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Tanasevitch, Koponen.PM6 Arthropoda Selecta 15 (4): 295345 © ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 2006 Spiders (Aranei) of the southern tundra in the Russian Plain Ïàóêè (Aranei) þæíûõ òóíäð Ðóññêîé ðàâíèíû Andrei V. Tanasevitch1 & Seppo Koponen2 À.Â. Òàíàñåâè÷1, Ñåïïî Êîïîíåí2 1Centre for Forest Ecology and Production, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 84/32, Moscow 117997 Russia. E-mail: [email protected]. Öåíòð ïî ïðîáëåìàì ýêîëîãèè è ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ëåñîâ ÐÀÍ, Ïðîôñîþçíàÿ óë. 84/32, Ìîñêâà 117997 Ðîññèÿ. 2Zoological Museum, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku Finland. E-mail: [email protected]. Çîîëîãè÷åñêèé ìóçåé, óíèâåðñèòåò ã. Òóðêó, FI-20014 Òóðêó Ôèíëÿíäèÿ. KEY WORDS: Spiders, tundra, Russian Plain, chorology. ÊËÞ×ÅÂÛÅ ÑËÎÂÀ: Ïàóêè, òóíäðà, Ðóññêàÿ ðàâíèíà, õîðîëîãèÿ. ABSTRACT. The southern tundra spider fauna of ÐÅÇÞÌÅ. Ñ ïîçèöèé çîíàëüíî-ëàíäøàôòíîãî the Russian Plain, NE Europe (216 species of 13 fami- ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíà ôàóíà ïàóêîâ lies) is analyzed based on the type of zonal-landscape þæíûõ òóíäð Ðóññêîé ðàâíèíû, íàñ÷èòûâàþùàÿ distribution. The fauna has a clear European character íå ìåíåå 216 âèäîâ èç 13 ñåìåéñòâ. Ôàóíà èìååò with predominance of widespread and European bore- ÿðêî âûðàæåííûé åâðîïåéñêèé õàðàêòåð ñ ïðåîá- al and boreo-nemoral species. A significant part of the ëàäàíèåì øèðîêîàðåàëüíûõ, åâðîïåéñêèõ áîðåàëü- tundra fauna are the species which are restricted to íûõ è áîðåàëüíî-íåìîðàëüíûõ âèäîâ. Çíà÷èòåëü- river valleys only and not living on watersheds (23%). íóþ ÷àñòü ôàóíû òóíäð ñîñòàâëÿþò âèäû, ïðèóðî- The bulk of the watershed spider fauna (166 species) ÷åííûå ê ðå÷íûì äîëèíàì è íå âûõîäÿùèå íà âî- are species associated with intrazonal plant communi- äîðàçäåë (23%). Îñíîâó íàñåëåíèÿ ïëàêîðîâ (166 ties (45%) and species occurring in zonal and in intra- âèäîâ) ñîñòàâëÿþò âèäû èíòðàçîíàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ zonal communities, but preferring the last one (35%). (45%), à òàêæå âèäû, âñòðå÷àþùèåñÿ êàê â çîíàëü- Typical zonal component (20%) consists mainly of íûõ, òàê è â èíòðàçîíàëüíûõ áèîòîïàõ, íî ïðåäïî- widespread boreal species; the Arctic element here is ÷èòàþùèå ïîñëåäíèå (35%). Òèïè÷íî çîíàëüíûé minor and formed basically by Thomisidae. The main êîìïîíåíò (20%) ñîñòàâëåí ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî øè- part of the Arctic elements in southern tundra is associ- ðîêîàðåàëüíûìè áîðåàëüíûìè âèäàìè; àðêòè÷åñ- ated exclusively with intrazonal communities. A list of êèå ýëåìåíòû ïðèñóòñòâóþò çäåñü ëèøü ìàëîé äî- 240 species which have been found in the southern ëåé è ïðåäñòàâëåíû â îñíîâíîì Thomisidae. Îñíîâ- tundra and forest tundra of European Russia is present- íàÿ ÷àñòü àðêòè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ þæíûõ òóíäð ïðè- ed. For each species collecting localities are given, and óðî÷åíà èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ê èíòðàçîíàëüíûì ñîîá- the type of areal and zonal-landscape distribution is ùåñòâàì. Ïðèâåäåí ñïèñîê èç 240 âèäîâ ïàóêîâ, determined. Agyneta tibialis Tanasevitch, 2005, Erig- íàéäåííûõ â þæíûõ òóíäðàõ Ðóññêîé ðàâíèíû, à one arcticola Chamberlin et Ivie, 1947, Hypselistes òàêæå â ëåñîòóíäðå. Äëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà äàí ñïèñîê semiflavus (L. Koch, 1879) and Porrhomma boreale ëîêàëèòåòîâ, îïðåäåëåí òèï àðåàëà è çîíàëüíî-ëàí- (Banks, 1899) are recorded in the European fauna for äøàôòíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ. Agyneta tibialis Tana- the first time; Erigone whymperi O. Pickard-Cambridge, sevitch, 2005, Erigone arcticola Chamberlin et Ivie, 1877, Semljicola caliginosus (Falconer, 1910) and Si- 1947, Hypselistes semiflavus (L. Koch, 1879) è Por- lometopus ambiguus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1905) rhomma boreale (Banks, 1899) âïåðâûå îòìå÷åíû â are new to the Russian fauna. Diagnostic figures for Åâðîïåéñêîé ôàóíå; Erigone whymperi O. Pickard- Erigone whymperi are given based on new material. Cambridge, 1877, Semljicola caliginosus (Falconer, Entering of boreal and ubiquist species to zonal 1910) è Silometopus ambiguus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, areas and penetration of the Arctic fauna into the south- 1905) íîâûå äëÿ ôàóíû Ðîññèè. ern tundra using intrazonal communities, mentioned by Âûõîä íà çîíàëüíóþ àðåíó áîðåàëüíûõ âèäîâ è K. Eskov [1986] for Siberian araneofauna, is here con- âèäîâ-óáèêâèñòîâ, à òàêæå ïðîíèêíîâåíèå àðêòè- firmed in the European tundra. It means that processes ÷åñêîé ôàóíû â þæíûå òóíäðû ïî èíòðàçîíàëüíûì of zonal-landscape distribution of spiders in Hypoarc- áèîòîïàì, îòìå÷åííîå Ê. Åñüêîâûì [1986] äëÿ ñè- tic are the same and do not depend on the regional áèðñêîé àðàíåîôàóíû, â òî÷íîñòè íàøëî ñâîå ïîä- component. òâåðæäåíèå è äëÿ åâðîïåéñêèõ òóíäð. Ýòî ãîâîðèò 296 A.V. Tanasevitch & S. Koponen î òîì, ÷òî ïðîöåññû çîíàëüíî-ëàíäøàôòíîãî ðàñ- The huge material from the Russian Plain tundra, ïðåäåëåíèÿ ïàóêîâ â Ãèïîàðêòèêå åäèíû è íå çàâè- collected during seven summer seasons (19801986) ñÿò îò ðåãèîíàëüíîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé. by A. Tanasevitch, is now completely processed and is a subject of the present paper. Introduction Terms and definitions The tundra zone extends in the North of the Russian Plain from the Kanin Peninsula, in the West, to the We have to make definitions for some terms to be Urals in the East. The continental tundra is traditional- clearly understood, because some of them can be dif- ly divided into two parts: Malozemelskaya tundra, west- ferently treated by different schools in different coun- ward of Pechora River, and Bolshezemelskaya tundra, tries. to the East of the river. The Yugorskiy Peninsula does Arctic. The term Arctic usually means tree-less not belong to the Bolshezemelskaya tundra and is con- territories north of the timberline (Arctic sensu lato), or sidered as a part of the Urals region (see a map). The polar desert belt (subbelt) in Arctic Archipelagos and Kanin Peninsula is out of our view as an absolutely some northernmost parts on continental area (Arctic unexplored territory. sensu stricto). Later we will use term Arctic in wide Malozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya tundra are content. not similar and differ by some zonal-landscape pecu- Hypoarctic a latitudinal category, including liarities. The first one is characterized by presence of southern tundra, forest tundra and partly northern taiga high portion of flat-hill peatbogs on watershed. Sea- zones (after Chernov [1978]). coast tundra communities lie often just on the sandy Subarctic a latitudinal category, territorially bed, which makes soil well drained and so prevents more or less corresponding to tundra zone: all areas developing of moss cover. Bolshezemelskaya tundra is between the Arctic deserts and Northern taiga. occupying much more territory and is characterized by Watershed a geomorphological term for flat presence of expansive watershed areas, with moss- interfluvial territories. In the tundra, watersheds form shrubby and moss-undershrub tundra communities, es- gently sloping flat hill landscapes with medium snow pecially in its eastern part. The main territory of the accumulation on slopes. On watersheds vegetation and Bolshezemelskaya tundra is represented by gently slop- soil cover most fully corresponds to the zonal land- ing flat hills with zonal type of vegetation. scape. Recently, the European tundra was a large white, Tundra (from Finnish tunturi woodless, na- unstudied spot on map of Russia. Just in 1981, the first ked fjeld) a biome in Hypoarctic presenting wood- information appeared on spiders of the eastern part of less territories to the North of the taiga forest zone. Bolshezemelskaya tundra, based on the collections of This natural belt is usually divided into three subbelts: Roman Kuperman (1979) and Andrei Tanasevitch arctic, typical, and southern (shrubby) tundra. (19801986). However, this information concerned only Southern tundra is characterized by the presence descriptions of new species and/or new findings of a shrubby layer of vegetation on watersheds, composed some representatives of several genera, and this scanty usually of dwarf birch (Betula nana), willows shrubs and fragmentary data on tundra spiders was scattered (Salix spp.), as well as of wild rosemary (Ledum), in many taxonomic and faunistic publications: Eskov juniper (Juniperus communis), and sometimes of rose [1981a,b, 1985,1986a,b, 1988a,b,c], Koponen et al. (Rosa). Height of shrubs depends on the microrelief: in [1998], Marusik [1991], Mikhailov [1987], Tanasevitch hollows they can reach 1 m or more (some willows), on [1982, 1983, 1984a,b, 1989, 2000], Tanasevitch & tops of hills the shrubs can be transformed to creeping Eskov [1987]. form. The undershrub layer is composed of Vaccinium The first papers listing spiders of the Russian Plain spp. (mainly V. uliginosum), Empetrum nigrum, Arc- tundra were published by Mazura [2000] and Mazura tous (= Arctostaphylos) alpinus, etc. The lowest level & Esyunin [2001], and these are a great advance in the is lichen-moss and composed of Aulacomnium, Di- investigation of the tundra fauna. Unfortunately, these cranum, Hylocomium, Hypnum, Polytrichum, Cladonia studies are concerned a few number of localities of s.l., etc. Malozemelskaya tundra, and they give poor ecological Typical tundra is characterized by the absence of information about species. Therefore these papers do the shrubs on watersheds, little portion of undershrubs, not give us a more or less complete picture nor of fauna as well as by presence of open soil surface. or biotope distribution of the spiders in tundra. The Almost all tundra territory of the Russian Plain main reason that the majority of material was collected refers to the southern tundra subzone. Only outlying in the Pechora River Delta (mostly in intrazonal habi- districts refer to typical tundra.
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