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Appendix a Chronology for the Ottoman Empire Some Key Dates in Ottoman History, 1260–1923

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Appendix A Chronology for the Ottoman Empire Some Key Dates in Ottoman History, 1260–1923 1260–1300 Formation of gazi principalities—Ottoman principality founded by Osman Gâzî 1326 Conquest of Bursa; Bursa becomes first Ottoman capital; acces- sion of Orhan, son of Osman Gâzî 1352–1354 Conquest of Ankara and Thrace 1360–1389 Construction of Murad I Mosque in Bursa 1361 Conquest of Adrianople 1363–1365 Ottoman expansion into Bulgaria and Thrace 1368 Ottoman capital moved to Adrianople (Edirne) 1385 Conquest of Sofia 1389 Victory at Kossovo-Polje 1394–1413 Construction of Ulu Cami in Bursa 1400–1403 Timurid conquests in Anatolia 1402 Battle of Ankara between Beyazid and Timur; Beyazid I defeated 1403–1413 Civil war among Beyazid’s sons for sultanate 1413 Mehmed I reconsolidates power in Ottoman Empire 1423–1430 Ottoman-Venetian war over Salonica 1453 Conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II, Fatih (the Conqueror) 1459 Conquest of Serbia and the Morea 1461 Conquest of the empire of Trabzon 1468 Conquest of Karaman 1475 Conquest of Genoese colonies in the Crimea 1485–1491 War with Mamluks of Egypt 1497–1499 War with Poland 1499–1503 War with Venice 1516–1517 Selim conquers Syria and Egypt 1520 Kanuni Süleyman (Suleyman the Magnificent) becomes Sultan 1521 Conquest of Belgrade 1522 Conquest of Rhodes 1526 Battle of Mohacs 1529 Conquest of Buda, siege of Vienna 261 262 Appendix A: Chronology for the Ottoman Empire 1534 Conquest of Tabriz and Baghdad 1537 War with Venice 1537–1540 Construction of walls around Jerusalem by Siileyman 1538 Seige of Diu in India 1539 Sinan’s appointment as Master Architect 1548–1549 War against Persia, conquests in Georgia 1550–1556 Construction of Süleymaniye Mosque and Külliye in Istanbul 1555–1561 Construction of Rüstem Pasa Mosque in Istanbul 1565 Siege of Malta 1569 First Ottoman expedition against Russia 1569–1575 Construction of Selimiye Mosque in Edirne 1570 Tunis captured; fall of Nicosia 1570–1571 Conquest of Cyprus 1571 Ottoman defeat at the battle of Lepanto 1578–1590 War with Iran; annexation of Azerbaijan 1589 Janissary revolt in Istanbul (continued uprisings 1591–1592) 1593–1606 War with the Habsburgs 1596 Celali rebellions in Anatolia (Celalis suppressed in 1609) 1621 Invasion of Poland 1622 Assassination of Sultan Osman II 1630–1638 Ottoman Persian War 1631 Insurrections in Yemen, Egypt, and Lebanon 1633 Murad IV bans coffee, tobacco, and coffeehouses 1638 Ottomans recapture Baghdad 1683 Siege of Vienna 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz; withdrawal from Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia 1740 Zahir al-’Umar al-Zaydani in Acre, creates an alliance with ’Ali Bey of Egypt 1768–1774 Russo-Turkish War; shelling of Jaffa, Acre, Sidon 1776 Defeat of Zahir al-’Umar and his sons by Pasa Ahmed al-Jazzar 1798–1799 Napoleon conquers Egypt, races up the coast of Palestine, halted at Acre by Ahmed al-Jazzar and the British fleet under Sir Sydney Smith 1805 Muhammad ’Ali viceroy of Egypt 1818 Muhammad ’Ali defeats Wahhabi in Arabia 1821–1829 Greek War of Independence 1827 Battle of Navarino 1831 Muhammad ’Ali conquers Syria, Ibrahim Pasa ruler of Palestine 1834 Palestinian revolt against Ibrahim Pasa 1839 Start of the Tanzimat with the Hatt-i Sherif (Illustrious Rescript, also known as the Hatt-i Humayun) of Gulhane by Sultan Abdülmecid 1839 British open consulate in Jerusalem (Prussia follows in 1842, France and Sardinia in 1843, Austria in 1849, United States in 1856) Appendix A: Chronology for the Ottoman Empire 263 1853–1856 Crimean War 1854–1869 Opening of the Suez Canal 1856 Proclamation of Hatt-i Humayun, equal treatment of all creeds 1858 The Ottoman Land Code 1860 Massacres in Damascus 1860–1861 French intervention in Lebanon 1861–1865 American Civil War and the Cotton Boom in Palestine and Egypt 1864 Provincial Law/Law of the Vilayets enacted (part of the Tanzimat) 1867 Foreigners permitted to own land in Ottoman Empire 1876–1877 Constitution proclaimed for the Ottoman Empire, then revoked 1877–1878 Ottoman-Russian War 1878 British control Cyprus; Berlin Conference 1881 Establishment of the Public Debt Administration 1882 British in Egypt 1883–1914 Germans construct Baghdad and Hejaz railroads 1896–1897 War with Greece 1908 Young Turk Revolution; restoration of the Constitution of 1876 1911 Ottoman-Italian War 1912 First Balkan War 1913 Second Balkan War 1914 Ottoman Empire enters World War I 1920 French Mandate over Syria and Lebanon; British mandates over Iraq and Palestine 1923 Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey Index Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures. Aalto, A., 220 Arel, A., 104, 105 Acun, H., 106, 114, 123 Arik, R., 127 Adosidis, K., 64 Armatoles (Christian militiamen), 50 Afyon (Turkey), Cay, Yusuf bin Yakub Artifacts: see Material culture Medresesi (Sultan Alaâddin Asari (Crete), 54, 60 Camii), 123–125, 124 Asari (Crete), chapel of St. George, 54 Afyon (Turkey), Demirtaspasazade Umur Ayverdi, E. H., 95, 117, 122 Bey Camii, 118–119 Afyon (Turkey), Emirdag, Amorium, 114 Afyon (Turkey), Sincali, Boyaliköy Bakirci, Naci, 109 Medresesi, 128, 129, 130 Balkans, Ottoman legacy in, 10 Afyon (Turkey), Ulu Cami, 123 Baram, U., 17, 35, 169, 253, 255 Agricultural technology, in Crete, 46, 47, Barbour, P., 248 48, 60–69, 71; see also Food systems Barley, in Crete, 42, 45, 46, 54 approach; Foodways, Ottoman Beer, 144; see also Stimulants Agriculture Belluschi, Pietro, 220 in Crete, 34, 37–40, 41–46, 54–69 Beysehir (Turkey), Kubadabad Sarayi, defined, 205–206 127 Aksaray (Turkey), Çanli Kilise, coffin lid, Biblical archaeology, in Palestine (Israel), 114–115 10, 79, 81–82 Aksaray (Turkey), Ihlara, Bezirhane (“oil Biblical past, conceptualization of, 5, 10 factory”), 100 Bilecik (Turkey), Vezirhan (Köprülü Aksehir (Turkey), Nasreddin Hoca Mehmet Pasa), 111, 111, 112 Türbesi, 117–118 Bioarchaeology, of Sadana Island ship- AkSehir (Turkey), Tas Medrese Camii, wreck, 197–198 126,126–127 Black Sea oak, dendrochronology of, 99 Alaeddin Keykubad, sultan, 127 Bolak, O. 222, 224 Alcohol, 144; see also Stimulants Bon, A., 116 Aletri (wooden plow.), 46 Bone or ivory artifacts, from Sadana Is- Altun, Ara, 222, 223 land shipwreck, 196, 197 Anatolia Bosnia, Ottoman legacy in, 10 ceramics recovered in, 35 Braudel, F., 21 dendrochronology of, 35, 93–136 Brumfield, A., 34, 254 non-elite consumption patterns in, Buildings: see Architecture 161–180 Bulgarian ceramic wares, 175 Ottoman Empire established in, 8 Buondelmonti, Christophe, 61 traditional mode of production in, 168 Burckhardt, J. L., 83 Ando, T., 220 Burdur (Turkey), Koca Oda, 110 Architecture, see also Cami Burdur (Turkey), Tas Oda, 113–114 dating of, 35 Bursa (Turkey), I. Murat Hüdavendigâr of Ti’innik (Palestine), 84, 85 Camii, 122 265 266 Index Bursa (Turkey), I. Yildirim Beyazit Chronology, see also Dating; Dendro- Darüssifasi, 120, 120–122, 121 chronology Bursa (Turkey), Ulu Cami, 227, 228, 229, of Ottoman clay tobacco pipes, 153 231 of Ottoman Empire, 34–35, 261–263 Bursa (Turkey), Yesil Cami, 119, 119–120, of Ottoman mosques, 225–226 122, 230–232, 232 Çiftlik (estate) system, in Crete, 38, 39, 40, 45–46, 70–72 Cigarettes, 152 Cami, see also Mosques Cizye (head tax), in Crete, 39–40, 49 archaeology of, 19 Classical past, conceptualization of, 5 critique of previous studies of, 222– Coffee, see also Stimulants 224 cargo from Sadana Islands shipwreck, transformation of, 182–183, 219–240 186 typology of, 225–226 consumption of, 144, 145, 151, 154, Çanakkale (Turkey): ceramics from, 170, 166, 255 173, 174 importation of, 199 Çanakkale (Turkey), Cezayirli Hasan Coffee cups Pasa Köskü , 104, 104–105, 105 from Anatolia, 175 Çanakkale (Turkey), Kilid ul-Bahir from Israel, 147, 154 Kalesi, 116–117 Coinage, 208 Capitalism Columbus, Christopher, 248 archaeology of, 17 Commodities, see also Consumption pat- penetration of, 166, 167, 207, 208– terns; Material culture 209 defined, 144–145 Carobs, in Crete, 54 Consumerism, development of, 165 Carpenter, R., 116 Consumption patterns, 35; see also Mate- Carroll, L., 17, 35, 254, 255 rial culture Çaykara (Turkey), Dernek, Güney Ma- of banned stimulants, 143, 144–145, hallesi Camii, 96 148, 151, 154–155, 156 Çaykara (Turkey), Dernek, Kondu Ma- among non-elite groups in Anatolia, hallesi Merkez Camii, porch, 96 161–180 Celebi, E., 22 study of, 164–166 Celebi, Kâtip: Cihannuma, 111 Copper wares and utensils, from Sadana Celebi Mehmet Han, sultan, 230 Island shipwreck, 185, 186, 196– Ceramics, see also Chinese export porce- 197, 197 lains; Tobacco pipes, clay Corinth (Greece), Acrocorinth, unnamed from Anatolia, 35, 166, 170–175 mosque, 116 Ottoman production and consumption Çorum (Turkey), Eski Yapar, Hüseyin patterns, 170–175 Dede Türbesi, 106–107 from Sadana Island shipwreck, 185, Cramer, J., 101 186, 188–189, 193, 193–195, 194 Crete from Shaarm el Sheikh shipwreck, 187, agricultural technology in, 46, 47, 48, 188 60–69, 71 from Ti’innik (Palestine), 83, 86–87 agriculture in, 34, 37–40, 41–46, 54–69 Chinese export porcelains destruction of Ottoman legacy in, 258 in Anatolia, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176n.1 independence of, 51 in Sadana Island shipwreck, 182, 185, land-owning patterns in, 38–39, 55, 186, 188–193, 190, 191, 192, 199, 70–72 200, 254 Ottoman censuses of, 49–50, 51 in Topkapi Museum (Istanbul), 188, Ottoman conquest and control of, 37, 189, 191, 254 40 Index 267 Crete (cont.) Eski Yapar site (Turkey), 106 population of, 51 Esmahan Sultan, 234 rebellion during Greek War of Inde- Ethnic identity pendence, 51 in Crete, 51 rural settlement of, 34, 37–40, 46–54, diversity of, 6–8, 248, 257 55, 56–60 stasis
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    Munich Personal RePEc Archive A study of Muslim economic thinking in the 11th A.H. / 17th C.E. century Islahi, Abdul Azim Islamic Economics Institute, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA 2009 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/75431/ MPRA Paper No. 75431, posted 06 Dec 2016 02:55 UTC Abdul Azim Islahi Islamic Economics Research Center King Abdulaziz University Scientific Publising Centre King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia FOREWORD There are numerous works on the history of Islamic economic thought. But almost all researches come to an end in 9th AH/15th CE century. We hardly find a reference to the economic ideas of Muslim scholars who lived in the 16th or 17th century, in works dealing with the history of Islamic economic thought. The period after the 9th/15th century remained largely unexplored. Dr. Islahi has ventured to investigate the periods after the 9th/15th century. He has already completed a study on Muslim economic thinking and institutions in the 10th/16th century (2009). In the mean time, he carried out the study on Muslim economic thinking during the 11th/17th century, which is now in your hand. As the author would like to note, it is only a sketch of the economic ideas in the period under study and a research initiative. It covers the sources available in Arabic, with a focus on the heartland of Islam. There is a need to explore Muslim economic ideas in works written in Persian, Turkish and other languages, as the importance of these languages increased in later periods.
  • 38. ICANAS (Uluslararası Asya Ve Kuzey Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi) (International38

    38. ICANAS (Uluslararası Asya Ve Kuzey Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi) (International38

    ATATÜRK KÜLTÜR, DİL VE TARİH YÜKSEK KURUMU ATATÜRK SUPREMEATATÜRK KÜLTÜR,COUNCIL DİL FOR VE CULTURE, TARİH YÜKSEK LANGUAGE KURUMU AND HISTORY ВЫСШЕЕATATÜRK ОБЩЕСТВО SUPREME ПО ТУРЕЦКОЙ COUNCIL КУЛЬТУРЕ,FOR CULTURE, ЯЗЫКУ LANGUAGE И ИСТОРИИ AND имени HISTORY АТАТЮРКА ВЫСШЕЕ ОБЩЕСТВО ПО ТУРЕЦКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ, ЯЗЫКУ И ИСТОРИИ имени АТАТЮРКА 38. ICANAS (Uluslararası Asya ve Kuzey Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi) (International38. Congress ICANAS of Asian and North African Studies) (Международный(Uluslararası конгрессAsya ve Kuzey по изучению Afrika ÇalışmalarıАзии и Северной Kongresi) Африки) (International10-15.09.2007 Congress of ANKARA Asian and / NorthTÜRKİYE African Studies) (Международный конгресс по изучению Азии и Северной Африки) BİLDİRİLER/10-15.09.2007 PAPERS ANKARA/TÜRKİYE / СБОРНИК СТАТЕЙ DİLBİLDİRİLER/ BİLİMİ, DİL PAPERS/СБОРНИК BİLGİSİ VE DİL EĞİTİMİ СТАТЕЙ LINGUISTICS, GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE TEACHING ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ, ГРАММАТИКА И ОБУЧЕНИЕ ЯЗЫКУ TARİH VE MEDENİYETLER TARİHİ HISTORY AND HISTORY OF CIVILIZATIONS ОБЩАЯ ИСТОРИЯI. CİLT И / VOLUME ИСТОРИЯ I / TOM ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ I III. CİLT/VOLUME III/TOM III ANKARA-2011 ANKARA-2012 II ATATÜRK KÜLTÜR, DİL VE TARİH YÜKSEK KURUMU YAYINLARI: 14/3 5846 Sayılı Kanuna göre bu eserin bütün yayın, tercüme ve iktibas hakları Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumuna aittir. Bildiri ve panel metinleri içinde geçen görüş, bilgi ve görsel malzemelerden bildiri sahipleri ve panel konuşmacıları sorumludur. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publisher, except in the case of brief quotations, in critical articles or reviews. Papers reflect the viewpoints of individual writers and panelists.
  • 1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co

    1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co

    THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.