Acoustical Properties of Classical Ottoman Mosques Simulation and Measurements
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ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES OF CLASSICAL OTTOMAN MOSQUES SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENTS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE OF THE MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY İ. LEVENT TOPAKTAŞ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BUILDING SCIENCE, ARCHITECTURE JULY 2003 i Approval of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science Prof.Dr.Canan Özgen Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Assoc.Prof.Dr. Selahattin Önür Head of the Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof.Dr. Mehmet Çalışkan Prof.Dr. Ömür Bakırer Co-Supervisor Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof.Dr. Ömür Bakırer Prof.Dr. Mehmet Çalışkan Assoc.Prof.Dr. Demet Irklı Eryıldız Assist.Prof.Dr. Nimet Özgönül Assist.Prof.Dr. Soofia Tahira Elias-Özkan ii ABSTRACT ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES OF CLASSICAL OTTOMAN MOSQUES: SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENTS TOPAKTAŞ, İ.Levent Ph.D., Building Science, Department of Architecture Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Ömür Bakırer Co-supervisor: Prof.Dr. Mehmet Çalışkan July 2003, 234 pages In this study, acoustical properties of XVI Century Classical Ottoman Mosques have been examined by using geometrical room acoustics techniques. This golden period of mosque architecture in Ottoman history reached to the summit with the beautiful art pieces, all designed and built by Sinan the Architect (Mimar Sinan). Süleymaniye, Rüstem Pasa, Mihrimah Sultan (Edirnekapı) in Istanbul and Cenabi Ahmet Pasa in Ankara have been selected for measurements and acoustical simulation. Each mosque chosen in the study has different architectural features and properties, which are important from the acoustical analysis point of view. Süleymaniye has the largest inner space compared to others. It has two semi-domes and it has mainly plaster and stone interior surfaces. Rüstem Pasa is relatively small iii mosque with highly reflective tile-covered inner surfaces. Mihrimah Sultan has full glass windows on its walls and, finally, Cenabi Ahmet Pasa possesses plaster covered inner surfaces. Sound propagation inside these holy spaces has been simulated by ray tracing technique. For the diffuse sound field simulation radiosity approach has been employed throughout the acoustical modeling. Sound measurements have also been recorded and analyzed later for comparative evaluation. Important acoustical properties of these mosques such as energy decay curves, reverberation times, clarity and definition are estimated and compared within themselves. The acoustical importance of dome shape and surface materials are emphasized in terms of functional and acoustical requirements for such spaces. Also, in this thesis, analytical photogrammetry technique has been applied to define accurate three dimensional graphical model of a mosque. Keywords: Acoustics of Mosque Architecture, Acoustics of Holy Spaces, Geometrical Room Acoustics, Acoustical Simulation Methods, Ray tracing, Radiosity. iv ÖZ KLASİK OSMANLI CAMİLERİNİN AKUSTİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN BENZETİM VE ÖLÇÜMLERLE BELİRLENMESİ TOPAKTAŞ, İ.Levent Doktora, Yapı Bilgisi Anabilim Dalı, Mimarlık Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof.Dr. Ömür Bakırer Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Prof.Dr. Mehmet Çalışkan Temmuz 2003, 234 sayfa Bu çalışmada XVI. yüzyıl klasik Osmanlı camilerinin akustik özellikleri, geometrik oda akustiği tekniği ile incelenmektedir. Bu dönem Osmanlı tarihi cami mimarisinde altın dönem olarak bilinir ve Mimar Sinan tarafından tasarlanmış ve inşa edilmis tüm bu eşsiz sanat eserleri zirvede ki haklı yerlerini almışlardır. İstanbul’da Süleymaniye, Rüstem Paşa, Mimhimah Sultan (Edirnekapı) ve Ankara’da Cenabi Ahmet Paşa camileri bu tez kapsamında akustik ölçümler ve benzetim çalışmaları için seçilmişlerdir. Seçilen her bir cami akustik analiz bakış açısından farklı özelliklere ve unsurlara sahiptirler. Örneğin, Süleymaniye camisi diğerlerine kıyasla en büyük iç hacme ve iki büyük yarı kubbeye sahip olup mermer ve sıva yüzeylere sahiptir. Rüstem Paşa camisi ise v göreceli olarak daha az hacme sahip ve iç yüzeylerde bol miktarda seramik kullanılmıştır. Mihrimah Sultan camisi ise cok sayıda pencereye sahiptir ve son olarak Cenabi Ahmet Paşa camisi ise sıva kaplı yuzeylerle kaplıdır. Örnek mekanlarda ses dalgalarının yayılımı ışın izleme tekniği ile bilgisayar benzeşimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dağınık ses benzeşiminde radiosite yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Gerçek zamanlı frekans analiz cihazı ile ses ölçümleri de kayıt edilmiş ve daha sonra analiz edilmiştir. Enerji sönümlenmesi, çınlama süreleri, ‘clarity’ ve ‘definition’ gibi önemli akustik özellikler bu tez sonucunda elde edilmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. İç yüzey malzemelerin ve kubbenin akustik önemi vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, bu tez çalışmasında analitik fotogrametri tekniği, üç boyutlu çizim modelini hasas bir şekilde oluşturulması aşamasında uygulanmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Cami Mimarisi Akustiği, Kutsal Mekan Akustiği, Geometrik oda akustiği, Akustik Benzetim Yöntemleri, Işın izleme, Radiosite. vi To My Dear Wife vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express his deepest gratitude and appreciation to his supervisor, Dr. Mehmet Çalışkan, Professor of the Mechanical Engineering Department, M.E.T.U., for his continuous help, guidance and encouragement throughout this study. The author also extends his sincere thanks to his supervisor Prof.Dr. Ömür Bakırer for her encouragement and invaluable help for completion of this study. The author would like to thank Mr. Ashoki Sujanani of Intergraph Middle East, for his kind consideration all the time and encouragement for this study. The author would also like to express his thanks to Mr. Murat Özgümüş, Mr. Şinasi Özkılıç and Mr. Kemar Gülcen for their help during measurements. The Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) and the the General Directorate of Foundations (Vakıflar Genel Müdürlügü) are gratefully acknowledged for the permision to make measurements in these mosques. Finally, thanks are also to his family for their continous support and patience. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. iii ÖZ ................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1 2. PREVIOUS WORKS.................................................................... 6 2.1 Intoduction ...................................................................... 6 2.2 Method of Image Sources .............................................. 7 2.3 Ray Tracing .................................................................... 9 2.4 Beam Tracing ................................................................. 12 2.5 Diffuse model.................................................................. 15 2.6 Acoustics in Holy Spaces ............................................... 17 3. MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE ........................................................ 20 3.1 The Mosque.................................................................... 20 3.2 Pre-Ottoman Mosques.................................................... 21 3.3 The Ottoman Mosque Before Sinan ............................... 22 3.4 The Ottoman Mosque in the Age of Sinan...................... 23 3.4.1 Biography of Sinan............................... 23 ix 3.4.2 The Ottoman Mosque........................... 24 3.4.3 Other Works of Sinan........................... 26 4. ACOUSTICAL MODELING:PRINCIPLES AND IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................................... 28 4.1 Introduction .................................................................. 28 4.2 Room Geometry and Graphical Modeling.................... 29 4.3 Ray Tracing.................................................................. 30 4.3.1 Hitting the Receiver............................................. 31 4.3.2 Ray Equation....................................................... 34 4.3.3 Room Surfaces ................................................... 34 4.3.4 Ray Reflections ................................................... 35 4.4 Computer Implementation of Ray Tracing ................... 40 4.5 Energy Decay............................................................... 41 4.6 Radiosity ...................................................................... 42 4.7 Diffusion Model ............................................................ 43 4.8 Form Factor Determination .......................................... 44 4.9 Computer Implementation of Form Factor Determination............................................................... 51 4.10 Determination of Acoustical Properties........................ 53 4.11 Acoustical Measurements............................................ 54 5. CASE STUDIES........................................................................... 56 5.1. Introduction