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Signature Redacted Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 21, 2015 TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS OVER THE PAST DECADE ARCHIVES 1 by MASSACM I 1TT;r OF 1*KCHN0L0LGY Wenjia Gu JUL 02 2015 B.S. Civil Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 LIBRAR IES SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2015 C2015 Wenjia Gu. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known of hereafter created. Signature of Author: Signature redacted Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 21, 2015 Certified by: Signature redacted ( Jerome Connor Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted bv: Signature redacted ?'Hei4 Nepf Donald and Martha Harleman Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Chair, Departmental Committee for Graduate Students TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS OVER THE PAST DECADE by Wenjia Gu Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on May 21, 2015 in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree Requirements for Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering ABSTRACT Over the past decade, high-rise buildings in the world are both booming in quantity and expanding in height. One of the most important reasons driven the achievement is the continuously evolvement of structural systems. In this paper, previous classifications of structural systems are summarized and different types of structural systems are introduced. Besides the structural systems, innovations in other aspects of today's design of high-rise buildings including damping systems, construction techniques, elevator systems as well as sustainability are presented and discussed. To better understand current high-rise buildings, information about buildings above 200 meter completed within recent ten years and the current 100 tallest building in the world is collected and analyzed. Structural systems of worldwide 100 tallest buildings are discussed, from which trends are found. Data shows that tubular systems are in vast majority in recent high-rise building designs and an increasing number of buildings are using concrete and composite materials instead of steel. Developments in structural systems also reduce structures' dependence on auxiliary damping devices. Additionally, sustainability has been given more and more consideration. Thesis Supervisor: Jerome Connor Title: Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. IN TRO D U C T IO N ................................................................................. 7 2. HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS ......................................................................... 9 2.1 D efinition ...................................................................................... 9 2 .2 F acts ........................................................................................... 10 2 .3 L o ad s ............................................................................................ 13 3. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 15 3.1 Previous Classifications ................................................................... 15 3.2 Different Types of Structural Systems .................................................... 18 3.2.1 R igid Fram e ........................................................................... 18 3.2.2 Core and outrigger ................................................................ 20 3.2.3 Framed Tube ...................................................................... 22 3.2.4 Trussed Tube ...................................................................... 23 3.2.5 T ube in tube ........................................................................... 25 3.2.6 B undled system ...................................................................... 26 4. INNOVATIONS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDGINS ............................................ 28 4.1 Damping Systems ......................................................................... 28 4.2 Construction Techniques ................................................................. 30 4.3 E levator System s .............................................................................. 32 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.4 Sustainability ................................................................................. 35 5. ANALYSIS OF CURRENT HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS .................................... 37 5.1 Structural System s ........................................................................... 37 5.2 Construction Materials ....................................................................... 39 5.3 Sustainability .............................................................................. 40 6. CASE STUDY OF BURJ KHALIFA ........................................................... 42 7. CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 47 Al. REFERENCES .................................................... 48 A2. 100 TALLEST BUILINGS IN THE WORLD BY 2015 ................................ 50 6 1. INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, high-rise buildings are both booming in quantity and expanding in height over the whole world. The number of constructed buildings above 200 meters is increasing every year and the height of the world's tallest building has been raised from 508 meters in the year 2004 to 828 meters now. Some of the many reasons leading to this phenomenon include an expanding real estate market that emerges from the steadily growing global economy, providing investors and contractors with more and more opportunities, as well as the implicit competitions between countries, metropolitan areas, and cities to attract more global spotlight. To fulfill the request of taller and taller buildings, engineers keep working on the optimization of structural systems to improve the structure's resistance over the load acting on it. Several studies have discussed the performance of different structural systems from different perspectives. Over the past decade, a number of high-rise buildings have adopted integrated structural systems that combined two or more basic structural systems, and innovative systems such as buttress core system can also be seen in completed buildings. Besides the aspect of the structural system, structural material also plays an important role in improving the structural stability and efficiency of the building. Another important factor that helps pushing the limit of the height of buildings is the development of construction techniques. With the help of high-tech construction equipment, concrete can be pumped to a much higher distance than ever, even for high strength concrete. 7 Innovative construction methods also shortened the construction time so that for the owner the cost of developing a new high-rise building could be reduced. Other considerations for the design of high-rise buildings including the damping system, fire design and emergency egress also have some changes over the past decade. Nonstructural factors such as sustainability of the building are given more and more importance now. Information about the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world has been collected. By studying the structural system as well as other properties of these 100 buildings, the current structural design trends can be found and comparisons between theoretical analysis and actual can be discussed, which will help engineers break the record of the most attractive high-rise building. 8 2. HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS 2.1 Definition Before looking into the design trends and the innovations behind the increasing number of high-rise buildings over the past decade, it is important to define what high-rise buildings mean and what makes them different from other structures. A tall building is referred as a multi-story structure in which most occupants depend on elevators to reach their destinations. The most prominent tall buildings are called high-rise buildings in most countries (Challinger, 2008). Although these terms do not have internationally agreed definitions, a high-rise building, however, can be defined as follows: According to the Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, a high-rise building is "a building whose height creates different conditions in the design, construction, and use than those that exist in common buildings of a certain region and period". "Any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation" (The International Conference on Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings). "For most purposes, the cut-off point for high-rise buildings is around seven stories. Sometimes, seven stories or higher define a high-rise, and sometimes the definition is more than seven stories. Sometimes, the definition is stated in terms of linear height (feet or meters) rather than stories. " (Hall, 2007) Besides what is listed above, another important feature of a high-rise building is that it is the lateral load not the gravity load that governs the design of the structure. Lateral loads, 9 including wind load and earthquakes, are crucial for high-rise buildings and can be resisted efficiently by choosing appropriate structural systems. The exact height above which a building can be defined as a high-rise building is specified by codes of the particular
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