Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, December 2020. Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 304-314 AJCB: RA0002 ISSN 2278-7666 ©TCRP Foundation 2020

Review Article

Faunal Diversity of (: Araneae: Arachnida) in

Akhilesh Sharma1, Garima Singh2 and Rajendra Singh3*

1Department of Zoology, S.P.P.G. College, Shoharatgarh, Siddharthnagar-272205, U.P., India 2Department of Zoology, Rajasthan University, Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan, India 3Department of Zoology, Deendayal Upadhyay University of Gorakhpur-273009, U.P., India

(Received: June 30, 2020; Revised: August 25 & September 15, 2020; Accepted: October 16, 2020)

ABSTRACT

The present article deals with the faunal diversity of the belonging to the family Linyphiidae. In India, the Linyphiidae is represented by 94 in 39 genera in 19 states and 3 union territories and 48 species are endemic. In India, Bertkau, 1883 is the largest consisting 17 species. Maximum 32 species of these spiders were recorded in Jammu & Kashmir followed by 18 species each in Kerala, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. In northeast part of India, 12 linyphiid species are recorded in Meghalaya while no species is reported yet from Arunchal Pradesh, Nagaland and Tripura. Interestingly, larger states in central India like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Telangana are very poorly represented by these spiders and need extensive survey for these spiders. None of the linyphiid spiders of India are recorded as endangered or vulnerable species in IUCN Red List of threatened Taxa. Therefore, conservation efforts are immediately needed for their conservation practices.

Key words: Faunal distribution, India, Sheet Weaver, Money , Linyphiidae

INTRODUCTION (Molur et al., 2008) and Siliwal et al. (2011) recom- mended immediate action to conserve them to prevent Spiders are chelicerate belonging to the order their extinction. In spite of current researches on Araneae of class Arachnida and are highly diverse and diversity and distribution of spiders in India, their abundant terrestrial predators and their presence is number is meager as compared to other regions of the frequently associated with the structural quality of the world. Out of 49,006 described species under 4,194 ecosystems, due to their effect of biolcontrol over soil genera and 128 families in the world (WSC, 2020), only , particularly arthropods. Despite knowing this 1,852 species belonging to 478 genera in 62 families are fact, little is known about the spider fauna in agricultural known in India (Caleb & Sankaran, 2020). areas. The order Araneae ranks seventh in global Linyphiidae is the second largest family of diversity (49,006 species) after the five largest insect spiders after Salticidae encompassing 4,672 de- orders (Coleoptera – ca. 4,00,000 species, Lepidoptera – scribed species in 619 genera worldwide (WSC, 2020). ca. 1,80,000 species, Hymenoptera – ca. 1,50,000 The spiders in this family are commonly known as sheet species, Diptera – ca. 1,25,000 species, Hemiptera – ca. weavers, or money spiders and are usually very small (1 50,000 species) and one order (Acari – over –10 mm long) with 8–eyes, three claws and 50,000 species) in terms of species diversity. Out of no cribellum. The eyes are arranged in 2 rows of 4, them, only 1,852 species belonging to 478 genera in 62 usually heterogeneous in size with the anterior medians families are reported in India (Caleb & Sankaran, 2020). smaller than the rest. They are distinguishable from However, there are several species in wild and museum other families by having a point of weakness in the joint collections that await description and classification. It is between the patella and tibia of the legs that allows the estimated that only one third to one fifth of existing spider to break the leg from that point, if necessary. species have been described. Spiders play a very Mostly they are distributed in the temperate regions, but significant role in the ecology by being almost several species are also found in the tropics. Indeed, exclusively predatory and thereby regulate mostly insect Linyphiidae is perhaps the most widely distributed populations. All spiders are venomous but venom of spider family. Linyphiid spiders construct a sheet web only few species is harmful to humans, though its sometimes dome shaped at ground level but they may venom is useful in study of neuromuscular and cardiac inhabit a very wide array of habitats. Their webs do not pharmacology (Langenegger et al., 2019). Despite the have retreat and the spider always hang inverted below applied values, the spiders have received very little the sheet. Sometimes, the larger species put in irregular attention as far as their conservation is concerned. Only vertical snares that perform both as sheet suspension few tarantulas in India are listed in IUCN Red List strands and as barrage balloon wires holding the flying

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected] 304 Sharma et al. insects. Several species of Linyphiidae disperse by air, attention as far as their conservation is concerned, partic- the phenomenon is known as or kiting partic- ularly for linyphiid spiders (Borges & Wunderlich, ularly when their very dense populations, particularly of 2008; Borges et al., 2016). Among the linyphiid spiders, spiderlings, try to balloon at the same time. Ballooning only 3 species are listed as critically endangered in IUCN occurs usually in late summer (Weyman, 1995). The Red List of Threatened Animals: anocu- density of linyphiid spiders may reach up to 29,000 lus Wunderlich, 1995 (Cardoso et al., 2018a) and C. sex- individuals per cubic meter in some habitat (Duffey & oculatus Wunderlich, 1992 (Cardoso et al., 2018b) found Green, 1975). only in Madeira (an autonomous region of ) and In India, Pickard–Cambridge (1885) was the Nothophantes horridus Merrett & Stevens, 1995 found in first to describe a linyphiid spider, perampla, an area of less than one square kilometer in England syn. of peramplus and also recorded one (Cardoso & Hilton-Taylor, 2015); and 3 species are listed species, dentipalpis (Wider, 1834), both from as vulnerable such as gracilis Fage, Jammu & Kashmir. Later on, Simon (1894) described 1919 (World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1996), one species, Emenista bisinuosa Simon, 1894 from T. similis Fage, 1919 (World Conservation Monitoring Tamil Nadu. Thereafter, several species were described Centre, 1996b) and T. spinipes Fage, 1919 (World and recorded by Caporiacco (1935a) from Jammu & Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1996c) all found only Kashmir and one species, leucophthalma in Slovenia. Longback, Bell et al. (2002) attempted to syn. of Cresmatoneta leucophthalma by Fage (1946) manipulate the abundance of a linyphiid spider, from Uttarakhand. Among the Indian author, Tikader Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) in field popula- (1970, 1981) was first to describe few species of tion by management of field margins. linyphiid spiders from Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh and Endemism in linyphiid spiders in India is high at henceforth several species of these spiders were either the species level (48 species out of 94 species recorded), described or recorded from many states in India. At and these species are threatened with the loss and frag- present, a moderate amount of knowledge of Linyphiidae mentation of habitats. Though, none of the species of is available in India but the literature are all scattered and linyphiid spiders are listed in IUCN Red List of Threat- so far no consolidated account is available regarding ened Animals as endangered or vulnerable in India, still their distribution pattern across the country. Therefore, like others they are also threatened due to habitat loss and this present work was taken up to provide up–to–date fragmentation and other anthropogenic activities hamper- information of this family in the light of modern ing ecosystem. Therefore, conservation efforts are taxonomic concept. immediately needed for their conservation practices. Results demonstrated that most of the surveys conducted MATERIALS AND METHODS in India have remained restricted to a few states and union territories particularly, in the Western Ghats, This checklist is prepared on the basis of published liter- Eastern Ghats and north and northeast India, and most ature in surveys, books, journals, theses and World areas in the country still remain virgin. Hence, a Spider Catalogue up to 30 October, 2020. In the present systematic survey is essential for the entire country to checklist, attempts have been made to correct such errors find an overall representation of linyphiid spiders in the in the scientific names of the spiders. Only those synony- country. mies were referred that were reported in India. For other In India, Oedothorax Bertkau, 1883 is the synonymies, WSC (2020) may be consulted. Also, those largest genus consisting 17 species, out of which 15 spiders not identified up to specific level, were omitted if species are very recently described by Tanasevitch (2015, some species of that genus were recorded under that 2016, 2017, 2020a, b). Maximum 32 species of these genus in that state. The record of linyphiid spiders is also spiders were recorded in Jammu & Kashmir followed by presented species–wise as well as state and union territo- 18 species each in Kerala, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. ries wise for their easy access. Seemingly erroneous In northeast part of India, 11 linyphiid species are record- records are marked with (). If the spider species is not ed in Meghalaya while no species is reported yet from endemic, its elsewhere distribution is also provided. Arunchal Pradesh, Nagaland and Tripura. Strangely, larger states in central India like Andhra Pradesh, Guja- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION rat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Telangana

In India, the Linyphiidae is represented by 94 species in are very poorly represented by these spiders and need 39 genera in 19 states and 3 union territories (Delhi, extensive survey for these spiders (Figure 1). Six species, Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir) and about half of the mentioned below marked with () seem to be misidenti- species (48 species) are endemic. However, this record is fied and the record from India is doubtful and require only 2% of the world linyphiid fauna and most of species re–examination. Few species of the family reported by are described or reported during the last two decades. Caporiacco (1935a) from Jammu & Kashmir remained Actually, linyphiids are most diverse in the north temper- unnoticed by Caleb & Sankaran (2020) who mentioned ate regions than other regions. In spite of extensive only 61 species under 27 genera from India. The detail surveys conducted by several arachanologists in India, list of these spiders distributed in Indian states and union these spiders were very poorly recorded in most of the territories and elsewhere are listed in Table 1. states, most of the species were not recovered after their description. Distribution of Linyphiidae Spiders in Different States of India The predatory behaviour of spiders is of great relevance for natural control in agroecosystems. The 1. Andhra Pradesh: floridanum spiders play an important role in most terrestrial food- 2. Assam: Lepthyphantes sp., Linyphia sp. webs and may be very abundant in several habitats. 3. Gujarat: , Erigone sp., Lepthy- Moreover, despite the ecological significance of spiders phantes sp., Linyphia sikkimensis, sundaica, in terrestrial ecosystems, they have received very little sp.

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Figure 1. Number of Species of Spiders Belonging to the Family Linyphiidae in Indian States and Union Territories.

4. Himachal Pradesh: pseudosaxetorum, 16. Telangana: Callitrichia formosana Erigone rohtangensis, confusum, 17. Uttar Pradesh: Erigone rohtangensis, Lepthyphan- Gongylidioides pectinatus, Indophantes digitulus, tes peramplus , L. stramineus , Linyphia sikkimensis, Mi- Oedothorax paralegrandi, Indus, crobathyphantes palmarius, Oedothorax globiceps pilosus, incisus 18. Uttarakhand: sp., nepalensis,

5. Karnataka: Linyphia hortensis, L. triangularis, adelinae, Bathyphantes sp., Caviphantes pseu- Neriene birmanica, N. emphana, N. macella, N. sundaica dosaxetorum, Cresmatoneta leucophthalma, Gongylidiel-

6. Kerala: Atypena adelinae, A. thailandica, Caviphantes lum confusum, Gongylidioides pectinatus, Lepthyphantes pseudosaxetorum, Erigone bifurca, Gongylidioides rudrai , Linyphia sikkimensis, sp., Neriene keralaensis, Lepthyphantes lingsoka, L. peramplus, birmanica , N. macella, N. sundaica, Pelecopsis Indus, L. rudrai, L. stramineus, Linyphia sp., Nasoona crucifera, sp., Scotargus pilosus, Tiso incises

Neriene hammeni, N. sundaica, Oedothorax cunur, 19.West Bengal: Anguliphantes nepalensis, A. nepalensoides, O. kodaikanal, O. stylus, Paracymboides aduncus, P. tibi- Callitrichia formosana, Gongylidiellum nepalense, Indo- alis phantes bengalensis, I. tonglu, Lepthyphantes bhudbari,

7. Maharashtra: Neriene sundaica L. lingsoka, L. rudrai, Nasoona indianа, Oedothorax cornu- tus, O. falciferoides, O. lopchu, O. villosus, sororia, 8. Manipur: Atypena sp., Erigone bifurca, sp., bengalensis, Tiso indianus, Neriene sundaica martensi 9. Meghalaya: Atypena cirrifrons, Caviphantes pseu- Distribution of Linyphiidae Spiders in Different Union dosaxetorum, Indophantes bengalensis, Territories of India Nasoona asocialis, Neriene sundaica, Oedothorax khasi, 1. Delhi: Microbathyphantes palmarius O. Meghalaya, O. sohra, O. unciger, O. uncus, insecticeps, Walckenaeria saetigera 2. Jammu & Kashmir: duriusculus, Atypena

10. Mizoram: Atypena adelinae sp., crassipalpis, Erigone dentipalpis, E. pseu-

11. Odisha: Atypena cirrifrons, Erigone bifurca, dovagans, E. rohtangensis, Gongylidiellum confusum, G. Nasoona orissa nigrolimbatum, baltoroi, Heterolinyphia tarakotensis, Indophantes digitulus, Lepthyphantes alle- 12. Punjab: Neriene macella grii, L. annulipes, L. bhudbari, L. deosaicola, L. incertis- 13. Rajasthan: Linyphia sp. simus, L. leprosus, L. nigridorsus, L. peramplus, L. stra- 14. Sikkim: Lepthyphantes bhudbari, L. lingsoka, mineus, L. trivittatus, Linyphia albipunctata, L. consan- L. rudrai, Linyphia sikkimensis guinea, L. triangularis, , 15. Tamil Nadu: Caviphantes pseudosaxetorum, vittata, Neriene birmanica, Oedothorax caporiaccoi, O. Emenista bisinuosa, Indophantes pallidus, Linyphia sp., globiceps, himalayensis, Tiso megalops, Oedothorax cunur, O. kodaikanal, O. paracymbialis, O. Troxochrota kashmirica rusticus, O. stylus, Paracymboides aduncus, P. tibialis, 3. Ladakh: Erigone jammu, Linyphia sp. Paragongylidiellum caliginosum

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Table 1. Distribution of Different Species of Linyphiidae Spiders in India Elsewhere Spider species Distribution References distribution 1. Agyneta sp. Uttarakhand Uniyal et al., 2011 2. Anguliphantes nepalensis Ta- Uttarakhand Tanasevitch, 2011d , nasevitch, 2011 West Bengal 3. Anguliphantes nepalensoides West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2011d Endemic Tanasevitch, 2011 4. Araeoncus duriusculus Caporiac- Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935b Endemic co, 1935 Sudhikumar et al., 2005a; Kerala Mathew et al., 2014; Abhi- 5. Atypena adelinae Barrion & lash & Kumar, 2018 Litsinger, 1995 Mizoram Chowdhury et al., 2017 Uttarakhand Uniyal et al., 2011 6. Atypena cirrifrons (Heimer, Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2019 , , , 1984) Odisha Tanasevitch, 2017a 7. Atypena thailandica Barrion & Kerala Sudhikumar, 2007 Thailand Litsinger, 1995 Jammu & Kashmir Khan, 2009 Sudhikumar, 2007; Jose et Kerala 8. Atypena sp. al., 2018 - Manipur Kananbala et al., 2018 Mizoram Chowdhury et al., 2017 9. Bathyphantes sp. Uttarakhand Uniyal et al., 2011 - 10. Callitrichia formosana Oi, 1977 Telangana Anitha & Vijay, 2016 , China, syn. Atypena formosana (Qi, , Philippines, 1977) West Bengal Chakraborty et al., 2016 Himachal Pradesh Tanasevitch, 2011, 2019 Kerala Tanasevitch, 2011 China, , Ja- 11. Caviphantes pseudosaxetorum pan, , , Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2011 Wunderlich, 1979 Pakistan, Tamil Nadu Tanasevitch, 2011, 2019 (Kurile Is.), Sri Lanka Uttarakhand Tanasevitch, 2011 Andhra Pradesh , North, Central Srinivasulu et al., 2013 and South America, 12. Coleosoma floridanum Banks, Macaronesia, Pacific 1900 Gujarat Thumar, 2019 Is., Seychelles, West 13. Collinsia crassipalpis (Caporiacco, 1935), syn. Gon- Caporiacco, 1935a; Thaler, gylidium crassipalpe Jammu & Kashmir Endemic 1987 (Caporiacco, 1935), syn. Miller- iana crassipalpis 14. Cresmatoneta leucophthalma (Fage, 1946), syn. Bathyphantes Uttarakhand Fage, 1946 Endemic leucophthalma Fage, 1946 15. Emenista bisinuosa Simon, Tamil Nadu Simon, 1894 Endemic 1894 Sudhikumar et al., 2005a; Kerala 16. Erigone bifurca Locket, 1982 Mathew et al., 2014 Indonesia, , Philippines Manipur Kananbala et al., 2018 Odisha Tanasevitch, 2017a , Central Asia, 17. Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, Jammu & Kashmir China, Europe, , 1834) Pickard–Cambridge, 1885 (Sind Valley) , North

Africa, Russia, 18. Erigone jammu Tanasevitch, Ladakh Tanasevitch, 2018b Endemic 2018* 19. Erigone pseudovagans Caporiacco, 1935 Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic

Himachal Pradesh Tikader, 1981 20. Erigone rohtangensis Tikader, Khan, 2011b; Khan & Ra- Jammu & Kashmir 1981 ther, 2012 Endemic

Uttar Pradesh Hore & Uniyal, 2008

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Table 1 contd.

21. Erigone sp. Gujarat Yadav et al., 2017 - Kerala Sebastian et al., 2005a Himachal Pradesh Tanasevitch, 2011 22. Gongylidiellum confusum Thaler, Jammu & Kash- Thaler, 1987; Tanasevitch, 1987 Endemic mir 2011

Uttarakhand Tanasevitch, 2011 23. Gongylidiellum nepalense Wunder- West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2011 Nepal lich, 1983 24. Gongylidiellum nigrolimbatum Jammu & Kash- Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic Caporiacco, 1935 mir 25. Gongylidioides keralaensis Tanase- Kerala Tanasevitch, 2011 Endemic vitch, 2011 26. Gongylidioides pectinatus Tanase- Himachal Pradesh Tanasevitch, 2011 Malaysia vitch, 2011 Uttarakhand 27. Gongylidium baltoroi Caporiacco, Jammu & Kash- Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic 1935 mir 28. Heterolinyphia tarakotensis Jammu & Kash- Thaler, 1987 Nepal Wunderlich, 1973 mir 29. Indophantes bengalensis Saaristo & Meghalaya Saaristo & Tanasevitch, Endemic Tanasevitch, 2003 West Bengal 2003 30. Indophantes digitulus (Thaler, Himachal Pradesh Tanasevitch, 2011 1987), syn. Lepthyphantes digitulus Jammu & Kash- Thaler, 1987; Saaristo & Nepal, Pakistan Thaler, 1987 mir Tanasevitch, 2003 31. Indophantes pallidus Saaristo & Saaristo & Tanasevitch, Tamil Nadu Endemic Tanasevitch, 2003 2003 32. Indophantes tonglu Tanasevitch, West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2011 Endemic 2011 33. Labulla sp. Jammu & Kash- Caporiacco, 1935a - mir 34. Lepthyphantes allegrii Caporiacco, Jammu & Kash- Caporiacco, 1935a Pakistan 1935 mir 35. Lepthyphantes annulipes Caporiac- Jammu & Kash- Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic co, 1935 mir Jammu & Kash- Khan, 2011a mir 36. Lepthyphantes bhudbari Tikader, Sikkim Tikader, 1970 Endemic 1970 Majumder & Talukdar, West Bengal 2013 37. Lepthyphantes deosaicola Jammu & Kash- Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic Caporiacco, 1935 mir 38. Lepthyphantes incertissimus Jammu & Kash- Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic Caporiacco, 1935 mir Caucasus, Europe, 39. (Ohlert , Jammu & Kash- Kazakhstan, North Punjoo & Bhat, 2015 1865) mir America, Russia, Turkey Sikkim Tikader, 1970 40. Lepthyphantes lingsoka Tikader, Kerala Asalatha et al., 2017 Endemic 1970 Majumder & Talukdar, West Bengal 2013 41. Lepthyphantes nigridorsus Jammu & Kash- Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic Caporiacco, 1935 mir Jammu & Kash- Pickard–Cambridge, 1885; 42. Lepthyphantes peramplus (Pickard mir Caporiacco, 1935a –Cambridge, 1885), syn. Linyphia Adarsh & Nameer, 2016; Endemic perampla Pickard–Cambridge, Kerala Joseph et al., 2017 1885 Uttar Pradesh Uniyal & Hore, 2009 Kerala Dhali et al., 2019 Tikader, 1970; Saha et al, Sikkim 43. Lepthyphantes rudrai Tikader, 2016 Endemic 1970* Uttarakhand Biswas & Biswas, 2010 Raychaudhuri et al., 2016; West Bengal Saha et al, 2016

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Table 1 contd. 44. Lepthyphantes stramineus (Pickard– Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935b Cambridge, 1885), syn. Linyphia Kerala Joseph et al., 2017 Endemic straminea Pickard–Cambridge, 1885 Uttar Pradesh Uniyal & Hore, 2009 45. Lepthyphantes trivittatus Caporiacco, Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic 1935 Assam Singh et al., 2012 Gujarat Yadav, 2019 46. Lepthyphantes sp. Jammu & Kashmir Khan, 2011b Endemic Kerala Sunil Jose et al., 2008 West Bengal Saha et al., 2017 47. Linyphia albipunctata Pickard– Cambridge, 1885, syn. Lepthyphan- tes albipunctatus (Pickard– Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a China Cambridge, 1885, misnamed by Caporiacco, 1935a) 48. Linyphia consanguinea O. Pickard– Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a China Cambridge, 1885 Caucasus, Central Prashanthakumara & Asia, Europe, Iran, 49. Linyphia hortensis Sundevall, 1830 Karnataka Venkateshwarlu, 2017 Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey Siliwal et al., 2003; Gujarat Yadav et al., 2017 50. Linyphia sikkimensis Tikader, 1970 Sikkim Tikader, 1970 Endemic Uttar Pradesh Uniyal & Hore, 2009 Uttarakhand Biswas & Biswas, 2010 Jammu & Kashmir Punjoo & Bhat, 2015 Caucasus, China, Eu- 51. (Clerck, 1757) Tabasum et al., 2018; rope, Iran, Kazakhstan,  Karnataka Nijagal et al., 2020 Russia, Turkey, USA Assam Chetia & Kalita, 2012] Gujarat Parmar, 2018] Khan, 2011a, b; Punjoo Jammu & Kashmir & Bhat, 2015] Sebastian et al., 2005b; Kerala Sunil Jose et al., 2008; Dhali et al., 2019] Ladakh Uniyal, 2006] 52. Linyphia sp. - Lawania & Trigunayat, Rajasthan 2015] Kapoor, 2008; Dharma- Tamil Nadu raj et al., 2018] Tandon & Lal, 1983; Uttar Pradesh Hore & Uniyal, 2008] Uniyal et al., 2011; Uttarakhand Gupta & Siliwal, 2012] , Polynesia, 53. Microbathyphantes palmarius Delhi Tanasevitch, 2011] Seychelles, Sri Lanka, (Marples, 1955) Uttar Pradesh Thailand Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Europe, 54. Microlinyphia pusilla (Sundevall, Iran, Japan, Kazakh- 1830), syn. Linyphia pusilla Sun- Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a stan, , North devall, 1830 Africa, , Russia, Turkey 55. Microlinyphia sp. Uttarakhand Uniyal et al., 2011] Endemic 56. Minicia vittata Caporiacco, 1935 Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic China, Indonesia, Laos, 57. Nasoona asocialis (Wunderlich, Malaysia, Myanmar, 1974), syn. Gorbothorax aff. un- Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2011] Nepal, Thailand, Vi- gibbus Tanasevitch, 1998 etnam Malamel, 2018; Domi- 58. Nasoona crucifera (Thorell, 1895) Kerala Endemic chan et al., 2020] 59. Nasoona indianа Tanasevitch, 2018* West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2018a] Endemic 60. Nasoona orissa Tanasevitch, 2018 Odisha Tanasevitch, 2018a Endemic

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Table 1 contd. Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a] 61. Neriene birmanica (Thorell, 1887), Mubeen & Basavarajappa, Karnataka China, Indonesia, syn. Bathyphantes kashmiricus 2018] Laos, Myanmar Caporiacco, 1935 Pooja et al., 2019; Siddhu Uttarakhand et al., 2020] Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Europe, 62. Neriene emphana (Walckenaer, 1841) Karnataka Nijagal et al., 2020 Iran, Japan, Kazakh- stan, , Russia 63. Neriene hammeni (van Helsdingen, , , Ger- Kerala Joseph et al., 2017 1963) many, Prashanthakumara & Ven- Karnataka China, Indonesia, kateshwarlu, 2017 Laos, Malaysia, My- 64. Neriene macella (Thorell, 1898) Punjab Tanasevitch, 2017a anmar, Philippines, Uttarakhand Tanasevitch, 2017a Thailand Gujarat Yadav, 2019 Shraddha & Chaturved, Karnataka 2019 Asalatha et al., 2017; Jose Kerala et al., 2018; Dhali et al., 65. Neriene sundaica (Simon, 1905) 2019 Indonesia Lanka et al., 2017; Ma- Maharashtra heshwari et al., 2018 Manipur Kananbala et al., 2018 Meghalaya Roy et al., 2017 Uttarakhand Gupta & Siliwal, 2012 Jammu & Kashmir Punjoo & Bhat, 2015 66. Neriene sp. Kerala Sudhikumar et al., 2005b - Uttarakhand Uniyal et al., 2011 67. Oedothorax caporiaccoi Roewer, 1942, syn. Oedothorax dubi- Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic us Caporiacco, 1935 68. Oedothorax cornutus Tanasevitch, West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2015 Endemic 2015 Kerala Joseph et al., 2017 69. Oedothorax cunur Tanasevitch, 2015 Tanasevitch, 2015; Endemic Tamil Nadu Karthikeyani et al., 2017 70. Oedothorax falciferoides Tanase- West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2015 Endemic vitch, 2015 Jammu & Kashmir Thaler, 1987 71. Oedothorax globiceps Thaler, 1987 Endemic Uttar Pradesh Uniyal & Hore, 2009 72. Oedothorax khasi Tanasevitch, 2017 Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2017b Endemic Kerala Joseph et al., 2017 73. Oedothorax kodaikanal Tanasevitch, Tanasevitch, 2015, 2019; Endemic 2015 Tamil Nadu Karthikeyani et al., 2017 74. Oedothorax lopchu Tanasevitch, West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2015 Endemic 2015 75. Oedothorax meghalaya Tanasevitch, Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2015 Endemic 2015 76. Oedothorax paracymbialis Tanase- Tanasevitch, 2015; Tamil Nadu Endemic vitch, 2015 Karthikeyani et al., 2017 77. Oedothorax paralegrandi Tanase- Himachal Pradesh Tanasevitch, 2016 Endemic vitch, 2016 78. Oedothorax rusticus Tanasevitch, Tanasevitch, 2015, 2019; Tamil Nadu Endemic 2015 Karthikeyani et al., 2017 79. Oedothorax sohra Tanasevitch, Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2020b Endemic 2020b Kerala Tanasevitch, 2015, 2019 80. Oedothorax stylus Tanasevitch, 2015 Karthikeyani et al., 2017; Endemic Tamil Nadu Caleb & Karthikeyani, 2020 81. Oedothorax unciger Tanasevitch, Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2020b Endemic 2020b 82. Oedothorax uncus Tanasevitch, 2015 Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2015 Endemic 83. Oedothorax villosus Tanasevitch, West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2015 Endemic 2015

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Table 1 contd. Hore & Uniyal, 2008; 84. Oedothorax sp. Uttar Pradesh - Uniyal & Hore, 2009 85. Oia sororia Wunderlich, 1973 West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2011 Nepal 86. Paracymboides aduncus Tanase- Kerala Tanasevitch, 2011 Endemic vitch, 2011 Tamil Nadu 87. Paracymboides tibialis Tanasevitch, Kerala Tanasevitch, 2011 Endemic 2011 Tamil Nadu Tanasevitch, 2011, 2019 88. Paragongylidiellum caliginosum Tamil Nadu Tanasevitch, 2011, 2019 Nepal Wunderlich, 1973 Himachal Pradesh 89. Pelecopsis indus Tanasevitch, 2011 Tanasevitch, 2011 Pakistan Uttarakhand 90. Piniphantes himalayensis Jammu & Kashmir Thaler, 1987 Nepal, Pakistan (Tanasevitch, 1987) 91. Pityohyphantes sp. Uttarakhand Uniyal et al., 2011 - Himachal Pradesh Europe, , Cauca- sus, Russia (Europe to 92. Scotargus pilosus Simon, 1913 Tanasevitch, 2011 Uttarakhand Far East), Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Nepal 93. Stemonyphantes sp. Gujarat Solanki & Kumar, 2014 - 94. Tapinocyboides bengalensis Tanase- West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2011 Endemic vitch, 2011 Himachal Pradesh 95. Tiso incisus Tanasevitch, 2011 Tanasevitch, 2011 Pakistan Uttarakhand 96. Tiso indianus Tanasevitch, 2011 West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2011 Endemic 97. Tiso megalops Caporiacco, 1935 Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic 98. Troxochrota kashmirica (Caporiacco, 1935), syn. Troxo- Jammu & Kashmir Caporiacco, 1935a Endemic chrus kashmiricus Caporiacco, 1935 China, Japan, Korea, 99. Ummeliata insecticeps (Bösenberg Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2020a Laos, Russia, Taiwan, & Strand, 1906) Vietnam 100. Walckenaeria martensi Wunder- West Bengal Tanasevitch, 2011 Nepal lich, 1972 101. Walckenaeria saetigera Tanase- Meghalaya Tanasevitch, 2011 Endemic vitch, 2011

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