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Fo No Ita Si D Na Ln If Eh T Gn Idl Iu Bp Ih S gnireenignE lacinahceM gnireenignE - o t l aA DD The Finlandisation of 41 / alataM araaS alataM 9102 Shipbuilding Industrialisation, the State, and the Disintegration of a Cold War Shipbuilding System Saara Matala gnidl iubpihS fo noignidlehT tas iubpihS idnalniF NSI NBS 2-7838-06-259-879 ( p r i n t de ) SSENISUB + NSI NBS 9-8838-06-259-879 ( dp f ) E MONOC Y NSI NSS 9971 - 4394 ( p r i n t de ) NSI NSS 9971 - 2494 ( dp f ) TRA + NGISED + ytisrevinU otlaA ytisrevinU HCRA I T TCE ERU nirenigE loohcS l o f gnE i een r i gn gnireenignE lacinahceM gnireenignE ECNEICS + if.otlaa.www . a a l t o . f i T E ONHC L GO Y R VOSSORC RE COD T RO A L +chidia*GMFTSH9 COD T RO A L SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID otlaA ytisrevinU 9102 Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 14/2019 The Finlandisation of Shipbuilding. Industrialisation, the State, and the Disintegration of a Cold War Shipbuilding System Saara Matala A doctoral dissertation completed for the degree of Doctor of Science (Technology) to be defended, with the permission of the Aalto University School of Engineering, at a public examination held at the lecture hall 216, Otakaari 4, January 19, 2019 at 12. Aalto University School of Engineering Mechanical Engineering History of Industrialization Supervising professor Professor Petri Kuosmanen, Aalto University, Finland. Thesis advisors Dr. Mats Fridlund, Max Planck Institute, Germany. Dr. Suvi Kansikas, University of Helsinki, Finland. Preliminary examiners Professor Susanna Fellman, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Associate Professor Per Högselius, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden. Opponent Professor Richard Hirsh, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, US. Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 14/2019 © 2019 Saara Matala ISBN 978-952-60-8387-2 (printed) ISBN 978-952-60-8388-9 (pdf) ISSN 1799-4934 (printed) ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-8388-9 Unigrafia Oy Helsinki 2019 WAN E S CO IC L D A B R E O L Finland N PrintedPrinted matter 1234 5678 4041-0619 Abstract Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Saara Matala Name of the doctoral dissertation The Finlandisation of Shipbuilding. Industrialisation, the State, and the Disintegration of a Cold War Shipbuilding System. Publisher School of Engineering Unit Mechanical Engineering Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 14/2019 Field of research Manuscript submitted 3 September 2018 Date of the defence 19 January 2019 Permission to publish granted (date) 19 November 2018 Language English Monograph Article dissertation Essay dissertation Abstract The Cold War shaped industrialisation through the politicisation of technology. This thesis examines the expansion and downscaling of the Finnish shipbuilding industry from 1952 to 1996, which has been claimed to be a contingent rather than merely correlated result of the Finnish- Soviet bilateral trade relationship. By exploring the agency of a small country navigating the period of international confrontation and competition, this study contributes to our understanding of the material and economic consequences of the global Cold War. The Finnish shipbuilding industry is conceived as a techno-economic system —a heterogeneous web of components that contributed to the profit-driven building of maritime technology. The conceptualisation draws from studies of Large Technological Systems (LTS), but it adds to the LTS theory an equally strong economic dimension alongside the technological one, and examines industrial transformation as dynamics between system stabilisation and change. The study addresses three specific research questions: How the shipbuilding system developed its structure and national style; how it interacted with the state; and how it disintegrated during the latter part of the Cold War. The study contributes to the LTS theory by showing how the system disintegration re-politicises elements that had established as ordinary. Consequently, the end provides a way of re-considering the politics embedded in the mature system as well. The gravity of the empirical research lies in the five case studies that approach the techno-economic system from five perspectives: technopolitics of shipbuilding, non-commercial cooperation, bilateral institutions of trade and payment, industrial reorganisation, and state aid and financing. The study shows how the Finnish shipbuilding adopted certain elements and gained momentum because Finland's position next to the Soviet Union introduced a novel set of constrains and opportunities. Critical for the industrial development was, however, the Finnish agency in adjusting and adapting to these international conditions. The Finnish Cold War shipbuilding system expressed a recognizable national style in how the companies controlled the fluctuation and insecurities of the business. The state actors often subscribed to the system goals but they also used the shipbuilding system as a technopolitical tool to address national security, national prestige, and national welfare. The disintegration of the Cold War system was triggered by external changes after the 1970s, but initially the system momentum seemingly increased. Keywords Industrialisation, Large Technological Systems, Cold War, Shipbuilding, Technopolitics, ISBN (printed) 978-952-60-8387-2 ISBN (pdf) 978-952-60-8388-9 ISSN (printed) 1799-4934 ISSN (pdf) 1799-4942 Location of publisher Helsinki Location of printing Helsinki Year 2019 Pages 347 urn http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-8388-9 Tiivistelmä Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Tekijä Saara Matala Väitöskirjan nimi Laivanrakennus ja suomettuminen. Teollistuminen, valtio ja kylmän sodan laivanrakennusjärjestelmän hajoaminen Julkaisija Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu Yksikkö Konetekniikan laitos Sarja Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 14/2019 Tutkimusala Teollistumisen historia Käsikirjoituksen pvm 03.09.2018 Väitöspäivä 19.01.2019 Julkaisuluvan myöntämispäivä 19.11.2018 Kieli Englanti Monografia Artikkeliväitöskirja Esseeväitöskirja Tiivistelmä Suomettuminen viittaa monitahoiseen keskusteluun epäsymmetrisestä valtasuhteesta ja pienen valtion toimijuudesta kansainvälisen kiistojen ja kilpailun määrittelemässä maailmanjärjestyksessä. Tämä työ tarkastelee Suomen laivanrakennuksen laajentumista ja supistumista 1952-1996 ja käsittelee sitä kautta kylmän sodan teknologisia ja taloudellisia seurauksia. Kylmä sota politisoi teknologian tuotannon ja siirron. Suomelle tämä tarkoitti uusia rajoituksia, mutta myös uusia mahdollisuuksia kauppaan ja teknologiseen kehitykseen. Tutkimuksessa Suomen kaupallinen laivanrakennusteollisuus määritellään 'tekno-taloudelliseksi järjestelmäksi,' joka tarkoittaa heterogeenisten komponenttien muodostamaa verkkoa. Käsite ammentaa Suurten teknologisten järjestelmien (Large Technological System, LTS) teoriasta, mutta se lisää teknologian rinnalle yhtä merkittävän taloudellisen ulottuvuuden. Tekno-ekonomisen järjestelmän analyysin kautta tutkimus pureutuu kolmeen kysymyksen: miten Suomen kylmän sodan laivanrakennusjärjestelmä kehitti erityisen rakenteen ja kansallisen tyylin, mikä oli sen suhde valtioon ja miten se hajosi kylmän sodan lopussa? Tutkimuksen kontribuutio LTS-teoriaan on sen osoittaminen, kuinka järjestelmän hajoaminen politisoi uudelleen elementtejä, jotka järjestelmän kehittyessä olivat vakiintuneet ja apolitisoituneet. Järjestelmän loppu tarjoaa metodologisen mahdollisuuden tutkia myös kypsän järjestelmän latenttia poliittisuutta. Viiden tapaustutkimuksen kautta tutkimus tarkastelee Suomen laivanrakennusjärjestelmää eri näkökulmista, jotka ovat laivanrakennuksen teknopolitiikka, epäkaupallinen itä-länsi -yhteistyö, bilateraaliset kaupan ja maksujen instituutiot, teollisuuden uudelleenorganisointi, sekä valtion telakkarahoitus ja tuet. Tutkimus osoittaa, kuinka kylmän sodan mukanaan tuomat rajoitteet ja mahdollisuudet muokkasivat Suomen laivanrakennusjärjestelmää. Suomalaiset toimijat sopeutuivat kehittämällä ainutkertaisia järjestelmäelementtejä sekä tunnistettavan kansallisen tyylin. Valtiotoimijat ottivat tekno-taloudellisen järjestelmän tavoitteet omikseen, mutta käyttivät laivanrakennusta myös teknopoliittisena instrumenttina vaikuttaakseen kansallisiin kysymyksiin turvallisuudesta, arvovallasta ja hyvinvoinnista. Kylmän sodan tekno-taloudellisen järjestelmän hajoaminen oli seurausta taloudellisista ja poliittisista muutoksia 1970-luvulta alkaen. Hajoamisprosessin aluksi järjestelmän liikevoima näytti kuitenkin kasvavan, kun järjestelmän toimijat reagoivat haasteisiin teknopoliittisilla projekteilla. Avainsanat Teollistuminen, Suuret teknologiset järjestelmät, kylmä sota, laivanrakennus, teknopolitiikka ISBN (painettu) 978-952-60-8387-2 ISBN (pdf) 978-952-60-8388-9 ISSN (painettu) 1799-4934 ISSN (pdf) 1799-4942 Julkaisupaikka Helsinki Painopaikka Helsinki Vuosi 2019 Sivumäärä 347 urn http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-8388-9 Acknowledgements Political history was my first love. Technology and industrial change my great interest. Looking back now, it might have been clear to all except for me that I was to become a historian of the politics of industrialisation. Growing up as a researcher does not take place in isolation but is essentially a very social process. It takes several people to write a monograph alone. While I have sat in the archives, got lost in libraries, organised the data, written the analysis, made the mistakes, and rewritten the manuscript again all by myself, there have
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