Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Volume1 – Finals/ 9/11/2008 21:48 Page 9
Contents
VOLUME 1 Foreword XI Introduction XV Afterword XXVII List of Articles XXXVII Contributors XLIII Thematic Outline LIII
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY ABBEY TO ISRAEL 1
VOLUME 2 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY JACKSON TO WRIGHT 1 List of Appendices 417 Text Acknowledgments 419 Glossary 421 List of Primary Sources 429 Primary Sources 431 Annotated Bibliography 507 Index 515
IX Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Volume1 – Finals/ 9/11/2008 21:47 Page 37
List of Articles
VOLUME 1 ANTARCTICA BHOPAL Holmes Rolston III Lisa H. Newton A ABBEY, EDWARD ANTHROPOCENTRISM BIBLE David R. Keller Ben A. Minteer David G. Horrell
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT ANTHROPOMORPHISM BIOCENTRISM R. Bruce Hull Cathryn Bailey Robin Attfield
AFRICA, NORTHWEST AQUIFERS BIOCULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC Heidi G. Frontani Robert Frodeman DIVERSITY Ricardo Rozzi ARCTIC AFRICA, SUB-SAHARAN Alexandria Poole Workineh Kelbessa James Jako´bLiszka BIODIVERSITY AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASIAN PHILOSOPHY Simon P. James Sahotra Sarkar ETHICS Bruce Warburton (sidebar) Kimberly K. Smith ATMOSPHERE John Lemons BIOPHILIA AGRARIANISM Judith Heerwagen Thomas C. Hilde AUDUBON SOCIETY Daniel J. Philippon BIOSECURITY AGRICULTURAL ETHICS Judith Reppy Assya Pascalev AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND Val Plumwood BLACK ELK AGRICULTURE Raymond J. DeMallie Richard Haynes AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES DeborahBirdRose BOOKCHIN, MURRAY ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY David Macauley Edward Woodhouse AUTOMOBILES Sean Ferguson Julia Meaton BORLAUG, NORMAN Per Pinstrup-Andersen ANARCHISM David Macauley B BRITISH ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY BACON, FRANCIS R.J. Berry ANIMAL CLONING Hwa Yol Jung Peter Sandøe BRUNDTLAND REPORT Mickey Gjerris BAILEY, LIBERTY HYDE John Gowdy Paul A. Morgan Mikko Manner ANIMAL ETHICS Elisa Aaltola BERRY, WENDELL BUDDHISM Paul Waldau (sidebar) Kimberly K. Smith Ian Harris
XXXVII Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Volume1 – Finals/ 9/11/2008 21:47 Page 38
LIST OF ARTICLES
BUILT ENVIRONMENT CORAL BLEACHING ECOLOGY: V. DISEQUILIBRIUM James W. Sheppard Anthony Clayton ECOLOGY Michael Haley Ricardo Rozzi BURROUGHS, JOHN Juan J. Armesto COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Wayne Ouderkirk Steward Pickett Alan Randall ECOLOGY: VI. PATCH DYNAMICS C CREATIONISM AND INTELLIGENT Juan J. Armesto CALLICOTT, J. BAIRD DESIGN Ricardo Rozzi Y.S. Lo Lisa Sideris Steward Pickett CARIBBEAN ECOLOGY: VII. PHILOSOPHY Barbara Deutsch Lynch D OF ECOLOGY DAMS CARSON, RACHEL James Workman Gregory J. Cooper Lisa Sideris ECOLOGY VIII INTEGRAL ECOLOGY DAOISM : . CAVES David E. Cooper Michael E. Zimmerman Eugene C. Hargrove Sean Esbjo¨rn-Hargens DARWIN, CHARLES CHA´ VEZ, CE´ SAR Michael P. Nelson ECONOMIC DISCOUNTING Gasto´nEspinosa Douglas MacLean DEEP ECOLOGY CHERNOBYL David R. Keller ECONOMICS, ECOLOGICAL Lisa H. Newton John B. Cobb Jr. DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE CHICANA/CHICANO ENVIRONMENTAL MichaelM.GunterJr. ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Richard B. Howarth DESCARTES, RENE´ Priscilla Ybarra Cecilia Wee ECONOMISM Mark Sagoff CHINA DESERTS AND DESERTIFICATION Tongjin Yang Christine E. Gudorf ECOSABOTAGE Derek D. Turner CHIPKO MOVEMENT DISEASE George Alfred James Judith Andre ECOSYSTEM HEALTH Michael P. Nelson CHRISTIANITY Michael Northcott E ECOTAGE AND ECOTERRORISM EARTH CHARTER Bron Taylor CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE Todd J. LeVasseur Peter C. List Steven C. Rockefeller EARTH FIRST! ECOTHEOLOGY COGNITIVE ETHOLOGY David R. Keller Lisa Sideris Gordon M. Burghardt EARTH SUMMIT ECOTOURISM COMMONER, BARRY Holmes Rolston III David A. Fennell Andrew Feenberg ECOCRITICISM EHRLICH, PAUL COMMUNITARIANISM Scott Slovic Gretchen C. Daily Erin Moore ECOLOGICAL FEMINISM EMERSON, RALPH WALDO CONFUCIANISM Karen J. Warren Dana Phillips Mary Evelyn Tucker ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT CONSCIOUSNESS Andrew Light Dale D. Goble Mark Rowlands ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT ENERGY CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Douglas MacLean Peter S. Wenz Sahotra Sarkar ECOLOGY: I. OVERVIEW ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISM CONSERVATION Gregory J. Cooper Christopher Rootes Curt Meine Ramon J. Aldag (sidebar) ECOLOGY: II. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY CONSUMPTION Gregory J. Cooper ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS Thomas Michael Power Emily Brady ECOLOGY: III. ECOSYSTEMS CONVENTION ON BIODIVERSITY Kurt Jax ENVIRONMENTAL ART Trevon Fuller Trish Glazebrook ECOLOGY: IV. DIVERSITY–STABILITY CONVERGENCE HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS ENVIRONMENTAL CITIZENSHIP Ben A. Minteer Gregory M. Mikkelson Eugene C. Hargrove
XXXVIII ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Volume1 – Finals/ 9/11/2008 21:47 Page 39
LIST OF ARTICLES
ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT EUROPE: II. WESTERN EUROPE GREEN POLITICS IN GERMANY RESOLUTION Konrad Ott Sebastian U. Bukow Michael Elliott J. Baird Callicott Robert Frodeman GREENPEACE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN Paul Wapner Jozef Keulartz EVOLUTION Gijsbert Korevaar Robert Kirkman GUHA, RAMACHANDRA A. Whitney Sanford ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY Ronald S. Rochon Michael Ruse H Paul Theobald EXOTIC SPECIES HABITAT LOSS ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY James Justus Sahotra Sarkar J. Donald Hughes EXTINCTION HARGROVE, EUGENE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Richard B. Primack Holmes Rolston III Michael Elliott HETCH HETCHY ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE F Chris J. Magoc Robert Melchior Figueroa FACTORY FARMS Bernard Rollin HINDUISM ENVIRONMENTAL LAW George Alfred James Joseph L. Sax FARMS Norman Wirzba HOLISM ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY: Michael P. Nelson I ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY . FIRE HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL J. Donald Hughes Steve Windhager Eugene C. Hargrove ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY: FISH FARMING HUNGER II. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Ricardo Rozzi Robin Attfield Bruce Foltz Francisca Massardo ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY: HUNTING AND FISHING: I. OVERVIEW FOOD Mark Woods III. EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY David Kaplan Vernon Pratt HUNTING AND FISHING: FOOD SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY: II. RECREATIONAL HUNTING Jeffrey Burkhardt IV. NINETEENTH-CENTURY Alastair S. Gunn PHILOSOPHY FORESTS HUNTING AND FISHING: Alison Stone Roland de Gouvenain III. ECOLOGICAL HUNTING (CULLING) ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY: FRANKFURT SCHOOL Gary Varner V. CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY John Barry Andrew Brennan HUNTING AND FISHING: IV. ANGLING FREE MARKET ENVIRONMENTALISM J. Claude Evans ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY: Douglas S. Noonan HUNTING AND FISHING: VI. POSTMODERN PHILOSOPHY MichaelE.Zimmerman FUTURE GENERATIONS V. COMMERCIAL FISHING Ernest Partridge Christopher J. Preston ENVIRONMENTAL PLURALISM R. Bruce Hull HURRICANE KATRINA G Erin Moore ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY GAIA HYPOTHESIS Ben A. Minteer Anthony Weston I ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS INDIA AND SOUTH ASIA Robert Kirkman AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Deane Curtin Jeffrey Burkhardt ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY Robert Gifford GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Brad Allenby Dale Jamieson ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY INTERGENERATIONAL JUSTICE Riley E. Dunlap GLOBALIZATION Clark Wolf Peter S. Wenz ETHICAL EXTENSIONISM INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL Mylan Engel Jr. GREEN BUSINESS ON CLIMATE CHANGE ETHICS OF CARE Brent M. Haddad John Lemons Kathryn J. Norlock GREEN CHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR EUROPE: I. MEDITERRANEAN Edward Woodhouse ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Mariachiara Tallacchini Anna Lamprou Ernest Partridge
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY XXXIX Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Volume1 – Finals/ 9/11/2008 21:47 Page 40
LIST OF ARTICLES
INTRINSIC AND INSTRUMENTAL VALUE MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA O Hicham-Ste´phane Afeissa Jorge Marcone OCEANS INVASIVE SPECIES MICROBES Susan Power Bratton Bruce Warburton Raymond Spier ODUM, EUGENE Kevin deLaplante ISLAM MIDGLEY, MARY Richard Foltz Kate Rawles ORGANIC FARMING Taylor Reid ISRAEL AND THE MIDDLE EAST MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM Elihu Richter ASSESSMENT ORTEGA Y GASSET, JOSE´ Richard Norgaard J. Claude Evans VOLUME 2 MINING: I. OVERVIEW OUTER SPACE J Maeve A. Boland Mark A. Bullock JACKSON, WES MINING: II. ACID MINE DRAINAGE OZONE DEPLETION Jeff Filipiak D. Kirk Nordstrom Marion Hourdequin JAINISM MINING: III. MOUNTAINTOP P Christopher Key Chapple REMOVAL PAGANISM JAMIESON, DALE Mary Hufford Graham Harvey Stephen Gardiner MOUNTAINS PANTHEISM JAPAN Scott Friskics Michael P. Levine T. Yamauchi Guglielmo Scaramellini (sidebar) PASSMORE, JOHN ARTHUR JEFFERS, ROBINSON MUIR, JOHN Jennifer Welchman Lisa Gerber Terry Gifford PATENTING LIFE JUDAISM Peter W.B. Phillips Martin D. Yaffe N NAESS, ARNE PESTICIDES K David Rothenberg Robert L. Zimdahl KOREA, NORTH AND SOUTH NANOTECHNOLOGY PHENOMENOLOGY Sung-Jin Kim Jennifer Kuzma Kent Baldner PINCHOT, GIFFORD NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION L Scott Friskics Mark Sagoff LAND ETHIC PLUMWOOD, VAL Eric T. Freyfogle NATIVE AMERICANS Mark Woods Bruce Morito LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN, POLLEN FLOW AND PRESERVATION NATURAL LAW THEORY James F. Hancock Nancy Volkman Erin Moore POLLUTION LANDSCAPE PAINTERS AND NATURE CONSERVANCY Kevin C. Elliott ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOGRAPHY Bill Birchard Eugene C. Hargrove POLYNESIA NEW ENVIRONMENTAL PARADIGM J. Baird Callicott LAST MAN ARGUMENTS Riley E. Dunlap William Grey POPULATION NONGOVERNMENTAL Cecilia Maria Herles LEOPOLD ALDO , ORGANIZATIONS POSTCOLONIAL ENVIRONMENTAL Darren Domsky MichaelM.GunterJr. ETHICS LIFE: RESPECT/REVERENCE Deane Curtin Peter G. Brown NORTH AMERICA Michael P. Nelson David K. Goodin POWELL, JOHN WESLEY Adam M. Sowards William deBuys LIMITS TO GROWTH Joshua Farley NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE PRAGMATISM AGREEMENT Larry A. Hickman E. Wesley F. Peterson M PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS NORTON, BRYAN Per Sandin David Lowenthal Ben A. Minteer PRESERVATION MENDES, CHICO NUCLEAR POWER Michael P. Nelson Mary Allegretti Johan Hattingh John A. Vucetich
XL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Volume1 – Finals/ 9/11/2008 21:47 Page 41
LIST OF ARTICLES
PRIVATE PROPERTY SEED BANKS SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE David Schmidtz Russell Freed AND ENGINEERING Steven A. Moore PROCESS PHILOSOPHY SHEPARD, PAUL John B. Cobb Jr. Florence Shepard SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Edward R. Carr SHIVA, VANDANA Q Lori Gruen SYLVAN, RICHARD QUEER THEORY William Grey Kim Q. Hall SHRADER-FRECHETTE, KRISTIN Ty Raterman T SIERRA CLUB R TAKINGS REGAN, TOM Kyhl Lyndgaard Ben Hale Evelyn Pluhar-Adams SINGER, PETER TAYLOR, PAUL REGIONALISM Nathan Nobis Mylan Engel Jr. Jonathan M. Smith SNYDER, GARY TECHNOLOGY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Scott Slovic Adam Briggle Murray B. Rutherford SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM TELEOLOGY RIO DECLARATION Sergio Sismondo Joseph DesJardins Holmes Rolston III SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY THEORY RISK ASSESSMENT Susan J. Armstrong Michael P. Nelson Douglas MacLean SOCIAL ECOLOGY THOREAU, HENRY DAVID RIVERS Eileen Crist Philip Cafaro Irene J. Klaver SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL ROLSTON III, HOLMES BIOLOGY Philip Cafaro KNOWLEDGE Curt Meine David A. Cleveland ROMANTIC POETRY, ENGLISH SOILS Onno Oerlemans TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS Thomas A. Ruehr David Schmidtz ROMANTICISM SONTOKU, NINOMIYA Elizabeth Willott Elaine P. Miller T. Yamauchi TRANSGENIC ANIMALS ROOSEVELT THEODORE , SOUTH AMERICA Mickey Gjerris James G. Lewis Ricardo Rozzi Peter Sandøe RUSKIN JOHN , SOUTHEAST ASIA TRANSPORTATION Francis John O’Gorman R.I. Vane-Wright Daniel E. Palmer RUSSIA AND EASTERN EUROPE SPACE/PLACE Alexander N. Chumakov U Jonathan M. Smith Nizami M. Mamedov UNITED KINGDOM William C. Gay SPECIES Isis Brook Judith K. Crane UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, S SPECIESISM SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL SALMON RESTORATION Niall Shanks ORGANIZATION Russell A. Butkus Alicia Irene Bugallo SPINOZA, BARUCH Steven A. Kolmes Ricardo Rozzi (sidebar) Hasana Sharp SARO WIWA KEN - , UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT Femi Ojo-Ade ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI Susan Power Bratton PROGRAMME SCANDINAVIA: I. DENMARK AND Bob Jickling SWEDEN STEWARDSHIP UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY David Kronlid Peter W. Bakken RELATIONSHIPS SCANDINAVIA: II. NORWAY SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE Henry Etzkowitz Peder Anker Gregory Mandel James Dzisah
SCHUMACHER, ERNEST FRIEDRICH SUSTAINABILITY URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Peter Timmerman Piers H.G. Stephens Robert Kirkman
SCHWEITZER, ALBERT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE U.S. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT J. Claude Evans Stanislaus J. Dundon Robert B. Keiter
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY XLI Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, Volume1 – Finals/ 9/11/2008 21:47 Page 42
LIST OF ARTICLES
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE V WETLANDS Gene Wunderlich VEGETARIANISM Holmes Rolston III U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Steven Best WHITE, LYNN, JR. Robert B. Keiter VIRTUE ETHICS Robin Attfield U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Philip Cafaro WILDERNESS AGENCY Michael P. Nelson Robert Collin VON HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER Andrew S. Goudie WILDERNESS ACT OF 1964 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE M. Nils Peterson Charles J. List W Aimee Rockhill WILSON, EDWARD O. Christopher S. DePerno WAR Ricardo Rozzi Arthur H. Westing U.S. FOOD AND DRUG Christopher B. Anderson ADMINISTRATION WARREN, KAREN J. WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM Jennifer Kuzma Trish Glazebrook Alfred J. Drake U S FOREST SERVICE . . WASTE MANAGEMENT Curt Meine WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION Sven Ove Hansson William Kaufman U.S. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Robert Mugerauer WATER WORLDWIDEFUNDFORNATURE J. Watson Irene J. Klaver Jac. A.A. Swart
UTILITARIANISM WATERSHEDS WRIGHT, FRANK LLOYD Alastair S. Gunn Joan Hoffman James W. Sheppard
XLII ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY