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Současné Světové Trendy Výstavby Mrakodrapů

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Současné Světové Trendy Výstavby Mrakodrapů T ÉMA TOPIC S OUČASNÉ SVĚTOVÉ TRENDY VÝSTAVBY MRAKODRAPŮ CURRENT TRENDS IN SKYSCRAPER CONSTRUCTION V LASTIMIL ŠRŮMA Cílem tohoto článku je přiblížit současné světové trendy ve způsobu využití, umís- tění a koncepčního řešení mrakodrapů, a to jak budov supervysokých (super-tall buildings, výška podle regulí [1] meziná- rodně respektovaného CTBUH – Council for Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat – od 300 m, tedy od cca osmdesáti pod- laží), tak i v dnešním způsobu chápání budov výškových (high-rise buildings, výška od 150 m). Článek se až na výjim- ky nezabývá budovami jen „vysokými“, tj. budovami podle regulí [1] mezi 23 a 150 m, kam zatím bez výjimky spadají 1 i nejvyšší budovy v České republice. This study focuses on current trends in ze Severní Ameriky do Asie. Na přelo- Obr. 1 Soubor osmdesáti sedmi rozestavěných mrakodrapů Jumeirah use, location and conceptual design of mu 20. a 21. století jsme zároveň svědky Lake Towres v Dubaji up-to-date skyscrapers, both the super- výrazných změn ve využití budov ve měs- Fig. 1 Set of 87 Jumeirah Lake Towers tall buildings (over 300m in high fol- tech, která mají s mrakodrapy nejdelší in Dubai under construction lowing the regulations of the highly zkušenost. V Chicagu byla nedávno celá respected CTBUH – Council for Tall skupina kancelářských budov transfor- Buildings and Urban Habitat) and the so mována na bytové domy nebo budovy called high-rise buildings, i.e. buildings se smíšeným využitím a tento jev nabývá ve výstavbě. V současnosti je dokonče- over 150m in high as widely approved. velkých rozměrů i v dnešním New Yorku. no sice „jen“ třicet čtyři takto vysokých The article does not deal, with only minor V centru Manhattanu se mění na rezi- budov, více než šedesát dalších je už exceptions, with buildings between 23 denční objekty řada velkých hotelů. Tato ovšem rozestavěno. Navzdory předpo- and 150m though they are commonly přestavba monumentálních budov v srdci vědím o konci mrakodrapů jako násled- counted as „high“ in the Czech Republic New Yorku je sice působivá, s množstvím ku zničení newyorských „dvojčat“ se stal where still no one skycraper is situated nových projektů, které se dnes realizu- pravý opak a mrakodrapy se dnes budu- till now. jí v Asii, ovšem nesnese srovnání. Je stále jí dříve nevídaným tempem. zjevnější, že plánovat dnes stavbu nové První boom výstavby výškových budov Po desetiletích, kdy mezi mrakodra- výškové budovy znamená už dopředu a mrakodrapů přišel počátkem 30. let py dominovaly americké kancelářské počítat s vysokou pravděpodobností toho, a přinesl budovu Chrysleru (1930, 319 m) budovy, můžeme pozorovat v posled- že ji dříve nebo později čeká změna vyu- a těsně nato Empire State Building (1931, ních dvanácti letech jednak postupný, žití a že je to třeba v projektu a při její rea- 381 m). Toto období vystřídala hospo- ale významný posun od čistě adminis- lizaci zohlednit. dářská krize, která znamenala nadlou- trativních objektů k budovám pro bydle- Před neblahým 11. zářím 2001 stálo ho konec podobně smělých projektů. ní a smíšené, víceúčelové využití, jednak po světě dvacet osm mrakodrapů s výš- Na další vlnu mrakodrapů bylo třeba čekat přesun těžiště výstavby výškových budov kou přes 300 m a jen dva další byly až do počátku 70. let, kdy byly postave- ny obě věže World Trade Center v New Tab. 1 Deset nejvyšších budov světa – rok 1988 Yorku (1972 až 1973, 417 a 415 m) Tab. 1 Ten world’s tallest skyscrapers in 1988 a chicagská Sears Tower (1974, 442 m). Poř. Budova Město Stát Rok Výška Materiál Využití I toto vzepětí vystřídal určitý hospodářský 01 Sears Tower Chicago USA 1974 442 Ocel Kanceláře (a motivační) útlum, který dalším podob- 02 One World Trade Center New York USA 1972 417 Ocel Kanceláře ným projektům už nedal vzniknout. Sou- 03 Two World Trade Center New York USA 1973 415 Ocel Kanceláře časný boom mrakodrapů, který nastar- 04 Empire State Building New York USA 1931 381 Ocel Kanceláře tovaly Petronas Towers v Kuala Lum- 05 Aon Center Chicago USA 1973 346 Ocel Kanceláře puru (1998, 452 m), Jim Mao Tower 06 John Hancock Center Chicago USA 1970 344 Ocel Smíšené v Šanghaji (1999, 421 m) a Burj Al Arab 07 Chrysler Building New York USA 1930 319 Ocel Kanceláře v Dubaji (1999, 321 m) se zatím zdá být 08 JP Morgan Chase Tower Houston USA 1982 303 Smíšený Kanceláře bez konce. Jsme svědky stále nových 09 Wells Fargo Plaza Houston USA 1983 302 Ocel Kanceláře vln výstavby celých skupin mrakodra- 10 First Canadian Place Toronto Kanada 1975 298 Ocel Kanceláře pů v řadě oblastí světa, zejména v Asii 20 B ETON • TECHNOLOGIE • KONSTRUKCE • SANACE 5/2008 T ÉMA TOPIC a na Blízkém Východě, speciálně v Dubaji Tab. 2 Deset nejvyšších budov světa – rok 1998 (obr. 1). Nelze přehlédnout také řadu vel- Tab. 2 Ten world’s tallest skyscrapers in 1998 kých sídel, která se náhle v těchto letech Poř. Budova Město Stát Rok Výška Materiál Využití stávají městy mrakodrapů, jako Moskva, 01 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malajsie 1998 452 Smíšený Kanceláře Londýn, ale třeba i Panama City a Istan- 02 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malajsie 1998 452 Smíšený Kanceláře bul. A úplně nedávno se objevila zřetelná 03 Sears Tower Chicago USA 1974 442 Ocel Kanceláře vlna nových mrakodrapů i v USA. 04 One World Trade Center New York USA 1972 417 Ocel Kanceláře Kromě prostého faktu, že je ve výstav- 05 Two World Trade Center New York USA 1973 415 Ocel Kanceláře bě ještě nedávno těžko představitelné 06 CITIC Plaza Kanton Čína 1997 390 Beton Kanceláře množství výškových budov, a skutečnos- 07 Shung Hing Square Shenzhen Čína 1996 384 Smíšený Kanceláře ti, že se jejich masová výstavba přesunula 08 Empire State Building New York USA 1931 381 Ocel Kanceláře na východní polokouli, je důležitý i posun 09 Central Plaza Hongkong Čína 1992 374 Beton Kanceláře v účelu využití mrakodrapů a rovněž 10 Bank of China Tower Hongkong Čína 1989 367 Smíšený Kanceláře změna v hlavním konstrukčním materiálu výškových budov, kterým se jasně stává Tab. 3 Deset nejvyšších budov světa – rok 2008 beton, a to beton stále vyšších pevností. Tab. 3 Ten world’s tallest skyscrapers in 2008 Je to jasně patrné např. z přehledů dese- Poř. Budova Město Stát Rok Výška Materiál Využití ti nejvyšších světových budov, které stály 01 Taipei 101 Tchaj-pej Tchaj-wan 2004 509 Smíšený Kanceláře dokončeny v roce 1988, 1998 a 2008 02 World Financial Center Šanghaj Čína 2008 492 Smíšený Smíšený a z výhledu deseti nejvyšších budov 03 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malajsie 1998 452 Smíšený Kanceláře světa v roce 2011 (tab. 1 až 4 – zdrojem 04 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malajsie 1998 452 Smíšený Kanceláře údaje z [1] až [3]). 05 Sears Tower Chicago USA 1974 442 Ocel Kanceláře Mezi deset nejvyšších budov světa se 06 Jin Mao Tower Šanghaj Čína 1999 421 Smíšený Smíšené v roce 1988 dostaly dva projekty v Hus- 07 Two Int‘l Finance Center Hongkong Čína 2003 415 Smíšený Kanceláře tonu jako výsledek tehdejšího místního 08 CITIC Plaza Kanton Čína 1997 390 Beton Kanceláře ekonomického rozmachu (viz [4] a [5]). 09 Shung Hing Square Shenzhen Čína 1996 384 Smíšený Kanceláře Všech deset nejvyšších budov je umís- 10 Empire State Building New York USA 1931 381 Ocel Kanceláře těno na severoamerickém kontinentu, stejně jako tomu bylo po dlouhá dese- tiletí předtím. Na seznamu se ale popr- Tab. 4 Deset nejvyšších budov světa – předpoklad roku 2011 Tab. 4 Ten world’s tallest skyscrapers – estimation in 2011 vé objevuje budova, v níž je tradiční ocel nosné konstrukce kombinována s beto- Poř. Budova Město Stát Rok Výška Materiál Využití nem. 01 Burj Dubai Dubaj SAE 2009 819 Beton/ocel Smíšené V roce 1998 se mezi deseti nejvyš- 02 Chicago Spire Chicago USA 2010 609 Smíšený Smíšené šími mrakodrapy světa poprvé obje- 03 Mekkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel Mekka S. Arábie 2010 577 Beton Hotel vily budovy postavené v Asii. Prvním 04 World Trade Center One New York USA 2011 541 Smíšený Kanceláře takto vysokým mrakodrapem, který byl 05 Taipei 101 Tchaj-pej Tchan-wan 2004 509 Smíšený Kanceláře navržen neamerickým architektem, se 06 Burj Al Alam Dubaj SEA 2011 501 Smíšený Smíšené stala budova Central Plaza v Hongkon- 07 Shanghai World Financial Center Šanghaj Čína 2008 492 Smíšený Smíšené gu (1992, 374 m, architekt Dennis Lau). 08 International Commerce Centre Hongkong Čína 2010 484 Smíšený Smíšené Asijské projekty vyplňují dokonce přes 09 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malajsie 1998 452 Smíšený Kanceláře 50 % tabulky a zároveň i desátá nej- 10 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malajsie 1998 452 Smíšený Kanceláře vyšší budova s velkou rezervou překo- nává hranici 350 m. Po řadu desetiletí Tab. 5 Deset nejvyšších betonových budov světa – předpoklad roku 2011 byla budova Chrysler v New Yorku jedi- Tab. 5 Ten world’s tallest concrete buildings – estimation in 2011 ným mrakodrapem, jehož součástí byla Poř. Budova Město Stát Rok Výška Materiál Využití špice. V roce 1998 tvořily budovy se 01 Mekkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel Mekka S. Arábie 2010 577 Beton Hotel špicí – trend zahájený v nové éře budo- 02 Dubai Towers Doha Dauhá Katar 2010 437 Beton Smíšené vou Bank of China Tower v Hongkon- Trump International Hotel & 03 Chicago USA 2009 415 Beton Smíšené gu (1989, 367 m, I. M. Pei & Partners) Tower – plných 60 % z nejvyšších deseti 04 Princess Tower Dubaj SAE 2009 414 Beton Rezidenční budov. Po více než století dominovala 05 Marina 101 Dubaj SAE 2010 412 Beton Smíšené mrakodrapům jako konstrukční materiál 06 Al Hamra Tower Kuvajt Kuvajt 2010 412 Beton Kanceláře ocel. Z tabulky je vidět, že čistě ocelové 07 Wanhao Financial Center Chongqing Čína 2009 398 Beton Kanceláře mrakodrapy tvořily v roce 1998 už jen Emirates Park Towers 08 Dubaj SAE 2010 395 Beton Smíšené 40 % nejvyšších deseti budov světa.
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