joy O and complicated to have something to treasure [pureness of a person] her mother. talk to them.” One N l a

but for the boys this is not a big deal” (Elna, mother P Ugandan father said of Edwina, Philippines). of his relationship These values are passed on to children – boys with his daughter: “We men are sometimes like Konthea from the Philippines echoed this language, saying lions in the home; how do you expect her to tell and family. that girls are “weaker than boys” or “easily you her secrets?”

162 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 2 163 Because We are Girls ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ Cohort Study Update Benin Charnel Vietnam Ange Thi Ngoc Daki (m) Thi Anh Natacha Thi Linh Estelle Thi Tra Giang Chantal Thi Bich Diep Dominican Marcelle Thanh Thao L Republic Deborah Thanh Thao D Elimar (l) Judith Thri Trang Dineiri (m) Emilienne (d) Thuy Ngan Rosybel Huguette Phuong Thuy Itriaga Albine Le Kim Phung Nataly Chimene (d) Thanh Tam Anny Abigael Thi My Huyen Noelia Consolata Thi Thuy Van Rudilania Thi Kim Khanh Estefani Ngoc Huong Giang Enely Tuong Vi Lorianny Hoang Bao Ngoc Johanna Thi Thuong Crismeili Nu Khanh Huyen Charolyn

El Salvador Brenda Evelyn Heydi Cambodia Yaqueline Chhea Togo Konthea Tatiana Richala Davath Vilma Djalilatou (m) Sokhea Maria Salimata Nika Helen Adjara Cham Philippines Eunice Oumou Sipha Riza Ashlin Yassiminatou (d) Sophea (m) Edwina Mariyama Darlin Brazil Sreyman Jacel Hilda Soumeyatou Uganda Sophy Leah Cintia Brenam Melissa Christine Sreytin Mary Joy T (d) Wemilly Blandine Leidjane Anna Maria Channy Girlie Fadilatou Gloria Reaksa Airesh Rosane Fridos Is. Kevyllen Annet Chariya Jessa B Faissatou Sumaya Naream Marjorie Maria (l) Aridjatou Amanda (m) Docus Mary Joy O Fridos Id. (d) Trassy (m) Mikaela Ketily Beretchissou Eloiza Ruth Doreen Gastine Sarah Lyca Marina (l) Maninani Isadora Tereza Bhea Massama-Esso Resty (d) Jacky Kessia Maridiyatou Lorena Juliet Jessa S (m) Razakatou Mirabu Sidcleia Yasmine Iasmine Tapenensi Walidatou Damali (m) = migrated Hadidjatou (d) = deceased Hentou (l) = left the study

164 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 2 165 Section 3

Plan’s Because I am a Girl campaign...... 168 Introduction...... 169 Maternity leave duration map...... 170 Paternity leave duration map...... 172 Case Studies: 1 Program H ...... 174 2 New Visions: life skills education for boys...... 175 3 Promising Practice: Plan Honduras – including Honduran boys and men in gender equality...... 177 4 USAID – Safe Schools Program ...... 178 References...... 181 Girls online...... 197 Glossary ...... 204 About Plan International...... 206 Plan Offices ...... 207 an P l

166 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 167 Plan’s Because I am Introduction a Girl campaign

‘Because I am a Girl’ is Plan’s global countries. Everyone benefits, including boys Our final reference section provides campaign to promote girls’ rights and lift and men. a variety of resources which support millions of girls out of poverty. Across the The Because I am a Girl campaign will be the analysis of Section 1, and makes world, girls face double discrimination due geared towards equipping, enabling and suggestions for further resources on to their gender and age, leaving them at the engaging girls of all ages to acquire the girls’ rights and engaging boys in gender bottom of the social ladder. assets, skills and knowledge necessary to equality. We have also included two maps For example, research has shown that girls succeed in life. which highlight and compare maternity are more likely to suffer from malnutrition; The ‘State of the World’s Girls’ annual and paternity leave policies throughout the be forced into an early marriage; be subject reports provide, and will provide year after world. These are an important means to to violence or intimidation; be trafficked, year, tangible proof of the inequalities ensure both parents are supported by the sold or coerced into the sex trade; or become which still exist between girls and boys and State to take an active part in their child’s infected with HIV. will support the campaign with specific well-being and development. Yet we know that investing in girls and girl-oriented evidence. The report will give To give an idea as to how our young women has a disproportionately concrete recommendations for the campaign recommendations can be put into practice beneficial effect in alleviating poverty for to take forward on ways to tackle gender at the grassroots level, we take a detailed everyone: not only the girls themselves inequality and ensure that every girl is able look at a number of best practice and but their families, communities and entire to realise her full potential. promising practice development projects Girls learn which are working with boys and men to For more information visit: about their achieve gender equality. These examples plan-international.org/girls/campaign rights . demonstrate innovative methods by which to engage men and boys, whilst also charting their success and impact. This year we have also introduced a rg

glossary of gender-related terms, which A l f B e will act as an important resource in understanding the nuances, definitions and Family life in meanings of gender specific terminology. Cambodia . Our final resource section provides a useful reference guide for information on organisations, campaigns, research and databases, which all focus on girls’ rights and well-being. rg A l f B e

168 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 169 Maternity leave duration

Czech Rep. Slovakia Lebanon

U.K. Ireland Croatia Serbia Nepal Bosnia & Herz. Bulgaria Albania Tunisia Libya

U.A.E. Sudan Qatar Bahrain P.N.G.

LEGEND Malawi Maternity leave duration Australia Days 30

410 No data

Highest duration of maternity leave Lowest duration of maternity leave Maternity Leave Duration Source: The data was compiled by Maplecroft and is Country No. of days Country No. of days CountryMaternityMaternityNo. of days leaveleaveCountry durationdurationNo. of days based on the definitions and data in the International Labour Organisation’s TRAVAIL database. The database Croatia 410 United Kingdom 365 Tunisia 30 Libya 50 contains the principal legislative measures adopted in member States to protect the health and welfare of Albania 365 Bulgaria 227 MaternityP.N.G leave42 durationQatar 50 working women during pregnancy, childbirth and Australia 365 Czech Republic 196 Bahrain 45 Nepal 52 breastfeeding and to ensure that their employment is Czech Rep. Slovakia Lebanon protected and that they are not subject to discrimination.Czech Rep. Slovakia Lebanon Bosnia & Herz. 365 Slovakia 196 U.A.E Maternity45 leaveMalawi duration56 Serbia 365 Ireland 182 Lebanon 49 Sudan 56 U.K.U.K. CzechIreland IrelandRep. Slovakia Lebanon Czech Rep. Slovakia Lebanon CroatiaCroatia Serbia Nepal Nepal SerbiaU.K. BosniaBosnia & Herz. & Herz. U.K. IrelandBulgariaBulgaria Ireland AlbaniaAlbania CroatiaTunisiaTunisia Croatia Libya Nepal Serbia Serbia Libya Nepal Bosnia & Herz.Bosnia & Herz. Bulgaria U.A.E. Bulgaria Sudan U.A.E. Albania Sudan Qatar Albania Qatar Tunisia Tunisia Bahrain Libya Libya Bahrain P.N.G. P.N.G.

U.A.E. SudaMalawin U.A.E. LEGEND Sudan Qatar LEGEND MalawiQatar Maternity leave BahrainBahrain Maternityduration leave P.N.G.P.N.G. duration Australia Days Australia Days 30 LEGEND Malawi LEGEND 30 Malawi Maternity leave Maternity leave duration410 duration Australia Day41No0s data Australia Days No data30 30

410 410 No data No data

Highest duration of maternity leave Lowest duration of maternity leave Maternity Leave Duration Source: The data was compiled by Maplecroft and is Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days based on theMaternity definitions Leaveand data Duration in the International Highest duration of maternity leave Lowest duration of maternity leave Labour Organisation’s TRAVAIL database. The database Croatia 410 United Kingdom 365 Tunisia 30 Libya 50 contains theSource: principal The legislative data was measures compiled adopted by Maplecroft in and is Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of daysmember Statesbased to protecton the thedefinitions health and and welfare data in of the International Albania 365 Bulgaria 227 P.N.G 42 Qatar 50 working womenLabour during Organisation’ pregnancy,s childbirthTRAVAIL and database. The database Australia 365 Czech Republic 196 Bahrain 45 Nepal 52 breastfeedingcontains and to theensure principal that their legislative employment measures is adopted in Croatia 410 United Kingdom 365 Tunisia 30 Libya 50protected and that they are not subject to discrimination. Bosnia & Herz. 365 Slovakia 196 U.A.E 45 Malawi 56 member States to protect the health and welfare of Albania 365 Bulgaria 227 P.N.G 42 Qatar 50 working women during pregnancy, childbirth and Highest duration of maternity leave Lowest duration of maternity leave Maternity Leave Duration SerbiaAustralia 365365 IrelandCzech Republic 182 196 LebanonBahrain 49 45 Sudan Nepal 56 52 breastfeeding and to ensure that their employment is protectedSource: and thatThe theydata arewas not compiled subject by to Maplecroftdiscrimination. and is BosniaCountry & Herz. 365No. of days SlovakiaCountry 196No. of days U.A.ECountry 45No. of days MalawiCountry 56No. of days based on the definitions and data in the International Highest duration of maternity leave Lowest duration of maternity leave MaternityLabour Leave Organisation’ Durations TRAVAIL database. The database 170 the state of the world’s girls SECTION Serbia3 365 Ireland 182 Lebanon 49 Sudan 56 171 Croatia 410 United Kingdom 365 Tunisia 30 Libya 50 Source:contains The data the was principal compiled legislative by Maplecroft measures andadopted is in Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days based onmember the definitions States to protectand data the in health the International and welfare of Albania 365 Bulgaria 227 P.N.G 42 Qatar 50 working women during pregnancy, childbirth and Labour Organisation’s TRAVAIL database. The database Australia 365 Czech Republic 196 Bahrain 45 Nepal 52 breastfeeding and to ensure that their employment is Croatia 410 United Kingdom 365 Tunisia 30 Libya 50 containsprotected the principal and that legislative they are measuresnot subject adoptedto discrimination. in Bosnia & Herz. 365 Slovakia 196 U.A.E 45 Malawi 56 member States to protect the health and welfare of Albania 365 Bulgaria 227 P.N.G 42 Qatar 50 working women during pregnancy, childbirth and Serbia 365 Ireland 182 Lebanon 49 Sudan 56 Australia 365 Czech Republic 196 Bahrain 45 Nepal 52 breastfeeding and to ensure that their employment is protected and that they are not subject to discrimination. Bosnia & Herz. 365 Slovakia 196 U.A.E 45 Malawi 56 Serbia 365 Ireland 182 Lebanon 49 Sudan 56 Paternity leave duration

Norway Lithuania Finland Slovakia Iceland Netherlands Canada Luxembourg Slovenia Greece Spain U.S. Portugal Tunisia Israel

Guatemala Saudi Arabia

Indonesia LEGEND Paternity leave duration Paraguay Days 1 Argentina

154 No data

Highest duration of paternity leave Lowest duration of paternity leave Paternity Leave Duration Source: The data was compiled by Maplecroft and is based Country No. of days Country No. of days CountryPaternityPaternityNo. of days leaveleaveCountry durationNo. of days on the definitions and data in the International Labour Organisation’s TRAVAIL database. A strict definition of Slovakia 154 Israel 56 Saudi Arabia 1 Greece 2 Paternity leave was used which includes leave provisions reserved for fathers or leave that can be used by fathers as Iceland 90 Lithuania 30 Tunisia 1 Indonesia 2 paternity leave. It does not include parental leave Slovenia 90 Spain 28 Argentina 2 Luxembourg 2 provisions that can be used by the father or mother unless NorwayNorway LithuaniaLithuaniaFinlandFinland Paternity leave duration a portion of the leave is reserved for fathers or such leave United States 84 Portugal 20 Canada 2 Netherlands 2 is indistinguishable from paternity leave. SlovakiSlovakia a Norway 70 Finland 18 GuatemalaPaternity2 leaveParaguay duration2 IcelandIceland NetherlandsNetherlands CanadaCanada LuxembourgNorwayLuxembourg Lithuania Finland Slovenia Norway Lithuania Finland SlovakiSlovenia a GreeceGreeceSlovakia Iceland Spain IcelandSpain U.S. Portugal U.S. NetherlandsNetherlandsPortugal LuxembourgTunisia Canada Canada LuxembourgIsraelTunisia Slovenia SloveniIsrael a Greece Greece Spain Spain U.S. U.S. Portugal Portugal Guatemala Tunisia Tunisia Saudi Arabia Guatemala Israel Israel Saudi Arabia

Indonesia LEGEND Indonesia LEGENDPaternity leave Guatemala Saudi Arabia Paternityduration leave Guatemala Paraguay Saudi Arabia duratioDays n Paraguay Argentina Days 1 Indonesia LEGEND1 Argentina Indonesia LEGEND Paternity154 leave Paternity leaveduration Paraguay duration 15No4 data Paraguay Days No data Days 1 Argentina 1 Argentina

154 154 No data No data

Highest duration of paternity leave Lowest duration of paternity leave Paternity Leave Duration Source: The data was compiled by Maplecroft and is based Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days on the definitions and data in the International Labour Highest duration of paternity leave Lowest duration of paternity leave Organisation’Paternitys TRAVAIL Leavedatabase. Duration A strict definition of Slovakia 154 Israel 56 Saudi Arabia 1 Greece 2 Paternity leaveSource: was usedThe datawhich was includes compiled leave by provisions Maplecroft and is based Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of daysreserved for fathers or leave that can be used by fathers as Iceland 90 Lithuania 30 Tunisia 1 Indonesia 2 on the definitions and data in the International Labour paternity leave.Organisation’ It does nots includeTRAVAI parentalL database. leave A strict definition of provisions that can be used by the father or mother unless Slovenia 90 Spain 28 Argentina 2 Luxembourg 2 Paternity leave was used which includes leave provisions Slovakia 154 Israel 56 Saudi Arabia 1 Greece 2 a portion of the leave is reserved for fathers or such leave United States 84 Portugal 20 Canada 2 Netherlands 2 is indistinguishablereserved from for paternityfathers or leave leave. that can be used by fathers as Iceland 90 Lithuania 30 Tunisia 1 Indonesia 2 paternity leave. It does not include parental leave Norway 70 Finland 18 Guatemala 2 Paraguay 2 Slovenia Highest90 durationSpain of paternity leave 28 Argentina Lowest2 duration Luxembourgof paternity leave 2 provisionsPaternity that Leave can be Durationused by the father or mother unless a portion of the leave is reserved for fathers or such leave United States 84 Portugal 20 Canada 2 Netherlands 2 Source: The data was compiled by Maplecroft and is based Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days is indistinguishableon the definitions fromand datapaternity in the leave International. Labour 172 the state of the world’s girls SECTION Norway3 Highest duration of70 paternity leaveFinland 18 Guatemala Lowest duration2 of paternityParaguay leave 2 PaternityOrganisation’ Leaves Duration TRAVAIL database. A strict173 definition of Slovakia 154 Israel 56 Saudi Arabia 1 Greece 2 Source:Paternity The data leave was was compiled used which by Maplecroft includes leave and provisionsis based Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days Country No. of days on the reserveddefinitions for and fathers data or in leave the Internationalthat can be used Labour by fathers as Iceland 90 Lithuania 30 Tunisia 1 Indonesia 2 paternity leave. It does not include parental leave Organisation’s TRAVAIL database. A strict definition of Slovenia 90 Spain 28 Argentina 2 Luxembourg 2 provisions that can be used by the father or mother unless Slovakia 154 Israel 56 Saudi Arabia 1 Greece 2 Paternitya portion leave ofwas the used leave which is reserved includes for fathersleave provisions or such leave United States 84 Portugal 20 Canada 2 Netherlands 2 reservedis indistinguishablefor fathers or leave from that paternity can be leave used. by fathers as Iceland 90 Lithuania 30 Tunisia 1 Indonesia 2 paternity leave. It does not include parental leave Norway 70 Finland 18 Guatemala 2 Paraguay 2 Slovenia 90 Spain 28 Argentina 2 Luxembourg 2 provisions that can be used by the father or mother unless a portion of the leave is reserved for fathers or such leave United States 84 Portugal 20 Canada 2 Netherlands 2 is indistinguishable from paternity leave. Norway 70 Finland 18 Guatemala 2 Paraguay 2 against a partner in India reduced from 25 to 18 per cent, and in Brazil, significant changes among young men regarding attitudes of high gender equity increased 2 New Visions: life skills Case Studies 2 from 48 to 69 per cent. education for boys, Egypt • The Program H video is being used as an engaging in a critical reflection to identify official educational tool in public secondary Background the direct and personal costs of traditional schools in the state of São Paulo. The The New Visions programme is a non-formal versions of masculinity. Program H manual has been officially education programme for boys and young • To target interventions at the social or adopted by the ministries of health in Brazil, men, carried out in Egypt by The Centre community level, including among parents, Mexico, Nicaragua and Costa Rica and is for Development and Population Activities peer groups, service providers and others used in health education with young people (CEDPA) in partnership with 216 local NGOs, that influence these individual attitudes via the public health system, in schools, funded by USAID. The need for a programme 1 Program H, various locations1 and behaviours. and with community-based partner for boys and young men grew out of CEDPA • Program H generates media campaigns organisations. In India, the National AIDS Egypt’s experience implementing the New Background and youth-friendly education materials. Commission (NACO) has adopted it as Horizons non-formal education programme Program H was initiated by Instituto • Activities within the programme consist a training curriculum for a national-level for girls. Programme managers asserted that Promundo, a Brazilian-based NGO, along of, for example, role plays, brainstorming youth peer promoter project. the goal of supporting young women could with partner organisations, in response exercises, discussion sessions, and a no- only be achieved if their family members and to research findings highlighting gender- words cartoon video series. Good practice and lessons learned the broader community were supportive of inequitable attitudes amongst young • Same-sex group discussion sessions which • The workshop process and its core gender equity. Accordingly, a new curriculum men; the need to encourage young men are usually facilitated by males, who also principles of promoting a critical reflection was developed during 2000-01 to meet to stand in solidarity with women in serve as gender-equitable role models. successfully operate across diverse settings the needs of boys and young men in the questioning and challenging gender-based • Program H uses popular culture (such in many different countries. However, communities where New Horizons operated. violence; and the pressure on boys and as harnessing the support of rap stars in adaptation is necessary in the form of In Egypt as a whole, 88 per cent of males men created by hegemonic masculinities Brazil) to appeal to its youth audience. adding context-specific examples for aged 15 to 24 are literate compared with and the damaging effects this can have. discussion and analysis by the young men, 82 per cent of 15 to 24 year-old females. Promundo sought to understand the Results helping to localise the issues. This general figure of disparity in male/ ‘voices of resistance’ amongst the groups • Program H was first carried out in Latin • Gaining support for the project from female illiteracy was further asserted with of young men who challenge attitudes of America, but the programme has now celebrities can help to influence young an assessment of the communities in which hegemonic, inequitable and violent versions been built on and adapted by project men; the project in Brazil has generated New Horizons worked, which found that most of masculinity. Following on from in-depth partners in more than 20 countries, such backing from several well-known rap stars. young males were literate and had attended analysis into these issues, Promundo created as India and Vietnam. • Campaign slogans should use language school, unlike the young females, who were Program H – ‘H’ for ‘homens’ (men in • The programme was tested amongst 271 from the community and images mostly illiterate. Portuguese) and ‘hombres’ (men in Spanish). young men between the ages of 15 and 24 should be of young men from the same in six countries in Latin America and the communities – acting in ways that Key Beneficiaries Key beneficiaries Caribbean. Results found that participants support gender equality. For example, Boys and young men aged 12 to 20. Boys and young men (aged 15 to 24) who displayed increased feelings of empathy the campaign was called Hora H, take part in the workshops. and critical reflections about how they which translates as “In the heat of the Objectives treated their partners, and also reported moment”. The phrase was developed The project’s overall objective was to Objectives reduced conflict among participants. by a group of young men themselves increase the reproductive health knowledge • To support and encourage young men to • Impact evaluation studies in Brazil and who frequently heard their peers say: and gender sensitivity of young men and to challenge hegemonic masculinities and the India have found that young men have “Everybody knows you shouldn’t hit your encourage the development of key life skills. violence and gender-inequitable outcomes reported a number of positive changes, girlfriend, but in the heat of the moment associated with it, and to engage and from higher rates of condom use and you lose control.” Or, “Everybody knows Methods reflect on traditional norms of ‘manhood’ improved relationships with friends and that you should use a condom, but in the • Over 15,000 participants attended a six- in a safe space. sexual partners, to greater acceptance of heat of the moment…” month course. • To offer young men opportunities to domestic work as men’s responsibility, • The course comprised 64 educational interact with gender-equitable role models and lower rates of sexual harassment Recommendations for the future sessions (with each session covering one in their own community setting. and violence against women. In addition, • To start engagement in the training subject and lasting from one and a half girlfriends of Program H participants have programme at a younger age. to two hours) and were taught by trained Methods also said they feel the quality of their facilitators in youth centres and delivered • To intervene at the level of individual relationships has improved. over a six-month period. attitudes and behaviour change, by • The numbers of those advocating violence • The facilitators provided participants with

174 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 175 information and discussion issues on a respondents still retained traditional were not comfortable with the topics training to be developed. range of topics: gender, gender roles, attitudes on these topics. covered in the manuals. • Engaging with religious and community interpersonal relationships and legal rights, • Participants reported that they were better • Facilitators were not provided with formal leaders can help to overcome reluctance of among others. able to cope with anger and stress, found materials to share with the parents or facilitators and participants in dealing with • The skills included: anger management, it easier to express themselves in front of other community leaders. This initially sensitive and controversial subjects such as planning, negotiation, communication and peers and had gained a greater awareness made it difficult for them to gain FGM. decision-making. of their personal strengths and skills. acceptance by the community. • Piloting and consulting with local • Facilitators used both interactive and • Respondents had more favourable views • The wide age range of participants also communities can help to ensure that non-interactive methods to communicate on shared responsibility in family decision- made it difficult for the facilitators to make materials are age-appropriate. messages, including tapes of drama and making, community service, political all activities relevant to the entire group. • CEDPA’s regional partners were all fully poetry, role-plays, puzzles, posters and participation and household duties than at • Large unanticipated problem of facilitator trained and left with New Visions kits, games. baseline. drop-out due to the difficulty of finding a enabling the replication and continuation • Group discussions, learner-centred • Respondents were more likely to support significant number of men who were able of the programme by community dialogue, written work, individual tasks equitable treatment for boys and girls in to leave their jobs for the time required to organisations and facilitators. and fieldwork constituted the sessions’ relation to attire, work and marriage age be trained as a New Visions facilitator. main components. than at baseline. • Difficult to ensure that all of the • The two-volume New Visions manuals • Knowledge of a source of family planning curriculum material was always being served as a training and facilitator increased from 68 per cent at baseline to presented during training. resource, not as a textbook for 94 per cent at endline. • In some cases, facilitators omitted sessions participants. • At baseline, 36 per cent of boys surveyed that were controversial or uncomfortable • Youth centres were chosen as the primary could not name any mode of HIV for them to teach – namely the sessions on venue for the programme because they transmission; at endline, this percentage marriage and FGM. 3 Promising practice: Plan are natural congregating sites for young had declined to 11 per cent. • Many facilitators suggested that offering Honduras – including Honduran men. • The boys’ age did not affect the outcomes two rounds of training, instead of one boys and men in gender equality3 • College graduates in their twenties and of the programme. Interestingly, at extended training, would be more thirties, particularly those trained in baseline, boys with lower levels of appropriate; and that controversial Background education or social work, were recruited to education scored lowest on outcome subjects such as marriage be delayed until In order to tackle violence against women be volunteer course facilitators; and many scores, but by the end of the programme the second manual. and girls, Plan Honduras introduced the of them were already working with boys at were more likely to have taken on board • Facilitators recommended improving Including Honduran Boys and Men in Gender the centres. the messages than boys of the same age the training on work, especially small Equality project in 2008. • The facilitators received 13 days of training with higher levels of education. enterprise development. and were supervised during their first • Facilitators recommended that “In cultures with high levels of violence course. beneficiaries be provided with a take- and aggression, many men have grown up • Initially all the facilitators were men; home booklet, which would allow them to witnessing or being victims themselves of some female facilitators have since been refer to the content of the programme into violence. While some repeat this violent introduced and are well-accepted. the future. behaviour within their own families and Good practice and lessons learned relationships, others reject it and look for Results • Initially the programme was geared Recommendations for the future ways to challenge patriarchy and transform An evaluation of programme processes, towards boys as young as 10, but the • Good initial results make it easier to cultural patterns that lead to violence. Boys outcomes, and impacts was conducted in minimum age was raised to 12 to ensure engage with government in consolidating and men can become a social force for 2004 by CEDPA in four governorates where that the boys were sufficiently mature to and extending the programme. For change and gender violence prevention; the programme was implemented, covering benefit from the programme. example, recognising the remarkable working with them can help change our 2,314 programme participants before the • The reproductive health component was results achieved by the New Visions understanding of the causes of violent course (baseline) and 2,224 participants at the originally intended to be for participants facilitators, the Ministry of Youth worked behaviour and violence.” end of the course (endline). According to this of all ages, but after initial piloting it was with CEDPA Egypt to establish leadership Daniel Molina, Violence Prevention study, boys who completed the New Visions found that some communities preferred camps. These camps were intended Advisor, Plan Honduras programme reported that they had gained this topic to be optional for the 12 to 14 to reward facilitators from different knowledge and changed their behaviour in age group. governorates of Egypt for their work as Key Beneficiaries several areas covered by the course: • It was difficult to find facilitators who well as to enhance further their skills and Plan staff trainers, and subsequently male • The evaluation found that there were were willing to take a non-traditional provide them with incentives to carry on community leaders and youths who receive positive shifts in attitudes toward stand on certain issues covered in the their community service and volunteer the training. Plan Honduras has also recently male-female interaction, female course, particularly FGM. Those facilitators work. started working with groups of girls and genital mutilation (FGM) and gender- who agreed to participate were similarly • Extending the curricula to the formal boys, focusing on basic gender knowledge based violence, although some greeted with scepticism from parents who school system requires a different form of aimed at gender violence prevention.

176 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 177 in Ghana and Malawi. The project was country to raise awareness and promote Objectives Good practice and lessons learned established to improve the educational advocacy to SRGBV. • The project aims to increase the capacity • Use men to engage men: men can act as experiences and outcomes of schoolchildren, • Teachers and supervisors were sensitised of children and youth (both girls and boys) role models for other men, and having and to make schools a safe learning space for to recognise, prevent and respond to as well as men, to recognise and challenge men work with men embodies recognition girls. In many countries gender-based and SRGBV through the Doorways teacher the causes and effects of domestic and that they (men) must take responsibility sexual violence against girls in schools is all programme. gender-based violence. for helping to end gender inequality. too often overlooked by both teachers and • Safe Schools staff worked with the • To use gender sensitive and rights-based • Spaces for discussion amongst female students, and often plays a role in girls’ drop- respective ministries of education and approaches. facilitators and participants should also out, due to fear of the school environment, teachers’ unions to consolidate existing • To build and strengthen local communities’ be created. Plan Honduras are in the or even early pregnancy. versions of the Teachers’ Code of Conduct capacity to respond effectively to gender- process of starting a new initiative with a into one Code of Conduct (also available based violence and encourage their partner organisation (Centro Bartolome Key Beneficiaries on the project website) that addressed ownership of the issue, particularly engaging de las Casas, from El Salvador) that will Male and female students aged 10 to 14, as SRGBV. and actively involving men and boys. include women in challenging gender- well as male and female teachers. • Safe Schools worked with traditional based violence through re-conceptualising leaders, village elders, Parent Teacher Methods masculinities, named: women as allies Objectives Associations, Community Action Planning • Initially, Plan Honduras conducted national (mujeres aliadas) of the masculinities The goal of Safe Schools was to reduce Committees and School Management consultations which indicated that girls process. school related gender-based violence Committees to raise awareness, identify reported gender discrimination and unfair • Be prepared for, and respond to, (SRGBV) in selected upper primary and lower issues and to develop mobilisation treatment in their communities, schools resistance: acknowledge and work with secondary schools in Ghana and Malawi, to capacity to prevent SRGBV. Through and families. men’s fears about gender equality, support the longer-term goal of improving these processes, groups and individuals • Plan raised institutional awareness and recognise men’s own perceived educational outcomes, and reducing negative emerged as role models that had success in through a continuous training process ‘victimisation’ within the context of gender health outcomes for schoolchildren. overcoming SRGBV or changing attitudes amongst Plan staff, in order for them inequality. and behaviours. to recognise and understand gender • Before starting workshops/engagement Methods • Through a Doorways community discrimination and its implications in their with men, it is important to align with • Using a gender lens to identify the counsellor programme, 240 community own personal, as well as professional, persons or partnering institutions that are relationship between the traditional counsellors and teachers were trained in lives. Plan mainstreamed gender equality capable of coordinating and leading long- gender roles and the types of abuse and basic listening skills, children’s rights and methodologies into their work as an term processes. violence that both girls and boys suffer responsibilities and methods to prevent, analysis tool, and throughout all their • It is vital when engaging with men and from and perpetrate in schools. respond to and report SRGBV incidents. strategies and programmes. boys on issues such as masculinities • Assessments of levels of SRGBV were The network of community counsellors • Plan Honduras is developing a Facilitators’ and gender equality that it is guided conducted in four countries, and based reached 30,000 students in the two Guide that aims to provide knowledge, by feminist content and framed within on the information gathered, Safe Schools countries. values and understanding of issues such as a feminist political agenda, including offices were established in Ghana and gender; sex; roles and stereotypes; control accountability to women and women’s Malawi. Results and power from androcentric cultures; the groups. • Activities at the local and individual levels A baseline/endline survey of 800 students hegemonic male model and its devices and were implemented in 60 schools, focusing and 400 teachers who participated in the configurations; sexual education; gender- on male and female students in upper programme found that: based violence; and parenthood, as well primary and lower secondary school. • Teachers became more aware of how to as other facts and methods by which to • In each country, a Participatory Learning report incidences of school related gender- engage boys and men in discussion and and Action (PLA) assessment was based violence: prior to the Safe Schools reflection. conducted to identify critical information Program, only 45 per cent knew how to • Trained staff members facilitate training in target communities. report such incidences; after the intervention and discussions amongst young men and • Interventions were implemented in this rose to more than 75 per cent. community leaders using methods such as partnership with teachers, headteachers, • Teachers’ attitudes towards acceptability community murals, songs and drama, all 4 USAID – Safe Schools Program, parents, community leaders and the police of physical violence changed: in Malawi, utilising the themes of gender equality and various countries4 in each country. A critical part of these prior to the intervention, 76 per cent of masculinity. interventions was the development of teachers thought whipping boys was Background the Doorways training programme, a set unacceptable; afterwards approximately Results The Safe Schools Program was a five-year of three innovative manuals that served 96 per cent of teachers thought it was To date, 300 young men and community initiative (2003-08) funded by the US as a resource for students, teachers and unacceptable. leaders have participated in training and Agency for International Development community counsellors in efforts to break • Teachers’ awareness of sexual harassment discussions. (USAID) Office of Women in Development, the cycle of violence in and around schools. of girls and boys at school increased: and implemented by DevTech Systems • Advocacy networks were formed in each in Ghana, prior to project involvement,

178 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 179 References roughly 30 per cent of teachers officials supports grassroots efforts. Chapter 1 agreed that girls could experience Open Days and other advocacy network sexual harassment at school; after the events at the grassroots level (including SECTION 1 Know.’ New York: Catalyst, 2009. programme that number increased to participation of national or regional Chapter 1 24 Prime, Jeanine and Corinne A Moss-Racusin. ‘Engaging 1 Maneesa is the youth representative on the Advisory Men in Gender Initiatives: What Change Agents Need To nearly 80 per cent. Teachers’ belief that officials) were supportive of efforts at the Panel for the 2011 ‘Because I am a Girl’ Report. Know.’ New York: Catalyst, 2009. boys could experience sexual harassment village level. 2 daniel, aged 15, Canada. 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Background paper for Planning a ‘Promoting Gender Equity as a Strategy to Reduce HIV Review, 65(2):145–161, 1999. 8 Heckman, James J. ‘The Economics of Investing in Global Campaign on Men, Caregiving and Fatherhood, Risk and Gender-based Violence among Young Men in 90 Smith, David. ‘It took me 20 years to realize that I’d done Children: Policy Briefing No. 1.’ University College Dublin, Internal Meeting, 17 February 201; Men + Gender India.’ Horizons Final Report.Washington, DC: Population something wrong.’ The Guardian, 17 June 2009, World Geary Institute, 2006. Equality Policy Project. ‘What men have to do with it: Council, 2007. In: Christine Ricardo, Marcos Nascimento, News section. 9 Barker, Gary, Christine Ricardo, and Marcos Nascimento. Public policies to promote gender equality.’ ICRW and Vanessa Fonseca and Márcio Segundo, Program H and 91 Smith, David. ‘We have a major problem in South Africa.’ ‘Engaging Men and Boys in Changing Gender- Instituto Promundo, 2010. 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Instituto Promundo, October 2010; Barker, Gary, Marcos Exclusion.’ Routledge, London, 2005. 10 Temin, Miriam and Ruth Levine. ‘Start With a Girl: A 26 Men + Gender Equality Policy Project. ‘What men have Nascimento, Christine Ricardo and Marcio Segundo. 93 Eckman, Anne, Aparna Jain, Sarah Degnan Kambou, New Agenda For Global Health, A Girls Count Report to do with it: Public policies to promote gender equality.’ ‘The Individual and the political: Promundo’s evolving Doris Bartel and John Crownover. ‘Exploring Dimensions on Adolescent Girls.’ Washington: Centre for Global ICRW and Instituto Promundo, 2010. approaches in engaging young men in transforming of Masculinity and Violence.’ Western Balkan Gender- Development, 2009. 27 Heymann, Jody and Earle, Alison. ‘Raising the Global masculinities.’ Presented at ‘Politicising Masculinities: Based Violence Prevention Initiative. CARE and the 11 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. 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194 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 195 Section 3 Girls online Dakar, Senegal, 15-18 October 2007. Directions for Research.’ In: Maitrayee Mukhopadhyay and Navsharan Singh (eds). ‘Gender Justice, Citizenship A list of links to websites, reports, research here: unglobalcompact.org/Issues/human_ 2 CEDPA. New Visions: Life Skills Education for Boys, 2005; and Development.’ 2007. CEDPA. New Visions: Preliminary Findings from the New 8 Lovaas, Karen, and Mercilee M Jenkins. ‘Charting a institutions, databases, practitioner blogs rights/equality_means_business.html Visions Program Pilot Phase Evaluation in Egypt. CEDPA, Path through the ‘Desert of Nothing.’ Sexualities and and agencies working on gender-based (undated); CEDPA/USAID (2004) Improving Girls’ Lives Communication in Everyday Life: A Reader. 8 July 2006. discrimination with a particular focus on girls World Economic Forum runs a Women in Egypt: A Decade of Progress, CEDPA and USAID 2004; Sage Publications Inc. 5 May 2008. and young women. Leaders and Gender Parity Programme Green C, Mona Selim, M S, M P H, Amel Gamal, and 9 AWID. Facts and Issues: Women’s Rights and Economic Ola Mandil. Promoting Gender Sensitivity among Boys Change, Intersectionality – A tool for Gender and which strives to promote female leadership in Egypt (CEDPA), 2004; Project Concern International. Economic Justice. No. 9, August 2004. Business Sector and close the gender gap. It produces a Tool kit for sexual and reproductive health programs, Tool 10 United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women Global Gender Gap Report which includes 6: Strategies for working with key target groups such as (DAW), Office of the High Commissioner for Human The Girl Effect is a shared initiative by the a full ranking of 128 countries from both youth and men. Project Concern International, 2004; Rights (OHCHR), United Nations Development Fund UNICEF. Egypt Statistics- Education. 2004-2008. unicef. for Women (UNIFEM. Gender and racial discrimination: Nike Foundation and the NoVo Foundation the developing and developed world. It also org/infobycountry/egypt_statistics.html (last accessed 1 Report of the Expert Group Meeting. Zagreb, Croatia, to create opportunities for girls. The ‘girl monitors the change in rank from previous June 2011). 21-24 November, 2000. effect’ shows how a girl’s empowerment years to map improvements in the gender 11 UNFPA, Promundo and MenEngage. ‘Engaging Men and can impact the girl, her community and gap. weforum.org 3 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Honduras: Boys In Gender Equality and Health: A Global Toolkit for Sexual violence against women; legislation; attitude Action.’ 2010. humanity at large; it also provides tools and of the authorities and the general public toward 12 United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women. information for private sector actors, NGOs, Civil Society Organisations victims; organisations that provide assistance to 2003. governments and policymakers on how victims. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 3 13 World Health Organisation. Technical Consultation on to empower girls. The ‘Your Move’ report 10x10 is a global movement for girls’ November 2006, HND101869.FE; Oxfam GB. ‘Honduras, Sexual Health. January 2002. Development’. Oxfam In Action. oxfam.org.uk/oxfam_ 14 Vainio-Mattila, A. ‘Navigating Gender: A framework and can be found at: girleffect.org/downloads/ education channelling film and social action in_action/where_we_work/honduras.html (last accessed a tool for participatory development.’ Helsinki: Finland Girl_Effect_Your_Move.pdf to increase investment in girls by driving 26 April 2011); The World Bank. Honduras Country Brief. Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 1999. global.finland.fi/ resources to girl-focused programmes (No date). web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ julkaisut/taustat/nav_gender/glossary.htm (accessed 30 Goldman Sachs 10,000 Women is an already operating, by penetrating the public COUNTRIES/LACEXT/HONDURASEXTN/0,,content June 2011). MDK:21035522~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSit initiative that works to provide under-served consciousness and creating a vast grassroots ePK:295071,00.html (last accessed 1 June 2011); Plan women with business and management network. Building on their support, 10x10 Honduras. Including Honduran Boys and Men in Gender educations and expanding entrepreneurial advocates for governmental, global and Equality. (No date). Internal Document; Plan Honduras talent in developing countries. Its goal is institutional policy changes to empower National Consultation. 2005. to provide 10,000 women with a business adolescent girls. Find out more about their 4 USAID. Safe Schools Program: Student And Teacher and management education over the next film and work here: 10x10act.org/about- Baseline Report On School-Related Gender-Based five years. ‘10,000 Women’ works with 10x10/ Violence In Machinga District, Malawi. USAID, December development, NGO and educational actors. 2007; USAID. Safe Schools Program: Final Report. USAID, 2008a; USAID. Safe Schools Program: A Qualitative More information on the initiative can be Amnesty International (Stop Violence Study To Examine School-Related Gender-Based Violence found at: 10000women.org/index.html Against Women) is a campaign which strives In Malawi. USAID, January 2008b. to end violence against women and girls Standard Chartered Bank – ‘Goal’: works to in times of peace as well as war. Its main Glossary 1 Population Council. ‘Building Assets for Safe Productive empower girls in their communities in India themes are the empowerment of women, Lives: A Report on A Workshop on Adolescent Girls’ through netball in order to work towards violence against women perpetrated by the Livelihoods.’ Population Council, 7-8 April 2004. the MDGs. Working with grassroots NGOs, state and the implementation of existing 2 Narayan. 2005 in: Plan International. ‘Because I Am A it reaches 3,500 young women in Delhi. To laws on rape and sexual violence. For Girl’ Report. 2009. 3 Kabeer, Naila. ‘Reflections on the Measurement of find out more about Standard Chartered’s more information visit: amnesty.org/en/ Women’s Empowerment.’ In ‘Discussing Women’s MDG projects see here: goal-girls.com campaigns/stop-violence-against-women Empowerment: Theory and Practice.’ Stockholm: Sida Studies No. 3, 2001. United Nations Global Compact is a policy Camfed is an organisation dedicated to 4 OSAGI. ‘Gender Mainstreaming: Strategy for Promoting Gender Equality Document.’ August, 2001. initiative for businesses that are committed to improving access to education for girls in 5 United Nations International Research and Training aligning their organisation with the humane Africa. Using a community-based, holistic Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW): principles in the area of human rights, approach, Camfed provides long-term Glossary of Gender Related Terms and Concepts. ‘Gender anti-corruption, labour and environment. support, such as fees throughout a girl’s and Household Food Security.’ Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2001. By implementing this, businesses can schooling, offers business training and small 6 ABC of Women Workers’ Rights and Gender Equality, ensure that market and commerce benefit grants to women; and aims to empower Geneva: ILO, 2000 and Gender and Household Food economies and societies everywhere. women through a partnership with Cama, Security. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural An important part of the programme is an association of Camfed alumni and other Development, 2001. ifad.org/gender/glossary.htm 7 Goetz, Anne Marie. ‘Gender Justice, Citizenship and concerned with empowering women in the African women, which encourages young Entitlements: Core Concepts, Central Debates and New workplace. More information can be found African women to become leaders in their

196 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 197 own communities. Find more information at: engaged in and working towards gender and action. For more information visit: to take an active role in the empowerment of uk.camfed.org equality and questioning violence and non- soroptimistinternational.org/index.html women and children. More information can equitable versions of manhood. For further be found at: woman.ch Forum of African Women’s Educationalists information and toolkits, see: menengage.org Vital Voices is a global partnership that aims (FAWE) is a pan-African NGO founded by to empower women worldwide. Working World Association of Girl Guides and five female ministers of education. It works Promundo is a Brazilian NGO that seeks to in partnership with organisations in the Girl Scouts works worldwide to provide a to improve access and quality of education to promote gender equality and end violence business sector, it works to train women non-formal education through which girls girls in the region. It has national chapters in against women, children and youth. leaders and entrepreneurs around the world can gain life skills and self-development. 35 African countries. More information can Promundo works by conducting research who can then go back and train women in It reaches approximately 10 million girls be found at: fawe.org related to gender equality and health, and their own communities. through 145 member organisations. For implementing and evaluating programmes vitalvoices.org more information visit: wagggsworld.org/ Girls, Inc. is a non-profit organisation that seek to promote positive changes en/home dedicated to empowering girls. It provides in gender norms and behaviours among White Ribbon Campaign is a global educational opportunities to girls in the most individuals, families and communities. campaign and network of men working to YWCA is a global network empowering vulnerable sections of society in the United In addition, Promundo advocates for end violence against women. In over 55 women around the world to enact social and States. For more information visit: the integration of these initiatives and a countries, campaigns are led by both men economic change. It works with 25 million girlsinc.org perspective of gender equality in public and women, with a focus on educating women and girls in 22,000 communities. policies. For more information, and to men and boys. To learn more about the It works in four priority areas: peace with Girls Learn International is a US-based look at the International Men and Gender campaign, see the website: whiteribbon.ca justice, human rights, women’s health and organisation which pairs American middle- Equality Survey (IMAGES) see the website: HIV/AIDS, and sustainable development. For and high-school chapters with schools in promundo.org.br Women in Development Europe (WIDE) more information visit: worldywca.info countries where girls have traditionally been is an umbrella organisation of European denied education. It promotes cross-cultural A Safe World for Women: The 2011 women’s organisations which monitors and Foundations awareness and understanding and trains girls Campaign focuses on ending all forms of influences economic and development policy to be leaders in the movement for positive abuse of women and girls. It is an online from a feminist perspective. It produces a The Cherie Blair Foundation works to social change. organisation that brings together NGOs, monthly e-newsletter on its activities and provide entrepreneurship opportunities and girlslearn.org/index. groups and individuals committed to a news relating to gender and development. To access to technology for women worldwide. php?catid=1&over=1&color=White safer world. Their website contains useful sign up for the newsletter follow this link: They provide finance, networking and information on the types of violence wide-network.org/blocks/join.jsp business development support on the Ipas is an organisation focused on increasing inflicted against women and girls. premise that economically empowered women’s ability to assert their sexual and asafeworldforwomen.org Womankind Worldwide aims to women not only have greater control reproductive rights. It works in several areas, promote women as a force for change in over their own lives and the lives of their focusing on sexual violence and youth. She’s The First is a media action campaign development. It works in 15 developing children, but also signal a brighter future It works in advocacy, research, training established by young women to promote countries funding projects tied to women’s for their communities and economies: health workers in safe abortion technique, girls’ education in areas where that right legal rights and self-empowerment. Their cherieblairfoundation.org and technologies and advocacy. For more is not often an opportunity, by attracting publications, which are available for information visit: ipas.org/Index.aspx donors to their online directory of schools download, may be found at: womankind. Girls Action Foundation runs innovative with sponsorship programmes. org.uk/publications.html girls’ empowerment programmes across NGO Working Group on Girls’ Rights is an shesthefirst.org/about/ Their ‘Respect 4 Us’ campaign website Canada, investing in girls and young women international network which aims to ensure provides interactive tools for young people to at both a local and national level. The domestic implementation of international Sonke Gender Justice Network works explore issues of violence. programmes foster community leadership standards relating to girls in all stages of across Africa to strengthen government, respect4us.org.uk/container.htm skills and inspire action to change the their youth, as well as promote advocacy civil society and citizen capacity to support world. Many of the girls enrolled in the of girls’ issues in international policy. More men and boys to take action to promote Women for Women International is a global programmes are from remote, marginalised information can be found at: girlsrights.org gender equality, prevent domestic and sexual NGO that works with socially excluded and urban communities. Find out more at: violence and reduce the spread and impact women survivors of conflict, by providing girlsactionfoundation.ca/en MenEngage is a global alliance of NGOs of HIV and AIDS. To learn more about the them with financial aid, job training, rights and UN agencies that seeks to engage boys network and their current and past projects awareness and leadership education. To learn UN Foundation The Foundation’s Women and men to achieve gender equality through see: genderjustice.org.za more about the programmes and projects and Population section has been working to activities such as information sharing; joint they run, visit: womenforwomen.org empower women and girls worldwide, on the training activities; and carrying out regional Soroptimist International is an organisation premise that they are essential to eradicating and international advocacy and campaigns. for women in management and professions Women’s World Summit Foundation has poverty and achieving social justice. They Seeks to act as a collective voice to promote who work to advance women’s status and consultative status with the UN and strives to place a particular focus on reproductive and a global movement of men and boys human rights through advocacy, awareness alert governments and international bodies sexual health and rights, as well as investing

198 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 199 in and advocating for, adolescent girls. More on issues of interest. The organisation Association for Women’s Rights in from the international to the domestic, information can be found at: is made up of five partners: UNDP, Development (AWID) is an international ensuring that women worldwide are aware unfoundation.org/global-issues/women- UNIFEM, National Democratic Institute organisation working for women’s rights, of their rights. More information can be and-population/ for International Affairs, The International gender equality and development. It works found at: iwraw-ap.org The UN Foundation provides a vehicle Institute for Democracy and Electoral to build alliances and influence international through which donors can support the UN’s Assistance, and the Inter-Parliamentary institutions to advance women’s issues. Resources and Databases work on girls – The Girl Fund thegirlfund.org Union. More information can be found here: AWID provides current and up-to-date iknowpolitics.org/node/221 information on women’s rights in the news; Centre for Research on Violence Against Girl Up is the United Nations Foundation as well as profiling recent research and Women and Children produces action- awareness-raising campaign to harness girls’ The Coalition for Adolescent Girls is a information on a multitude of topics, themes oriented research in order to support local, energy and enthusiasm as a powerful force partnership between the United Nations and countries. See: awid.org national and international communities in for change. girlup.org Foundation and the Nike Foundation, and Also, a profile of the ‘Young Feminist their work against violence against women is committed to driving public and private Activism Program’ can be found here: awid. and children. The Centre’s research and Multi-Laterals investment in adolescent girls. Check out: org/eng/About-AWID/AWID-Initiatives/ publications can be found on their website: coalitionforadolescentgirls.org Young-Feminist-Activism-Program crvawc.ca/index.html Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is an organisation World Bank Adolescent Girls Initiative Centre for Global Development (CGDev) DevInfo is a powerful database which brings together governments is an initiative hoping to improve girls’ is a non-profit policy research organisation combining three databases to review committed to democracy and the market employment prospects tomorrow with focusing on reducing poverty. Of particular the implementation of the Millennium economy. Its OECD Development Centre training and education today. It works interest to girls is its report ‘Girls Count: Development Goals. Of particular interest has created Wikigender, a pilot project for in partnership with the governments of a Global Investment and Action Agenda’ is its ‘Facts. You decide’ page which shows the OECD Global Project on Measuring Australia, the United Kingdom, Denmark, which can be found at: cgdev.org/ statistics on each of the MDGs. It can be the Progress of Societies which provides a Sweden and Norway; and private sector files/15154_file_GirlsCount.pdf found here: devinfo.org/facts.htm?IDX=13 free forum through which to exchange and firms including Cisco, Standard Chartered collect information on gender issues. For Bank and Goldman Sachs. The initiative Child Rights Information Network (CRIN) is Institutions and Development Database more information visit: wikigender.org also offers incentives to employers to hire a global network of children’s organisations (GID-DB) represents a new tool for and train girls. For more information visit: which coordinates and promotes information researchers and policymakers to determine World Bank works closely with other go.worldbank.org/I5PX4JETM0 on child rights. It has a membership of 2,000 and analyse obstacles to women’s economic development organisations towards organisations, and its search facilities can development. It covers a total of 160 improving girls’ education. It finances Gender and HIV/AIDS web portal has been be narrowed down by region or theme with countries and comprises an array of 60 projects in developing countries as well as set up by UN Women in collaboration with extensive information concerning children’s indicators on gender discrimination. The providing technology and financial assistance UNAIDS in order to provide comprehensive legal rights. database has been compiled from various to countries with high gender disparities in and up-to-date information on the gender For more information concerning child rights sources and combines in a systematic and education. Other excellent resources from dimensions of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. For mechanisms see crin.org/docs/CRINmechs.pdf coherent fashion the current empirical the World Bank on girls’ empowerment can further information see: genderandaids.org evidence that exists on the socio-economic be found at: go.worldbank.org/B9VQI8YJT0 International Centre for Research on status of women. The Population Council is an international Women (ICRW) is an organisation which Another of their projects is the SIGI (Social Partnerships non-governmental organisation conducting works on research, technical support for Institutions and Gender Index), a composite research into population issues worldwide. capacity building and advocacy. Its research measure of gender discrimination based on Girl Hub is a collaboration between the UK It is merging its research areas into three focus includes: adolescence, HIV/AIDS, social institutions in 102 non-OECD countries. government Department for International headings: HIV and AIDS; Poverty, Gender food security and nutrition, economic Users may build their own gender index by Development (DFID) and Nike Foundation. and Youth; and Reproductive Health. Its development, reproductive health and changing the priority of the social institutions Girl Hub aims to form a global network publications and resources can be found here: violence against women. Regarding girls, in the SIGI. genderindex.org of girls’ experts and advocates and link popcouncil.org/publications/index.asp it works towards improving sexual and them with development programmes and reproductive rights and combating child Girls Discovered is a comprehensive, policymakers to promote girls’ rights, and Research marriage. Its many publications on the interactive resource of data relating to work to include girls in policy design and subject can be found at: catalog.icrw.org/ the welfare, health and education and implementation. girlhub.org/about/ Asia Pacific Women’s Watchis a regional pubsearch.htm opportunities of girls worldwide. It enables network of women’s organisations. It works users to choose from over 200 datasets and iKNOW Politics is an international to improve women’s rights by working with International Women’s Rights Action Watch view, compare and analyse their data on knowledge network of women in politics other NGOs, national governments and the (IWRAW) Asia Pacificworks to promote maps or download it as a spreadsheet. from around the world who share UN. More information can be found at: domestic implementation of international girlsdiscovered.org/create_your_own_map/ experiences, access resources and advisory apww.isiswomen.org human rights standards. It focuses on the services, and network and collaborate CEDAW, facilitating a flow of information

200 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 201 Sexual Violence Prevention Network uses a ending sexual violence in conflict. It aims 1995 Bejing Platform for Action. It is now partnerships with civil society. In addition, social justice and health framework, in order to improve coordination and accountability, managed by a taskforce of the Inter-Agency UN Women holds the entire UN system to raise awareness and share information amplify programming and advocacy, and Network on Women and Gender Equality, accountable for its own commitments on with the ultimate goal of ending sexual support national efforts to prevent sexual led by UN Women, and acts as a central gender equality, including regular monitoring violence. Its objective is to foster a network violence and respond effectively to the needs gateway to information and resources on of system-wide progress. For more of researchers, policymakers, activists and of survivors. For more information visit: the promotion of gender equality and the information see their website: donors to address the problem of sexual stoprapenow.org empowerment of women throughout the unwomen.org violence. To see a list of resources available, United Nations system. For more information visit: svri.org The E4 conference, held in April-May visit: un.org/womenwatch United Nations Development Programme 2010, aimed to promote partnerships for (UNDP) is the UN’s development WomenWatch provides information and girls’ education against the obstacles that UN Agencies organisation and works on the ground in 166 resources on gender equality and female violence, poverty, climate change, health and countries. Its yearly Human Development empowerment. The girl child is one of its educational quality can pose. The ‘Dakar United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Report monitors development at national, critical areas of concern. It is a useful source Declaration on accelerating Girls’ Education focuses on child development, education and regional and international levels, and can of information as it provides clear and easy and Gender Equality’ was unanimously gender equality, HIV/AIDS, child protection be found at: hdr.undp.org/en/reports/. Of access to the various UN conventions, adopted by the participants at the conference: and policy advocacy. Of particular interest particular interest: its Human Development bodies and activities relating to gender in a ungei.org/index_2527.html to girls is the 2007 ‘State of the World’s Index (HDI) measures a country’s user-friendly way. Information specifically Children Report – Women and Children: the development by considering education, related to the girl child can be found at: UN Programme on Youth is the UN’s focus Double Dividend of Gender Equality’: life expectancy and income, but it also un.org/womenwatch/directory/the_girl_ centre on youth. It produces a biannual unicef.org/sowc07/docs/sowc07.pdf and the produces indices specific to gender: the child_3012.htm World Youth Report. One of its areas 2009 State of the World’s Children Report: Gender Development Index and the Gender of concern is girls and young women. ‘Maternal and Newborn Health’: Empowerment Index which can be found at: Women Stats Project provides extensive Information regarding its work on girls and unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09- hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/indices/gdi_gem/ and comprehensive information on the young women can be found at: un.org/esa/ FullReport-EN.pdf status of women in the world. The Project socdev/unyin/wpaygirls.htm United Nations Girls Education Initiative facilitates understanding the linkage UN Commission on the Status of Women (UNGEI) aims to ensure that by 2015 the between the situation of women and the UNDP Millennium Campaign aims to is a commission of the Economic and Social gender gap in primary and secondary security of nation-states and highlights support and promote awareness of the Council dedicated to gender equality and the education will have narrowed and all children qualitative and quantitative information on MDGs. The campaign produces ‘The advancement of women. The 54th session complete primary education. Its ‘Gender over 310 indicators of women’s status in Millennium Goals Report’ which summarises of the commission, which reviewed the Achievement and Prospects’ in Education 174 countries. For more information visit: the data and achievements of all the MDGs. implementation of the Beijing Declaration (GAP) projects work to assess progress womanstats.org/index.htm It can be found at: and its contribution towards the realisation towards MDG 2 (universal primary education un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/The%20 of the Millennium Development Goals, can by 2015) and identify obstacles and Young Feminist Wire is an exciting new Millennium%20Development%20 be found here: un.org/womenwatch/daw/ innovations. The GAP Report can be found online community for young feminist Goals%20Report%202008.pdf. beijing15/index.html at: ungei.org/gap/pdfs/unicef_gap_low_res. activism, to showcase the work of young pdf feminists, bring them together to enhance Virtual Knowledge Centre to End Violence UN Women (United Nations Entity for their effectiveness, and offer resources. Against Women and Girls is presented by Gender Equality and the Empowerment United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) yfa.awid.org UN Women and acts as a one-stop online of Women) was created in July 2010 to uses population data to ensure that every centre which encourages and supports accelerate the UN goals on gender equality man, woman and child has the right to a UN Resources evidence-based programming to design and the empowerment of women. UN healthy life. It produces a yearly ‘State of the more efficiently and effectively, implement, Women has merged together the roles of World’s Population’ report, several of which Say NO to Violence is presented by UN monitor and evaluate initiatives to prevent DAW, INSTRAW, OSAGI and UNIFEM and have focused on gender. 2006 focused on Women, and records what individuals, and respond to violence against women works for the elimination of discrimination ‘Women and International Migration’. unfpa. governments and organisations are doing to and girls. The website provides step-by-step against women and girls, the empowerment org/upload/lib_pub_file/650_filename_ end violence against women worldwide and programming guidance and expert advice, of women, and equality between women sowp06-en.pdf count the actions taken towards that goal. including working with men and boys. For and men as partners and beneficiaries of They provide free resources and publications more information see: development, human rights, humanitarian to download at: endvawnow.org action, and peace and security. UN Women saynotoviolence.org/issue/publication seeks to support inter-governmental bodies Women Watch was first established as to formulate policies, global standards and Stop Rape Now is a UN Action Against a joint UN project in 1997 to provide an norms, to help member states to implement Sexual Violence in Conflict uniting the internet space for global gender equality these standards (through technical and work of 13 UN entities with the goal of issues and to support implementation of the financial support) and to forge effective

202 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 203 Glossary promote empowerment. May be neutral or Sexuality: In the 2011 ‘Because I am a Girl’ transformational. report we refer to sexuality in the context Assets: Anything of material value or benefits, obligations and opportunities. In of sexual orientation. Someone’s declared usefulness that is owned by a person. the development context, a gender equity Gender Stereotypes: Gender stereotyping sexuality can influence the social attitudes Can include human assets (eg skills and goal often requires built-in measures to occurs when females or males are they encounter. knowledge), financial assets (eg cash), compensate for the historical and social consistently attributed certain characteristics physical assets (eg land ownership), and disadvantages of women.6 or roles, thereby creating the belief that Types of Empowerment: Empowerment can social assets (eg relations of trust).1 these are linked to their sex. Gender be understood in terms of four distinct types Gender Equality: Meaning the equal rights, stereotypes determine the gender roles of power relations: Empowerment: Can be interpreted as responsibilities and opportunities of women that males and females play in society by freedom of choice and action to shape one’s and men and girls and boys. Gender equality influencing what is considered masculine Power over: the ability to coerce and life, including the control over resources, means that women and men, girls and and feminine. Gender stereotypes reinforce influence the actions and thoughts of the decisions and institutions necessary to do boys enjoy the same status in society. It gender inequality by portraying these views powerless. so.2 Empowerment implies an expansion in does not mean that men and women are and beliefs as biologically or culturally true. Power to: the capacity to act, to organise women’s ability to make strategic life choices the same, but rather that their similarities and change existing hierarchies. in a context where this ability was previously and differences are recognised and equally Heteronormativity: Refers to any set of Power with: increased strength from denied to them.3 valued. Gender equality can be measured lifestyle norms which hold that people fall collective action, social mobilisation and in terms of equality of results, meaning into distinct and complementary genders alliance-building. Gender: Gender refers to the social and gender equality is concerned with arriving at (man and woman) with natural roles in life. It Power from within: increased individual cultural constructions of masculinities equal outcomes rather than giving identical also holds that heterosexuality is the normal consciousness, self-dignity and awareness. and femininities. Gender is about the treatment. Ultimately, promoting gender sexual orientation, and states that sexual and expectations and behaviours that people equality means transforming the power marital relations are most (or only) fitting Women in Development Approach (WID): have of someone because they are female relations between women and men, girls and between a man and a woman.8 An outcome of the realisation that women’s or male. These attributes, opportunities boys, in order to create a more just society contributions were being ignored and that and relationships are socially constructed.4 for all. Gender equality is not a ‘women’s Intersectional Discrimination: The idea of this was leading to the failure of many They change over time. They are learned issue’ but should concern and fully engage intersectionality refers to the interaction development efforts. WID projects were from families and friends, in schools men as well as women. Equality between between two or more forms of discrimination developed to involve women as participants and communities, and from the media, women and men is a human rights issue or systems of subordination. It highlights the and beneficiaries of development aid and government and religious organisations. and a precondition for, and indicator of, ways in which racism, patriarchy, economic initiatives.14 sustainable people-centred development. disadvantages and other discriminatory Gender Norms: Are socially constructed systems contribute to create layers of beliefs regarding men and women’s Gender Justice: Refers to the ending of, inequality.9 Moreover, it addresses the behaviour which are ‘assigned’ in accordance and the provision of redress for, inequalities way that specific acts and policies create with their biological sex. These norms govern between women and men that result in intersecting burdens that contributes actively our actions and choices and may lead to women’s subordination to men, in both the to create a dynamic of disempowerment.10 gender stereotyping. informal and formal sectors.7 Masculinities: Refers to the socially Gender Transformative Approach: Is a policy Gender and Development Approach (GAD): constructed perceptions of being a man and or programme approach which assumes Developed as a response to the failure of implies that there are many different and that gender equality is central to achieving WID (Women In Development) projects to changing definitions of manhood and how positive development outcomes and effect successful and long-lasting changes men are expected to behave.11 transforming unequal power relations.5 in women’s social status. GAD focuses on social, economic, political and cultural Patriarchy: Refers to historical power Gender Neutral Approach: Where gender is forces that determine how men and women imbalances and cultural practices and not considered relevant to the outcome and participate in, benefit from, and control, systems that confer power and offer men gender norms, roles and relations are not resources and activities differently. This and boys more social and material benefits affected (worsened or improved). approach shifts the focus from women as a than women and girls.12 group to the socially determined relations Gender Equity: Fairness of treatment between women and men. Sex: Refers to the biological characteristics, for women and men, according to their which define humans as male or female. This respective needs. This may include equal Gender Specific: Programming that should not be confused with gender which is treatment or treatment that is different involves only one of the sexes in order a social attribution.13 but considered equal in terms of rights, to address specific constraints or to

204 the state of the world’s girls SECTION 3 205 About Plan International Plan Offices

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