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On the Skyscraper As a Building Type in an Era of Uncertainty, Globalization and Environmentalism

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On the Skyscraper As a Building Type in an Era of Uncertainty, Globalization and Environmentalism ON THE SKYSCRAPER AS A BUILDING TYPE IN AN ERA OF UNCERTAINTY, GLOBALIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTALISM By BRANDON THOMAS MOORE A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 1 Copyright 2006 by Brandon Thomas Moore 2 To Colonel William Aiken Starrett, a true master builder and skyscraper man who gave all he had to the Empire State Building. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my high school basketball coaches Mr. Randall Leath and Mr. David Thorpe; and the brothers of Lambda Chi Alpha, both alumni and undergraduate, for making me the man I am today. I would also like to thank Dr. Abdol Chini, Dr. Charles Kibert, and Dr. Robert Stroh for serving on my supervisory committee. I thank the M.E. Rinker Sr. School of Building Construction faculty and staff for truly caring about the welfare of their students. Lastly, I thank my mother, who has always been there. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................10 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 1) INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................12 September 11, 2001 ................................................................................................................12 Problem Statement..................................................................................................................14 Scope and Limitations ............................................................................................................15 Scope ...............................................................................................................................15 Limitations.......................................................................................................................20 Layout.....................................................................................................................................23 2) LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................25 Stone to Steel ..........................................................................................................................25 What is a Skyscraper? .....................................................................................................26 The Great Chicago Fire ...................................................................................................27 From Bridges to Buildings ..............................................................................................28 The First Skyscraper........................................................................................................29 Social factors............................................................................................................30 Economic factors......................................................................................................31 Technological innovation.........................................................................................32 Chicago to New York .............................................................................................................35 The First World’s Tallest Anything ................................................................................36 The World’s Tallest Heads East......................................................................................36 The New York Era...........................................................................................................37 New York City Skyward..........................................................................................37 Race into the Manhattan Sky ...................................................................................40 The New Challengers ......................................................................................................43 The Asian Tiger ......................................................................................................................46 Asian Trends....................................................................................................................46 The Petronas Shift ...........................................................................................................49 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)................................................51 The Shift Continues.........................................................................................................53 State of the Skyscraper ...........................................................................................................55 The Power of Proposal ....................................................................................................55 The World’s Tall Buildings.............................................................................................57 5 The Sustainable Skyscraper....................................................................................................61 The Numbers for Going Green........................................................................................62 The Energy of the Built Environment ......................................................................62 City or Country.........................................................................................................64 Skyscraper as a Space Saver ....................................................................................65 Skyscraper Sustainable Systems......................................................................................67 Passive Design..........................................................................................................67 Active Design...........................................................................................................73 The Ecology of the Skyscraper ................................................................................75 Current Sustainable Tall Buildings ..........................................................................76 Burj Dubai and Beyond ..........................................................................................................80 Skyscraper Cities of Tomorrow.......................................................................................81 Indian Shift...............................................................................................................81 Chinese Games.........................................................................................................82 Ultra Modern Skyscrapers........................................................................................83 The Race Continues.........................................................................................................85 Liquid Gold Structures.............................................................................................85 Up and Coming ........................................................................................................87 The Story of Lower Manhattan .......................................................................................88 Towers 2, 3, 4 and 7 World Trade Center................................................................88 The Freedom Tower .................................................................................................89 3) METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS ......................................................................................103 The Public Opinion of Skyscrapers and the Downtown Environment.................................103 Tampa, Florida ..............................................................................................................104 Skyscraper Sample Size .........................................................................................104 Execution of the Protocol.......................................................................................105 Skyscraper Protocol Question Analysis ........................................................................106 Question 1: Are they safe? .....................................................................................106 Question 2: Are they beautiful? .............................................................................107 Question 3: Are they a threat?................................................................................108 Question 4: Downtown?.........................................................................................108 Question 5: Suburbia? ............................................................................................109 Question 6: Are they memorable?..........................................................................109 Question 7: Are they proud icons?.........................................................................110 Question Overview.................................................................................................110
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