POCKETBOOKS

How women spend

COMMISSION EUROPEAN Everyday Europeans their time and 3 life Data 1998-2002 men of conditions and social Population THEME 3 2004 EDITION Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11

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Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004

ISBN 92-894-7235-9

© European Communities, 2004 Preface

This pocketbook is the first compendium of European statistics on how Europeans spend their time. It aims to shed light on how women and men organise their everyday life in 10 European countries. It has been funded by the fifth Community action programme to promote gender equality 2001–05. The statistical source for this publication is national time use surveys that have been conducted in several European countries. Time use surveys fill a number of gaps in the statistical information available in the social domain. For instance, they unveil gaps between women and men correlated to existing differences in their position on the labour market and their participation in education, cultural activities and other spheres of life. In particular, time use surveys provide knowledge about the possibilities of reconciling professional and family life – statistics about the division of gainful and domestic work between women and men. Data on voluntary work, care, mobility and leisure time can also be produced from time use surveys. Ten European countries, Belgium, Germany, Estonia, France, Hungary, Slovenia, Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Norway, have been included in this presentation because the survey methods that have been used in these countries follow very closely the Guidelines on harmonised European time use surveys published in September 2000. Therefore, the results are considered to be comparable. There are certain exceptions to this, and they are pointed out in notes and texts. See also the separate chapter on data sources, classifications and definitions. Time use survey results are also available for Denmark, Romania, the Netherlands and Portugal but they have not been included in this pocketbook since the survey methods used in these countries deviated from the European guidelines and comparable results could not be produced. However, it would be possible to include them for other purposes and other comparisons. Results from Bulgaria, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania and Spain will be available in the near future and those from Poland and Slovakia are due within a couple of years.

Acknowledgements This publication has been managed by the Eurostat unit responsible for labour market statistics, Unit D-1, under Head of Unit, Mr Antonio Baigorri. The opinions expressed are those of the individual authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission. Support was provided by the Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs, Unit G1 – Equality for Women and Men.

1 Coordinator Karin Winqvist (Eurostat, Unit D-1) Jean Monnet Building L-29 20 Luxembourg Tel. (352) 43 01 35581

Production The data processing, statistical analysis, design and desktop publishing for this pocketbook has been done by the following team at Statistics Finland under the coordination of Iiris Niemi: Hannu Pääkkönen Ulla Hannula Hilkka Lehikoinen Irma Ollila

Data providers National statistical agencies and research institutes have provided the statistical tables; see the list in the chapter on data sources, classifications and definitions.

Published by Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 2004 More results from time use surveys are available in publications produced by Eurostat at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/Public/datashop/print- catalogue/EN?catalogue=Eurostat&collection=12-Working %20papers %20and %20studies&product=KS-CC-03-001-__-N-EN http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/Public/datashop/ printcatalogue/EN?catalogue=Eurostat&collection=02- Statistics%20in %20Focus&product=KS-NK-03-012-__-N-EN A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the server at: http://europa.eu.int European Communities, 2004

2 Reading instructions

Most tables and figures in this publication show hours and minutes per day, average time spent on an activity. The average time is an average for the whole group of persons that is investigated and an average across the whole year. This means that all persons are included, whether they have performed this activity or not, and that all days of the week, as well as working and holiday periods are included. Although the average time is an abstract measure and does not describe concrete everyday life at the individual level, it is a proper indicator of time use at the aggregate level and allows comparisons between countries and population groups. Some tables also show the proportion of people who spent any time on the activity. This measures the proportion of persons who perform the activity on an average day. It does not give information about how many persons perform the activity in general, or how many persons perform the activity every day. Sometimes average time by those who spent any time on the activity is also included. If the two first measures are shown in the table, the third can be calculated in the following way. Average time by those who spent any time on the activity = (average time per day/proportion of people who spent any time on the activity) x 100 The tables and figures of daily rhythms show the proportions of people who were performing the different activities at different hours of the day. In the figures, the countries are ranked in terms of the variable presented for women in order to give a clearer indication of variation across the presented countries.

Symbols and abbreviations .. not available 0 less than half of the unit used

Participating countries BE Belgium DE Germany EE Estonia FR France HU Hungary SI Slovenia FI Finland SE Sweden UK United Kingdom NO Norway 3 Contents

Preface ...... 1 Reading instructions ...... 3 Symbols and abbreviations ...... 3 Contents ...... 4 General structure of time use ...... 5 Daily rhythm ...... 15 Employment ...... 29 Study ...... 37 Domestic work...... 43 Total hours worked ...... 73 Free time ...... 83 Location and travel ...... 105 Tables ...... 123 Data sources, classifications and definitions...... 127

4 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF TIME USE

5 General structure of time use ent. d time use. tertainment, .

free time Hours and minutes per day included in

rest , and in the other countries, as

sleep BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO sports and outdoor activities, hobbies games, reading, watching television, resting or doing nothing, as well unspecifie Time spent on main and second jobs related activities, breaks travel during working hours, job seeking. The time spent on study at school and during free is combined with gainful work. Housework, child and adult care, gardening pet construction repairs, shopping services, household managem Commuting and trips connected with all kinds of activities, except travel during working hours. Sleep during night or daytime, waiting for sleep, naps, as well passive lying in bed because of sickness. Meals, snacks and drinks, dressing, personal hygiene, making up, shaving, sexual activities healthcare. All other kinds of activities are included here, e.g. volunteer work and meetings, helping households, socialising en : 6 Meals, personal careSleepTravelDomestic workGainful work, studyTotal 2:43 2:43 2:07 4:32 2:08 8:29 1:19 2:05 4:11 3:02 8:19 1:18 2:33 24 5:02 2:19 8:35 1:06 2:31 4:30 24 2:08 8:55 0:54 2:32 4:57 2:06 8:42 24 0:51 2:59 4:57 2:28 8:24 24 1:02 2:49 3:56 2:16 8:32 1:07 3:12 24 3:42 1:58 8:11 1:23 2:33 4:15 24 8:27 1:25 3:03 3:47 24 8:10 1:11 24 24 24 Free time, unspecified time use 4:50 5:24 4:36 4:08 4:38 4:29 5:29 5:03 5:05 5:52 1.1 Time use structure of women aged 20 to 74 Note Category Includes Gainful work, study Domestic work Travel Sleep Meals and personal care Free time In France, long time periods spent on rest were coded as General structure of time use Gainful work, study Travel Domestic work Free time, unspecified time use time, Free Sleep Meals, personal care Meals, BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 1.1 Time use structure of women aged 20 to 74 0% 80% 60% 40% 20% 100% in France

rest 7 differed somewhat from thethe other countries countries. The areamong differences small Norwegian between and andalso spend more time on employment. the Swedish women. shortest Women hours in ofWomen these in sleep France, countries Belgium are andpersonal Germany found spend care more time thandifferent on in meals habits and the ofseem other combining to meals compared enjoy with countries.explained the socialising. This by largest Norwegian may amount a women least of different reflect amount free way of free time. of time This recording is found is, socialising among however, during French women. partly meals. The Domestic work emphasised in female use ofWomen time aged 20 toon 74 gainful spend work. on The average shareNorway, more of and gainful time the work on smallest is domestic intime the than Germany largest than in and in Sweden Belgium. the and Travel otherSweden, and less in Hungary France. takes countries more for women in the UnitedWomen Kin sleep over gdom eight and hoursduring during an daytime average day are ofmore the also year. time Naps included. on Women sleeping in than France others seem but to spend the coding of General structure of time use Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO : See Table 1.1. 8 Meals, personal careSleepTravelDomestic workGainful work, studyTotal 2:40 2:33 3:30 2:38 2:15 8:15 1:35 3:35 2:21 3:01 8:12 1:27 3:40 24 2:48 2:31 8:32 1:17 4:03 2:22 24 2:13 8:45 1:03 3:46 2:39 2:01 24 8:31 1:03 4:07 2:39 2:11 8:17 24 1:09 4:01 2:16 2:04 8:22 1:12 24 4:25 2:29 1:47 8:01 1:30 4:18 2:18 24 8:18 1:30 4:31 2:22 24 7:57 1:20 24 24 24 Free time, unspecified time use 5:22 5:53 5:28 4:46 5:29 5:34 6:08 5:24 5:30 6:03 1.2 Time use structure of men aged 20 to 74 Note General structure of time use Gainful work, study Travel Domestic work Free time, unspecified time use time, Free Sleep Meals, personal care Meals, 1.2 Time use structure of men aged 20 to 74 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 0% 80% 60% 40% 20% 100% is slightly shorter – gainful work, study and domestic work – 9 for men than forand Sweden, where it is equal (see Chapter 6). women in the compared countries exceptOn for average, Norway men spenddo. slightly more Men time sleep oncompared. daily on Among travel average men, than slightly differences women acrossthose less the observed than countries among women are women similarlongest in on time to the sleeping the in countries previous France,in page. Estonia Norway and Men Hungary, and spend and Sweden. the the than In shortest women all do. the The countriesthan amounts men five of enjoy hours free more to timetime is found in France. free around for time six men hours vary per between day. less The least amount of free Gainful work emphasised in male use of time On average, men spendtasks more while time on thegainful gainful situation work work is is than the largest on theand in the domestic opposite smallest Norway, in Sweden with Belgium andactivities and the women. Germany. United The The Kingdom total time share spent on of work General structure of time use Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO See Table 1.1. 10 Meals, personal careSleepTravelDomestic workGainful work, studyTotal 2:36 2:31 3:53 3:52 2:06 8:16 1:30 3:52 3:11 2:57 8:11 1:27 4:13 24 4:04 2:21 8:23 1:15 4:32 3:40 24 2:02 8:38 1:05 4:43 3:54 2:02 24 8:18 1:02 4:23 4:24 2:23 8:12 24 1:09 4:20 3:21 2:07 8:22 1:16 24 4:05 3:32 2:02 8:05 1:28 4:06 3:28 24 8:25 1:33 3:46 3:26 24 8:07 1:17 24 24 24 Free time, unspecified time use 3:51 4:49 4:00 3:08 3:43 3:51 4:38 4:27 4:21 5:22 1.3 Time use structure of employed women Note: General structure of time use Gainful work, study Travel Domestic work Free time, unspecified time use time, Free Sleep Meals, personal care Meals, BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 1.3 Time use structure of employed women 0% 80% 60% 40% 20% 100% 11 Employed women are busy Women employed both fullAmong time working and women part the time sharethe of are time time included used in spent for theMost gainful on table. work hours domestic of exceeds work gainfulFrance, work in Slovenia for most and employed of Finland. womenFrance has are However, the changed found it countries since in is 1998hours compared. Hungary, likely because per of week. that Working reduced the hours working are situation time also to in Time analysed 35 in spent Chapter on 3. women domestic in work Slovenia, varies Estonia,on Hungary notably and by these Belgium country. spendConcurrently Employed tasks more women time than inactively involved employed Slovenia, in women Estoniawork employment. time This (see and in Chapter leads 6). Hungary to the are a other considerable very total countries. General structure of time use Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO See Table 1.1. 12 Meals, personal careSleepTravelDomestic workGainful work, studyTotal 2:35 2:21 5:03 2:15 2:11 8:01 1:43 5:05 1:52 2:58 8:00 1:31 5:00 24 2:20 2:30 8:22 1:20 5:44 1:53 24 2:07 8:24 1:10 5:25 2:09 1:55 24 8:08 1:10 5:20 2:24 2:05 8:06 24 1:14 5:32 1:59 1:55 8:12 1:17 24 5:17 2:23 1:58 7:52 1:32 5:42 1:54 24 8:11 1:36 4:56 2:12 24 7:53 1:23 24 24 24 Free time, unspecified time use 4:23 5:11 4:47 3:51 4:37 4:52 5:06 4:51 4:41 5:37 1.4 Time use structure of employed men Note: General structure of time use Gainful work, study Travel Domestic work 1.4 Time use structure of employed men Free time, unspecified time use time, Free Sleep Meals, personal care Meals, BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 0% 80% 60% 40% 20% 100% 13 The breadwinner role of men emphasised The time use of employedthat men is of more dominated employed byFrance, gainful women. the work United than Most Kingdomsituation in France has changed since 1998. hours and Finland; of however, gainful it is workDomestic likely are work that plays the found aemployed comparatively in men small when role compared in withemployed the that men everyday of most employed life domestic women. of Estonia. work Among is done in Slovenia,Even Sweden if and employed menenjoy work longer more hours free thanwork. employed time. In women, This most they countries, isemployed women do. employed linked men spend to less less time on timeThe sleep spent time than use on structures domestic carer role of women and the breadwinner men. of women and men seem to reflect clearly the DAILY RHYTHM

15 Daily rhythm start later and finish later. – Men and women havegainful a work similar daily rhythm of European men and women haveMen's a participation similar in daily work rhythmthe of is day. gainful clearly Most work. higherbetween people than 12 are women's noon at throughout andparticipation in work is almost as high before noon. work 1 by pm, 10 breaks up am. theSlovenians The day, and lunch, and Hungarians often inalso start taken the their afternoon finish workingEstonians do the opposite earlier day earliest than and others. they To some extent the French and Men's working days end mostlywomen's working days varies more than that of men. between 5 and 5.30 pm. The ending of Participation in activities, % includes time spent on main and second jobs related activities, breaks Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74

Gainful work : 16 TotalWomenMen17:30 Total 29 37WomenMen 30 38 44 38 45 48 33 41 10 14 52 33 39 12 9 49 17 33 39 18 14 45 15 36 42 24 19 45 23 41 48 11 48 30 8 36 44 14 55 14 12 39 47 12 53 17 9 14 56 16 11 16 17 10 12 22 9 15 Time of day10:30 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 2.1 Gainful work at 10.30 am and 5.30 pm on weekdays. Note travel during working hours, and job seeking.

2:30 1:00

Daily rhythm

23:30

22:00

20:30

19:00

17:30

16:00

14:30

13:00 11:30

of men aged 20 to 74

10:00

8:30 7:00

BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 5:30

2.1b Gainful work: daily rhythm on weekdays % 4:00 0

60 50 40 30 20 10

2:30

1:00

23:30

22:00

20:30

19:00

17:30

16:00

14:30

13:00

11:30

of women aged 20 to 74 10:00

8:30 7:00

BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO

2.1a Gainful work: daily rhythm on weekdays 5:30 4:00 % 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 17 just –

Daily rhythm about one third – Meals determine timing of domestic work The rhythm ofemployment. domestic In work thelunchtime. resembles Having morning in lunch most its reducesnoontime. The the structure domestic afternoon proportion peak that for work of domestic of domestic work is occurs work gainful around around done 5 pm just before before supper. Contrarydomestic to work is gainful higher work, than that the ofDomestic proportion men work all of has through a women the clearin day. doing peak in the Hungary, morningwomen and (between France, 20 10 Belgium, % and of 11.30examined Slovenia men am) countries take and the part in proportion Germany. domesticis of work women Around more at and that 40 men constant time.among doing In % throughout the Estonian, domestic other of work British the andSwedish day Finnish and women and and Norwegian much aboutthat women. lower of one women, Men's quarter though among rhythm at a of markedlyCooking lower domestic makes level. work up follows most a visible large part inbetween of France, 6 domestic where and work. around 7women In 40 pm. and the % Slovenia men afternoon shows in ofand this a domestic men women about is relatively work do 25 in high %. domestic the percentage work afternoon of - both women around 40 % Participation in activities, % includes housekeeping, child and adult care, gardening pet Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74

Domestic work construction and repair, shopping services, household management. 18 TotalWomenMen17:30 TotalWomenMen 40 31 38 29 22 31 24 20 42 32 39 32 15 44 35 35 29 21 38 30 24 35 27 24 30 23 23 35 28 22 24 19 18 37 30 15 31 24 21 40 34 13 25 19 23 29 24 16 28 34 29 12 18 35 26 23 27 24 16 21 Time of day10:30 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 2.2 Domestic work at 10.30 am and 5.30 pm on weekdays. Note: 2:30

Daily rhythm

1:00

23:30

22:00

20:30

19:00

17:30

16:00

14:30

13:00 11:30

of men aged 20 to 74

10:00

8:30 7:00

BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO

2.2b Domestic work: daily rhythm on weekdays 5:30 4:00 % 0

60 50 40 30 20 10

2:30

1:00

23:30

22:00

20:30

19:00

17:30

16:00

14:30

13:00 11:30

of women aged 20 to 74

10:00

8:30 7:00

BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO

2.2a Domestic work: daily rhythm on weekdays 5:30 4:00 % 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 19 Daily rhythm Participation in activities, % 06671296 4966712107 includes commuting and trips connected with all kinds of activities, except travel during working hours.

Travel 20 TotalWomenMen 10813117681386 12:00 TotalWomenMen 17:00 Total 10Women 7Men 13 10 10 10 9 10 25 20 9 18 17 9 30 20 9 7 13 13 12 1 11 14 12 12 1 24 21 11 27 7 12 11 7 8 12 11 10 9 9 9 13 10 10 10 11 10 10 12 12 10 7 13 12 15 14 11 10 11 17 16 15 17 12 12 13 Time of day07:30 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 2.3 Travel at 7.30 am, 12 noon and 5 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74 Note:

2:30 1:00

Daily rhythm

23:30

22:00

20:30

19:00

17:30

16:00

14:30

13:00

11:30 10:00

of persons aged 20 to 74

8:30 7:00 2.3 Travel: daily rhythm on weekdays

BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 5:30 4:00 % 5 0 25 15 30 20 10 21 Commuting dominates travel on weekdays Travel to andweekdays. People from go to work workfrom mostly clearly between work 7.30 and dominates is 8.30 distributedwith am. the Travel over peaks timing around a 4 longer ofthe and period third travel 5 of pm. peak on time Inconnection time in addition with the for to the travel afternoon travel lunchand to break. Norway in and Slovenia, have some from their Hungary, peak work, countries Finland,United Kingdom have theirs somewhat later than the other countries. hours Sweden earlier is and at Belgium, France about and the noonThe results in showing distinct peakhave times of the travel most indicate fixed thatand men. Estonians hours for commuting. This is true for both women Daily rhythm coding of rest differed t included in free time. Participation in activities, % 2529612221 2427512211 includes sleep during night or daytime, waiting for sleep, naps as well passive lying in bed because of sickness. In France,

Sleep somewhat from the other countries. In France, long time periods spent on rest were coded as sleep and in countries res 22 TotalWomenMen14:00 26311713231 Total Men 23:00 Total 54 57WomenMen 51 34 34 34 34 34 52 56 34 48 46 50 64 67 42 60 21 20 59 61 21 57 27 28 68 70 26 66 42 44 85 89 41 82 39 41 77 79 36 76 52 54 58 63 50 54 47 51 52 54 43 50 49 53 45 32 35 30 Women Time of day07:00 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 2.4 Sleep at 7 am, 2 pm and 11 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74 Note:

2:30 1:00

Daily rhythm

23:30

22:00

20:30

19:00

17:30

16:00

14:30 13:00

aged 20 to 74

11:30

10:00

8:30 7:00

BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 5:30

2.4 Sleep: daily rhythm on weekdays of persons 4:00 % 0 80 60 40 20 100 23 Weekday early risers inlate Hungary to – bed in Norway Of the countries examined, Hungariansand and Slovenians go wake to up earlier bedthan the rest. earlier than others, while NorwegiansThe go sleeping to rhythms of sleepin women later and the men investigated during countries.visible weekdays are Less in similar sleep many among countriessleep later. as men men than are women waking is On up weekdays, earlier most women and andgo going men to are to sleep awake byand 7 by am. in 11 Most Norway pm. people In half-an-hourcountries. Hungary, later people than go in to most bedDaytime of one naps hour the are earlier other usuallybetween examined taken countries. between 1 SleepingFrance, and during Hungary 3 and the pm Germany, but daytime andresult of differences in coding. for habits is France vary some most of this common may in be the Daily rhythm Participation in activities, % also include snacks and drinks, dress, personal hygiene, making up, shaving, sexual activities care for health.

Meals/personal care 24 TotalWomenMen12:30 Total 3819659301410171310 WomenMen 19:00 Total 212072731211114178 18 17WomenMen 18 25 27 38 38 22 14 11 20 20 21 21 19 28 27 5 4 20 21 29 30 32 57 56 6 6 27 21 22 29 28 27 27 19 16 19 14 14 30 30 13 19 20 10 9 19 17 17 20 20 17 18 11 11 19 21 21 14 16 13 13 21 10 10 16 15 8 7 Time of day07:00 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 2.5 Meals and personal care at 7 am, 12.30 pm and 7 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74 Note:

2:30 1:00

Daily rhythm

23:30

22:00

20:30

19:00

17:30

16:00

14:30

13:00

11:30

10:00 8:30

weekdays of persons aged 20 to 74 7:00

BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO

2.5 Meals and personal care: daily rhythm on 5:30 4:00 % 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 25 The French have the most uniform meal times Three peak timescare: can breakfast be and seenbetween in other 12 noon the morning and category activitiesFrench, 1 Belgians meals pm at and and and around Hungarians suppertimes. personal have 7 between clearly 6 am, the and most lunch 8.30 uniform pm.Lunchtime meal The is betweencountries. 11 At am 12.30 pm and morealmost than 1.30 half pm 40 of the allNorwegians have lunch earlier. French % across have lunch. the of So examined do BelgiansThe timing and of supper 30 variesFrench more than % have that of supper of lunch.Hungarians, between Nearly Belgians, 40 Hungarians. 7.30 Germans, % of Britons andabout one hour earlier. the Finns and 8 Slovenians and pm, have supper while 20 to 30 % of Daily rhythm fe and entertainment, d time use. Participation in activities, % is defined here as all other kinds of activities, for example, volunteer work and meetings, helping households, social li

Free time sports and outdoor activities, hobbies games, reading, watching television, resting or doing nothing, as well unspecifie 26 TotalWomenMen21:30 TotalWomenMen 45 43 48 50 48 68 68 53 68 50 48 68 66 53 69 22 18 61 58 27 65 51 48 67 67 54 67 54 48 56 55 61 58 56 56 55 52 56 59 53 51 59 57 56 62 52 52 64 62 52 65 55 56 67 65 54 69 69 65 72 Time of day19:30 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 2.6 Free time at 7.30 pm and 9.30 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74 Note:

2:30 1:00

Daily rhythm

23:30

22:00

20:30

19:00

17:30

16:00

14:30

13:00

11:30

of persons aged 20 to 74 10:00

8:30 7:00

2.6 Free time: daily rhythm on weekdays BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO

5:30 % 4:00 0 80 60 40 20 27 Free time increases towards the evening During weekdays men andtime. women have The free proportion time ofevening at those around in the having all same free theand time 8 countries pm. increases and Free time towards onethirds of women and men have free time. peaks the half at around are 8.30 to at 9.30 leisure pm. Then betweenFinns around 7.30 and two Norwegians startothers. their Late free supper timeFree delays about one the time hour start ends beforeNorwegians compared with the other examined countries. of earlier the free for time Hungarians among and the Slovenians French. and later for EMPLOYMENT

29 Employment

3.1 Key indicators on employment, 2002

BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO Employment rate among population aged 15 to 64, % Total 59.7 65.4 61.7 62.9 56.5 64.3 69.1 74.0 71.5 77.3 Women 51.1 58.8 57.6 56.4 49.9 59.8 67.3 72.5 65.3 73.8 Men 68.1 71.8 66.2 69.6 63.4 68.7 70.9 75.5 77.7 80.3 Percentage of employed persons working part-time, % Total 19.4 20.8 6.7 16.2 3.6 6.6 12.4 21.4 25.0 26.3 Women 37.7 39.5 9.6 29.7 5.1 8.3 17.1 32.9 44.0 42.7 Men 6.2 8.7 3.9 7.8 2.3 5.2 8.0 11.2 9.4 11.0

Unemployment rate, % Total 6.9 8.5 9.4 8.7 5.6 5.9 10.4 5.0 5.0 4.0 Women 7.8 8.2 8.5 9.8 5.1 6.3 10.2 4.6 4.3 3.6 Men 6.2 8.7 10.3 7.8 6.1 5.6 10.7 5.3 5.6 4.0

Sources: Ana Franco – Sylvain Jouhette, Labour force survey, Principal results 2002. EU and EFTA countries, Eurostat, Statistics in focus, Population and social conditions, Theme 3 – 15/2003; Ana Franco – Larus Blöndal, Labour force survey, Principal results 2002, Acceding countries, Eurostat, Statistics in focus, Population and social conditions, Theme 3 – 16/2003.

30 Employment

Employment varies by country 3.1 Employment rate, 2002 % Time use of the population is notably influenced by labour force 90 participation. Of the countries included in this publication, high 80 employment rates among women and men are typical in the Nordic countries of Norway, Sweden and Finland as well as in the United 70 Kingdom. Differences between women and men in employment rates 60 are the biggest in Belgium, Hungary, France and Germany. Part-time 50 work among women is most widespread in the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany and Belgium, but very rare in Hungary, Slovenia and 40 Estonia. Unemployment is highest in Finland and Estonia and seems to 30 affect men and women almost equally. 20 10 0 NO SE FI UK SI DE EE FR BE HU Women Men

31 Employment

3.2 Gainful work of the employed, estimated annual hours

BE DE EE HU SI FI SE UK NO

Total 1 600 1 509 1 623 1 834 1 679 1 728 1 592 1 715 1 484 Women 1 362 1 245 1 486 1 684 1 490 1 490 1 375 1 399 1 235 Men 1 781 1 721 1 757 1 960 1 849 1 953 1 797 1 989 1 703

Note: The employed are defined according to the ILO definition, except in Hungary where main activity status is based on own reporting. Annual working hours are based on average daily hours spent on main and second jobs multiplied by 365. All days of the employed are included, that is to say, workdays, weekend days, and days off because of sickness, holiday, and so on. Working hours include overtime, work brought home, training during working hours and business trips. Short breaks for coffee, and so on, are also included in working hours. Working hours do not include lunch breaks and daily travel to and from work. Compared with retrospective reporting of weekly working hours, detailed time diary records offer a more valid measure for counting hours worked. A slight overestimation of working hours may occur, even though some of the effects of higher non-response during the holiday season have been corrected by weighting. In Germany, short breaks during working hours have been excluded, resulting in a reduction of approximately 30 annual working hours. France is not included in this table because the survey was carried out in 1998, before working hours in France were reduced to 35 hours per week

32 Employment

Annual working hours longer for men than women 3.2 Time spent on gainful work by the employed

Hours per year Working hours are shorter for women than for men in all the compared 2 500 countries. Based on time use estimates, men in the United Kingdom, Hungary and Finland spend more than 1 900 hours annually on employment. Men in Norway and Germany spend the least number of 2 000 hours on employment, or slightly above 1 700. Hungarian women work on average almost 1 700 hours per year, which is the most among all the compared countries. In Norway and in Germany, where part-time 1 500 employment is common among women, the average annual hours women spend on employment number under 1 300. 1 000

500

0 HU FI SI EE UK SE BE DE NO Women Men

33 Employment

3.3 Gainful work of the employed by day of the week

BE DE HU SI FI SE UK NO Women Hours and minutes per day Monday 4:53 4:38 5:50 5:02 5:07 4:34 4:43 4:04 Tuesday 5:22 4:46 6:11 4:57 5:23 4:53 4:58 4:28 Wednesday 4:37 4:42 6:02 5:41 5:41 5:28 5:12 4:33 Thursday 4:58 4:58 6:08 5:37 5:12 5:05 4:58 4:23 Friday 4:24 4:07 5:39 5:01 4:51 4:19 4:30 4:14 Saturday 1:11 1:02 1:35 1:48 1:16 1:02 1:31 1:26 Sunday 0:41 0:34 0:46 0:57 1:11 0:59 1:00 0:46 Men Monday 6:19 6:20 6:41 6:11 6:51 6:28 6:39 5:55 Tuesday 6:44 6:44 6:50 6:19 6:57 6:36 7:10 6:33 Wednesday 6:30 6:47 6:44 6:28 7:11 6:57 7:02 5:52 Thursday 6:20 6:42 6:52 6:38 6:45 6:19 7:11 6:08 Friday 5:45 5:32 6:26 6:15 6:26 5:53 6:14 6:00 Saturday 1:41 1:25 2:29 2:38 1:53 1:14 2:25 1:33 Sunday 0:52 0:53 1:31 1:31 1:29 1:04 1:26 1:08

Note: See Table 3.2.

34 Employment

Most time spent on gainful work from Tuesday to Thursday In a majority of countries women and men spend most time doing gainful work from Tuesday to Thursday. Slightly less time is spent on Mondays and Fridays compared to other weekdays. In most countries, the least time is spent on Sundays, but in Finland and Sweden there is no notable difference among women in working hours between Saturdays and Sundays.

3.3a Gainful work of the employed women 3.3b Gainful work of the employed men by day of the week by day of the week Minutes per day Minutes per day 480 480 420 420 360 360 300 300 240 240 180 180 120 120 60 60 0 0 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

BE DE HU SI FI SE UK NO BE DE HU SI FI SE UK NO

35 STUDY

37 Study uded. Proportion of people who spent any time on the acitivity, % per day Hours and minutes per day on study at school or university free time 63656674 63657684 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK includes studying at school and university, homework, education during free time. Training working hours is not incl

studies Time spent on Norway is not included because of missing information on free time study. 38 TotalWomenMen 673756554 TotalWomenMen School or university Women 0:14 0:15MenFree time study 0:15WomenMen 0:13 0:14 6 6 0:15 0:07 0:08 0:10 0:06 0:11 0:03 0:14 0:14 0:09 0:03 0:15 0:11 0:04 0:14 0:14 0:04 0:04 0:14 0:04 0:02 0:17 0:15 0:13 0:01 0:13 0:14 0:01 0:16 0:15 0:13 0:01 0:13 0:12 0:02 0:19 0:17 0:15 0:02 0:14 0:12 0:01 0:09 0:09 0:14 0:01 0:08 0:11 0:02 0:17 0:03 0:11 0:02 0:07 0:02 0:06 0:02 0:02 Study total Hours and minutes per day 4.1 Studies by persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Study Women Men SE SI FI BE FR HU DE UK EE Minutes per day 4.1 Time spent on studies by persons aged 20 to 74 5 0 20 15 10 39 Hardly any differences betweentime women for and study men in Time use surveys offeron an studying indicator on among participation personsday in of aged and the 20 year time are to spent are very about 74. low. equal The The in participation all figures ratesis observed in Estonia and the United Kingdom. the and per examined average average countries, times but slightly less studying There are minorSlovenia differences and between Finland, women womendifferences study and slightly can men. more be In thandifferences men. refer observed Sweden, only No in to clear studies do not show such differences. education the at other school and countries. university. These Free time gender Study uded. Hours and minutes per day Proportion of people who spent any time on the acitivity, % per day includes studying at school and university, homework, education during free time. Training working hours is not incl

studies 2444244443345684 3:03 0:06 1:22 50 0:05 2:51 0:07 28 2:25 0:09 49 2:25 0:10 40 2:06 0:15 42 0:21 .. 42 0:08 1:37 .. 32 646431111332 0:04 0:02 0:01 0:01 0:02 0:04 0:04 0:03 – – – – – – 25 25 45 45 : Time spent on 40 4.2 Studies by persons of different ages TotalAge 15 Age 15 BE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK Note No data are available on the 15 to 24 age group for Sweden Study 44 – 24 25 – 15 4.2 Time spent on studies by age BE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK Minutes per day 0 90 60 30 210 180 150 120 41 A clear drop in studies after youth Study is clearly concentrated30 and into 50 young % populationon of groups. the studies Between youngest on ageFrance group an and of average less 15 common day. tothe other countries. in 24 It Estonia spend is some and time more the UnitedThere common Kingdom is in than a Belgium in Compared clear and with the drop other countries, inage people in time continue Sweden studying spent and tosystems, on Finland. a possibilities later This studies of may afterentry into the labour force. combining be because studies the of with early different employment, 20s. school or later DOMESTIC WORK

43 Domestic work Hours and minutes per day Share of total time spent by women and men % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO comprises work done for own household. The most important categories are food management, care textiles, cleaning and

Domestic work household upkeep, gardening, repairs, shopping and childcare. : 44 TotalWomenMenWomenMenTotal 3:36 4:32WomenMen 2:38 3:17 4:11 63 2:21 37 4:01 5:02 64 2:48 94 3:28 97 4:30 36 90 2:21 64 3:51 4:57 92 97 36 2:39 88 66 3:50 4:57 93 98 34 2:39 3:08 3:56 87 65 89 97 2:16 35 3:06 3:42 81 65 2:29 92 97 3:18 4:15 35 86 63 2:18 3:04 3:47 90 97 37 2:22 82 60 94 98 40 90 65 95 98 35 92 62 93 97 38 88 95 98 93 5.1 Domestic work total of persons aged 20 to 74 Note Domestic work Women Men persons aged 20 to 74 5.1 Total time spent on domestic work by EE SI HU BE FR UK DE FI NO SE Minutes per day Minutes 0 60 360 300 240 180 120 45 Women do two thirds of all domestic work Women perform betweencountries 60 included and in this 66spent comparison. % by Most women of time in allper on Estonia, domestic day. Hungary domestic work and Less work Slovenia, is thanwomen in around four in five the Sweden, hours hours Norway per andSweden, day even Finland. though is Men's men share spent in isspend on Estonia, the more Slovenia, domestic biggest Hungary time work in and dailycountries. Belgium by on Women's domestic tasks andequal in Sweden. than men's men in shares the of restA domestic of the work difference areproportions between of more persons women who doAlmost and any all domestic women, men work but onday. slightly is an fewer average men day. also do some observed domestic work in per the Domestic work Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 0:22 0:16 0:220:10 0:18 0:08 0:14 0:060:21 0:17 0:06 0:25 0:21 0:04 0:36 0:25 0:04 0:22 0:26 0:04 0:28 0:23 0:03 0:10 0:32 0:03 0:09 0:34 0:03 0:08 0:17 0:20 0:02 0:10 0:20 0:01 0:12 0:19 0:01 0:18 0:02 0:310:24 0:04 0:32 0:18 0:04 0:06 0:33 0:02 0:26 0:11 0:32 0:28 0:12 0:17 0:21 0:10 0:19 0:24 0:27 0:10 0:21 0:16 0:11 0:200:16 0:16 0:09 0:17 0:21 0:26 0:15 0:23 0:24 0:222:38 0:12 0:07 0:24 2:21 0:11 0:31 0:21 2:48 0:16 0:23 2:21 0:12 0:11 2:39 0:17 0:21 2:39 0:14 2:16 0:16 2:29 2:18 2:22 Food preparation Dish washing Cleaning and upkeep Laundry, ironing and handicrafts Gardening Construction and repairs Shopping and services Childcare Other domestic Domestic work total Men Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 1:01 0:49 1:210:22 1:06 0:21 1:27 0:260:57 1:25 0:20 0:53 0:55 0:30 0:53 0:50 0:28 1:08 0:59 0:15 0:47 0:50 0:37 0:21 0:56 0:29 0:18 0:49 0:36 0:21 0:06 0:32 0:30 0:09 0:50 0:33 0:14 0:36 0:32 0:09 0:29 0:190:05 0:21 0:25 0:03 0:27 0:08 0:03 0:27 0:36 0:10 0:04 0:38 0:07 0:02 0:29 0:09 0:35 0:02 0:37 0:26 0:04 0:25 0:34 0:040:13 0:21 0:28 0:04 0:23 0:32 0:35 0:04 0:26 0:294:32 0:29 0:08 0:39 4:11 0:28 0:19 0:27 5:02 0:29 0:16 4:30 0:33 0:15 4:57 0:34 0:25 4:57 0:17 3:56 0:17 3:42 4:15 3:47 46 Food preparation Dish washing Cleaning and upkeep Laundry, ironing and handicrafts Gardening Construction and repairs Shopping and services Childcare Other domestic Domestic work total Women 5.2 Domestic activities of persons aged 20 to 74 Domestic work EE HU SI BE SE NO FR DE UK FI 5.2b Domestic activities of men aged 20 to 74 Minutes per day Minutes 0 60 360 300 240 180 120 Other domestic Shopping and services ironing Laundry, and handicrafts preparation Food Childcare Gardening Cleaning and upkeep Dish washing Construction and repairs EE SI HU BE FR UK DE FI NO SE Minutes per day Minutes 5.2a Domestic activities of women aged 20 to 74 0 60 360 300 240 180 120 47 Women and men involved in differentDomestic domestic activities tasks are gender segregated.With Women women, do food housework preparation and isupkeep caring, the takes men most the do time-consuming second maintenance activity, largest andand especially repair repairs, in amount work. and Hungary, of in Slovenia time shopping. and among Domestic Estonia. women. activities Cleaning Men are and are described most in active more in detail cleaning on and the upkeep, next construction pages. Domestic work Hours and minutes per day Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Average time by those who spent any on the activity, hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO comprises all activities connected with the preparation of meals, snacks, drinks, and so on.

Food preparation It also includes baking and preserving as well setting the table serving. 48 TotalWomenMenWomenMenTotalWomen 0:42 1:01Men 0:22Women 0:33 0:49Men 73 0:16 27 0:55 1:21 75 69 0:22 85 0:43 1:06 25 53 1:12 0:18 79 63 80 0:53 1:27 0:42 21 1:01 46 0:14 79 0:52 1:25 70 90 0:35 1:30 21 0:17 45 0:39 0:55 86 0:49 63 84 1:19 0:21 14 0:38 40 0:50 0:45 83 59 84 1:44 0:25 0:43 0:59 17 32 0:44 72 1:40 0:26 61 85 0:36 0:50 28 0:52 33 1:04 0:23 67 73 86 0:36 33 0:57 58 69 76 87 0:39 1:08 31 64 68 0:42 75 87 0:57 32 62 0:35 77 88 66 5.3 Food preparation among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Domestic work Women Men aged 20 to 74 HU SI EE FR BE UK FI SE NO DE 5.3 Time spent on preparing food by persons Minutes per day Minutes 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 less than one hour during the – 49 Food preparation is time consuming for women Food preparation is a typicalmore female task, time especially in is countriesperform spent where tasks on connected it. withNorway the Almost and preparing all the of women,than in the other countries. food United but daily. Kingdom In clearly more Sweden, fewer men men, Food prepare preparation meals is per moreSweden, equally day Norway shared and between the womenNevertheless, United and even Kingdom men in than in these intime spent on preparing meals is two thirds. countries, the the other countries. women's share ofWomen the total who prepareaverage, food on it. spend In moreon Hungary, preparing than food Slovenia than and one inspend Estonia, hour the less more other time per time countries. on Men is day, it who than spent on prepare women meals do day. Domestic work Hours and minutes per day Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Average time by those who spent any on the activity, hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO also includes connected activities before and after washing up, for example, clearing the table a meal putting

Dish washing the rest of food into fridge, drying up, tidying away dishes, and loading unloading dishwasher. 50 TotalWomenMenWomenMenTotalWomen 0:16 0:22Men 0:10Women 0:15 0:21Men 69 0:08 31 0:17 0:26 72 50 0:06 64 0:13 0:20 28 35 0:34 0:06 81 46 59 0:18 0:30 0:29 19 0:36 31 0:04 77 0:16 0:28 51 73 0:26 0:36 23 0:04 24 0:10 0:15 88 0:25 39 57 0:35 0:04 12 0:16 20 0:21 0:30 88 47 75 0:40 0:10 0:13 0:18 12 15 0:27 79 0:39 0:09 44 71 0:14 0:21 21 0:31 13 0:26 0:08 68 40 58 0:20 32 0:30 20 67 56 69 0:24 0:29 33 42 72 0:26 48 62 0:32 28 34 0:25 49 66 32 5.4 Dish washing among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Domestic work aged 20 to 74 Women Men 5.4 Time spent on dish washing by persons HU SI EE BE DE SE NO FR UK FI Minutes per day Minutes 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 51 Women responsible for dish washing Like food preparation, dish washingthirds is of a typical the femaleaverage task. women day About compared two in tofor one the women third surveyed of in men. Hungary, countriesand the United Kingdom. It Slovenia wash is and most dishes Estonia, time and on consuming leastWomen an so and in men Finland whothe same amount of time on it, about half-an-hour, average. washed dishes on an average dayWomen spent do about around threeevenly quarters shared of all betweenSweden and Belgium. washing women of dishes. and It men is most in the United Kingdom, Domestic work es, tins, and so on. includes cleaning the yard, heating and water supply, various arrangements at home, such as looking for lost items, BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes vacuuming, washing and waxing floors, windows, making beds, tidying, arranging the home, sorting papers, bottl

other household upkeep packing and unpacking, or tending to houseplants. Cleaning dwelling The category of : 52 Cleaning dwelling Hours and minutes per day WomenMenOther upkeep WomenMenCleaning dwellingWomenMenOther upkeep 0:48WomenMen 0:13Cleaning dwelling 0:09 0:39WomenMen 0:08 0:11 0:14 0:37 79 0:14 0:11 21 0:16 53 1:00 78 0:25 47 0:12 0:08 22 67 0:37 Share of total time spent by women and men, % 50 77 0:10 27 0:08 50 0:09 0:40 Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day 23 66 39 0:20 0:08 83 26 0:16 0:26 61 17 69 0:24 44 0:08 0:23 82 0:30 27 56 0:26 18 77 0:15 31 0:02 0:38 83 25 69 0:05 0:11 17 65 0:12 0:33 40 76 23 0:09 0:14 60 0:03 24 67 47 67 0:05 16 53 33 60 29 78 22 71 22 64 57 70 38 43 30 62 38 24 62 64 32 5.5 Cleaning dwelling and other household upkeep among persons aged 20 to 74 Note Domestic work Women Men by persons aged 20 to 74 FR BE SI DE EE UK FI HU NO SE Minutes per day Minutes 5.5 Time spent on cleaning and household upkeep 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 53 Cleaning is generally women's task Cleaning dwelling iswomen do a around highly 80 %day, female about of two all dominated thirds cleaning task. of intime women on the On and cleaning dwelling. around the On average, dwelling. one antime than others on indoor cleaning. French quarter average and of Belgian men women spend spend more On cleaning daysspend less, around 45 minutes. women spend around oneCleaning hour the on yard, it,upkeep, heating while is and men slightly waterthese male tasks supply, dominated, in and most withand Germany. countries other men except household doing in the the United majority Kingdom, Belgium of Domestic work ed. Hours and minutes per day Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Average time by those who spent any on the activity, hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes loading and unloading the washing machine, hand washing, hanging out putting away laundry when not ironed or mangl

Laundry 54 TotalWomenMenWomenMen 5632228868 TotalWomen 0:05 0:09Men 0:01Women 0:07 0:12Men 90 0:02 10 0:09 0:15 86 18 0:01 30 0:04 0:07 14 0:30 0:01 94 19 32 0:10 0:18 0:20 6 0:38 0:01 88 0:05 0:09 14 24 0:33 1:03 0:00 12 0:08 0:13 95 0:33 12 21 0:33 0:02 0:08 0:12 5 100 0:50 14 26 1:09 0:03 0:06 0:11 0:50 87 0 0:33 0:02 15 27 0:07 0:11 0:33 .. 80 13 0:02 24 39 0:36 0:25 85 20 20 33 0:33 0:38 85 15 20 33 0:28 0:33 15 24 40 0:25 5.6 Laundering among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Domestic work aged 20 to 74 Women Men 5.6 Time spent on laundry by persons HU EE FI DE SE UK NO BE SI FR Minutes per day Minutes 5 0 15 20 10 55 Women responsible for laundry Women take care ofOn most an laundry average work day almost inof one all third men the of women wash compared but countries. clothes.Finnish households. fewer than Laundering one is tenth most frequent inWomen's Norwegian share and ofcountry. It is rare for men to wash clothes in the countries surveyed. doing the laundryLaundering varies takes around from half-an-hour of 80on both women's the to and days men's 100 time women spend an hour doing the laundry. when % they by do it, except in Hungary and Estonia where Domestic work Hours and minutes per day Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Average time by those who spent any on the activity, hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO also comprises mangling and connected tasks, such as folding putting textiles into the wardrobe.

Ironing 56 TotalWomenMen 590600017150 WomenMen 3212112252 TotalWomen 0:10 0:19Men 0:01Women 0:06 0:10 95 0:01 0:04 0:08 91 16 0:00 29 0:08 0:15 1:06 100 0:01 10 18 0:06 0:11 0:56 0:00 94 0:08 0:16 14 8 0:57 0:00 100 0:03 0:05 23 12 1:05 0:00 100 0:03 0:05 17 1:05 0:01 9 100 0:07 0:11 1:04 0:02 25 0:02 14 0:04 83 0:38 0:00 13 8 85 0:42 12 100 0:50 7 22 0:29 13 14 8 5.7 Ironing among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Domestic work Women Men aged 20 to 74 5.7 Time spent on ironing by persons BE SI FR HU UK DE EE FI SE NO Minutes per day Minutes 5 0 15 20 10 57 Ironing men are exceptional Ironing is an eveniron very seldom. On an average day, 1 to 5 % of men do ironing. more female dominated task thanThe laundering. Men frequencycountries. of Ironing is ironingthe more by United common Kingdom, in women where Belgium,average around Slovenia, day. varies In France 25 Sweden, and % Finland, clearlyof of Norway women and women between are Estonia do involved only in ironingdays the one ironing. eighth on they Women an do spend abouthalf-an-hour or slightly more is spent. ironing, an except hour in on the Norway, Finland and Sweden where Domestic work ision, is not included. Hours and minutes per day Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Average time by those who spent any on the activity, hours and minutes per day 6375146235 consists of making new products, such as knitting, needlework, sewing by machine or hand, weaving. Repairing and caring BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO

Handicrafts and care for textiles for clothes and shoes also come under this category. Handicrafts as a simultaneous activity, example,. while watching telev 58 TotalWomenMen 51301120450 WomenMen 0000000000 Total 0:05 0:09WomenMen 0:00 0:03 0:06Women 95 0:00 0:07 0:12 99 0:00 0:04 0:08 11 0:00 97 1:21 0:01 0:02 6 0:00 100 1:34 0:04 0:07 12 0:01 1:41 99 0:05 0:10 0:00 10 1:23 0:02 0:03 88 0:00 0:03 0:05 1 .. 100 0:00 0:05 0:10 1:40 7 96 0:00 1:35 11 95 1:22 100 4 1:46 1:40 5 10 5.8 Handicrafts among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Domestic work Women Men EE FI NO BE FR SI DE UK SE HU Minutes per day Minutes 5 0 5.8 Time spent on handicrafts by persons aged 20 to 74 20 15 10 59 Handicrafts is in women's hands Handicrafts is almost entirely aon women's it task. by However, country the timeEstonia, differs. spent Handicrafts Norway, is mostSweden and the United Kingdom. common among Finland women and in Belgium,Even and though least the sowomen, those average in doing it time spend Hungary, by a spent lot of its on time ondescribes performers it. handicrafts The handicrafts average is is time as spent done low a around as for primary simultaneous one-and-a-half activity, activity all This for only. has hours example, not Handicrafts while per watching beenspent on handicrafts. is television. included day. also here but This it would increase the total time Domestic work Hours and minutes per day Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day tending and harvesting vegetables, potatoes, so on. It also comprises – Average time by those who spent any on the activity, hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes all kinds of work in the kitchen garden

Gardening tending to outdoor plants and flowers, mowing the lawn, so on. 60 TotalWomenMenWomenMenTotalWomen 0:11 0:06Men 0:17Women 0:09 0:09Men 26 0:10 74 0:13 0:14 47 12 0:12 9 0:13 0:09 53 16 1:10 0:18 55 13 0:25 0:19 15 1:48 45 0:55 11 0:31 33 0:28 0:25 11 13 1:25 1:53 67 0:32 9 0:07 0:08 37 2:09 13 12 1:18 0:06 63 0:11 0:10 15 2:02 44 15 2:21 13 0:11 0:10 0:07 56 3:01 17 57 1:49 0:12 22 23 0:10 0:09 43 2:32 21 1:11 0:10 48 9 11 1:32 52 0:47 7 37 1:34 17 22 1:13 63 12 47 1:40 11 10 0:56 53 1:17 12 14 16 13 5.9 Gardening among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Domestic work aged 20 to 74 Women Men 5.9 Time spent on gardening by persons SI HU EE SE FR NO DE FI UK BE Minutes per day Minutes 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 61 Gardening takes much time of its performers The examined countries differ clearlygardening in work time spent is onclearly less gardening is done in the other countries. gardening. done Most by people inGardening Slovenia work andgardening is Hungary, than while notKingdom women a and in Slovenia, self-evident butcountries. Belgium, the male same France, amount task. Hungary, asWhen women Men the looking in at the do United those other average who more do more gardening time during thantime a day, women men spent on spend it,gardening, on in one they to Hungary spend threehours on it, with women in Hungary spending the most time. three hours, and with quarters most Slovenia. of On an hour the to days two-and-a-half women do Domestic work Hours and minutes per day Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Average time by those who spent any on the activity, hours and minutes per day 9535136765 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO comprise all kinds of major construction, renovation and repairs the dwelling, garage or outhouse,

Construction and repairs as well indoor repairs, making and repairing equipment, vehicle maintenance, so on. : 62 TotalWomenMenWomenMenTotalWomen 0:15 0:05Men 0:24Women 0:11 0:03Men 19 0:18 81 0:17 0:03 15 15 0:33 0:18 0:04 85 21 0:59 0:32 8 12 0:09 0:02 1:54 92 1:03 19 0:17 0:13 0:02 11 14 1:36 1:33 89 0:24 27 0:12 0:04 2:02 10 14 1:27 0:21 90 0:12 23 0:04 2:20 8 6 0:20 .. 0:11 0:04 92 11 2:29 0:17 16 12 1:07 0:14 0:04 84 1:54 21 0:23 1:09 18 12 1:47 82 20 1:01 20 1:44 13 80 19 1:10 1:46 15 11 85 1:20 16 2:01 12 19 5.10 Construction and repairs among persons aged 20 to 74 Note Domestic work Women Men by persons aged 20 to 74 5.10 Time spent on construction and repairs BE FR NO FI SE UK EE DE SI HU Minutes per day Minutes 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 63 Men do almost all construction and repairs The most typicalrepairs. male Men tasks take in caresurveyed. the Most of households time 80 on are construction toEstonia. and construction 90 One repairs and is fifth % spent of of inin some repairing work on an average day. men France these but and tasks only one in out the of countries Even 20 women though were the involved averagelow, amount a of lot of timemen time spent do is on them spent thesehours on them, while women spend around an hour. on they activities them is spend on on the days average they 90 are minutes done. to When two-and-a-half Domestic work include visiting public offices, Hours and minutes per day

Services Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Average time by those who spent any on the activity, hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes purchasing consumer and capital goods, browsing at shops or markets.

Shopping and commercial or personal services. Trips connected with shopping are excluded when separated in the diary. 64 TotalWomenMenWomenMenTotalWomen 0:31 0:36Men 0:26Women 0:33 0:38Men 58 0:28 42 0:26 0:29 57 49 0:21 53 0:32 0:37 43 44 1:07 0:27 58 47 53 0:21 0:25 0:59 42 1:11 42 0:16 58 0:19 0:21 50 60 1:07 0:49 42 0:16 40 0:29 0:32 61 0:54 43 49 1:15 0:26 39 0:26 36 0:29 1:15 57 43 53 0:48 0:22 0:32 0:39 43 32 0:51 55 0:54 0:24 33 39 0:24 0:27 45 0:57 28 0:55 0:21 57 54 58 0:53 43 0:54 50 62 49 54 0:50 1:15 38 44 56 1:02 45 52 0:47 44 38 0:43 54 58 49 5.11 Shopping and services among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Domestic work Women Men by persons aged 20 to 74 5.11 Time spent on shopping and services UK DE FR BE FI SE EE NO HU SI Minutes per day Minutes 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 – around an hour – 65 Women and men spend an hour when shopping Half of the populationMost shop time or on use these someKingdom and Belgium, least in Slovenia Hungary. activities services is on spent an in average Germany, day. Women France, do the shopping United more oftenspend than approximately men. However, the women same and men amount of time when shopping. An examination by agedifferences group between (not women and included men. inspend Among the women, most the table) middle-aged time reveals some group, on those shopping, over whereascountries. 65, among shop men, most the actively oldest age in almost all the surveyed Domestic work alking with a child, accompanying a child, and so on, are excluded. Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes of active care given to a child living in own household.In addition physical care, teaching, reading, playing and t

Childcare a child to doctor, visiting the school, and so on, are also included. Going together cinema, watching television with Only parents living as a couple are included. Childcare as a simultaneous activity, for example, while preparing food, is not included. 66 All parents living as couple Hours and minutes per day TotalWomenMenWomenMenTotalWomenMenEmployed parents living as coupleWomenMen 1:54 1:21 0:51 2:18 1:39 69 0:59 2:39 1:46 31 70 0:50 94 82 1:57 1:19 30 70 0:40 1:40 76 2:56 2:03 95 84 0:50 24 1:11 1:44 73 2:23 1:39 75 Hours and minutes per day 93 77 0:57 0:56 1:40 25 2:34 1:50 59 71 0:50 91 73 1:03 1:41 2:10 1:39 29 55 0:37 72 1:07 1:58 94 82 2:22 1:41 28 1:09 69 1:00 2:16 71 2:17 1:44 91 77 0:55 29 1:13 2:02 62 66 96 84 1:01 2:08 34 72 70 1:07 96 88 2:08 30 79 0:58 65 2:11 94 82 35 1:12 70 97 89 80 5.12 Childcare among parents living as couple with children aged up to 6 Note: Domestic work Women Men with children aged up to 6 HU EE FI SI UK DE NO SE FR BE Minutes per day Minutes 0 5.12 Time spent on childcare by parents living as couple 90 60 30 180 150 120 67 Mothers are mainly responsible for childcare Looking at alllongest parents total time with spentMothers the on spend childcare youngest daily activities child isfathers an reported aged around average in an of up Hungary. likely two hour to that the to on six, differences two-and-a-half childcare between the differences in the systems for provision of childcare services. the hours in countries are and the partly explained countries by surveyed.The It mother's is share isand 65 Swedish to fathers 76 share %evenly than fathers elsewhere. total of childcare all activities childcare with activities. mothers Norwegian more Almost everyproportion of fathers is 55 to 80 % on an average day. mother participates dailyEmployed in mothers childcarechildcare as employed fathers with small children do. spend, whereas on the average, twice as much time on Domestic work king with a child, accompanying ild, and so on, are excluded. Share of total time spent by women and men, % Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes active care given to a child living in own household. In addition physical care, teaching, reading, playing and tal

Childcare a child to doctor, visiting the school, and so on, are also included. Going together cinema, watching television with ch Only parents living as a couple are included. Childcare as a simultaneous activity, for example, while preparing food is not included. 68 TotalWomenMenWomenMenTotalWomenMenEmployed parents living as coupleWomenMen 0:32 0:24 0:16 0:32 0:22 66 0:13 0:28 0:19 34 70 0:10 49 39 0:30 0:20 30 29 0:29 0:09 73 0:40 0:30 52 39 0:16 27 0:26 0:21 27 0:19 0:13 77 Hours and minutes per day 52 39 0:14 0:26 0:07 23 0:19 0:14 24 66 0:10 45 31 0:25 0:09 0:39 0:32 34 18 0:09 73 0:32 0:24 47 37 0:26 0:20 27 0:20 28 0:17 0:12 68 0:28 0:19 31 23 0:07 32 0:17 0:11 14 61 46 35 0:09 0:38 39 22 68 0:25 66 58 0:23 32 48 0:12 72 47 0:26 36 28 25 0:11 48 35 24 All parents living as couple Hours and minutes per day 5.13 Childcare among parents living as couple with youngest child aged 7 to 17 Note: Domestic work Women Men with youngest child aged 7 to 17 HU SE BE DE FR EE NO UK SI FI Minutes per day Minutes 5.13 Time spent on childcare by parents living as couple 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 69 Clear drop in childcare when children go toParents school with the youngeston child childcare of than schoolaverage age parents spend of with clearly small half-an-hour lesschildcare. children time and Half do. of fathers Motherssome childcare activity on an average day. the 10 spend mothers an to and 20 oneSwedish minutes quarter fathers of per the have daysurveyed fathers on a countries. report They morefrequently report and active more more role timefor participation spent than almost on in 40 it. fathers childcare % Swedishsurveyed in of fathers countries, more the all seem the fathers' childcare to share account time other of childcare in time the is family around 30 whereas %. in the other Domestic work

5.14 Time spent by parents with children aged up to 9

DE SI FI SE UK NO Hours and minutes per day All parents Total 5:37 5:14 6:21 6:06 7:03 5:24 Women 6:58 6:09 7:57 7:10 8:35 6:19 Men 4:06 4:07 4:24 4:56 5:10 4:22 Employed parents Total 3:58 5:02 5:35 5:56 6:19 5:10 Women 6:00 5:55 7:08 7:01 7:44 6:04 Men 4:46 4:05 4:18 4:50 5:09 4:20

Note: Time spent with children aged up to nine living in the same household was measured with a separate diary column. Being together covered doing things together, or just being in the same place or room as the child. Sleeping time was excluded. Minor differences in the measurement of time spent with children occurred between the countries that limit accurate cross-national comparisons, for example, in the United Kingdom, being together covered being in the same house, which may have resulted in over-reporting. This table includes parents with children aged up to 9.

70 Domestic work Women Men UK FI SE DE SI NO Minutes per day Minutes 5.14 Time spent with children up to 9 by all parents 0 60 540 480 420 360 300 240 180 120 71 Mothers spend two towith three children hours than more fathers per do day Mothers spend onfathers an between average four day andwhen five six hours all to with their eight-and-a-half parentsclosely children hours linked aged are to and up the observed. to employmentof childcare services. patterns nine and systems for National the provision differencesLooking are only probably atspend employed parents, daily it somewhatfathers is more do. clear time This that withhours of women. is employed their linked mothers with, children for than example, employed shorter average working TOTAL HOURS WORKED

73 Total hours worked BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes work done for own household. The most important categories are food management, care textiles, cleaning and includes hours worked in first and second jobs, overtime, work brought home, training during working business trips. Working hours do not include lunch breaks and daily travel to from work. Gainful work Domestic work household upkeep, gardening, repairs, childcare and shopping. 74 Women Hours and minutes per day Gainful workDomestic workWork totalMen Gainful workDomestic workWork totalWomen 1:53 4:32Gainful workDomestic workWork total 6:25 1:52 4:11Men 3:15 2:38Gainful workDomestic work 6:03Work total 5:53 2:27 5:02 3:20 2:21 29 71 7:29 5:41 2:17 4:30 3:35 2:48 100 56 44 31 69 6:47 6:23 2:19 4:57 3:48 2:21 100 100 7:16 59 41 6:09 33 67 2:42 4:57 3:34 2:39 100 100 7:39 6:13 2:33 3:56 56 44 3:54 2:39 34 66 100 100 6:29 6:33 2:53 Shares of gainful and domestic work, % 3:42 3:48 2:16 62 38 32 68 100 100 6:36 6:04 2:24 4:15 4:11 2:29 57 43 100 35 100 65 6:39 6:41 2:38 3:47 4:10 2:18 100 100 60 40 39 6:25 61 6:29 4:04 2:22 100 100 63 6:26 37 44 56 100 100 63 37 36 64 100 100 65 35 41 59 100 63 37 6.1 Gainful and domestic work of persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Total hours worked Minutes per day Minutes Gainful work Domestic work 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 6.1 Gainful and domestic work of persons aged 20 to74 M M M M M M M M M M W W W W W W W W W W SI EE HU FR UK SE FI BE NO DE 75 Majority of women's work is unpaid Total hours worked consiststhe of surveyed gainful and countries domesticNorway, work. women's Sweden In and total most the of hours Unitedequal Kingdom exceed are hours. those exceptions with Women oflongest total work hours. almost in men. Slovenia, EstoniaA and greater Hungary part haveAround of the two women's thirds workmajority of the work done by men is paid work. of consists all of work unpaid done domestic by work. women is unpaid, while the Total hours worked Hours and minutes per day Shares of gainful and domestic work, % BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO : See Table 6.1. 76 Women Gainful workDomestic workWork totalMen Gainful workDomestic workWork total 2:38 5:27Gainful work 8:05Domestic work 1:12 6:11 4:47Work total 2:57Men Gainful work 7:23 7:44Domestic work 2:03 6:51 4:32 3:00Work total 8:54 33 67 7:32 2:13 5:49 4:32 2:41 100 8:02 7:13 1:31 62 7:33 38 16 4:55 84 2:30 100 100 9:04 7:25 3:01 6:15 4:47 3:11 60 40 23 77 100 100 9:16 7:58 2:14 6:05 5:38 2:54 63 37 28 72 100 8:19 100 8:32 2:17 5:29 5:15 2:48 66 34 17 83 7:45 100 100 8:03 2:00 6:09 4:53 3:21 8:10 60 40 100 33 8:14 67 100 2:15 5:26 5:33 2:46 7:41 8:19 100 100 66 34 4:47 27 3:12 73 7:59 100 100 65 35 29 71 100 100 59 41 25 75 100 100 67 33 29 71 100 60 40 Women 6.2 Gainful and domestic work of parents living as couple with youngest child aged up to 6 Note Total hours worked Minutes per day Minutes Gainful work Domestic work with children up to 6 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 M M M M M M M M M M W W W W W W W W W W 6.2 Gainful and domestic work of parents living as couple FI SI EE FR SE BE DE HU UK NO 77 Small children intensify thebetween traditional women work and division men Parents with smallworking children time per have dayaverage longer for is persons working between aged one 20fathers hours. to and in Their 74. two Estonia, total hours MothersFathers Finland, do work longer Hungary, more more than hours Slovenia, total in the hoursGermany. France Sweden, than Norway, and the Belgium. United Kingdom and Mothers with small childrenworking spend between hours 70 on andclearly 85 domestic % to tasks. of reduce theirbetween In total their gainful this and hours familyuse. domestic in They phase, work work gainful they mainly cannotIn full-time work. be seem France, irrespective Estonia, A seen of Sweden the in similarchildren and age Germany,however, fathers' work of connection fathers shorter time the with children. hoursaged small above in seven. gainful The opposite workUnited seems than to Kingdom be fathers and the with case Finland,longer hours than fathers with older children. in children where Slovenia, the fathers with small children work Total hours worked Hours and minutes per day Shares of gainful and domestic work, % BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO : See Table 6.1. 78 Women Gainful workDomestic workWork totalMen Gainful workDomestic workWork total 2:13 5:04Gainful work 7:17Domestic work 2:17 4:44 4:38Work total 2:28Men Gainful work 7:01 7:06Domestic work 3:35 4:50 4:46 2:10Work total 8:25 30 70 6:56 2:56 5:00 4:52 2:26 100 7:56 7:18 3:35 65 5:24 35 33 5:19 67 2:12 100 100 8:59 7:31 4:17 4:39 4:51 2:44 69 31 43 57 100 100 8:56 7:35 3:51 3:59 5:12 2:22 67 33 37 63 100 7:50 100 7:34 3:54 3:58 5:01 2:18 71 29 40 60 7:52 100 100 7:19 3:07 4:21 5:09 2:34 7:28 64 36 100 48 7:43 52 100 3:29 3:43 5:09 2:15 7:12 7:24 100 100 69 31 4:46 49 2:28 51 7:14 100 100 69 31 50 50 100 100 67 33 42 58 100 100 70 30 48 52 100 66 34 Women 6.3 Gainful and domestic work of parents living as couple with youngest child aged 7 to 17 Note Total hours worked Minutes per day Minutes Gainful work Domestic work with youngest child aged 7 to 17 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 M M M M M M M M M M W W W W W W W W W W 6.3 Gainful and domestic work of parents living as couple FI SI EE FR SE BE DE HU UK NO 79 Mothers increase gainful hours when children get older Compared with parents havingare young children, shorter the for totalmothers as well fathers. working parents hours with children agedWith mothers, 7 the to reductionreduce of 17. the domestic time This work spent on is isthe domestic reduction marked. true is tasks Fathers not when for also as childrenincrease clear grow as hours older, in but with gainful mothers. workage. In when most This the countries, women youngest happens childwhere in reaches all school mothers other withmarket countries than young surveyed mothers except children withpattern. in older are Belgium children. more For fathers, active there onMothers is with no the school clear age labour working children spend hours between 50 onfathers is about 30 %. and domestic 70 % work. of The total corresponding proportion for Total hours worked Hours and minutes per day Shares of gainful and domestic work, % BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO : See Table 6.1. 80 Gainful workDomestic workWork totalGainful workDomestic workWork total 2:30 4:47 7:17 2:22 4:50 34 66 7:12 3:26 4:51 100 33 67 8:17 2:55 4:42 100 7:37 3:25 41 5:11 59 100 8:36 2:51 5:31 38 62 100 8:22 2:39 4:18 40 60 100 6:57 3:29 3:52 34 100 66 7:21 1:59 4:52 100 38 6:51 62 2:16 4:04 100 6:20 47 53 100 29 71 100 36 64 6.4 Gainful and domestic work of single women with children aged up to 17 Note Total hours worked Minutes per day Minutes Gainful work Domestic work with children up to 17 6.4 Gainful and domestic work of single women 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 FI SI FR EE SE BE DE UK HU NO 81 Total working hours ofthan single that mothers of not mothers higher living as a couple The time spentMost on time gainful is workdomestic spent by work in single by Sweden, mothers singlemothers with youngest child aged 7 to 17. mothers Estonia varies is by and roughly country. Hungary. the Time same as spentThe that on total spent by workingmothers hours living of asthe a single couple. surveyed mothers They countries. seem doabove to The eight not be total hours slightly exceedEstonia. lower working among those in Less time single most of of than mothersNorway, the United Kingdom and Finland. per in seven average Hungary, day hours Slovenia is are and worked by single mothers in FREE TIME

83 Free time Percentage of total free time, % 912149891511911 59695109848 5825334654 3556325453 3422122224 3342344334 4517 32 22 48 13 47106728116884 18 56 14 39 21 39 17 34 23 44 21 29 34 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO is not here included in free time as Chapter 1. is not comparable between Norway and the other countries because reporting is not comparable between France and the other countries because of a coding difference. Television and videos Socialising Reading Sports and exercise Resting Hobbies and games Volunteer work and help Entertainment and culture Other or unspecified Free time total conversation as main activity was encouraged by diary instruction in Norway but not elsewhere. Socialising Resting A long time period spent on rest was coded as sleep in France but the other countries if not specifically reported as sleep. This produces an underestimation of total free time in France. Unspecified time use is not included in sports and outdoor activities are included in free time. BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO

2:09 1:410:50 2:11 1:09 1:550:26 0:37 2:37 0:38 0:44 1:440:15 0:38 0:40 2:02 0:28 0:23 0:570:28 1:40 0:17 0:22 0:54 0:20 2:09 0:23 0:230:14 1:07 0:18 1:39 0:13 0:47 0:25 1:00 0:06 0:26 0:35 0:06 2:04 0:22 0:28 0:25 0:110:10 0:30 0:25 0:39 0:08 0:15 0:20 0:11 0:07 0:13 0:25 0:28 0:13 0:140:09 0:23 0:19 0:08 0:14 0:12 0:09 0:15 0:06 0:05 0:09 0:15 0:16 0:054:50 0:10 0:12 0:03 5:19 0:05 0:14 0:04 4:35 0:07 0:10 0:05 4:06 0:10 0:06walking the dog 4:40 0:11 0:06 4:27 0:09 0:06 5:16 0:10 4:57 0:14 4:53 5:47 include use of computer during free time and all kinds hobbies, as in Table 7.6. for example, performing arts, writing, collecting and playing games. Only computing is analysed more closely in this publication. Volunteer work and informal help In this summary table, Hobbies and games 84 Women Hours and minutes per day Television and videos Socialising Reading Sports and exercise Resting Hobbies and games Volunteer work and help Entertainment and culture Other or unspecified Free time total 7.1 Free time activities of women aged 20 to 74 Note: Free time Reading Socialising and Television videos Hobbies and games Hobbies Resting Sports and exercise NO DE FI SE UK BE HU EE SI FR Minutes per day Minutes 7.1 Free time activities of women aged 20 to 74 Other or unspecified Entertainment and culture work and help Volunteer 0 60 360 300 240 180 120 85 Women have four to five hours of freeFree time time per day is definedother as personal the care, timeaccounted gainful that for. remains and The amount when domestic of sleep,hours on an average day of the year. free work, meals time and for and women daily is around travel fourWatching are to five television takesbetween the 29 and lion's 56Socialising share % with of of family the and free freethe friends free time time, comes time. total The next, for in time takingthe time spent on sports and outdoor activities. spent the women, around on countries reading, 20 surveyed. around % 10 of %, exceeds slightly Free time Percentage of total free time, % 16100 9 7 8 91361110106 85728127753 812364561087 3556435433 3422122224 4343244334 4413 34101112887121089 18 48 11 45 15 51 15 40 18 41 14 37 18 49 16 35 26 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO Television and videos Socialising Reading Sports and exercise Resting Hobbies and games Volunteer work and help Entertainment and culture Other or unspecified Free time total BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 2:23 1:59 2:390:42 2:08 1:03 2:49 0:360:31 2:12 0:43 0:37 2:25 0:49 0:390:22 1:58 0:59 0:23 0:29 2:37 0:50 0:27 0:280:26 2:06 0:57 0:23 0:36 0:17 0:50 0:44 0:21 0:220:25 1:39 0:30 0:36 0:06 0:41 0:26 0:37 0:25 0:09 0:33 0:32 0:38 0:180:11 0:18 0:24 0:14 0:17 0:33 0:22 0:16 0:17 0:17 0:20 0:180:11 0:11 0:30 0:13 0:14 0:24 0:11 0:060:12 0:25 0:16 0:05 0:09 0:12 0:04 0:135:23 0:10 0:05 0:07 5:46 0:10 0:06 0:08 5:29 0:05 0:12 4:44 0:07 0:13 5:30 0:07 0:11 5:32 0:11 5:55 0:15 5:17 5:20 5:59 : See Table 7.1. 86 Television and videos Socialising Reading Sports and exercise Resting Hobbies and games Volunteer work and help Entertainment and culture Other or unspecified Free time total Men Hours and minutes per day 7.2 Free time activities of men aged 20 to 74 Note Free time Reading Socialising and Television videos Hobbies and games Hobbies Resting Sports and exercise NO FI DE SI HU EE BE UK SE FR Minutes per day Minutes 7.2 Free time activities of men aged 20 to 74 Other or unspecified Entertainment and culture work and help Volunteer 0 60 360 300 240 180 120 87 Men have over five hours of free timeOn per an day average day,free time, around half-an-hour more than women. men have around five toRelative five-and-a-half hours to of television, the 34 total to 51though amount %, men of is spend almostsurveyed. more free the time same time, Socialising watching foraccounts television the men is for in and a share slightly all the women smallerwomen. the even of proportion In second of countries most the watching countries free largest time reading10 of is men the free % than third of largest, ofprominent time taking role up in men's activity. around men's than totalhobbies in It and women's free games, free especially time. because time. Theon computing as seen in Table 7.7. of same differences Sports is in the true time and for spent exercise play a more Free time Hours and minutes per day Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Average time by those who spent any on the activity, hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO as a simultaneous activity is not included.

Watching television and videos : 88 TotalWomenMenTotalWomenMenTotal 2:16 2:09WomenMen 2:23 1:50 1:41 84 84 1:59 2:24 2:11 85 2:39 2:42 2:34 78 76 2:01 1:55 2:48 80 2:08 2:21 2:13 2:43 2:37 86 86 2:28 2:49 86 2:47 2:32 1:58 1:44 77 76 3:05 2:12 2:37 2:31 78 2:13 2:02 88 88 2:44 2:25 3:05 2:58 1:49 1:40 87 3:14 85 83 1:58 2:19 2:05 2:23 2:09 87 2:32 2:37 2:35 2:22 86 86 1:52 1:39 2:49 86 2:06 2:13 2:03 82 81 2:22 83 2:44 2:30 87 86 3:00 2:15 2:01 87 83 82 2:30 84 7.3 Watching television and videos among persons aged 20 to 74 Note Free time Women Men by persons aged 20 to 74 HU EE BE UK FI FR SI DE SE NO 7.3 Time spent on watching television and videos Minutes per day 0 60 180 120 89 Men watch more television than women do In all the surveyed countries,and men videos spend than more women time do.of watching television However, those in who most watch countriesamong women and men. the television proportion on an averageMen day is watch nearly television thecountries, at same least and two women,countries. hours at In per Hungary, least daytelevision Estonia in two and over all hours the two-and-a-half thearound two hours per day. in United surveyed hours, Kingdom, half but men of watch in theAmong Sweden surveyed and women,two-and-a-half Germany hours the per day. WomenSweden, Germany and Slovenia, slightly over one-and-a-half hours. Hungarians watch television least in watch Norway, television most, around Free time ned. here. ly. Hours and minutes per day Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK includes visits and parties, phone calls conversation with family, relatives or friends when no other activities are mentio

Socialising Discussions while eating, watching television, and so on, are not included in socialising but the activity done simultaneous Norway is excluded because reporting conversation as main activity was encouraged by diary instructions in but not elsew : 90 7.4 Socialising among persons aged 20 to 74 TotalWomenMenTotalWomenMen 0:46 0:50 0:42 1:06 1:09 54 58 1:03 49 0:36 0:37 70 73 0:36 0:44 0:44 67 0:43 .. .. 0:44 0:40 .. 0:49 0:58 0:57 45 48 0:59 42 0:52 0:54 47 45 0:50 49 1:02 1:07 63 65 0:57 61 0:55 1:00 59 66 0:50 52 68 76 60 60 66 53 Note Free time Women Men DE SE UK SI FI BE FR HU EE Minutes per day Minutes 0 7.4 Time spent on socialising by persons aged 20 to 74 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 91 Socialising is an essential part of free time Social life is easilyeveryday forgotten life. in However, descriptions pure socialising ofGermans fills how one and people fifth Swedes spend of entire their people seem free to time. in spend thesocialising more other time than countries. on menFrance, socialising Women in than Estonia, spend most and slightly ofand Slovenia more men the where was time compared no found.than women do. on countries, In difference Hungary, except between men for women spend more timeA on large socialising part ofwork, meals what and is other normallyget activities. a thought It more is of complete not asbe necessary to also analyse socialising as a simultaneous activity. view included socialising of here the is and total in linked time order to spent to on social life it would Free time .... 11 54 20 40...... 13 10 56 27 24 9 39 31.. .. 16 64.. .. 10 19 9 46 53 21 13 11 16 36 41 27 20 16 55 .. 65 23 .. 49 9 13 33 36 20 34 5 59 62 13 44 13 37 8 52 12 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Reading books Other reading Women Reading books Other reading Men Reading books Other reading Total In Belgium and France, reading books was not separated from other reading. To some extent, reading may include books in the other countries, too. This could lead to underestimation of the time used for reading books. Hours and minutes per day .. 0:07.. 0:17 0:30 0:22 .. 0:09 .... 0:07 0:15 0:08 0:12.. 0:16 0:18 0:11 0:30 0:34 0:06 0:20 0:21 .. 0:09 0:20 0:10 .. 0:27 .. 0:09 0:12 0:06 0:14.. 0:14 0:15 0:13 0:31 0:33 0:07 0:24 0:21 .. 0:11 0:18 0:08 .. 0:28 0:04 0:19 0:09 0:19 0:09 0:35 0:05 0:21 0:07 0:21 0:26 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 0:29 0:37 0:39 0:23 0:24 0:230:26 0:46 0:38 0:33 0:38 0:26 0:23 0:36 0:22 0:230:31 0:47 0:37 0:35 0:39 0:25 0:23 0:39 0:27 0:23 0:44 0:30 0:26 0:33 includes reading books, newspapers, magazines, brochures, advertisements,

Reading and so on. Reading connected with work is included in employment, reading for an exam is included in studies. Reading as a simultaneous activity, for instance reading whilst travelling, is not included. 92 Reading books Other reading Reading total Women Reading books Other reading Reading total Men Reading books Other reading Reading total Total Note 7.5 Reading among persons aged 20 to 74 Free time Women Men FI NO DE EE SE BE UK FR SI HU Minutes per day Minutes 0 50 40 30 20 10 7.5 Time spent on reading by persons aged 20 to 74 93 Differences between countries in time used for reading There are differencesreading. among The Europeans time in spentday. The longest time used for reading is in Finland. the on amount it of ranges time fromWomen used 23 for to spend 46 moreFinland. minutes The time per situation is than average themore opposite men in time Belgium on for and Hungary, readingand reading where men than in the use women. Norway, Unitedwomen. In Sweden Kingdom, France, and Slovenia, there Germany, is Estonia Women no devote more clear timehad than difference men recorded between to reading reading menmen books books use in separately. and more all time In the than most countries women for that ofPersons reading who something the other read surveyed than books books. countries, hour and 35 minutes per day. do so between about 55 minutesReading is and also about done one breakfast as a or simultaneous activity, travelling.increase the total time spent on reading. for example, This while having has not been included here but it would Free time 659..351111106 70011012101 17010..004625 11 6 3748..36810107 10 191032135313 11022..116627 9 14 11 19 17 17 917 23 3313 20 .. 17 2110 22 15 5 15 11 18 17 10 31 10 1023 37 21 29 33 5 17 13 13 .. 15 31 20 28 5 16 16 13 12 33 16 38 32 17 30 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO include activities that are related to but not actual exercise, covers hunting, fishing, and picking berries, mushrooms herbs. include jogging, ball games, gymnastics and fitness exercises, so on. Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day Walking, hiking Walking dog Active sports Productive exercise Sports related Sports total (without walking dog) Men Walking, hiking Walking dog Active sports Productive exercise Sports related Sports total (without walking dog) Women

Active sports Productive exercise Sports-related activities for example, assembling sports equipment or changing clothes at the centre. Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO 0:09 0:160:03 0:12 0:04 0:170:05 0:05 0:10 0:120:00 0:18 0:04 0:00 0:13 0:05 ..0:00 0:01 0:13 0:02 0:02 0:00 0:010:18 0:03 0:07 0:03 0:00 0:00 0:32 0:11 0:11 0:07 0:01 0:22 0:09 0:07 0:03 0:23 .. 0:07 0:06 0:01 0:15 0:00 0:12 0:11 0:03 0:00 0:29 0:00 0:14 0:01 0:04 0:35 0:01 0:11 0:03 0:33 0:02 0:200:10 0:05 0:17 0:00 0:12 0:13 0:31 0:02 0:02 0:19 0:06 0:01 0:12 0:11 ..0:00 0:09 0:09 0:06 0:02 0:00 0:050:26 0:04 0:12 0:04 0:01 0:04 0:32 0:09 0:15 0:05 0:04 0:33 0:16 0:07 0:07 0:36 .. 0:12 0:06 0:05 0:23 0:00 0:15 0:04 0:01 0:40 0:00 0:04 0:42 0:02 0:39 0:03 0:24 0:01 0:37 0:03 here is included in sports and exercise. Normally, it domestic

Walking the dog work. In France, walking the dog could not be distinguished separately from pet care in domestic work. 94 Walking, hiking Walking dog Active sports Productive exercise Sports related Sports total Men Walking, hiking Walking dog Active sports Productive exercise Sports related Sports total Women Note: 7.6 Sports and exercise among persons aged 20 to 74 Free time Women Men FI SE DE NO SI FR EE BE UK HU Minutes per day Minutes 0 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 7.6 Time spent on sports and exercise by persons aged 20 to 74 95 Men perform active sports On average, men areMen more active spend than women betweenbetween in 15 sports 23 and and 35 exercise. minutes andnot on include exercise 42 walking on or an minutes,would increase the total time spent on daily exercise (see Table 8.8). average cycling day. whereas to This work does women or the spend The shops, gender and so difference on,mainly of which in the the amountproductive amount of exercise, of fishing, time time hunting spentalso a masculine activity, being most popular in Estonia and Finland. men and on picking spend berries, exercise on and lies active so sports. on,Countries is differ So-called in the amountan of time average spent day, onsome sports around and kind one exercise. On of thirdNorway. of exercise More women in time and Finland,countries than in the others. men is Sweden, participate spent Germany, in daily Slovenia and on sports and exercise in these Free time ing e-mail. her computing. Hours and minutes per day .112222 .1241168 .225343 .258181115 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes computer and video games, seeking reading information by means of a computer, as well reading, writing send Computing refers here only to its hobby use during free time, not computer connected with work or studying. Computing It also includes programming, fixing and repairing the computer. In France, computer video games were not separated from ot : 96 Computer and video gamesOther computingComputing total 0:01Men Computer and video gamesOther computing 0:02Computing total 0:04 0:02Women 0:03 0:00Computer and video gamesOther computing 0:05 0:06Men 0:07 0:08Computer and video games 2 .. 0:11 0:01Other computing 0:01 0:17 0:01 4 0:00 0:22 3 2 .. .. 0:02 0:02 0:00 0:03 5 0:02 7 1 0:01 0:01 9 .. 0:01 0:07 0:01 1 0:02 17 0:02 . 0:03 0:01 0:05 1 Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day 0:04 0:02 0:03 . 0:06 2 0:01 0:07 0:04 . 0:06 0:06 0:06 0:01 0:10 . 0:04 0:04 0:05 0:13 0:17 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:10 0:14 0:10 0:13 Women 7.7 Computing among persons aged 20 to 74 Note Free time Computer and video games WM WM WM WM WM WM Other computing WM WM WM WM DE SE UK NO BE FI FR SI EE HU Minutes per day Minutes 7.7 Time spent on computing by persons aged 20 to 74 5 0 25 15 20 10 97 Computing more men's than women's hobby Computing is a rapidly growingbetween free time the hobby. countries This is insurvey why the differences dates, time which usedcountry for vary to computing conduct across the may the survey, reflectdone in countries. so, the 1998, and in France Germany 2001-02 the wasand definitions). (see latest the to the have first chapter on dataIn sources, all classifications thewomen. countries, When men clearlycomputers looking use are at more usedduring free time. the time more for entire for computing populations purposes than other aged than 20 playing to games 74, Free time writing and sending e-mail messages. untries. her computing. oup for Sweden. BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes computer and video games, seeking reading information by means of a during free time, as well reading, It also includes programming, fixing and repairing the computer. In France, computer video games were not separated from ot Computing Computing refers here only to its hobby use during free time, and not computer connected with work or studying. No data are available on the 10- to 14-year-old age group for Belgium, France and Hungary, 24-year-old gr The upper age limit was 79 in Norway, 84 Hungary and Sweden, 95 Belgium. There no the other co 1424446414244464 0:13 .. 0:03 0:02 0:22 0:24 0:09 0:07 0:04 0:34 0:06 .. 0:02 0:12 0:00 0:09 0:05 1:05 0:58 0:02 0:23 .. 0:01 0:16 0:04 0:19 0:29 0:02 0:04 0:00 0:01 .. 0:08 0:24 0:02 0:08 .. 0:00 0:03 0:10 0:12 0:21 0:03 0:06 0:02 0:02 0:22 .. 0:26 0:07 0:09 .. 0:06 0:02 0:33 0:46 .. 0:06 0:12 0:08 0:05 0:05 1:14 0:16 0:07 0:11 0:19 .. 0:04 0:11 0:25 .. 0:17 0:32 0:12 0:49 0:13 0:51 0:07 1:08 : – – – – – – – – 98 10 15 25 45 65+Men 10 15 25 45 65+ 0:00 0:03 0:00 0:02 0:00 0:11 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:03 0:01 0:01 0:02 0:00 0:02 0:03 0:01 0:05 0:07 0:03 Women Hours and minutes per day 7.8 Computing by age Note Free time 64 65+ – 44 45 – 24 25 – 15 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO Minutes per day Minutes 0 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 7.8b Time spent on computing by men according to age 64 65+ – 44 45 – 24 25 – 15 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO Minutes per day Minutes 0 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 7.8a Time spent on computing by women according to age 99 Young boys most eager computer users Time used for computing is strongly dependent on age. Young persons, especially boys, are the most eager users of computers during free time. Computer use diminishes clearly towards older age. Germany, where the largest amount of time is spent on computer use also by the oldest age group, has most recent survey. Free time ith 295612131310 2404003221 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO is direct help given by persons not arranged any organisation. This recorded only when is work for an organisation or directed to people via organisation. It done free of charge a minor fee.

Volunteer work Informal help to other households mentioned in the diary that it was done for another household. Some help not reported because given simultaneously w work for own household. 100 Volunteer work Hours and minutes per day WomenMenInformal help WomenMenVolunteer work 3715014422 Women Men 0:04Informal help 77117679987 Women 0:06Men 0:06 0:06 0:09 0:05 0:01 0:09 0:02 0:08 0:05 0:13 8 0:08 0:15 Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day 0:00 0:09 0:00 0:10 9 0:00 0:08 0:02 0:13 0:04 0:06 1 0:06 0:10 0:03 0:12 0:05 0:11 0:03 0:09 0:03 0:07 0:01 0:11 0:03 0:08 0:08 0:07 7.9 Volunteer work and informal help to other households among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Free time Women Men by persons aged 20 to 74 FI DE FR UK EE SE NO BE HU SI Minutes per day Minutes 7.9 Time spent on volunteer work and informal help 5 0 15 20 10 101 Help to other householdsvolunteer more work common via than organisations Volunteer work means heredirected work to done people forsomewhat more an common via for organisation men an andeven than for work women organisation. though to do Onvolunteer the volunteer work, work an proportion is averageGermany and France than in the other countries surveyed. of very day, low. people it Slightly having more is Informal spent volunteer help work any to iswork, time other especially done on when households in any looking is time at during more the a common dayEstonia proportion and on of than Finland this but people activity. volunteer differences Informalmost between who help the spent countries, is countries are most women minor. commontime on informal help. In and in men spend almost theComparing same women amount and of and men, informal the help total isFinland, slightly time higher Sweden spent for and on men Norway,and in the United Kingdom, women spend more time on these tasks. in volunteer the most work time of the is countries. equal In for women and men Free time Hours and minutes per day Proportion of people who spent any time on the activity, % per day 7944346565 6943246565 BE DE EE FR HU SI FI SE UK NO includes going to the cinema, theatre, concerts, exhibitions or museums, sports events.

Entertainment and culture Visits to leisure parks, zoos, and so on, are also included. : 102 TotalWomenMen 8944356565 Total Women Men 0:10 0:09 0:11 0:14 0:14 0:14 0:05 0:05 0:06 0:05 0:05 0:05 0:04 0:03 0:04 0:04 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:05 0:06 0:06 0:06 0:05 0:07 0:06 0:07 0:06 0:06 0:07 7.10 Entertainment and cultural participation among persons aged 20 to 74 Note Location and travel Women Men by persons aged 20 to 74 7.10 Time spent on entertainment and culture DE BE SE UK NO EE FR FI SI HU Minutes per day Minutes 5 0 15 20 10 103 National differences observed inand entertainment cultural participation The surveyed countriesentertainment seem and to culture. differthan Germans the in others and attending respect Belgians sportingas events of spend the and participation cultural cinema, more institutions, theatre in equal in these activities. time such or exhibitions. The otherNo countries clear are differences almost betweenanalysing participation overall. women and men can be observed when LOCATION AND TRAVEL

105 Location and travel 01201213 834332545 811011111 1365445565 108106458107 12 10 12 12 74 71 72 78 74 69 66 68 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO Women Percentage of total hours the day, % Home Weekend house Working place or school Other people's homes Restaurant, cafe or pub Travelling Other, unspecified location Total, % also includes second homes of

Weekend house includes school, shop, in the street, other outdoors, and so on.

Other location BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO 0:04 0:101:57 0:31 1:540:37 0:05 3:02 0:560:17 0:19 2:23 0:42 0:10 0:321:19 2:47 0:43 0:03 0:20 1:17 2:30 0:34 0:08 0:36 1:01 2:581:58 1:14 0:08 0:51 2:52 2:28 0:58 0:11 1:16 1:26 1:14 0:09 1:10 1:02 0:11 1:21 1:07 1:14 1:54 2:19 1:40 17:48 17:02 17:14 18:48 17:50 16:30 15:55 16:13 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 includes being at home indoors, in the yard or garden. students in Estonia and Slovenia. France did not record location. In the United Kingdom, location was not asked for when respondents recorded work, sleep or study. Location was usually coded from the activities written in diary. At home 106 Women Hours and minutes per day Home Weekend house Working place or school Other people's homes Restaurant, cafe or pub Travelling Other, unspecified location Total Note: 8.1 Location of women aged 20 to 74 Location and travel Other people's homes place or school Working house Weekend Home BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO 8.1 Location of women aged 20 to 74 Travelling or pub cafe Restaurant, Other, unspecified location Other, 0% 80% 60% 40% 20% 100% 107 Women spend more than two thirds of theirWomen time at spend home morecountries surveyed. than Women two inmost Hungary, thirds time, Slovenia and and of women Belgiumhome. their in spend Most Sweden, time time NorwayEstonia, Sweden, Norway and Slovenia. at at and Finland home the least workplace in time or at the Most school time in is other spentFinland, people's followed by homes by is women Sweden spentor and in pub by Germany. is women Visiting slightly a in morecountries surveyed. restaurant, Norway common cafe for and women in Belgium than in the other Location and travel 01312213 24342544 21021111 76546666 91075610118 67 6413 64 14 69 18 67 15 62 16 60 14 60 17 18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO Home Weekend house Working place or school Other people's homes Restaurant, cafe or pub Travelling Other, unspecified location Total, % Men Percentage of total hours the day, % also includes second homes

Weekend house includes school, shop, in the street, other outdoors, and so on.

Other location BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO 0:03 0:123:12 0:39 3:210:36 0:08 4:20 0:51 0:210:23 3:41 0:42 0:35 0:12 3:501:35 0:58 0:15 0:06 3:19 1:26 0:35 0:38 0:22 4:06 1:132:11 1:11 0:13 4:16 1:03 2:30 0:57 0:17 1:30 1:44 1:00 0:11 1:27 1:08 0:10 1:33 1:24 1:29 2:20 2:32 1:56 16:00 15:25 15:17 16:41 16:06 14:51 14:27 14:32 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 24:00 includes being at home indoors, in the yard or garden. Location was coded from the activities written in diary. France did not record location. In the United Kingdom location was not asked for when respondents recorded work, sleep or study. At home of students in Estonia and Slovenia. 108 Home Weekend house Working place or school Other people's homes Restaurant, cafe or pub Travelling Other, unspecified location Total Men Hours and minutes per day Note: 8.2 Location of men aged 20 to 74 Location and travel Other people's homes place or school Working house Weekend Home BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO 8.2 Location of men aged 20 to 74 Travelling or pub cafe Restaurant, Other, unspecified location Other, 0% 80% 60% 40% 20% 100% 109 Men spend more time outside the home thanMen women spend betweenwhich 60 is and less 69 thantime % women at of do home their in isleast each disposable spent in of time by Sweden, the Norway at men surveyed andof women. in home, countries. Finland. Hungary, This Most Slovenia order is and quite Belgium similar and Men to spend that more timetime at in the a workplace than restaurant,cafe women cafe or and or pub slightly pub. is more most Amongmore common men, time in Belgium travelling going andweekend than to Hungary. house women Men a also and do. restaurant, spend inwomen The other amount and people's of men. homesamong men in Finland, Norway, Hungary, Sweden and Germany. time is spent Visiting almost in other the a same people's for homes is most common Location and travel in the other countries Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO France did not record location. In the United Kingdom, location was not asked for when respondents recorded work, sleep or study. 44 64 24 : The upper age limit of the survey was 79 in Norway, 84 Hungary and Sweden, 95 Belgium. There no – – – 110 TotalWomenMen25 TotalWomenMen45 TotalWomen 15:27 15:12Men65+ 14:57TotalWomen 13:57 13:53 16:50 15:46Men 13:49 14:43 16:04 15:15 16:29 15:28 18:26 17:35 14:30 14:24 16:43 16:38 15:46 16:58 16:04 17:25 16:41 20:59 20:41 14:56 15:01 15:59 20:14 15:45 15:22 17:47 16:41 17:42 17:00 19:32 19:14 14:59 15:36 16:08 18:45 14:42 14:13 16:37 15:45 19:19 18:32 20:27 20:05 13:37 14:48 17:37 19:27 15:38 14:49 18:48 17:49 21:55 21:37 .. .. 13:59 16:49 21:07 .. 15:21 14:23 16:44 16:01 21:39 21:05 13:51 13:15 13:26 15:14 20:19 12:37 15:35 14:50 15:45 15:10 20:28 19:52 14:06 14:31 18:54 16:47 15:39 20:07 19:41 14:33 19:08 19:32 19:18 19:01 15 8.3 Time spent at home by age Note Location and travel 64 65+ – 44 45 – 24 25 – 15 8.3 Time spent at home by age BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO Minutes per day Minutes 0 800 600 400 200 1 400 1 200 1 000 111 Time spent at home increases by age Time spent at homefor increases women clearly and by men. age YoungRetirement people in has spend all most a the time clear countries, outsideover the both impact 65 home. spend on daily timemore around spent than 20 at in hours the home. atin Norway and Hungary the smallest Estonia. youngest home. Persons age This aged group, is and five the to difference sixIn is hours all the age largest groups, womenfor stay all the at countries home surveyed. moreand men aged 25 to 64, when are more active in the labour force. The than difference men is do. greatest This among women is true Location and travel untries. 's homes was not recorded. television or using the computer. Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO France did not record location. In the United Kingdom location was not asked for when respondents recorded work, sleep or study. Time spent in other people This category includes all kinds of activities in other households, for example, parties and visits, meals or drinks, watching The upper age limit was 79 in Norway, 84 Hungary and Sweden, 95 Belgium. There no the other co 44 64 24 – – – 112 TotalWomenMen25 TotalWomenMen45 TotalWomenMen 0:48 0:4665+ Total 0:44WomenMen 0:34 0:37 1:46 1:39 0:39 1:33 0:37 0:34 0:59 0:57 1:21 1:35 0:31 0:56 1:48 0:30 0:29 0:45 0:41 0:50 0:51 0:58 1:10 0:28 0:38 0:52 1:22 0:41 0:38 0:42 0:40 0:45 0:54 0:50 0:46 0:34 0:38 1:03 0:42 0:46 0:39 0:38 0:43 0:32 0:34 2:18 2:22 0:26 0:48 0:37 2:27 0:37 0:36 0:28 0:29 1:18 1:19 0:33 0:30 .. .. 1:20 0:30 0:31 .. 0:58 0:51 0:57 0:59 0:32 0:43 2:20 2:11 1:01 0:45 0:46 2:01 0:51 0:50 1:17 1:09 0:49 0:48 1:02 0:43 0:41 0:59 0:56 0:40 0:53 1:07 0:55 0:42 15 8.4 Time spent in other people's homes by age Note: Location and travel 64 65+ – 44 45 – 24 25 – 15 BE DE EE HU SI FI SE NO 8.4 Time spent in other people's homes by age Minutes per day Minutes 0 80 60 40 20 160 140 120 100 113 Young people spend most time visiting other homes Young people aged 15 toother 24 people's spend homes. more National time differences thanIn other are Finland age large and groups in in Norway, thisday, they age in group. spend more Germanycountries around an hour, in someone else's home. than and two Estonia hours per around average 90Time spent minutes, in and other people'scountries. in homes decreases the There clearly other bycountries. is age in However, no all some the all overall national age features groups gender spend can more beGermany. time pattern seen. in other in people's Women homes of in the Norway and investigated Location and travel untries. Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE HU SI FI SE UK NO This category includes meals, drinks, socialising and other activities in a restaurant, cafe or pub. The upper age limit was 79 in Norway, 84 Hungary and Sweden, 95 Belgium. There no the other co 44 64 24 – – – 114 TotalWomenMen25 TotalWomenMen45 TotalWomen 0:24 0:25Men65+ 0:26TotalWomen 0:14 0:13 0:17 0:22Men 0:12 0:26 0:13 0:14 0:10 0:11 0:16 0:17 0:15 0:12 0:19 0:16 0:23 0:03 0:05 0:10 0:12 0:09 0:11 0:29 0:06 0:13 0:14 0:22 0:26 0:10 0:17 0:02 0:03 0:08 0:08 0:29 0:24 0:04 0:10 0:21 0:21 0:07 0:09 0:05 0:12 0:01 0:00 0:21 0:12 0:19 0:00 0:13 0:18 0:06 0:09 0:01 0:03 .. .. 0:23 0:11 0:07 .. 0:10 0:12 0:07 0:09 0:01 0:03 0:28 0:30 0:15 0:13 0:05 0:31 0:17 0:22 0:07 0:07 0:04 0:05 0:15 0:15 0:27 0:07 0:06 0:15 0:11 0:11 0:13 0:17 0:02 0:02 0:11 0:21 0:03 0:09 0:08 0:07 0:09 0:08 0:13 0:03 0:03 0:04 15 8.5 Time spent in a restaurant, cafe or pub by age Note: Location and travel 64 65+ – 44 45 – 24 25 – 15 BE DE EE HU SI FI SE UK NO Minutes per day Minutes 8.5 Time spent in a restaurant, cafe or pub by age 0 40 30 20 10 but there are – s or pubs é 115 National differences in restaurant visits People spend littlenotable time differences in between restaurants, thein surveyed caf restaurants, countries. cafes Most or time pubs in is Belgium spent Young and the people United spend Kingdom. morecafes time and pubs than in older allmen age the and countries groups women surveyed. in spend In almost restaurants, thecafes the age or same group pubs. amount 15 of In to time olderMen 24, in age and restaurants, groups women the spend countriesin about differ Norway, from the each Sweden, same other. Germany amountin and of Estonia, time restaurants but in restaurants menSlovenia, Belgium and Finland. than spend more women time doRetired in people the rarelySlovenia, Norway and Hungary. spend United time Kingdom, in restaurants Hungary, in Estonia, Sweden, Location and travel Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE HU SI FI SE UK NO Daily travel is here based on location code. It includes related to work, school, domestic tasks and free time. Travel during working hours is also included but may be under-reported. The upper age limit was 79 in Norway, 84 Hungary and Sweden, 95 Belgium. There no in the other countries. France did not record location. 44 64 24 – – – 116 TotalWomenMen25 TotalWomenMen45 TotalWomen 1:33 1:35Men65+ 1:37TotalWomen 1:33 1:32 1:28 1:35Men 1:31 1:41 1:15 1:21 1:22 1:25 1:16 1:23 1:26 1:29 1:32 1:14 1:17 1:09 1:15 1:15 1:20 0:45 0:53 1:21 1:23 1:25 1:03 1:39 1:44 0:56 1:02 0:58 1:00 0:57 1:01 1:50 1:08 1:03 1:07 1:32 1:34 1:26 1:30 0:47 0:50 0:39 0:42 1:36 1:35 0:54 0:47 1:22 1:29 1:07 1:16 0:31 0:34 .. .. 1:37 1:25 0:40 .. 1:29 1:33 1:04 1:13 0:42 0:51 1:37 1:35 1:38 1:22 1:04 1:33 1:33 1:34 1:21 1:27 0:34 0:38 1:38 1:42 1:36 1:35 0:44 1:46 1:21 1:26 1:20 1:25 0:46 0:52 1:31 1:30 1:00 1:09 1:18 0:54 0:58 1:27 1:04 0:42 0:52 1:04 15 8.6 Time spent on daily travel by age Note: Location and travel 64 65+ – 44 45 – 24 25 – 15 8.6 Time spent on daily travel by age BE DE EE HU SI FI SE UK NO Minutes per day Minutes 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 120 110 100 117 Daily travel decreases with age People aged 20 tominutes 74 per spend, day on onwomen average, travel. (see also between Men Tables spend one 8.1all age groups and countries. more hour and time 8.2). and This on 90 seems daily to travel beThe than the amount case of time with spentand on decreases travel is gradually the withtravel highest age. time. among young This Retirement people trend meansthe reduction is slightly clearer for women. is a similar clear among drop women in andTime men even spent though ontravel in Hungary and Estonia (see also Table 8.8). daily travel differs by country. Least time is spent on Location and travel ferences in total times spent on travel. Hours and minutes per day DE EE HU SI FI SE UK NO France did not record travel by purpose to enable comparison. Daily travel is here based on main activity. In the rest of Chapter 8 it location, which why there are minor dif 118 Gainful work and studyDomesticFree timeTravel totalWomen 0:21Gainful work and studyDomesticFree timeTravel total 0:19Men 0:15 0:25Gainful work and study 0:34 1:23DomesticFree time 0:23Travel total 0:16 0:22 0:27 0:25 0:27 1:06 0:34 1:18 0:21 0:18 0:16 0:22 0:19 0:21 0:57 0:23 0:22 1:01 0:18 0:35 1:27 0:18 0:18 0:28 0:22 0:18 1:06 0:16 0:22 0:51 0:22 0:27 1:12 0:16 0:17 0:23 0:32 0:20 1:09 0:20 0:13 1:02 0:24 0:22 1:03 0:20 0:24 0:20 0:36 0:18 1:26 0:31 0:17 1:07 0:24 0:24 1:09 0:18 0:24 0:24 0:35 0:24 1:27 0:35 0:16 1:23 0:33 1:12 0:20 0:19 0:31 0:34 0:27 1:16 0:34 0:23 1:25 0:37 1:30 0:28 0:19 0:32 0:21 1:11 0:36 1:30 0:19 0:36 1:20 Total 8.7 Daily travel by purpose among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Location and travel Gainful work and study Domestic Free time Free W M W M W M W M W M W M W M W M DE EE HU SI FI SE UK NO 0% 80% 60% 40% 20% 8.7 Daily travel by purpose among persons aged 20 to 74 100% 119 A large part of travel is linked toWhen free analysing time the structure ofconsuming, daily trips, around free 40 timeactivities. travel % is Around of most a time total quarteralmost the same proportion with domestic trips. or travel third time is connected is with devoted gainfulThe to work largest and free differences in time timeconnected spent on with travel free canSweden, be time the observed in activities. United trips spent Kingdom, Most on Norway, time Germany tripsbetween is the and connected spent countries. Finland. Most on with time Time tasks is them gainful spent in on in travel work Germany,Hungary, Finland, Slovenia and Norway. related to Sweden and domestic and study the variesComparing United less women Kingdom, andevident and men, among least travel men, in relateddomestic while tasks. to women's Differences gainfulmen tend to spend more time on them than women. in trips work leisure are is trips more more are connected smaller, with even though Location and travel working hours is Hours and minutes per day BE DE EE HU SI FI SE UK NO also included but may be under-reported. In the United Kingdom, mode of travel did not cover during working hours. Daily travel is based on location code. It includes related to work, school, domestic tasks and free time. Travel during 120 Car, motorcyclePublic transportOn foot or bicycleUnspecified modeTravel totalWomen Car, motorcycle 0:58Public transport 0:09 0:18On foot or bicycle 0:02Unspecified modeTravel total 0:54Men 0:12 0:18Car, motorcycle 1:27 0:52 0:01Public transport 0:08 0:17On foot or bicycle 0:21 0:03Unspecified mode 0:16 0:27Travel total 1:21 0:48 0:03 0:12 0:19 1:19 0:14 1:05 0:01 0:16 0:10 0:25 0:18 1:07 0:13 0:01 0:02 0:17 0:28 1:17 0:44 1:00 0:03 0:06 0:12 0:29 0:16 0:57 1:35 0:09 0:04 0:01 0:16 0:26 1:01 0:49 0:30 0:00 0:13 0:14 0:14 0:25 1:23 1:26 0:36 0:02 0:04 0:07 0:30 0:51 0:52 0:21 0:04 0:13 0:16 0:19 0:24 1:18 1:13 0:38 0:03 0:01 0:13 0:17 1:16 0:53 0:52 0:02 0:12 0:04 0:18 0:28 1:27 1:03 0:44 0:05 0:05 0:12 0:22 1:10 0:56 1:01 0:03 0:11 0:12 0:14 0:11 1:27 1:30 0:49 0:03 0:02 0:12 0:18 1:21 1:00 0:05 0:14 0:16 1:21 1:27 0:48 0:04 0:11 0:15 1:25 0:57 0:02 0:12 0:16 1:33 0:06 1:14 1:03 0:12 0:14 1:30 0:04 1:29 Total 8.8 Mode of travel among persons aged 20 to 74 Note: Location and travel Public transportPublic Car, motorcycle Car, Unspecified mode or bicycle On foot W M M W M W M W M W M W M W M W M W BE DE EE HU SI FI SE UK NO 8.8 Mode of travel among persons aged 20 to 74 0% 80% 60% 40% 20% 100% 121 Men travel by car more than women Around 50 tocountries 60 compared. % In Hungaryabout of and 30 travel Estonia, % time the andthan share is elsewhere. in of To done these some car extent, countriesof by use women transport people is and car for use men travel. in use public Menall different almost use transport modes the the more all private surveyed carspent and the share of total travel time. the countries. more than This women is do in trueWomen for and both men thetransport. spend amount However, about of when thewomen time looking tend same to at amount spendon. the more of Compared of with share time their men, time of on aon foot or by bicycle. larger on public total share a of bus, travel women's train, travel time, tram, timeTravel and is so done time usingCompared with a the carbicycle is other spent is in countries Slovenia, thewomen and men. most Estonia and shortest travel Hungary. This in time applies to on Hungary both foot and or Estonia. by Tables

TABLES

123 Tables

1. General structure of time use 1.1 Time use structure of women aged 20 to 74 1.2 Time use structure of men aged 20 to 74 1.3 Time use structure of employed women 1.4 Time use structure of employed men

2. Daily rhythm 2.1 Gainful work at 10.30 am and 5.30 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74 2.2 Domestic work at 10.30 am and 5.30 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74 2.3 Travel at 7.30 am, 12 noon and 5 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74 2.4 Sleep at 7 am, 2 pm and 11 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74 2.5 Meals and personal care at 7 am, 12.30 pm and 7 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74 2.6 Free time at 7.30 pm and 9.30 pm on weekdays. Percentage of persons aged 20 to 74

3. Employment 3.1 Key indicators on employment, 2002 3.2 Gainful work of the employed, estimated annual hours 3.3 Gainful work of the employed by day of the week

4. Study 4.1 Studies by persons aged 20 to 74 4.2 Studies by persons of different ages

5. Domestic work 5.1 Domestic work total of persons aged 20 to 74 5.2 Domestic activities of persons aged 20 to 74 5.3 Food preparation among persons aged 20 to 74 5.4 Dish washing among persons aged 20 to 74 5.5 Cleaning dwelling and other household upkeep among persons aged 20 to 74 5.6 Laundering among persons aged 20 to 74 5.7 Ironing among persons aged 20 to 74 5.8 Handicrafts among persons aged 20 to 74 5.9 Gardening among persons aged 20 to 74 5.10 Construction and repairs among persons aged 20 to 74 5.11 Shopping and services among persons aged 20 to 74 5.12 Childcare among parents living as couple with children aged up to 6 5.13 Childcare among parents living as couple with youngest child aged 7 to 17 5.14 Time spent by parents with children aged up to 9

124 Tables

6. Total hours worked 6.1 Gainful and domestic work of persons aged 20 to 74 6.2 Gainful and domestic work of parents living as couple with youngest child aged up to 6 6.3 Gainful and domestic work of parents living as couple with youngest child aged 7 to 17 6.4 Gainful and domestic work of single women with children aged up to 17

7. Free time 7.1 Free time activities of women aged 20 to 74 7.2 Free time activities of men aged 20 to 74 7.3 Watching television and videos among persons aged 20 to 74 7.4 Socialising among persons aged 20 to 74 7.5 Reading among persons aged 20 to 74 7.6 Sports and exercise among persons aged 20 to 74 7.7 Computing among persons aged 20 to 74 7.8 Computing by age 7.9 Volunteer work and informal help to other households among persons aged 20 to 74 7.10 Entertainment and cultural participation among persons aged 20 to 74

8. Location and travel 8.1 Location of women aged 20 to 74 8.2 Location of men aged 20 to 74 8.3 Time spent at home by age 8.4 Time spent in other people's homes by age 8.5 Time spent in a restaurant, cafe or pub by age 8.6 Time spent on daily travel by age 8.7 Daily travel by purpose among persons aged 20 to 74 8.8. Mode of travel among persons aged 20 to 74

125 Data sources, classifications and definitions

127 Data sources, classifications and definitions

Data sources, classifications and definitions

The data originate from national time use surveys conducted between 1998 and 2002 in Europe. A representative sample of individuals completed a diary during one weekday and one weekend day distributed over the whole year. For exceptions, see below. One has to bear in mind that the results are estimates and that sampling errors affect them. For small groups of individuals the errors may be large. For examples of the standard errors of the mean estimates for some activities, see below. The response rates vary between the countries. This has been taken into account in the estimation procedures. The results are considered to be representative for the population indicated in the tables and figures. The harmonised European time use (HETUS) activity coding list was based on international practices and previous classifications used in Europe. The coding system and index were tested and revised on the basis of time use pilot surveys in 18 countries. The final system was completed in 2000. There have been some deviations from the guidelines, for example in France where the survey was conducted already in 1998. Some other countries with long national traditions did not follow the harmonised guidelines completely either, since they wanted to maintain comparability with previous surveys. Deviations are mentioned in the related tables. The European activity coding list allows several groupings of activities depending on the purpose of the analysis. For this pocketbook, the activity and location codes are grouped into 40 major activities and 10 location categories (see below). Time use activities are here aggregated to personal care, gainful work, study, domestic work, volunteer work and help, and free time. This follows theories and traditions based on the extent of time commitment and not, for example, subjective needs fulfilled by the activity. Domestic work implies that there is a task that must be carried out. This is why, for example, gardening is domestic work and not free time. This is also why, for example, walking the dog is primarily grouped in domestic work even if it is also analysed in the context of exercise. In European time use surveys main and simultaneous activities, social context (other persons present) and location were reported in the diary in temporal order at ten-minute intervals. In this publication no simultaneous activities are analysed. This means that activities frequently done simultaneously with other activities are under-reported. These are, for example, childcare, watching television, reading, socialising and doing handicrafts. The sampled persons answered questions related to the individual and to the household. The answers have been used to classify the persons according to employment status, level of education, age, life cycle and sex and these variables have been presented as background information in the descriptions.

128 Data sources, classifications and definitions

In addition, days of the week and month have been used as the temporal units. National statistical agencies and research institutes have produced the tables that have been used for the presentation and analysis in this pocketbook. For lists of tables and countries, see below.

Tables provided by national statistical agencies and research institutes 1. Main structure of time use of population aged 20 to 74 by sex 2. Main structure of time use of the employed by level of education, age and sex 3. Time use of population by age and sex 4. Time use of population by life cycle and sex 5. Time use of the employed by life cycle and sex 6. Time use of students by level of education and sex 7. Participation in activities of population by age and sex 8. Participation in activities of population by life cycle and sex 9. Participation in activities of the employed by life cycle and sex 10. Time spent on main and second job of the employed by day of the week and month by sex 11. Location and mode of transport of population by age and sex 12. Time spent with children of parents by employment and sex 13. Daily rhythm of population aged 20 to 74 on Monday to Friday, both sexes 14. Daily rhythm of women aged 20 to 74 on Monday to Friday 15. Daily rhythm of men aged 20 to 74 on Monday to Friday

Main activities and locations (as used in the tables) Main activity HETUS code

Personal care total 000-039 Sleep 01 Meals, personal care 000, 02, 03

Gainful work total 100–139, 911, 912 Main and second job 11, 12, 911, 912 Activities related to gainful work 100, 13

Study total 200–221 School or university 21 Free time study 22

Domestic work total 300–391 Food preparation 310–312, 314, 319 Dish washing 313 Cleaning and upkeep total 32 Cleaning dwelling 321 Other household upkeep 320, 322–329

129 Data sources, classifications and definitions

Laundry, ironing and handicrafts 330–339 Laundry 331 Ironing 332 Handicraft 333 Other care for textiles 330, 339 Gardening 341 Construction and repairs 35 Shopping and services 36 Childcare 38 Other domestic work 300, 340, 342–344, 37, 39

Volunteer work and help total 41, 42 Volunteer work 41 Informal help to other households 42

Free time total 400, 430–832, 998 Socialising 510–519 Entertainment and culture 52 Resting 53 Sports and exercise total 600–631 (344) Walking and hiking 611 (Walking the dog) (344) Active sports 610, 612–619 Productive exercise 62 Sports related and unspecified 63, 600 Hobbies and games total 71–73 Computer and video games 733 Other computing 722–725 Other hobbies and games 71, 720, 721,726,729, 730–732, 734, 739 Reading total 81 Reading books 812 Other reading 810, 811, 819 Watching television and videos 82 Other or unspecified free time 400, 43, 500, 700, 800, 83, 998

Travel total 900, 901, 913–982 Travel to/from work and school 913, 921, 922 Travel related to domestic work 931–939 Travel related to free time 941–943, 951, 952, 961, 971, 981, 982

Unspecified time use 995, 999

130 Data sources, classifications and definitions

Location HETUS code Home 11 Weekend house 12 Working place or school 13 Other people's home 14 Restaurant, cafe or pub 15 Travel total 20–40 On foot or bicycle 21, 22 Car, motorcycle 23–25 Public transport 30–39 Unspecified mode 20, 29, 40 Other, unspecified location 00, 10, 19

Examples of the standard errors of the mean estimates for selected activities among persons aged 20 to 74 in Finland

Sample Mean Standard 95% size error confidence Minutes interval Days per day Domestic work total Women 4 370 236.2 3.3 229.8–242.6 Men 3 883 136.1 2.8 130.7–141.5 Handicraft Women 4 370 9.7 0.9 8.0–11.4 Men 3 883 0.4 0.3 0.0–1.0 Computing total Women 4 370 3.1 0.3 2.4–3.7 Men 3 883 10.0 0.9 8.3–11.7

131 Data sources, classifications and definitions Comments Two consecutive days Two week- days, one weekend day 1 8 755 1 290 8 206 1 990 4 451 6 538 3 674 73 641 47 231 One diary day 53 016 Size of population, 1 000 8 382 5 728 6 190 5 332 3 998 3 211 12 655 15 441 10 792 10 366 Sample size (Number of respondents) 84 95 84 79 – – – – – – – – – – 9 10 15 Age of population covered – September 2000 15 February 2000 12 – February 1999, except February 2001 – September 2001 20 – – March 2000 10 – September 2001 8 April 2002 March 2001 10 March 2000 10 – – – – – 18 August and 21 December – period December 1998 April 2001 4 April 2000 June 2000 September 1999 4 January – Statistics Sweden October 2000 Statistics Belgium and Vrije Statistics Norway February 2000 Statistical Office of the Statistical Office of Estonia April 1999 – INSEE February 1998 – Statistics Finland March 1999 – – – – – – – Population Statistics. Source: Country Fieldwork Universiteit Brussel Belgium (BE) Germany (DE) Federal Statistical Office Germany France (FR) Slovenia (SI) Republic of Slovenia Finland (FI) Sweden (SE) United Kingdom (UK) Office for National Statistics Hungary (HU) Hungarian Central Statistical Office Norway (NO) Estonia (EE) Sources, reference years and sample sizes 1 132