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EDUCATION FOR

SUSTAINABILITY

CIES 2019 San Francisco

•

April 14-18, 2019

#CIES2019 | #Ed4Sustainability

www.cies.us

TABLE of CONTENTS

CIES 2019

OF SPECIAL INTEREST
INTRODUCTION

Meditation & Prayer Space . . . . . . . . 36 Chinese Panels & Round-tables . . . . . . 37 Spanish Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Memorial Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Conference Theme . . . . . . . . . . . .2 About CIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

WELCOME

Gender & Education, UREAG, & New Scholars Committee Events. . . . . . 56
David Post, CIES President-Elect . . . . . .4 Regina Cortina, CIES President . . . . . . .5 Hilary Landorf, CIES Executive Director . . . .6
SIG Events: Highlighted Sessions & Business Meetings. . . . . . . . . . . 57 Book Launch, Poster, & PechaKucha Sessions . . . . . . . . . 61

LEADERSHIP

CIES Board of Directors . . . . . . . . . .7 CIES Presidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Program Committee & Volunteers . . . . . 62

CIES Office of the

Executive Director . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Unit Planners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
CER Editorial Board . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Committees, 2018-2019 . . . . . . . . . 11

PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS

Sustaining Partners . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Sponsors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Exhibitors & Advertisers . . . . . . . . . 67 Institutional Receptions. . . . . . . . . . 68 Advertisements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Special Interest Groups, 2018-2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

FEATURED EVENTS

Welcome, Town Hall: Debate, Opening Reception . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Closing: Alphabet Rockers . . . . . . . . 17 George F. Kneller Keynote Lecture . . . . . 18 Plenary Sessions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Presidential Address . . . . . . . . . . . 23

CONFERENCE PROGRAM

Sessions By Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

INDEX

State of the Society . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Film Festivalette. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Presenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

Subject / Keywords . . . . . . . . . . .275 Committee / SIG . . . . . . . . . . . .281

AWARDS

Awards Ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 UREAG & New Scholars Award . . . . . . 35

INSIDE BACK COVER: Venue Maps

1

INTRODUCTION

EDUCATION FOR

SUSTAINABILITY

CIES 2019 San Francisco

•

April 14-18, 2019

During its “Development Decade” of the 1960s, the

How fitting that CIES will meet in San Francisco,

where representatives of war-torn nation-states gathered at the Herbst Theater to negotiate and sign the UN Charter in 1945. The international institutions emerging from that historic encounter have endured through political tensions, economic crises and war.

They endured partly because the United States played

a positive role supporting them. The US Commission

for UNESCO, for example, met in San Francisco in

1969 to discuss what could be done to improve the

natural environment. That meeting led the way to a worldwide recognition of Earth Day. In 2019 CIES

will return to the Herbst Theater to learn what we as scholars and educators can do to marshal new evidence and craft a sustainable future.
UN advocated education as a driver of economic

growth. But, over the past fifty years, questions have been asked with increasing urgency about

what kind of development is promulgated through

literacy, skills training, and formal schooling. What

is the longer term cost of an education that promises – and sometimes delivers – productivity, industrialization, modernity and consumption? Who pays this price? What are the larger costs? And with what ultimate consequence for the planet? Such

questions prompt the theme of the 63rd annual

meeting of the Comparative and International

Education Society: Education for Sustainability.

  • Our 2019 theme connects the CIES with
  • a

Today US leadership and engagement in multi-

lateralism is in retreat, with Washington less committed than in the past to the international norms and

efforts needed for sustainability. However, California

remains committed to this effort. Our meeting in San

Francisco thus will remind us that concerted action

and scholarship in education can thwart hatred and

violence, promote human rights and dignity, and

help ensure our planet’s survival. CIES researchers,

analysts, teachers and practitioners can – and must – play roles in these efforts. All hands are needed to analyze curricula, address demographic trends, critique existing paradigms, and advocate for policies

and practices that will develop a sustainable planet for all.

reconsideration of human progress – by scholars,

governments, corporations, international agencies,

and civil society at the grassroots level. This reconsideration is also reflected in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by UN member states. The agenda finds its power by setting goals and

building peaceful partnerships for the simultaneous

pursuit of human well-being and ecological integrity.

Our theme will remind us that, while education is both a public and private good, its impact is global. Indeed, education is integral to the four pillars the UN

has seen as supporting sustainability: inclusive social

development, inclusive economic development,

peace and security, and environmental sustainability. We in the CIES, both individually and collectively,

have much to contribute to these pillars.

Come and contribute.

2

ABOUT CIES

CIES, the Comparative and International Education Society, is an academic

association dedicated to increasing understanding of educational issues, trends, and policies through comparative, intercultural, and international perspectives.

CIES is the largest and oldest of 47 comparative and international education societies around the

world. Its more than 3,000 individual members — researchers, analysts, practitioners, and students

— represent over 1,000 universities, research institutes, government departments, non-governmental

organizations, and multilateral agencies across the globe.

CIES members explore educational issues related to schools, students, teachers, and administrators —

from early childhood and primary school to secondary and higher education, as well as non-formal education and lifelong learning. Some compare achievement inequalities across socio-economic status, gender, ethnicity, and language. Others examine the relationship between education and cultural processes, democratization, globalization, economic development, and political conflict.

Established in 1956, CIES has attracted a diverse audience in working towards its mission to foster cross-cultural understanding and scholarship. Within the last decade alone, CIES membership has

doubled — reflecting the global expansion of academic and professional positions as well as a

commitment to international education and cooperation.

ABOUT CIES 2019 SAN FRANCISCO

CIES 2019 San Francisco is the 63rd Annual Conference of the Comparative and International Education Society, to be held in San Francisco, California, from April 14-18, 2019.

CIES Annual Conferences are academic conventions attended by researchers, students, practitioners and policymakers interested in comparative and international education. As part of these events, Society members and the interested public gather together for scholarly and practical exchange, as well as for

debate and networking — via lectures, research presentations, workshops, book talks, social events, and more.

“Each CIES conference has a broad theme covering a range of applied, theoretical or empirical

presentations. This year’s conference theme is “Education for Sustainability,” which aims to connect the CIES audience with a reconsideration of human progress – by scholars, governments, corporations, international agencies, and civil society at the grassroots level. This reconsideration is also reflected in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by UN member states. The agenda finds its power by setting goals and building peaceful partnerships for the simultaneous pursuit of human well-being and ecological integrity. Our theme will remind us that, while education is both a public and

private good, its impact is global.

3

WELCOME

David Post

CIES President-Elect

Dear contributors to the 2019 CIES Conference:

This week we launch our historic attempt to reimagine comparative

method and international education for an era where sustainability must

become central to research and debate on education and development.

Welcome to San Francisco.

It was here, at the end of the Second World War, where nations convened

to create the basis for their hoped-for peace and progress. Led by the

United States, delegates gathered at the Herbst Theater to sign the UN

Charter. Monday evening we will return to the Herbst for our Kneller Lecture and a special UNESCO panel (also live-streamed for the benefit of those unable to purchase tickets). With twelve plenary panels and hundreds of parallel sessions, we will highlight some key themes of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. And our conference this year is multi-

lingual, featuring panels in Spanish and Chinese (two heritage languages of California), as well as new forms of presentation.

Although we received a record number of submissions this year, we tried to accommodate as many as possible based on the input of thousands of peer reviewers. Thanks to all of you who assisted with this, especially to our unit planners and the members of my own program planning

committee and student support group at Penn State. See the back of this program for individual acknowledgements. I further appreciate

material and collegial support from my own College of Education for our programing efforts and for Sunday’s Opening Reception. CIES is most grateful to our partners and sponsors for grants and support of many enhanced programs this year, including a film festival in a nearby theater,

ALS signage, childcare, and more. Despite the richness of the conference

program, I hope you will use some of your time to explore California and the world beyond the Hyatt by taking advantage of the many outings that are being cosponsored by our Special Interest Groups.

My heartfelt thanks go to the hardworking staff of the Office of the Executive Director, including Hilary Landorf, as well as to the wonderful

support of the CIES leaders, including our out-going President Regina

Cortina. The theme of this year’s conference will – one hopes- begin

to steer our agenda toward themes of the environment that will remain

central for next year’s exciting meeting in Miami, to be led by the next

President-elect, Iveta Silova.

– David Post, President-elect and Program Chair CIES2019
Professor of Education, Penn State University

4

WELCOME

Regina Cortina

CIES President

Dear CIES 2019 Conference Participants,

I am delighted to welcome you to the 63rd annual conference of CIES in San Francisco!

I applaud the Office of the Executive Director and President-Elect David Post’s team from Pennsylvania State University for coordinating and organizing the conference. As CIES grows each year, it requires a tremendous amount of effort to make this event happen. We hope you

are able to take advantage of all that is planned for this exciting week. Here in the North, the United States government is focused on building

the “Wall” to block the flow of South-North migration. With 57 million

Latinx immigrants residing in the U.S., and that number growing, I

hope our conversations around this year’s theme of Education for Sustainability can address the ways in which our field can combat the racist messages affecting immigrants. Today, one in every five students in K-16 in education institutions in the United States are Latinx. My strong

recommendation to CIES is that in thinking about a sustainable future for all, we should not separate what is happening in schools in the Global

South from schools in the Global North. They are interconnected. The theme of sustainability is also interconnected with the promotion of multiple ways of knowing and the recognition of distinct cultures within global communities. Environmental sustainability depends in large part on maintaining biodiversity, which in turn is linked to language diversity. One of the central contributions of education to achieve a truly

sustainable future should be to protect the multiple forms of knowledge within our local and global communities.

I invite you to discuss ways in which we can truly engage to the call that this year’s organizers have made to us. Please make the most of the diversity of sessions, plenaries, mentoring and networking opportunities

this conference will provide.

– Regina Cortina
Professor of Education
Teachers College, Columbia University
President, Comparative and International Education Society 2018-2019

5

WELCOME

Hilary Landorf

CIES Executive Director

From the CIES Executive Director:

Welcome to the 63rd Annual Conference of the Comparative and International Education Society in San Francisco! On behalf of all of us at the Office of the

Executive Director (OED), I want to extend a special welcome to the attendees

joining us from over 120 countries around the world! The theme of this year’s conference, “Education for Sustainability,” is one of the most

critical issues in our work, as evident from the record number of submissions we received this

year and the enthusiasm shown by all in making this a successful conference. The concept of sustainability has particular relevance for the OED at CIES. Sustainability involves critical and systemic thinking, collaboration, and taking responsibility for present and future generations. Over the past three years, these concepts have been at the heart of all we do at the OED. We have made it our mission to build foundations that will allow the Society to be self-sustaining and to serve our internal and external communities. For the first time ever, CIES has its own membership system and a full-time membership coordinator. This enables members to build their own profiles, access the CER, and communicate and collaborate with other members and

groups all within the CIES website. In addition to the long-standing New Scholars program,

this year we have increased our commitment to the UREAG and New Scholars Committees, so that there are more funds available for travel to the conference and more awards for exemplary scholarship. Beyond discounting registration for scholars and practitioners from low-income

countries, we have encouraged donations to sponsor registration and membership for those in need. These initiatives are just a few examples of our commitment to ensure the responsible

sustainability of CIES. We have been in touch with many of you online and by phone, helping you plan activities, connect with other members, and prepare for the conference. We are very much looking forward to chatting with you in person! We will be at the OED desk throughout the week. We encourage you to visit us there with questions, ideas, suggestions, or just to say hello.

My appreciation goes out to all who have made this conference possible, including the

program chair, David Post and his able team, our presenters, speakers, exhibitors, volunteers,

and sponsors. A special thank you goes to our outgoing president, Regina Cortina, for her work in promoting the good of the Society throughout the year, to the OED Managing Director, Mariusz Galczynski, and the entire OED team, and to Senior Conference Manager Cheryl Gilliland and her staff at Indiana University Conferences. I would also like to thank our

volunteers who come from universities throughout the world.

I hope that you will take advantage of all that this year’s conference has to offer – papers, panel and poster sessions, workshops, roundtables, as well as films, outings, receptions, networking opportunities, and the majesty of San Francisco!

– Hilary Landorf CIES Executive Director
Associate Professor of Education Executive Director,

Office of Global Learning Initiatives,

Florida International University

6

LEADERSHIP

CIES Board of Directors

  • Executive Committee
  • Board Members at Large

PRESIDENT

Monisha Bajaj

University of San Francisco

Regina Cortina

Teachers College, Columbia University

Cathryn Magno

University of Fribourg, Switzerland
PRESIDENT-ELECT

David Post

Pennsylvania State University

Nagwa Megahed

American University in Cairo
VICE-PRESIDENT

Iveta Silova

Arizona State University

Ameena Ghaffar-Kucher

University of Pennsylvania

Emily Morris

PAST-PRESIDENT
University of Minnesota

Noah W. Sobe

Loyola University Chicago

Anne Mungai

Adelphi University
TREASURER

Amber Gove

RTI International

Moses Oketch

University College London

Aryn Baxter

University of Idaho
SECRETARY

Rhiannon Williams

University of Minnesota

Riyad Shahjahan

Michigan State University
HISTORIAN

Esther Gottlieb

Ohio State University

Norin Taj

OISE-University of Toronto
EDITOR, COMPARATIVE EDUCATION REVIEW

Parliamentarian

Bjorn H. Nordtveit

University of Massachusetts Amherst

Irving Epstein

Illinois Wesleyan University

7

LEADERSHIP

CIES Presidents

2018

Regina Cortina,

1987 1986

Peter Hackett, University of Virginia
Teachers College, Columbia University

Gail P. Kelly,

State University of New York at Buffalo

2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010

Noah W. Sobe, Loyola University Chicago Mark Bray, Hong Kong University

1985

R. Murray Thomas,

University of California-Santa Barbara

N’Dri T Assie-Lumumba, Cornell University

Karen Mundy, University of Toronto Gilbert Valverde, University at Albany David Baker, Penn State University

Ratna Ghosh, McGill University

1984 1983

John N. Hawkins, UCLA Barbara A. Yates,

University of Illinois- Champaign/Urbana

1982 1981

Max. A. Eckstein, Queens College, CUNY

Erwin H. Epstein,

University of Missouri-Rolla

María Teresa Tatto,

Michigan State University

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967

Thomas J LaBelle, UCLA

2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004

Gita Steiner-Khamsi, Columbia University

Henry Levin, Columbia University
George A. Male, University of Maryland Mathew Zachariah, University of Calgary Joseph P Farrell, University of Toronto Susanne M Shafer, Arizona State University Rolland G. Paulston, University of Pittsburgh Robert F. Lawson, University of Calgary Harold J. Noah, Columbia University Cole S. Brembeck, Michigan State University Andreas Kazamias, University of Wisconsin Philip J. Foster, University of Chicago

Reginald Edwards, McGill University

Stewart E. Fraser, Vanderbilt University
Steven J. Klees, University of Maryland Victor Kobayashi, University of Hawaii Martin Carnoy, Stanford University

Donald B. Holsinger,

Brigham Young University

2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998

Kassie Freeman, Vanderbilt University Karen Biraimah, University of Central Florida Heidi Ross, Colgate University Robert Arnove, Indiana University Ruth Hayhoe, University of Toronto

William K Cummings,

State University of New York at Buffalo

William W. Brickman,

University of Pennsylvania

1997 1996

Carlos Alberto Torres, UCLA

1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

David G Scanlon, Columbia University Donald K. Adams, Syracuse University R. Freeman Butts, Columbia University Claude Eggertsen, University of Michigan C. Arnold Anderson, University of Chicago Joseph Katz, University of British Columbia

Gary L Theisen,

Academy of Educational Development

1995 1994

Noel McGinn, Harvard University

Nelly Stromquist,

University of Southern California

1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988

David Wilson, University of Toronto

Stephen Heyneman, World Bank

Mark B. Ginsburg, University of Pittsburgh

Val P. Rust, UCLA

1959-1960

William H. E. Johnson,

University of Pittsburgh

1956-1959

William W. Brickman, New York University

Vandra L. Masemann, University of Toronto

Beverly Lindsay, University of Georgia

8

CIES Office of the

Executive Director
(OED)

LEADERSHIP

Office of Global Learning Initiatives

Florida International University

  • EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
  • OPERATIONS ASSISTANT

  • Hilary C. Landorf
  • Ashley Roll

  • MANAGING DIRECTOR
  • EDITORIAL ASSISTANT,

CIES PERSPECTIVES

Mariusz Galczynski
Amanda Earl

FINANCE & IT DIRECTOR
VOLUNTEER COORDINATOR

Catherine Wadley
Birgitta Rausch-Montoto

COMMUNICATIONS & MEMBERSHIP

  • MANAGER
  • CONFERENCE ASSISTANTS

  • Connie Penczak
  • Florencia Dominguez

Mariam Vadria

FINANCE ASSISTANT

Bahia Simons-Lane

  • Robyn Read
  • Taylor Saenz

9

LEADERSHIP

CER Editorial Board

  • EDITOR
  • ADVISORY BOARD

Bjorn H. Nordtveit,

University of Massachusetts Amherst
Moses Ngware, African Population and Health Research Center

  • CO-EDITORS
  • M. Najeeb Shafiq, University of Pittsburgh

Kathryn Anderson-Levitt,

University of California, Los Angeles
Karen Mundy, University of Toronto, Canada

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    CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Life is like a dark jungle where every people must work hard to pass it. According to the free dictionary (2013), life is “the property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli or adaption to the environment originating from within the organism.” Every people may have the same hope to get a better life. They also have to fulfill their needs, such as life for eat, life for education, life for work, life for healthy, life for survive, life for freedom and life for love. But life is not as easy as turning the palm of the hand. They need to make an effort to get it. Effort (in the free dictionary, 2013) is the use of physical or mental energy to do something; exertion. The term “effort” can also be defined as: (1) An exertion of strength or power, whether physical or mental, in performing an act or aiming at an object; more or less strenuous endeavor; struggle directed to the accomplishment of an object; as, an effort to scale a wall, (2) A force acting on a body in the direction of its motion, (3) To stimulate (http://www.brainyquote.com/words/efforteffort158526.html). In doing their efforts, every people must belief to themselves that they can 1 2 make it happens in their life no matter what other people done. It is what Liz Murray wants to show in her novel; Breaking Night.
  • Ficha Técnica Jogo a Jogo, 1992 - 2011

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    FICHA TÉCNICA JOGO A JOGO, 1992 - 2011 1992 Palmeiras: Velloso (Marcos), Gustavo, Cláudio, Cléber e Júnior; Galeano, Amaral (Ósio), Marquinhos (Flávio Conceição) e Elivélton; Rivaldo (Chris) e Reinaldo. Técnico: Vander- 16/Maio/1992 Palmeiras 4x0 Guaratinguetá-SP lei Luxemburgo. Amistoso Local: Dario Rodrigues Leite, Guaratinguetá-SP 11/Junho/1996 Palmeiras 1x1 Botafogo-RJ Árbitro: Osvaldo dos Santos Ramos Amistoso Gols: Toninho, Márcio, Edu Marangon, Biro Local: Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro-RJ Guaratinguetá-SP: Rubens (Maurílio), Mineiro, Veras, César e Ademir (Paulo Vargas); Árbitro: Cláudio Garcia Brás, Sérgio Moráles (Betinho) e Maizena; Marco Antônio (Tom), Carlos Alberto Gols: Mauricinho (BOT); Chris (PAL) (Américo) e Tiziu. Técnico: Benê Ramos. Botafogo: Carlão, Jefferson, Wilson Gottardo, Gonçalves e André Silva; Souza, Moisés Palmeiras: Marcos, Odair (Marques), Toninho, Tonhão (Alexandre Rosa) e Biro; César (Julinho), Dauri (Marcelo Alves) e Bentinho (Hugo); Mauricinho e Donizete. Técnico: Sampaio, Daniel (Galeano) e Edu Marangon; Betinho, Márcio e Paulo Sérgio (César Ricardo Barreto. Mendes). Técnico: Nelsinho Baptista Palmeiras: Velloso (Marcos), Gustavo (Chris), Roque Júnior, Cléber (Sandro) e Júnior (Djalminha); Galeano (Rodrigo Taddei), Amaral (Emanuel), Flávio Conceição e Elivél- 1996 ton; Rivaldo (Dênis) e Reinaldo (Marquinhos). Técnico: Vanderlei Luxemburgo. 30/Março/1996 Palmeiras 4x0 Xv de Jaú-SP 17/Agosto/1996 Palmeiras 5x0 Coritiba-PR Campeonato Paulista Campeonato Brasileiro Local: Palestra Itália Local: Palestra Itália Árbitro: Alfredo dos Santos Loebeling Árbitro: Carlos Eugênio Simon Gols: Alex Alves, Cláudio, Djalminha, Cris Gols: Luizão (3), Djalminha, Rincón Palmeiras: Velloso (Marcos), Gustavo (Ósio), Sandro, Cláudio e Júnior; Amaral, Flávio Palmeiras: Marcos, Cafu, Cláudio (Sandro), Cléber e Júnior (Fernando Diniz); Galeano, Conceição, Rivaldo (Paulo Isidoro) e Djalminha; Müller (Chris) e Alex Alves.
  • Background Guide DEAR DELEGATES, Welcome to the 30Th North American Model United Nations Conference

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  • Education in Emergencies: ‘What Works’ Revisited

    Education in Emergencies: ‘What Works’ Revisited

    EDUCATION AND CONFLICT REVIEW 2019 Education in emergencies: ‘What works’ revisited Dana Burde, Associate Professor of International Education and Politics, New York University, USA [email protected] Heddy Lahmann, Doctoral Candidate, International Education and Senior Managing Editor, Journal on Education in Emergencies, New York University, USA [email protected] Nathan Thompson, Deputy Managing Editor, Journal on Education in Emergencies, New York University [email protected] Introduction Abstract This article builds on our rigorous literature review In this article, we build on our 2015 review of ‘what works’ in education in emergencies (EiE) of ‘what works’ in education in emergencies research. In that review, we identified access, quality research (EiE) to assess the recent trajectory of of learning, and wellbeing as the three primary the field. We identify significant growth in areas pathways toward positive education outcomes, that include refugee education, girls’ education, based on evidence collected to date (see Burde et social-emotional learning, and tertiary education for conflict-affected populations; emerging al., 2015). Our recommendations included calling research that includes protecting education for an increase in rigorous research in EiE that from attack and ‘preventing violent extremism’; focused particularly on subgroups (e.g., refugees, emerging trends that promise to focus on girls, children with disabilities) and programmes inclusive education for children with disabilities (e.g., early childhood development, preventing and early childhood development; and a striking violent extremism) that had not yet received sufficient absence of research on education and disaster research attention. We noted the dearth of research risk reduction, despite the fact that the effects of on education and disaster risk reduction and called climate change disasters dwarf those of conflict.
  • Inequality, Identity, and the Long-Run Evolution of Political Cleavages in Israel 1949-2019

    Inequality, Identity, and the Long-Run Evolution of Political Cleavages in Israel 1949-2019

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  • Here Their Loved Ones Are Being Held

    Here Their Loved Ones Are Being Held

    1 ACCESS DENIED Access Denied is a three-part report series that looks at the serious deterioration that has been happening to due process in China. This first volume,Access Denied: China’s Vanishing Suspects, examines the police practice of registering suspects under fake names at pre-trial detention centres, making it difficult or impossible for lawyers to access their clients or for families to know where their loved ones are being held. The second volume, Access Denied: China’s False Freedom, researches the ‘non-release release’ phenomenon, as first coined by US professor of law Jerome Cohen, in which prisoners, once freed from jail or a detention centre, continue to be arbitrarily confined by the police, usually at a secret location or at their home for weeks, months or even years. The final volume,Access Denied: China’s Legal Blockade, looks at the multitude of ways police employ to deny suspects legal assistance, including the use of threats or torture to force them into renouncing their own lawyer and accepting state-appointed counsel. About Safeguard Defenders Safeguard Defenders is a human rights NGO founded in late 2016. It undertakes and supports local field activities that contribute to the protection of basic rights, promote the rule of law and enhance the ability of local civil society and human rights defenders in some of the most hostile environments in Asia. https://safeguarddefenders.com | @safeguarddefend Access Denied: China’s Vanishing Suspects © 2020 Safeguard Defenders | Cover image by Antlem Published by Safeguard Defenders All rights reserved. This report may not be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in whole or in part by any means including graphic, electronic, or mechanical without expressed written consent of the publisher/author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in articles and reviews.