Radicals in America: the U.S

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51560-3 - Radicals in America: The U.S. Left since the Second World War Howard Brick and Christopher Phelps Index More information

Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

Abalone Alliance, 205, 231 AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT Abbey, Edward, 247–48, 249 UP), 251–52, 254 Abernathy, Ralph, 78 Aid to Families with Dependent Children abolitionism, 8–10, 11, 317 (AFDC), 163, 271 abortion, 166, 208, 252, 265, 270 air traffic controllers’ strike (1981), 224 Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 22 Albert, Stew, 242 Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 303 Alcatraz occupation (1969–71), 162, 200 Abzug, Bella, 71, 209, 210, 210 Alexander, Michelle, 303 ACORN, 188, 189, 307 Algeria, 95, 106, 151, 160 Adams, Jane, 142 Ali, Muhammad, 138 Adbusters, 215 Ali, Tariq, 150 affinity groups, 205–6, 231, 285 Alinsky, Saul, 44, 104 Afghanistan, 299 All-African People’s Revolutionary Party, al Qaeda in, 293, 294 197 Soviet invasion of, 230, 238, 260, 294 Allen, Pamela Parker, 165 U.S. war in, 293, 294–95, 297, 299 Allende, Salvador, 192 AFL-CIO, 184, 225, 227, 279, 285 Alperovitz, Gar, 144, 215 and Democratic Party, 227, 256 al Qaeda, 293, 295, 300 formation of, 65 Alterman, Eric, 291 and U.S. foreign policy, 117, 236 American Agriculture Movement, 224 Africa, 77, 109, 195, 200–201, 272. See “American Century,” 27, 32 also specific nations American Committee for Cultural Freedom African Liberation Day (1972), 195 (ACCF), 62, 67 African National Congress, 33, 106, 234, American Committee for the Protection of 257, 282 the Foreign Born, 71 Afro-American Association, 108 American Enterprise Institute, 213 Afro-World Fellowship, 79 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 65. Against the Current, 244 See also AFL-CIO Agee, Philip, 179 American Federation of Teachers (AFT), 25 AIDS, 223, 249, 250–52, 253, 273, 274 American Film Institute (AFI), 175–76

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332 Index

American Forum on Socialist Education, antiwar movement (during Vietnam War), 85 121–23, 127–32, 136–41, 144–46, American Friends of Vietnam, 126 300 American Friends Service Committee black radicals and, 110, 131, 132 (AFSC), 84 coalitions in, 137, 141, 144, 145, 147, American Indian Movement (AIM), 162, 161, 165 198–200, 199, 255, 265 differences within, 145–46, 156, 159 at Wounded Knee, 170–71, 200, 313 in electoral arena, 136–37, 146–47 American Labor Party, 22, 71 and gay liberation, 122–23, 167 Americans Disabled for Accessible Public and growing militancy, 145, 160–61 Transit (ADAPT), 311 growth of, 127–30, 136–39, 144, 169 Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), prior to 1965, 127–28 35, 38, 39, 40, 56, 129 SDS and, 128–30, 144 Americans for Peace Now, 239 Vietnamese advice to, 14, 161, 313 American Slav Congress, 61 Aoki, Richard, 155 American Socialist, 70 A. Philip Randolph Institute, 117 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Aptheker, Bettina, 107 311 Aptheker, Herbert, 63–64, 73, 139 anarchism (and anarchists), 12, 82, Aquash, Annie Mae, 200 267–68, 287–89 Arab-American Anti-Discrimination Catholic: see Catholic Worker Committee, 238 and environmentalism, 204, 206, Arab-Israeli War of 1967, 134, 204, 247–48, 249 238–39, 300–301 and feminism, 231 Arab Spring, 15, 307, 308 in 1960s, 149 Ariyoshi, Koji, 72 in Occupy Wall Street movement, 308 Army Mathematics Research Center andSecondWorldWar,27 bombing (1970), 160 in Spanish Civil War, 24, 205 Asociacion´ Nacional Mexico-Americana,´ See also “black bloc”; Bookchin, 71 Murray; Catholic Worker Assange, Julian, 15, 16 Anderson, John, 216 Assembly of Unrepresented People (1965), Anderson, Perry, 267 131 Angola, 195, 201 Atkinson, Ti-Grace, 164 Animal Liberation Front, 248–49 Attica rebellion (1971), 170, 171, 303 Ann Arbor, Mich., 169. See also University Attorney General’s List of Subversive of Michigan Organizations, 38, 54, 69 ANSWER (Act Now to Stop War and End Audubon Society, 246 Racism), 299 Austin, Minn. See Hormel meatpacking Anthony, Susan B., 8–9, 34 strike Anthony, Susan B., II, 34, 54, 210 Austin, Tex., 129, 137 Antioch College, 173–74, 175 Avakian, Bob, 157, 194 anti-Stalinist left, 23–27, 39, 69–70, Ayers, Bill, 157, 158, 159, 298, 304–5 260–261 Communist attacks upon, 24, 57 Bacall, Lauren, 36 criticism of Communism, 20, 24, 29, 69 Baez, Joan, 93, 119, 145 deradicalization of, 48, 86, 62–63 Bahro, Rudolf, 229 inﬂuence on New Left, 105, 114 Baker, Ella, 76, 77, 79, 97, 103, 118 and marginality, 48, 70, 86 Baldwin, James, 108 andSecondWorldWar,26, 27, 29, Baldwin, Roger, 79 42–43, 42, 44–46 Bandung conference (1955), 77, 85 See also Trotskyism Banks, Dennis, 171

Index 333

Baraka, Amiri, 83, 106, 134, 149, 284 divisions within, 135, 149, 168, 195, and autonomous black movements, 119, 197–98 134, 195–96 See also Black Panther Party and socialist politics, 196, 197, 244 Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, 7, Baran, Paul A., 106 135–36, 150–54, 161, 195, 311 Bardacke, Frank, 163, 228 founding of, 135 Bari, Judi, 276–78, 277 and gay liberation, 123, 151 Barney, Nora Stanton Blatch, 54 inﬂuences on, 110, 135 Bates, Daisy, 90 prominence of, in late 1960s, 125, Baxandall, Rosalyn, 215 135–36 Bay Area Revolutionary Union, repressive measures against, 151, 153, 157 154, 155 Beal, Frances, 168, 191 service programs of, 153–54, 311 Beatles, the, 148, 149–50 size of, 150 Beats, 83, 101, 141 violence by and against, 151–52, 153, Becker, Norma, 131, 230 155, 170 Beinart, Peter, 297 and white left, 135–36, 143, 145, Bell, Daniel, 73, 95 150–51, 156, 158–59, 168, 191 Bellecourt, Clyde, 265 Black Power, 107–8, 110, 125, 132–36, Bello, Walden, 282 196, 274 Benjamin, Medea, 299 Black Radical Congress, 274 Benn, Tony, 312 Black Scholar, The, 180 Bentley, Elizabeth, 58, 59 Black Women’s United Front (BWUF), 197 Berg, Peter, 119 Black Workers Congress, 191 Bergman, Leibel, 157 Blair, Tony, 269 Bergman, Lowell, 242 Bloom, Marshall, 148, 155 Berkeley, Calif., 71, 241 Bloor, Ella Reeve, 22 in 1960s, 107, 136–37, 145, 163–64, Bogart, Humphrey, 36, 38 311 Boggs, Grace Lee, 50, 111, 134 See also University of California, Boggs, James, 111, 134, 149 Berkeley Boland Amendment, 233 Berlin Wall, 16, 260 Bond, Julian, 132 Berman, Paul, 296, 297 Bookchin, Murray, 203, 249–50, 288 Bernstein, Leonard, 62, 161 Booth, Heather, 164 Berrigan, Daniel, 138, 231 Bosnia, 271–72, 297 Berrigan, Philip, 138, 231 Boston, Mass., 160, 161, 163, 194, 197, Berry, Mary Frances, 234 237 Berub´ e,´ Michael, 297 Boudin, Kathy, 160, 240 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 33 Boudin, Leonard, 160 Big Chill, The (ﬁlm), 240 Bourne, Randolph, 311 Bigelow, Albert, 84 Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), 251 bin Ladin, Osama, 293, 294, 295, 297 Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Black & Red Press, 192 movement, 301 “black bloc,” 286, 287, 288, 312 Boyle, Tony, 183 Black Liberation Army, 193 Boyte, Harry, 189 “Black Lives Matter” movement, 267, Braden Anne, 103 310 Braden, Carl, 103 Black Mask, 149 Bradley, Mamie Till, 75 Black Mesa Defense Fund, 247 Brando, Marlon, 161–62 black nationalism, 77–79, 154, 168, Brandt, Willy, 243 195–98, 274 Brazil, 282–83, 293

334 Index

Bread and Puppet Theater, 119 Cacchione, Peter V., 31 Brecht, Bertolt, 37 Cagan, Leslie, 236 Brenner, Robert, 276 Callenbach, Ernest, 206 Bretton Woods conference (1944), 32, 58, Calvert, Gregory, 142, 144, 156 283 Cambodia, 126, 169, 177, 201–2, 203 Brewer, Roy, 37 Cambridge, Md., 88–92, 117, 167 Brezhnev, Leonid, 146, 177 Camejo, Peter, 161, 190, 258 Bridges, Harry, 65 Campaign for Economic Democracy, 212 Briggs initiative (California, 1978), 211 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Bright, Susie, 254 (CND), 94–95 Brightman, Carol, 137 Campaign for Peace and Democracy/East Britain, 19, 237, 283 and West, 260 as colonial power, 33, 42, 75, 216, 233 Campaign to Resist Military Segregation, Labour Party in, 19, 269 5 left politics in, 94–95, 150, 231 Camus, Albert, 45, 99, 101, 321 in Second World War, 20, 26 Cannon, James P., 42 Thatcher government in, 216, 227 Canwell, Albert, 56 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 2, 75. Carawan, Guy, 93 See also Randolph, A. Philip Cardenal, Ernesto, 237 Browder, Earl, 23, 25, 39, 59, 69–70 Carey, Ron, 279 repudiation of, by CPUSA, 30 Carlos, John, 146 andSecondWorldWar,29, 30, 48 Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame Ture), 97, Brower, David, 203, 285 133, 134, 155, 162, 197 Brown, Charlotte Hawkins, 54 and Black Power, 132, 133 Brown, David, 68 name change by, 162 Brown, Elaine, 152, 153 Carson, Rachel, 202 Brown, H. Rap, 92, 134 Carter, Amy, 241 Brown, Irving, 62 Carter, Bunchy, 151 Brown, John, 317 Carter, Jimmy, 190, 210, 213, 214–15, 230 Brown, Michael, 310 foreign and military policies of, 210, Brown Berets, 150 224, 228, 229, 230, 232 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 74 and 1980 election, 216 Bryant, Anita, 208, 211 Carter, Rosalynn, 209 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 229 Castro, Fidel, 105, 106, 145, 281, 282 Buchanan, Pat, 269, 272 Catholic Church, 22, 55, 168, 232 Budenz, Louis F., 30, 65–66 radicalism within, 79, 138, 218–19, 237 Bulosan, Carlos, 72 (see also Catholic Worker) Burbach, Roger, 244 Catholic Worker, 25, 97 Burchett, Wilfred, 127 Center for Democratic Renewal, 254–55 Burlage, Dorothy Dawson, 100 Central America. See Central America Burlage, Robb, 100 solidarity movement; El Salvador; Burnham, James, 62 Guatemala; Nicaragua; Panama Burroughs, William, 83 Central America solidarity movement, Bush, George H. W., 258, 268, 269, 311 218–22, 232–34, 237, 257, 262, 281 Bush, George W., 301, 302, 304, 305, 306 repressive measures against, 233–34 elections of, as president, 290, 291–92, unions in, 236 302–3 See also Nicaragua: solidarity with; and Iraq War, 267, 293, 295–96, 298 Committee in Solidarity with the on 9/11 attacks, 293–94 People of El Salvador Business Roundtable, 213 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 56, Buttinger, Joseph (Gustav Richter), 126 62–63, 238, 299

Index 335

coups and attempted coups by, 107, 127, Christian Coalition, 270 192 Church, Frank, 178 and domestic repression, 154, 179 Churchill, Ward, 288, 298–99 and Nicaragua, 219, 220, 233, 235, 262 Churchill, Winston, 19, 27, 29, 33 protests against, 235, 240–41 Cienfuegos, Paul, 284 secret subsidies by, 62–63, 148 Citizen Action, 256 suspicions about, 110, 112, 155 Citizens Party, 216, 258 and Vietnam, 126, 127 Citizens Trade Campaign, 279 Chambers, Whittaker, 58–59, 60 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 92, 93, 116, 124 Chaney, James, 113 Civil Rights Congress (CRC), 33, 61, 71, Chapman, Tracy, 258 72, 75, 103 Chavez, Cesar, 104, 111 civil rights movement: Chavez,´ Hugo, 293 in 1940sand’50s, 1–5, 28, 45, 46 (see Cheney, Dick, 296 also Montgomery bus boycott) Cherney, Darryl, 277, 278 in 1960s, 88–92, 93–94, 97–100, 103, Chicago, Ill., 75, 79, 153, 255, 309 111–13 Black Panthers in, 153, 155, 158–59 Civil War, 8, 10, 111, 317 community organizing in, 104, 116, 188, Clamshell Alliance, 204–5, 206 304 Clark, Mark, 153 early sit-ins in, 45, 97 Clark, Septima, 74, 90 feminists in, 164, 166, 174 Clark, T. J., 319 Latino organizing in, 162, 303 Cleaver, Eldridge, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 1968 Democratic convention in, 147 160 SDS in, 116, 129, 137, 156, 157 Soul on Ice by, 123, 151, 152 See also University of Chicago Cleaver, Kathleen Neal, 152 Chicago Tribune, 55 Clergy and Laity Concerned About Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, Vietnam, 138, 240 166 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 270, 297, 304 Childress, Alice, 64 Clinton, William Jefferson, 267, 269 Chile, 192, 212, 232 and 1992 election, 269–70 China, 128, 177, 201, 259–60 as president, 270–72, 279, 286, 287 attitudes toward, in U.S. left, 108, 128, Coalition of Labor Union Women 142–43, 190, 198, 200–201, 244 (see (CLUW), 184 also Maoism) Cochran, Bert, 70 Communist victory in, 52, 61, 128 Cockburn, Alexander, 242, 257 Cultural Revolution in, 142–43, 190 Cockrel, Ken, 197 and Korean War, 67 Code Pink, 299 policy changes in, after Mao’s death, Cofﬁn, William Sloane, 138 200–201 Cohen, Hettie, 83 See also Mao Zedong COINTELPRO, 154–55, 178–79 Chinese Americans, 25, 71, 162, 191, 192, Cold War, 48, 53, 62–63 227–28 anti-Stalinist leftists and, 80, 85 Chinese Staff and Workers’ Association, and domestic repression, 55–57, 67, 181 227–28 end of, 260, 261, 269 Chinese Workers’ Mutual Aid Association, in late 1940s, 3, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 71 40–41, 47 Chisholm, Shirley, 214 new, in 1980s, 242 Chomsky, Noam, 202, 221, 239, 297, 306 radical paciﬁsts and, 42 on anarchism, 288–89 and Vietnam War, 127, 140 prominence of, as critic of U.S. foreign Collier, Peter, 240 policy, 242, 271, 294 Coltrane, John, 119

336 Index

Columbia University, 94, 97, 142, 147, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 45, 234–35, 280 46, 69 Combahee River Collective, 197–98 early sit-ins by, 45, 97 Commentary, 116, 186, 237, 239 in 1960s, 88, 98–99, 100, 111, 122, 134 Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy Contemporary Issues, 203 (SANE), 84, 127, 256 Conyers, John, 196 Committee for Non-Violent Action Cooke, Sam, 112 (CNVA), 84, 137, 140, 203 Cooper, Gary, 36 Committee in Solidarity with the People of Copland, Aaron, 28, 62 El Salvador (CISPES), 232–34 Coplon, Judith, 58 Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars, Coppola, Francis Ford, 161–62 180 Correspondence, 50 Committees of Correspondence, 269 Corrie, Rachel, 300–301 Commoner, Barry, 203, 216, 258 Council on African Affairs (CAA), 33, 64, Commonweal, 237 79, 195 Communist Control Act of 1954, 56 counterculture, 123, 148–49 Communist International (Comintern), 21, Country Joe and the Fish, 148–49 29 Covert Action Information Bulletin, 179 Communist League, 191 Critical Sociology, 180 Communist Manifesto The, 12, 65, 283–84 Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young, 170 Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist), CrossRoads, 269 194 Cruse, Harold, 108 Communist Party of the United States of Cuba, 105–7, 122, 150, 244, 313 America (CPUSA), 20, 56–62, 63–67 black radical exiles in, 106–7, 108, 151, crisis of, in late 1950s, 53, 72–73, 85 153 and espionage, 56–57, 59–61 See also Cuban revolution expulsions from, 1–2, 30, 80, 142 Cuban Revolution (1959), 105, 112 New Left and, 95, 104–5 as inspiration, 105–7, 127, 139, 198 in 1930s, 1–2, 3, 22–23, 23, 24–25 Cultural and Scientiﬁc Conference for since 1960, 107, 137, 150, 252, 256, 269 World Peace, 62 postwar weakening of, 29–35, 49, Curran, Joseph, 64 61–65, 80 Currie, Lauchlin, 57 repressive measures against, 53–55, 56, Czechoslovakia, 40, 61, 146, 149, 260 65–69, 71–72, 154 andSecondWorldWar,3, 18, 20, Daily Worker, 31, 55, 83 25–30, 61 and internal CPUSA divisions, 30, 72, 73 size of, 20, 24, 30, 72, 73 Dale, Thelma, 54 and Trotskyists, 24, 27, 61, 86 Daley, Richard J., 147, 185 Communist Workers Party, 242 Daughters of Bilitis (DOB), 81–82 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act (1986), Daughtry, Herbert, 228–29 235 Davidson, Carl, 142, 144, 157, 323 Congress for Cultural Freedom, 48, 62–63, Davis, Angela, 150, 170, 197, 236, 303 148 Davis, Benjamin, Jr., 31 See also American Committee for Davis, Garry, 83 Cultural Freedom; Encounter Davis, Mike, 128 Congress of African People (CAP), 195 Davis, R. G., 119 Congress of American Women (CAW), Davis, Rennie, 147, 178 33–34, 53–54 Day, Dorothy, 25, 79, 97. See also Congress of Industrial Organizations Catholic Worker (CIO), 18, 41, 64–65, 74. See also “Days of Rage” (Chicago, 1969), 159, 191 AFL-CIO Deacons for Defense and Justice, 133

Index 337

Dead Kennedys, 242 Dombrowski, James, 103 De Beauvoir, Simone, 118 Doonesbury cartoon strip, 161 De Blasio, Bill, 309 Dos Passos, John, 62 Debray, Regis, 145 “Double V” campaign, 28 Debs, Eugene V., 20, 24, 79, 80 Douglas, Emory, 150 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), 271 Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 66 Deleuze, Gilles, 245 Douglass, Frederick, 10 Delgado, Gary, 188 Dow Chemical, 121, 145, 169, 270 Dellinger, David, 44, 79, 85, 147 draft. See military draft and radical paciﬁsm, 45, 46–47, 214 Drake, St. Clair, 79 andSecondWorldWar,44, 46 Draper, Hal, 114, 131, 140 See also Direct Action Dreiser, Theodore, 22 Dellums, Ron, 137, 214 drugs, 273–74, 303 Deming, Barbara, 156 Dubcek,ˇ Alexander, 146 Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), Dube, Fred, 257 270, 292, 305 Dubinsky, David, 21 Democratic Socialist Organizing DuBois,W.E.B.,33, 85, 107, 108 Committee (DSOC), 186, 190, 192, Du Bois Clubs, 107, 129 214–15, 216, 243 Duclos, Jacques, 29, 30 Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), Duggan, Laurence, 57 243, 256, 257, 258 Dukakis, Michael, 257, 258, 269 Democratic Workers Party, 194 Dunayevskaya, Raya, 50 Deng Xiaoping, 201, 244 Dunbar, Roxanne, 164 Dennis, Eugene, 60–61, 72, 73 Duncan, Donald, 138 Detroit, Mich., 158, 169, 181, 197 Duncan, Robert, 82, 83 in 1950s, 71, 79 Durham, Douglass, 200 riots in, 28, 134, 269 Durham, Jimmie, 255, 263 Deutscher, Isaac, 139, 150 Durr, Clifford, 103 Development Group for Alternative Durr, Virginia, 75, 103 Policies (D-GAP), 281–82, 283 Dworkin, Andrea, 252–53 Dewey, Thomas, 41 Dylan, Bob, 93, 119, 156, 177 Diablo Canyon protests, 205 Diem, Ngo Dinh, 126–27 Earth Day, 203 Diggers, the, 149 Earth First!, 246–48, 249, 276–78, 277 Dinh, Tran Van, 140 Eastern Europe: Dire Straits, 242 under Soviet control, 32, 61–62 Direct Action magazine, 46–47, 82 transformation of, 222, 259, 260–61, Direct Action Network, 285, 286, 287 282 disability rights, 311–12 See also speciﬁc nations Dissent, 70, 239, 297, 272 Eastman, Max, 62 Irving Howe and, 70, 140, 239, 243, 257 East Wind Collective, 191 in 1960s, 103, 117, 140, 239 Economic Research and Action Project reform politics of, 117, 140, 180, 186, (ERAP), 116, 117, 142, 158, 167 243, 257, 258, 270, 290 ecoradicalism, 246–50, 276–78, 285 Dixon, Marlene, 194 Egypt, 15, 94, 239 Dobbs, Farrell, 48 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 175, 243, 257, 287, Doctors without Borders, 281 291 Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement Einstein, Albert, 70 (DRUM), 134–35, 156 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 18, 130 Dohrn, Bernardine, 159, 165 Ellison, Ralph, 70 Dole, Bob, 271 Ellsberg, Daniel, 178

338 Index

El Salvador, 232–34, 237 Communist criticism of, 54, 175, 194, El Teatro Campesino, 119 197 Emancipation Proclamation, 10, 119 conservative backlash against, 207–8, Encounter, 62–63, 148 221, 252, 272 End Poverty in California (EPIC), 25 distinct forms of, 174–75, 208 Engels, Friedrich, 12. See also Communist and environmentalism, 265–66, 276–78 Manifesto, The and lesbianism, 82, 167, 197–98 Environmental Defense Fund, 283 and militarism, 231, 271, 299 environmentalism, 179, 202–7, 246 and pornography, 252–55 and racial issues, 196, 255, 265–66 and race, 11, 168, 191, 197–98, 255 unions and, 185, 279, 285 and religion, 237. See also Friedan, Betty; women and, 207, 265–66, 276–78 socialist feminism; women’s advocacy; See also ecoradicalism women’s liberation movement Epstein, Barbara, 231 Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, Epstein, Edward Jay, 153 253 Epstein, Joseph, 240 Ferraro, Geraldine, 256 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 54, Field, Noel, 57 207–8, 210, 253, 256 Fierro de Bright, Joseﬁna, 71 Ernst, Morris, 67 Fifth Amendment, 68 espionage, 56–61 50 Years is Enough Network, 283, 284 Evans, Arthur, 167 Figuerido, Eula, 72 Evers, Medgar, 74, 113, 170 Finch, Roy, 45 Firestone, Shulamith, 164 Fahrenheit 9/11 (ﬁlm), 299 First World War, 20, 21, 26, 297 Fair Employment Practices Committee Fischer, Louis, 64 (FEPC), 3, 28 Flacks, Richard, 105, 323 Fair Play for Cuba Committee, 106, 107, Flanagan, Hallie, 36 112 Fletcher, Bill, 279 Falwell, Jerry, 236 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 22, 51, 66 Fanon, Frantz, 106 Focus on the Global South, 282 Farakhan, Louis, 273 folk music, 28, 32, 70, 93, 103, 119, 148 Farmer, James, 45, 98, 99 Fonda, Jane, 161, 185, 214 Fassnacht, Robert, 160 Foner, Philip, 63–64 Fast, Howard, 31 Ford, Betty, 209 Fauntroy, Walter, 234 Ford, Gerald, 190 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 56, Foreman, Dave, 246–47, 248, 249, 250, 58, 64, 67, 221, 233–34 278 and American Indian Movement, 200 Forman, James, 133, 156 and black radicals, 110, 112 Forsberg, Randall, 230 COINTELPRO program of, 154–55, Fort Hood, Texas, 138 178 Fortune magazine, 3 and ecoradicals, 248, 278, 279 Foster, David, 285 and HUAC, 37, 68 Foster, William Z., 30, 63, 73, 142 and suspected CPUSA members, 50, 53, Foucault, Michel, 245 55, 65, 72 Fox News, 272, 298 Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), 45, France, 181, 204, 283 46, 69, 76–77, 79, 82 as colonial power, 33, 94, 106, 126 Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 103, leftists in, 22, 29, 48, 67, 106, 146 105, 118 May 1968 upheaval in, 146, 150, 181, feminism, 173–76, 208–10, 231, 299 245 class divisions within, 255 and Second World War, 26

Index 339

Frank, Thomas, 276 Gephardt, Richard, 257 Franklin, Bruce, 160 Germany, 32, 283 Fraser, Douglas, 213 East, 61, 260 Frazier, E. Franklin, 33, 89 insurgencies in, 181, 204, 229, 286 Freedom newspaper, 82 under Nazi rule, 22, 25, 139 Freedom Rides (1961), 88, 98–99, 113 in Second World War, 26, 28, 42, 44 Freedom Road Socialist Organization Ghana, 77, 94, 107. See also Nkrumah, (FRSO), 244, 258 Kwame Freedom Singers, 92, 93 Gibbs, Lois, 207 Freedom Summer. See Mississippi Freedom Gibson, Kenneth, 196 Summer Gilbert, David, 240 Freedomways, 108 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 174 Freeman, Jo, 164, 192 Gimbel, Elinor, 33 Free South Africa Movement, 234 Ginsberg, Allen, 83, 141, 145 Free Speech Movement (FSM), 113–14, Gitlin, Todd, 128, 273, 290, 297 115, 130–31, 142, 183, 260 Glazer, Joe, 27n5 French Revolution, 5, 6, 259 Glazer, Tom, 32 Friedan, Betty, 103, 105, 118, 168, 210, Glen, Kristin, 215 280 Global Exchange, 281, 284 Friedland, Bill, 27n5 Glover, Danny, 291 Friedman, Thomas, 297 Gold, Ted, 159–60 Friends of the Earth, 203, 246, 283 Goldman, Emma, 287 Fugs, the, 148 Goldwater, Barry, 128, 150, 173, 190, Fukuyama, Francis, 261 246 Fulbright, J. William, 136 Golos, Jacob, 58 Goodman, Andrew, 113 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 185 Goodman, Paul, 103, 303 Gandhi, Mohandas, 15, 41, 75, 237, 288 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 259, 260 Garland, Judy, 36 Gordon, Linda, 215 Garman, Betty, 100 Gore, Al, 290, 291–92 Garner, Eric, 310 Gorz, Andre,´ 143, 175 Garry, Charles, 155 Gould, Stephen Jay, 273 Garvin, Vicki, 65, 143 Gouzenko, Igor, 58 Gates, John, 72, 73 Gowan, Peter, 306 Gay Activists Alliance (GAA), 167 Graham, Shirley, 108 gay liberation, 122–23, 166–68, 211, Gramsci, Antonio, 175 250–52, 274–75 Great Society, 13, 119, 289, 314 antecedents of, 81–82 Great Recession, 304, 305–7, 310 Gay Liberation Front (GLF), 122, 166–68, Green Party (U.S.), 265, 289–92, 302 211, 251 Greenpeace, 203–4, 283 Gaye, Marvin, 169 Greenwich Village, 80, 81, 93, 159, 166 Geismar, Maxwell, 84 Gregory, Dick, 91, 148 Geithner, Timothy, 305–6 Gropper, William, 31 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Growing Up Female (ﬁlm), 174 (GATT), 283 Gruen, John, 117 General Electric, 181, 221, 224 Gruening, Ernest, 128, 129 General Motors (GM), 18, 123, 181, 182, Guardian, The. See National Guardian 225, 290 Guatemala, 130, 144, 232, 233 general strikes, 31, 308 Guevara, Che, 105, 107, 122, 139, 145 Genovese, Eugene, 130, 215 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 128 Geoghegan, Thomas, 279 Gulf War. See Persian Gulf War

340 Index

Guthrie, Woody, 28, 32 Henry, Milton, 149 Guyette, Jim, 227 Henwood, Doug, 276 Hepburn, Katherine, 36 Haber, Al, 97, 98 Heritage Foundation, 213, 306 Hall, Gus, 269 Herz, Alice, 131 Halperin, Maurice, 57 Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 138 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 91, 113 Highlander Folk School, 74, 75, 93 Hammett, Dashiell, 22 Hightower, Jim, 224 Hampton, Fred, 153, 155, 158–59, 170 Hillman, Sidney, 21 Hansberry, Lorraine, 81–82 Hinckle, Warren, 160 Hansen, Merle, 224 Hinton, William, 143 Hansen, William, 88 Hiroshima bombing, 19, 29, 41, 83, 316 Harlan County, USA (ﬁlm), 184–85 Hiss, Alger, 58–59, 66 Harlem, 2, 49, 64, 71, 78, 104 Hitchens, Christopher, 242, 271, 297 Malcolm X in, 108, 110, 313 Hitler-Stalin Pact (1939), 3, 25–26, 27, 43 riots in, 28, 116 Ho Chi Minh, 126, 158 writers and publications in, 64, 82, 108 Hochschild, Adam, 202 Harrington, Michael, 86, 98, 185–87 Hoffman, Abbie, 144, 145, 147, 203, 206, death of, 269 240–41 and New Left, 97, 105, 131 Holiday, Billie, 22 The Other America by, 103, 116 Hollywood Ten, 37–38, 67 and socialist organizations, 86, 103, homosexuality, 80–82, 123, 194, 250–51, 186–87, 190, 214, 216, 243, 257–58 270 Harris, David, 139 Bayard Rustin and, 76, 79 Hart, Gary, 257 See also gay liberation; lesbians Hartley, Fred A., Jr., 35. See also Hook, Sidney, 62, 67, 68, 95 Taft-Hartley Act hooks, bell, 236 Hartmann, Heidi, 215 Hoover,J.Edgar,50, 55, 154–55 Harvard University, 94, 138, 142, 158, “horizontalism,” 267, 284, 289 184, 273 Hormel meatpacking strike (“P-9 strike”), Hatcher, Richard, 195 226, 227, 257, 232 Havel, Vaclav,´ 260 Horne, Lena, 90 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 6 Horowitz, David, 240 Hay, Harry, 80, 81 Horton, Myles, 74 Hayakawa, S. I., 155 House Committee on Un-American Hayden, Casey, 100, 118–19, 134 Activities (HUAC), 36, 52, 54, 55, 56, Hayden, Tom, 139, 147, 160, 212, 237 68 background of, 98 and espionage, 58–60 and civil rights movement, 98, 100 and movie industry, 36–38, 52, 56 in electoral politics, 214, 241 in 1960s, 93, 140, 155 in Newark, 116, 134 Richard Nixon and, 60, 66 and SDS, 98, 100–101, 102, 116, 147 Houser, George, 45, 46 Haymarket Books, 300 Houston women’s conference (1977). See Hays, Arthur Garﬁeld, 2 National Women’s Conference Hays, Lee, 52 Howe, Irving, 70, 243, 258, 269 Hayworth, Rita, 36 and New Left, 140, 243 Healey, Dorothy, 174 See also Dissent Hearst, Patty, 193 Huberman, Leo, 126 Heilbroner, Robert L., 69 Hucks, Levon, 237 Hellman, Lillian, 53, 62, 68 Hudson, Hosea, 30, 64 Henry, Aaron, 74 Huerta, Dolores, 104

Index 341

Hufﬁngton Post, 301 Iraq Veterans Against the War, 299 Huggins, Ericka, 152 Iraq War (2003—), 293, 295–300 Huggins, John, 151 protests against, 15, 266, 267, 295, Hughes, Langston, 31 297–300 Human Rights Watch, 281 Irish Americans, 237–38 Humphrey, Hubert, 56, 147 Israel, 94, 231, 258 Hungary, 54, 61, 69, 260 U.S. policy toward, 294 1956 uprising in, 15, 53, 73, 96 See also Arab-Israeli War of 1967; Hurwitz, Charles, 276, 285 Palestinians Hutton, Bobby, 151 Italy, 67, 181, 188, 193 Hyndman, Kate, 176 I Wor Kuen (IWK), 150, 191

“identity politics,” 197–98, 273 Jackson, Ada B., 54 I. F. Stone’s Weekly, 71, 103 Jackson, George, 170 Ignatieff, Michael, 296 Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 186 Ignatin, Noel, 157 Jackson, Jesse, 222, 236, 256–59 immigrants, 61–62, 302–4 and presidential politics, 196, 254, Independent Socialist Clubs, 140, 183 256–58, 305 Independent Socialist League, 69, 85. See Jackson State College, 169, 170 also Workers Party Jacobin, 309–10 India, 15, 41, 282 Jacobson, Julius, 70 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Jacobson, Phyllis, 70 69, 99, 144, 247–48, 287–88 Jacoby, Russell, 245–46 In Friendship, 76–77 Jagger, Mick, 123 Ingram, Rosa Lee, 54 James, C. L. R., 50–52, 66, 77 Inman, Mary, 22 Jameson, Fredric, 245, 246 Insane Liberation Front, 163 Japan Town Collective, 191 Internal Security Act of 1950, 56 Jay, Karla, 167 International Hotel (“I-Hotel,” San Jefferson, Thomas, 23, 104–5, 126, Francisco), 192 130 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 290 Jefferson Airplane, 154 creation of, 32, 283 Jefferson School of Social Science, 31 protests against, 281, 282, 284, 292–93 Jeffrey, Sharon, 97 International Socialist Organization (ISO), Jennings, Dale, 80 300 Johnson, James, 138 International Socialists (IS), 183–84, 189, Johnson, Lady Bird, 209 216, 244 Johnson, Lee Otis, 153 International War Crimes Tribunal, 141 Johnson, Lyndon, 13, 175 International Workers Order, 31, 71 and civil rights, 92, 113, 116 Internet, 279, 284 and 1964 election, 113, 128, 190 In These Times, 214, 243 and Vietnam War, 125, 128, 129, Iran, 213, 222, 295–96 146–47 1953 coup in, 130 Johnson, Marsha, 168 1979 revolution in, 202, 204, 213, 238 Johnston, Eric, 37 Iran-Contra scandal, 261–62 Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, 52, Iran-Iraq War of 1980–88, 238 67 Iraq, 232, 268 Jones, Claudia, 49–52, 54, 66, 109 and Persian Gulf War (1991), 268 Jones, Jeff, 157, 158 sanctions against, 268, 294 Jones, Jim, 202 war of, with Iran (1980–88), 238 Jones, LeRoi. See Baraka, Amiri See also Iraq War Josselson, Michael, 63

342 Index

“Journey of Reconciliation” (1947), 46, Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 255 76, 99 Klein, Jim, 174, 176, 184 Jubilee 2000, 284 Klein, Naomi, 289 Judis, John B., 290 Klonsky, Mike, 157, 194 Judt, Tony, 297 Knox, Charles, 152 Justice for Janitors, 227 Koestler, Arthur, 63 Kolko, Gabriel, 121 Kahn, Tom, 98 Kopkind, Andrew, 257 Kameny, Frank, 123 Kopple, Barbara, 184–85 Karenga, Ron, 151, 195, 197 Korea. See Korean War; North Korea; Kaufman, Arnold, 186 South Korea Keller, Bill, 297 Korean Americans, 162 Keller, Helen, 311 Korean War, 55, 67, 69, 72, 74, 80, 128 Kelley, Robin D. G., 273 limited protest against, 127 Kelly, Petra, 229 and peak of McCarthyism, 53, 55, 67 Kempton, Murray, 39 KPFA, 71 Kennedy, Edward, 216, 296 Kramer, Larry, 251 Kennedy, Florynce “Flo,” 164, 165, 208–9 Krassner, Paul, 148 Kennedy, John F., 175 Kristol, Irving, 63, 212 assassination of, 108, 112, 116 Krivine, Alain, 150 and civil rights movement, 90, 91, 99 Krugman, Paul, 306 and Vietnam War, 127, 130 Ku Klux Klan, 51, 99 Kennedy, Robert F., 90, 91, 99, 112, 146, Kunkin, Art, 148 147 Kunstler, William, 155 Kent State University, 169, 170, 171 Kupferberg, Tuli, 148 Kerouac, Jack, 83 Kuromiya, Steven Kiyoshi, 121–23 Kerr, Clark, 113, 114 Kushner, Tony, 273, 284 Kerr Publishers, 287–88 Kerry, John, 300 Labor/Community Strategy Center, 225 Khamsin, 238 Labor Notes, 184, 228, 255, 279 Khrushchev, Nikita, 53, 72–73, 94, 142, Labor Party Advocates, 280 143, 146 labor unions, 35, 41, 103–4, 187–88, Killens, John O., 108 224–28 Kilpatrick, James J., 212 Communist-inﬂuenced, 29, 41, 64–65 King, Coretta Scott, 52, 86 decline of, 224–25, 307 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 52, 77, 90, 92, and Democratic Party, 117, 270, 306 111–12, 229 and environmentalism, 207, 285 assassination of, 147, 150, 151, 170 in 1940s, 29, 37, 41, 42, 44 and Bayard Rustin, 79, 90, 97, 112 post-1960 radicals and, 103–4, 183–85, and class issues, 125, 147, 185, 188 187–88, 227–28, 268, 279–80 FBI and, 155 See also speciﬁc unions and federations and Montgomery bus boycott, 52, 75, Labor Youth League, 95 76–77, 78, 79 LaDuke, Betty Bernstein, 264 and SNCC, 97, 98, 100, 113 LaDuke, Vincent (“Sun Bear”), 264 and Southern Christian Leadership LaDuke, Winona, 263, 264–66, 290, 291 Conference, 97, 98 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 39 King, Mary, 118–19 Lam, Wing, 227 Kinoy, Arthur, 258 Landy, Joanne, 260–61, 291, 323 Kirchwey, Freda, 38 Lardner, Ring, Jr., 37 Kirkland, Lane, 236, 279 Lasky, Melvin, 63 Kissinger, Henry, 177 Lattimore, Owen, 57

Index 343

Lavender Hill Mob, 251 Linder, Benjamin, 218–21 Lavender Menace, 168 Line of March, 244, 256 Lawhorn, Gene, 278 Lippmann, Walter, 34 Lawson, John Howard, 37 Little, Joan, 197 Lawyers Committee on American Policy Livermore Action Group (LAG), 231 Toward Vietnam, 138 Local 1199, 104 Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy, Lorde, Audre, 64, 168, 255 230 Los Angeles, Calif., 71, 80, 160, 163, 188, Lead Belly (Huddie Ledbetter), 22 193, 302 League of Revolutionary Black Workers, Mexican Americans in, 28, 104, 162, 135, 197 302 League of Revolutionary Struggle, 244, 256 riots in, 28, 110, 116, 124, 269 Lee, Duncan, 57 workplace organizing in, 225, 227 Lee, Grace. See Boggs, Grace Lee Love & Rage, 287–88 left, deﬁnition of, 6–7 Love Canal protests, 207 LeGuin, Ursula K., 215 Lovejoy, Sam, 204 Lemisch, Jesse, 155, 291 Lovestone, Jay, 62, 76 Lenin, Vladimir, 21, 26, 61 Lowndes County Freedom Organization, invocation of, 156, 192, 193 (see also 132, 135 “Marxism-Leninism”) Luce, Henry, 27, 32, 35 Lennon, John, 148, 149–50, 191 Lumumba, Patrice, 106, 109 Lens, Sidney, 69, 85, 128, 230 Lynd, Alice, 176 Leopold, Aldo, 247 Lynd, Staughton, 155 Lerner, Michael, 237 and continuity of U.S. radicalism, 103, lesbians, 81–82, 174, 194, 254, 274–75, 137 307 and Vietnam War, 131, 137, 139, 141 AIDS activism by, 252 and worker organizing, 176, 215, 228 in gay liberation movement, 166, 168 Lynn, Conrad, 1–2 and liberal feminism, 168, 208 Lynn, Winfred, 1–2, 3, 5, 16, 313 black, 197 Lyon, Phyllis, 81 and New Left, 156, 209 Lyotard, Jean-Franc¸ois, 244–45 See also homosexuality Lyttle, Bradford, 140–41 Le Sueur, Meridel, 22 Lester, Julius, 93, 161, 240 Macdonald, Dwight, 43–45, 46, 82, 101, Levison, Stanley, 76, 77, 79, 103 312 Levy, Alton, 27n5 and Cold War, 48, 62 Levy, Howard, 138 in 1960s, 103, 147 Lewis, John, 90 See also politics Lewis, John L., 28, 90 MacKinnon, Catherine, 253 Lewontin, Richard, 273 Madison, Wisc., 83, 95, 131, 145, 158, Liberation Committee for Africa, 108 169, 307. See also University of Liberation magazine, 85 Wisconsin and debates within the left, 118–19, Magdoff, Harry, 191 140–41, 144, 156 Magill, Harriet, 54 in 1950s, 85, 95, 100, 101 Mailer, Norman, 70, 83, 297 Liberation News Service (LNS), 148, 155, mainstream. See marginality–mainstream 158 tension Liberator magazine, 108 Malcolm X, 91, 92, 108–11, 133, 304, 313 Libertarian Circle, 82 assassination of, 124, 170 Limbaugh, Rush, 270, 272 Mallet, Serge, 143 Lincoln, Abraham, 10, 23, 104–5 Maltz, Albert, 29, 63

344 Index

Mandel, Ernest, 150, 182 rival claims to heritage of, 20, 23–24, Mandela, Nelson, 234, 262 30, 42, 45, 48, 50–51 Manes, Christopher, 249 See also Trotskyism Mann, Eric, 225 “Marxism-Leninism,” 65, 142, 174, 245 Mann, Thomas, 62 and “new communist movement,” 191, Manning, Bradley, 15 193–94, 244 Manson, Charles, 159 and Third Worldism, 198 manufacturing, decline of, 197, 225 Marxist Perspectives, 215 Maoism, 107, 142–43, 149–50, 244, 318 Marxist-feminism, 215 dilemmas of, 157, 194, 200–202 Marzani, Carl, 64 and feminism, 175, 194 Mason, Vivian Carter, 54 Monthly Review and, 143, 191 Mattachine Society, 53, 80–81, 166 and Trotskyism, 192 Matthiessen, F. O., 72 Mao Zedong, 61, 149, 201 Max, Steve, 105 and Cultural Revolution, 142, 190 May, Henry F., 73 prestige of, in parts of U.S. left, 152, May Day observances, 31, 71, 176, 279, 156, 190, 191 (see also Maoism) 309 Marable, Manning, 257, 274, 292 Mayﬁeld, Julian, 64 Marcantonio, Vito, 71–72 May 2nd Movement (M2M), 127–28, 129, March on Washington for Jobs and 142 Freedom (1963), 90, 104, 107, 122 Mazey, Emil, 17–20, 41, 48 March on Washington Movement, 2–3, 4, Mazzocchi, Tony, 185, 280 28, 29 McAliskey, Bernadette Devlin, 237 Marcuse, Herbert, 81, 143, 150, 169–70, McCain, John, 304 182 McCarran, Pat, 56, 79 marginality–mainstream tension, 7–10, 16, McCarran-Walter Act of 1952, 56, 79 47–48, 268, 272, 301, 310, 316–21 McCarthy, Eugene, 146 and black radicalism, 111, 195 McCarthy, Joseph, 52–53, 55, 57, 59, 60. CPUSA and, 27–28, 30, 72 See also McCarthyism and environmentalism, 106–7 McCarthy, Mary, 62 in nineteenth century, 8–10, 317 McCarthyism, 52–53, 55–56, 69 in 1950s, 70, 72, 79, 87 chilling effect of, 52, 53, 54, 126 in 1960s, 111, 119–20, 156–60 and Communist Party, 14, 53, 72 in popular culture, 161–62 Korean War and, 53, 55, 67 Marx and, 12–13 resistance to, 71, 93, 113 radical paciﬁsts and, 41, 45, 46–48, McEldowney, Carol, 158 83–84 McGee, Willie, 71 and “un-American” stigma, 14 McGovern, George, 185, 289 Marshall, Bob, 203 McGrath, Thomas, 64 Marshall, Paule, 64 McNamara, Robert, 138 Marshall Plan, 40–41, 64 McReynolds, David, 85–86, 186 Martha and the Vandellas, 132 Mead, Margaret, 204 Martin, Del, 81 Means, Russell, 171 Martin, Trayvon, 310 Meany, George, 117, 185, 186 Martinez, Elizabeth, 164 MEChA (El Movimiento Estudiantil Marx, Karl, 12, 51, 85, 187, 245, 310. See Chicano de Aztlan),´ 162 also Communist Manifesto, The Meeropol, Abel, 22 Marxism, 63, 69, 255, 288 Meese, Edwin, 253 and deep ecology, 249 Menchu,´ Rigoberta, 263 and “postmodernism,” 244–45 Mendes, Chico, 263 New Left and, 104, 149, 156, 173 Mental Patients Liberation Front, 163

Index 345

Meredith, James, 132 Moore, Cecil B., 98 Mexican Americans, 39, 71, 111, 162, 191 Moore, Mary Ellen, 162 Mexico, 302 Moore, Michael, 290, 299 1968 Olympics in, 146 Mora, Dennis, 138 repression in, 146, 280 Moraga, Cherrie, 255 Zapatista rebellion in, 15, 264, 275, Moreno, Luisa, 71 280, 284 Morgan, Robin, 164 Middle East Research and Information Morris, Dick, 271 Project (MERIP), 238 Morrison, Norman, 131 Militant, The, 27, 112, 103, 189 Morse, Wayne, 128 military draft, 79 Moscone, George, 211 in Second World War, 1–2, 3, 42 Moses, Bob (Robert Parris), 99, 131, in Vietnam War, 122, 125, 132, 137, 132–33 138, 141, 144, 145, 177 Mother Jones, 202, 214 Milk, Harvey, 211 Movement, The, 143 Millard, Betty, 54 Movement for a Democratic Society Miller, Arthur, 66, 68 (MDS), 142 Miller, Judith, 297 Movement for a New Society, 204–5 Mills, C. Wright, 69, 95, 105–6, 246 Movement for Economic Justice (MEJ), and New Left, 94, 95–96, 100, 103, 125, 188–89 143 MoveOn, 301 Milton, Chris, 143 Muhammad, Elijah, 108–9 Milton, David, 143 Mungo, Raymond, 148 Milton, Nancy, 143 Murray, Bill, 290 Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers Murray, Philip, 64 (Mine-Mill), 65, 70, 71 Muste, A. J., 23, 45, 79, 85, 86 Miners for Democracy, 183 civil disobedience by, 83–84 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and Fellowship of Reconciliation, 45, (MFDP), 113, 117 69, 76 Mississippi Freedom Summer, 113, 114, and Second World War, 5, 46 127, 131, 133, 144, 278 and Vietnam War protests, 121, 139 Mitford, Jessica, 103 Mobilization coalitions (“the Mobe”), 137, Nabokov, Nicholas, 63 141, 144, 145, 147, 161, 165 Nader, Ralph, 206, 289–92, 212, 223, 265 Mobilization for Survival (MfS), 230–31, Nagasaki bombing, 19, 29, 41 236 napalm, 121–22, 129, 138 Mondale, Walter, 256, 257 Nash, Diane, 90, 99, 118 Monsonis, Jim, 100 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 94, 239 Montgomery, Ala., 99. See also Nation, The, 38, 70, 103, 119, 271, 291, Montgomery bus boycott 299 Montgomery bus boycott (1955–56), in 1980s, 242, 257, 260 51–52, 53, 74, 75–77, 78 National Anti-Klan Network, 254–55 Martin Luther King, Jr. and, 52, 75, National Association of Manufacturers, 76–77, 78, 79 35, 55 radicals’ role in, 53, 79 National Association of Working Women, Monthly Review, 103, 106, 126 184 founding of, 70 National Black Agenda (“Gary Agenda”), and Maoism, 143, 191 195–96 Monthly Review Press, 145 National Black Feminist Organization, 197 Moody, Kim, 255, 323 National Black Political Convention Moore, Audley “Queen Mother,” 77–78 (1972), 195–96

346 Index

National Black United Front, 229, 256 New Left Notes, 142 National Committee for Independent New Left, 20, 86–87, 92–96, 114–16, Political Action, 258 137–38, 146 National Emergency Civil Liberties and black radicalism, 88–92, 108–11, Committee, 71 112–13, 116–17, 132–36, 150–54 National Guardian (renamed The cultural manifestations of, 93, 117–20, Guardian in 1967), 70, 103, 127, 143, 161–62, 215 158, 244 decline of, 169–72, 177–78, 240–41 end of, 269 efforts to transcend, in 1970s, 176–77, and 1970s Maoism, 143, 190, 191 180, 181–85 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), and foreign inspirations, 105–8, 162 36, 223, 279 and gender issues, 118–19, 122–23, National Negro Labor Council, 71 164–69, 174, 209 National Organization for Women and Old Left, 101–5, 190–91, 217, 318 (NOW), 118, 164, 168, 256, 270 and “participatory democracy,” National Peace Action Coalition, 161 100–101, 192–93 National Riﬂe Association, 270 repressive measures against, 153, 154–55 National Security Administration (NSA), and social democrats, 97–98, 100, 104, 179 105–6, 142, 182 National Student Association, 94, 148 turn of, to greater militancy, 122, 145, National Welfare Rights Organization 156–60, 191 (NWRO), 163, 188 and Vietnam War, 121–22, 124, National Woman’s Party, 54 125–32, 136–41, 145–46, 160, 177 National Women’s Conference (1977), See also Student Nonviolent 209–10 Coordinating Committee; Students for Nation of Islam, 78–79, 108–9, 110, a Democratic Society 273 New Left Review, 95, 150, 182 NATO, 95, 229, 261, 271, 272 founding of, 95 neoliberalism, 280, 302, 303, 307 since the 1960s, 245, 267, 271, 276, 306 Neuhaus, Richard, 240 Newman, Randy, 242 New American Movement (NAM), New Masses, 31, 35 174–75, 176, 187–88, 189, 192, 216, New Mobilization Committee, 161 243 New Politics, 70, 103, 140, 242 and feminism, 174–75 Newport, Gus, 241 Newark, N.J., 116, 134, 167, 196 New Reasoner, 95 “new communist movement,” 190–92, New Republic, 38, 46, 239, 257, 297 193–95, 206, 256 New Right, 179, 217 collapse of, 243–44, 268 Newsreel collective, 174 people of color in, 191–92, 196 Newton, Huey P., 123, 135, 151, 152, sectarian battles within, 193–94 153, 259 New Day Films, 174 “new working class,” 143–44 New Deal, 13, 44, 63 New York City, 163, 182, 302, 309, 310 end of, 19, 35, 55 AIDS activism in, 250, 251–52 hopes for a new, 305, 306 antiwar activism in, 127, 144, 295, 297 left parties and, 21, 22, 27, 222, 271 CPUSA and Popular Front in, 22, 25, New Deal liberals, 26, 38–39 31–32, 62, 64, 65–66, 71 after Second World War, 30–31 ethnic-based organizing in, 79, 104, 153, New Directions movement, 184 162, 191 Newﬁeld, Jack, 119 forums and mass meetings in, 69–70, New Jewish Agenda, 239 290 New Leader, 62, 126, 148 9/11 attacks in, 293, 299

Index 347

Occupy Wall Street Movement in, 15, Obama, Barack, 304–7, 310 308 Occupational Safety and Health SDS in, 97, 129, 143 Administration (OSHA), 223 women’s liberation movement in, 164, Occupy Wall Street movement, 15, 266, 215 267, 308, 309, 316 See also Greenwich Village; Harlem Ocean Hill-Brownsville strike (1968), New Yorker, 25, 103, 108, 153, 297 182 New York Times, 80, 176, 230, 250, 272, Ochs, Phil, 119, 177–78 290, 297, 298 O’Connor, James, 179–80 on 1960s radicalism, 90, 128, 138 October League (OL), 191, 193, 194 Nhu, Madame Ngo Dinh, 127 O’Dell, Jack, 256, 259 Nicaragua, 202, 233, 255, 261–62 Odetta, 93 1979 revolution in, 202, 218, 232 off our backs newspaper, 253–54 Reagan administration and, 222, 232, Oglesby, Carl, 130, 138, 141, 156 233, 234 Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers solidarity with, 218–21, 224, 234, 235, (OCAW), 185, 207 241, 262, 313 Old Left, concept of, 103–105 Nicaragua Network, 218 Ollman, Bertell, 215 Nicolaus, Martin, 137 Ono, Shin’ya, 191 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 35 On Our Backs, 253–54 “9/11 Truthers,” 299 Operation Abolition (film), 93 9to5, 184 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 57 Nine to Five (film), 185 Organization of Afro-American Unity, Nixon, E. D., 75, 76 109 Nixon, Richard M., 66, 175, 201, 203, 214 Ortiz, Thomas, 160 elections of, as president, 147, 169–70, Orwell, George, 64 212 Oswald, Lee Harvey, 112 and HUAC, 60, 66 Other America, The (Harrington), 116, and Vietnam War, 163, 169, 177, 203 185 and Watergate scandal, 177, 178, 190, Oughton, Diana, 159–60 212 Oxfam, 281, 283 Nkrumah, Kwame, 77, 79, 106, 107 Noriega, Manuel, 261 Pacifica network, 71 North, Oliver, 261–62 pacifism (and pacifists), 41–48, 136, 205, North American Congress on Latin 214, 288 America (NACLA), 180 in 1950s, 53, 71, 79, 80, 83–85, 94–95, North American Farm Alliance, 224 127 North American Free Trade Agreement and Vietnam War, 137, 140–41 (NAFTA), 264, 270, 279, 280, 283, See also Dellinger, David; Fellowship of 302 Reconciliation; Muste, A. J.; War Northern Ireland, 237 Resisters League Northern Student Movement, 94 Packer, George, 296 North Korea, 291, 295–96, 299 Packinghouse Workers Union, 104 North Star Network, 258 Padmore, George, 77 Novak, Michael, 240 Paine, Thomas, 5, 14, 130 Nowicki, Stella, 176 Pakistan, 205, 294, 299 Nuclear Freeze campaign, 228, 229, 230, Palestinians, 196, 239–40, 294, 300–301 231, 237, 256 Palin, Sarah, 304–5 nuclear power, 203, 204–5, 206–7, 231 Panama invasion (1989), 261 Nuclear Times magazine, 230 Pardun, Robert, 142 Nunez,˜ Orlando, 244 Paris Commune, 11

348 Index

Parks, Raymond, 75 politics magazine, 44–45, 47, 48, 82, 85, Parks, Rosa, 51, 75, 76, 90, 118 316 Parris, Robert (Bob Moses), 99, 131, Pollitt, Katha, 299 132–33 Poor People’s March (1968), 183, 188 “participatory democracy,” 100–101, 125, Popular Front, 22–25, 37, 44 131, 188, 314 anti-Stalinist leftists and, 23–24, 47, 243 in Free Speech Movement, 114 as CPUSA strategy, 2, 22–23, 24–25, 30 limitations of, 104, 192–93 Earl Browder and, 25, 30 SDS and, 100–101, 104, 142 and espionage, 57, 60–61 Partisan Review, 24, 62 and Hitler-Stalin Pact, 25–26 Patterson, William, 33 and New Left, 104–5 Paul, Alice, 207 postwar, 33–34, 38, 52, 53–54, 62, Peace and Freedom Party, 147–48, 150 70–72 Peck, Jim, 46, 83–84, 99 in wartime, 27–28, 30, 37 Peck, Sidney, 145–46 pornography, 252–53, 254 Peekskill riots (1949), 61 Port Huron Statement, 100–101, 102, 104, Peltier, Leonard, 200 113, 118–19 Pentagon Papers, 178 “postmodern” theories, 244–46 People’s Coalition for Peace and Justice, postwar economic boom, 177, 279, 320 161 Potter, Paul, 129–30 People’s Global Action (PGA), 284 Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 91 People’s Park, 163–64 Powell, Lewis, 212 Peoples Temple, 202 Power, Katherine Anne, 160 People’s World, 31 Poyntz, Juliet Stuart, 57 Pepper, Claude, 30–31 Prague Spring, 146 Peretz, Martin, 239 Prairieﬁre Rural Action, 224 Perlman, Fredy, 192 “prison-industrial complex,” 303 Perot, Ross, 269, 271 Progressive Citizens of America (PCA), Persian Gulf War, 268, 269, 294, 296 38 Petchesky, Rosalind, 215 Progressive Era, 13 Peter, Paul, and Mary, 93 Progressive Labor Party (PLP), 128, Petrelis, Michael, 251 142–43, 145, 156, 157, 191 Philadelphia, Pa., 116, 122, 123, 191, Progressive Party, 38–41, 42, 71–72, 75, 204–5, 256 80. See also Wallace, Henry A. black activism in, 79, 98, 189 Project MINARET, 179 gay liberation in, 122, 123 Public Citizen, 292 Philbrick, Herbert A., 65 Public Enemy, 258–59 Phillips, Kevin, 181 Puerto Rican Socialist Party, 191 Phillips, Wendell, 8, 9–10, 11, 16, 317 “queer” (term), 274, 313 Piercy, Marge, 164, 215 Queer Nation, 274–75 Pinchot, Cornelia Bryce, 33–34 Quill, Mike, 64 Pittston strike (1989–90), 227 Quixote Center, 218 Pledge of Resistance, 233 Plowshares, 232 Rackley, Alex, 152, 153 PM, 71 Radical America, 192 Podhoretz, Norman, 237, 239 Radical Education Project, 142 Poland, 32, 95, 224, 259, 260 Radical History Review, 180 Political Affairs, 31, 49 radicalism, deﬁnition of, 5–6 Political Research Associates, 255 Rainbow Coalition, 222, 236, 254, 255–59

Index 349

Randolph, A. Philip, 9, 15, 16, 28, 29, 31, Rexroth, Kenneth, 82, 83 39 Richardson, Gloria, 88–92, 103, 118 and CPUSA, 22, 29, 39 Richter, Gustav (Joseph Buttinger), 126 and March on Washington Movement, Ricks, Willie, 132 2–3, 4, 28, 29 Ridgeway, James, 294–95 in 1950sand’60s, 76, 90, 104, 117 Rieff, David, 297 in Second World War, 2–5 Rivera, Sylvia, 168 Rankin, John, 56, 72 Roach, Max, 119 Rassemblement Democratique´ Robbins, Terry, 159–60 Revolutionnaire´ (RDR, France), 47 Robbins, Tim, 290 Rathke, Wade, 188 Roberts, Ed, 311 Rauh, Joseph, 35, 113 Roberts, John, 307 Ravitz, Justin, 169 Robertson, Pat, 236 Reagan, Ronald, 36, 213, 221, 247 Robeson, Eslanda Goode, 109 as California governor, 135 Robeson, Paul, 23, 39, 64, 82, 175, 264 and Central America, 219, 222, 232 as target of Red Scare, 61, 68 conservative domestic policies of, 221, Robinson, Cleveland, 76 223–24, 243 Robinson, Earl, 23, 29 elections of, as president, 181, 216, 221, Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson, 75 222, 240, 246, 256, 257 Robinson, Marty, 167, 251 in Hollywood, 36, 221 Robinson, Randall, 234, 291 and Iran-Contra scandal, 261 Robinson, Reginald, 88, 89 military buildup under, 229, 230 Rodney, Walter, 198 andSouthAfrica,235 Roe v. Wade (1973), 166, 208 Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 92 “Rolling Quads,” 311, 313 “realignment,” 86, 125, 128, 142, 186, Rolling Stone, 185 270 Rolling Stones, the, 123 Rector, James, 163 Romero, Oscar, 232 Red Guards, 150 Romney, Mitt, 306 Red Panther, 162 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 35 Reds (film), 242 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 3, 22, 38, 58 Redwood Summer, 278 Communist Party attitudes toward, 22, Reed, Adolph, 256, 292 27, 29 Reed, John, 21, 242 death of, 19, 31 Reichart, Julia, 173–76, 184 and New Deal liberalism, 13, 19 Republic of New Afrika, 149 and Second World War, 3, 27, 28, 29 Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), Root and Branch, 107, 192 137 Rorty, Richard, 273 Resistance, The, 139, 141 Rose, Alex, 21 Return of the Secaucus 7 (film), 217 Rosen, Milton, 142 Reuther, Victor, 184 Rosenberg, Ethel, 67 Reuther, Walter, 18, 19, 41, 48, 113, 184 Rosenberg, Julius, 67 Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), Rousset, David, 47, 48 108, 135 Rowbotham, Sheila, 317–18 Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP), Rubin, Jerry, 130, 140, 144, 147, 240 194, 242 Rubin, Robert, 305–6 Revolutionary People’s Constitutional Ruckus Society, 285 Convention (1970), 123 Rudd, Mark, 157 Revolutionary Union (RU), 191, 193, Russell, Bertrand, 141 194 Russell, Richard, 3

350 Index

Rustin, Bayard, 85, 94, 288 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 35, 140 background of, 46 Schneider, Bert, 161 and early 1960s civil rights movement, School of the Americas, 233 90, 97, 98, 103, 112, 113 Schroeder, Walter, 160 and “Freedom Budget,” 116–17 Schumann, Peter, 119 and Martin Luther King, Jr., 76–77, 78, Schuyler, George, 62 79, 90, 97, 112 Schwerner, Michael, 113 and national civil rights marches, 86, 90 Science for the People, 180 in 1940s, 5, 46, 79 Scott-Heron, Gil, 121, 177 and pacifist organizations, 46, 76, 79, Scottsboro Boys, 2, 22, 49, 75 127 Seabrook nuclear power plant, 204–5 rightward movement of, during 1960s, Seale, Bobby, 135, 147, 153, 240 112, 113, 116–17, 131, 136, 140, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 249 169, 186 Seattle, Wash., 150, 211, 309 sexuality of, 76, 79 WTO protests in (1999), 266, 278, Ryan, Leo J., 202 284–87, 288, 289, 300, 308 RYM II faction, 157, 191 Second World War, 126, 127, 316 anti-Stalinist Marxists and, 42–43, 61 Saddam Hussein, 238, 268, 296, 297–98, civil rights movement and, 1–3, 4, 45, 46 299 Communist Party and, 3, 18, 20, 25–30, Sadlowski, Ed, 184 61 Said, Edward, 238, 239, 297, 301 radical pacifists and, 41, 42–43, 44, Salt of the Earth (film), 70 45–46 Samos, David, 138 as “the good war,” 139, 296 Sanctuary movement, 233, 237 Seeger, Pete, 32, 52, 68, 93, 103, 203, 264 Sanders, Bernie, 241, 301 Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, 55 Sanders, Ed, 148 September 11 attacks (2001), 293–94, 295, Sandinistas. See Nicaragua 296, 297, 298, 299 San Francisco, Calif., 25, 176, 192, 202, Serbia, 271–72 254, 281 Service Employees International Union gay organizing in, 81, 166–67, 168, 211, (SEIU), 184, 227, 279 250 Shachtman, Max, 42, 47, 69–70, 97, 98 in 1960s, 93, 144, 148, 166–67 in Socialist Party, 85, 86, 186 poetry in, 82, 83 and U.S. foreign policy, 106, 140, 186 San Francisco Mime Troupe, 119 Shanker, Al, 182 San Francisco State University, 162 Sharpeville massacre (1960), 106 Sarandon, Susan, 290 Shawn, Wallace, 284 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 47, 48, 106, 141, 149, Shelley, Martha, 167 173 Shero, Jeff, 142 Saudi Arabia, 232, 238, 294 Shocked, Michelle, 242 Saville, John, 95 Sierra Club, 203, 246 Savio, Mario, 114, 115, 130–31, 139, 164 Silkwood (film), 185 Sawant, Kshama, 309 Silone, Ignazio, 64 Saxe, Susan, 160 Silvermaster, Nathan, 57 Sayles, John, 217 Sinatra, Frank, 29 Scahill, Jeremy, 299 Sinclair, John, 149, 150–51 Scanlan’s, 160 Sinclair, Upton, 25 Schapiro, Meyer, 69 Singer, Daniel, 260–61 Scheer, Robert, 136–37 Sirhan, Sirhan, 159 Schell, Jonathan, 228 sit-ins, 88, 93, 97–98, 119 Schlafly, Phyllis, 207–8, 209 pre-1960, 45, 97

Index 351

over South Africa, 128, 234, 235 Soul on Ice (Cleaver), 123, 151, 152 and Vietnam War protests, 145 South Africa, 41, 201, 282. See also Sklar, Martin J., 185 African National Congress; South Skocpol, Theda, 243 Africa solidarity movement Smiley, Glenn, 76–77 South Africa solidarity movement, 33, 71, Smith, Barbara, 255 237, 262 Smith, Tommie, 146 in 1960s, 106, 128, 130 Smith Act (1940), 51, 52, 65–66, 67, in 1980s, 232, 234–35, 239, 241, 255 68–69, 72 Southern Christian Leadership Conference use of, during Second World War, 27, 61 (SCLC), 77, 97, 98 Social Democratic Federation (SDF), 86 Southern Conference Educational Fund, social democrats, 24, 143, 243, 269 193 and civil rights movement, 76, 97–98 Southern Conference for Human Welfare, and Cold War, 62, 94, 105, 106, 126, 34, 75 140 Southern Negro Youth Congress, 34 in late 1940s, 39, 40–41 Southern Student Organizing Committee and New Left, 100, 104, 105, 106, 142, (SSOC), 94, 133 182 South Korea, 96, 232, 280–81 and Soviet Union, 24, 269 Soviet Union, 21, 24, 63, 81, 224, 259–60 Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA), 186 and Afghanistan, 238, 260 socialist feminism, 188, 192, 215, 217, anti-Stalinist leftists and, 14, 20, 23–25, 244, 252 42, 47, 50–51, 243, 260–61 in New American Movement, 174–75 and Cold War, 3, 34, 39, 47 Socialist International, 243 collapse of, 266, 268, 269 Socialist Party of America, 18, 20–21, 22 CPUSA and, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25–28, 32, electoral campaigns of, 20, 39, 48 35, 50–51, 56–61, 66, 72–73, 150, factions within, 85–86, 186 268–69, 313 in 1950s, 48, 53, 79–80, 85–86 and Cuba, 107, 282 in 1960s, 103, 140 and Eastern Europe, 32, 53, 61, 69–70, splintering of, 186 73, 146, 149, 229, 259–61 See also Thomas, Norman espionage for, 56–61 Socialist Party USA (SPUSA), 186, 187 and Khrushchev revelations, 72–73 Socialist Revolution (renamed Socialist nonaggression pact of, with Germany Review in 1978), 187, 214, 290 (1939), 3, 43, 25–26, 27 Socialist Scholars Conference, 243 and nuclear weapons, 52, 61–62, Socialist Workers Party (SWP), 45, 86, 228–30, 259 107, 112, 189, 190, 242 and Second World War, 20, 25–26, and black radicals, 107, 110 27–28, 32, 37, 126 divisions in, 24, 42, 242 Spanish Civil War, 22, 26, 37, 72, 205 repressive measures against, 27, 69, Spartacist League, 242 154 Spender, Stephen, 63 andSecondWorldWar,24, 27, 42 Spock, Benjamin, 145 size of, 189 Spring Mobilization (1967), 144 and Vietnam War protests, 137, 141, Springsteen, Bruce, 227, 242 161, 189 Stalin, Joseph, 21, 27, 32, 61–62, 81, 157 Soglin, Paul, 169 CPUSA adulation of, 23, 29, 35, 50–51, Sojourners for Truth and Justice, 71 61, 72–73 Sojourners, 237 death of, 53 Solidarity (U.S. organization), 244, 258 Khrushchev denunciation of, 72–73, 143 Solidarnos´c´ (Poland), 224, 232, 259, 260 and wartime alliance, 27, 29, 30–31 Sontag, Susan, 260 See also Hitler-Stalin Pact

352 Index

Stalinism, 20, 25, 63, 104 and Vietnam War, 127, 128–29, 130, analyses of, 42, 44 137–38 defined, 20 women in, 164, 165 See also anti-Stalinist left; See also Port Huron Statement “Marxism-Leninism” Students for Justice in Palestine, 301 Stanford, Max, 108, 135 Studies on the Left, 95, 105, 107, 130, Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 8–9, 54, 231 185, 191 Starnes, Joe, 36 Sumi, Pat, 194 State of Seige (film), 175–76 summer camps, 31, 264 Stedile, Joao˜ Pedro, 282–83 Summers, Lawrence, 305–6 Steelworkers Fight Back caucus, 184 Sutherland, Bill, 94 Steinem, Gloria, 209 Sutherland, Donald, 161 Stockman, David, 223–24 Swann, Marjorie, 84 Stokes, Carl, 132 Sweeney, John, 279, 280 Stone, I. F., 71, 129, 156. See also I. F. Sweezy, Paul, 126, 191 Stone’s Weekly Symbionese Liberation Army, 193 Stone, Oliver, 112n19, 242 Stonewall riots (1969), 166 Taft, Robert, 35. See also Taft-Hartley Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries Act (STAR), 168 Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 35–36, 40, 41, Strong, Anna Louise, 143 64–65, 69 Student League for Industrial Democracy Taibbi, Matt, 305 (SLID), 97 Taylor, Glen, 39 Student Mobilization Committee (SMC), Teamsters for a Democratic Union (TDU), 141 183–84, 279 Student Nonviolent Coordinating TecNica, 218 Committee (SNCC), 96–98, 99–100, Telos, 215 113, 125 Tet Offensive, 146 in Cambridge, Md., 88–89, 92 Thatcher, Margaret, 216, 227, 261 debates within, 118–19 “Third Period,” 21, 22 growing radicalism of, 90, 113, 131, Third World Gay Liberation, 168 132–34, 136, 152 Third Worldism, 198–201 influences on, 97, 110, 111 Third World Women’s Alliance, 191 repressive measures against, 153, 154 Thomas, J. Parnell, 37 and SDS, 94, 96–97, 98, 100 Thomas, Norman, 20, 76, 79–80, 86 women in, 88–92, 118–19, 133 presidential candidacies of, 39, 48 Student Peace Union (SPU), 94, 122, Thompson, E. P., 95, 231 127 Thompson, Hunter S., 148, 185 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Three Mile Island accident (1979), 205 94, 96–97, 119, 125, 128–29 Thurmond, Strom, 41 community organizing by, 116, 117, Tikkun, 237 142, 158, 167 Till, Emmett, 74–75 early help to, by unions, 97, 100, 104 Tilton, Theodore, 11 fracturing of, 156–60, 169, 318 Title IX (of 1964 Civil Rights Act), 166 growing radicalism of, 142–44, 145, Tito, Joseph, 61–62 147, 155–60, 191 Tomasky, Michael, 273 leadership composition of, 103, 142 Tracy, Spencer, 36 repressive measures against, 153, 154 “Trail of Broken Treaties” (1972), 162 size of, 24, 97, 142 Trotman, Leroy, 285 and SNCC, 94, 96–97, 98, 100 Trotsky, Leon, 18, 23–24, 42, 43, 50, 296 and social democrats, 105, 129 murder of, 42, 57

Index 353

Trotskyism (and Trotskyists, 24, 43, 50, United Food and Commercial Workers 244, 296 (UFCW), 227. See also Hormel British, 150 meatpacking strike Communist Party and, 24, 27, 61, 86 United for Peace and Justice (UfPJ), 299 and Maoists, 143, 192, 201 United Mine Workers (UMW), 28, 183, in 1970s, 189–90, 192, 202 184, 207 andSecondWorldWar,27, 42, 61 United Parcel Service strike (1991), 279 in Vietnam War protests, 141 United Students Against Sweatshops See also Socialist Workers Party (USAS), 280 Trudeau, Garry, 161 universities, 114, 213, 245, 252 Trudell, John, 200 and student activism, 114–16, 137–38, Truffaut, François, 175 280, 301. See also specific institutions Truman, Harry S., 3–5, 38, 52, 126, 130 Universities and Left Review, 95 and civil rights, 3–4, 5 University of California, Berkeley, 94, and Cold War, 3, 34, 38, 126, 128 162 and labor, 19, 21, 31, 36 Free Speech Movement at (1964), and McCarthyism, 35, 38, 52–53, 54, 113–14, 115 55, 58 Vietnam Day at (1965), 130–31, 139, in 1948 election, 20, 31, 39–41 149 and Vietnam, 126, 130 University of Chicago, 137, 155, 194 Trumbo, Dalton, 70, 93 University of Michigan, 94, 97, 98, 130 Truth, Sojourner, 8–9 University of Pennsylvania, 121–22 Truthout, 301 University of Washington, 184, 218 Tucker, Jerry, 184 University of Wisconsin, 145, 160, 169. Tugwell, Rexford, 39, 40 See also Madison, Wisc. Tung, Jerry, 191 Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers, Tunisia, 15 149 Ture, Kwame. See Carmichael, Stokely Urban League, 98, 138 Tutu, Desmond, 234 USA PATRIOT Act, 293, 303 U.S. Campaign to End the Israeli UE News, 70 Occupation, 301 underground press, 148 U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 55, 212 unemployment, 177, 223, 225, 255, 314 U.S. Labor Against the War (USLAW), Union for Radical Political Economics 299 (URPE), 180 U.S. Supreme Court, 1, 212, 242, 251, Union Maids (film), 176, 184 253, 284, 307 Union of Concerned Scientists, 230 and abortion, 166, 208 Union of Democratic Filipinos (KDP), 191 and McCarthy-era civil liberties, 67, unions. See labor unions 68–69 United Automobile Workers (UAW), 48, and racial segregation, 46, 74, 76, 98 184, 213, 225 and 2000 election, 292 in late 1940s, 17–19, 41, 48 US Organization, 151, 195 and racial issues, 104, 181, 182 and SDS, 97, 100, 104 Valdez, Luis, 119 See also Reuther, Walter Vedder, Eddie, 290 United Electrical Workers (UE), 70, 103, Venceremos, 160 225 Veterans for Peace, 144, 233 United Farm Workers (UFW), 104, 119, Vietnam Moratorium, 159 183, 227 Vietnam Summer (1967), 144 United Federation of Teachers (UFT), Vietnam Veterans Against the War 182 (VVAW), 144, 169, 178, 193

354 Index

Vietnam War, 106, 125–27, 146, 160 Weisstein, Naomi, 164 denouement of, 201–2 Welfare Reform Act (1996), 271 drawing-down of, 163, 177, 193 welfare rights organizing, 163, 188 economic impact of, 117, 181 West, Cornel, 280, 291, 299 GI resistance in, 163 West, Jason, 302 and 1960s radicalization, 122, 124, 125, White Panther Party, 150–51 129–30, 154, 160, 171–72, 181 White, Harry Dexter, 58 President Kennedy and, 127, 130 White, Josh, 32 See also antiwar movement White, Walter, 33 Viet-Report, 137 Whitman, Walt, 312 Village Voice, 119, 148, 253, 294–95 Wicca, 237 Vinson, Fred, 67 WikiLeaks, 15 Vivian, C. T., 256 Wilderness Society, 202, 203, 246 Voigt, Jon, 161 Wilentz, Sean, 290 voting age, 137 Wiley, George, 163, 188–89 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 93, 116, 124 Wilkerson, Cathy, 159–60 Willcox, Louisa, 247 Walker, Alice, 236 Williams, Robert F., 74, 106–7, 108 Walker, Scott, 307 Williams, William Appleman, 107, 130, Wall Street (ﬁlm), 242 161 Wall Street Journal, 213 Willis, Ellen, 253, 271 Wallace, George, 92, 148, 182 Willson, Brian, 233 Wallace, Henry A., 27, 38, 40, 42–43 Wilson, Dick, 170–71, 200 and 1948 election, 38–41, 52, 62, 64, 80 Winpisinger, William, 186–87 Wallach, Lori, 292 Wisconsin Farm Unity Coalition, 224 Wallis, Jim, 237 Witness for Peace, 233 Walzer, Michael, 258, 297 Wittman, Carl, 167 Warden, Donald, 108 Wolfe, Tom, 161 “War on Poverty,” 128, 153 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 8–9 Warren, Earl, 68 Women Against Pornography (WAP), 253 War Resisters League (WRL), 45, 76, 79, Women of All Red Nations, 200 127, 131, 137, 230 women’s advocacy, 207, 214, 307, 314 Washington, Harold, 255 in black radicalism, 81–82, 152–153, Washington Post, 89–90, 138, 178, 240 197–198, 231, 255 Watergate scandal, 177, 178, 179, 212, in civil rights movement, 88–92, 214 118–119, 133 Watsonville, Calif., 227, 255 in CPUSA and Popular Front, 22, 33–34, Watt, James, 247 49–54, 65, 70, 71 Watts riots (1965), 110, 116, 124, 132 in environmental movement, 207, WBAI, 71 265–66, 276–78 Weatherman faction (and Weather in labor movement, 65, 184–85, 191, Underground), 14, 156–60, 191, 193, 227 240, 298 in Native American causes, 200, 263–66 Weavers, the, 49, 52, 70 in New Left, 118–119, 137, 165 Webb, Constance, 50 in nineteenth century, 8–9 Wei Min She, 191 in paciﬁsm, 84, 231 Weinberg, Jack, 114, 183 in Trotskyism, 192 Weinglass, Leonard, 155 See also feminism; lesbians; women’s Weinstein, James, 95, 185, 187, 214, 266 liberation movement Weir, Stan, 29 Women’s International Democratic Weiss, Cora, 131 Federation (WIDF), 54

Index 355

Women’s International League for Peace Wright, Fanny, 8–9 and Freedom (WILPF), 84 Wright, Fred, 70 women’s liberation movement, 54, 118, Wright, Jeremiah, 304 164–66, 174–75 Wright, Richard, 22, 64 and gay liberation, 167, 168 and New Left, 122, 165 Yablonski, Jock, 183 and race, 168 Yale University, 97, 142, 155, 161, See also feminism 255 Women’s Political Council (Montgomery, Yergan, Max, 33, 64 Ala.), 75 “Yippies,” 147, 148, 242 Women Strike for Peace, 103, 131, 165 YMCA, 94 Wood, Ellen Meiksins, 276 Young, Coleman, 71, 197 Woodhull, Victoria, 8–9 Younge, Sammy, Jr., 133–34 Woods, Sylvia, 176 Young Lords Party, 150, 162 Workers’ Democracy, 228 Young Patriot Party, 150 Workers Party, 42, 69. See also Young People’s Socialist League (YPSL), Independent Socialist League 80, 86, 105 Workers World Party, 299 Young Socialist Alliance (YSA), 107, 127, World Bank, 32, 58, 281, 283, 290, 141 292–93 YWCA, 94 protests against, 281, 282, 284 World Court, 233 Z magazine, 259 World Social Forum (WSF), 293 Zapatista rebellion (Mexico), 15, 264, 275, World Trade Organization (WTO), 283, 280, 284 290 Zeidler, Frank, 79, 186 protests against, 266, 278, 283–87, 286 Zellner, Bob, 100 Worthy, William, 108 Zinn, Howard, 103, 299 Wounded Knee occupation (1973), Zuccotti Park, 15, 308. See also Occupy 170–71, 199, 200 Wall Street movement