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Series Editors: Henry A. Giroux, Mcmaster University Susan Searls EDUCATION, POLITICS, AND PUBLIC LIFE Series Editors: Henry A. Giroux, McMaster University Susan Searls Giroux, McMaster University Within the last three decades, education as a political, moral, and ideologi- cal practice has become central to rethinking not only the role of public and higher education, but also the emergence of pedagogical sites outside of the schools—which include but are not limited to the Internet, televi- sion, film, magazines, and the media of print culture. Education as both a form of schooling and public pedagogy reaches into every aspect of politi- cal, economic, and social life. What is particularly important in this highly interdisciplinary and politically nuanced view of education are a number of issues that now connect learning to social change, the operations of dem- ocratic public life, and the formation of critically engaged individual and social agents. At the center of this series will be questions regarding what young people, adults, academics, artists, and cultural workers need to know to be able to live in an inclusive and just democracy and what it would mean to develop institutional capacities to reintroduce politics and public commit- ment into everyday life. Books in this series aim to play a vital role in rethink- ing the entire project of the related themes of politics, democratic struggles, and critical education within the global public sphere. SERIES EDITORS HENRY A. GIROUX holds the Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University in Canada. He is on the editorial and advisory boards of numerous national and international scholarly jour- nals. Professor Giroux was selected as a Kappa Delta Pi Laureate in 1998 and was the recipient of a Getty Research Institute Visiting Scholar Award in 1999. He was the recipient of the Hooker Distinguished Professor Award for 2001. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from Memorial University of Newfoundland in 2005. His most recent books include Take Back Higher Education (co-authored with Susan Searls Giroux, 2006); America on the Edge (2006); Beyond the Spectacle of Terrorism (2006), Stormy Weather: Katrina and the Politics of Disposability (2006), The University in Chains: Confronting the Military-Industrial-Academic Complex (2007), and Against the Terror of Neoliberalism: Politics Beyond the Age of Greed (2008). SUSAN SEARLS GIROUX is Associate Professor of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University. Her most recent books include The Theory Toolbox (co-authored with Jeff Nealon, 2004) and Take Back Higher Education (co-authored with Henry A. Giroux, 2006). Professor Giroux is also the Managing Editor of The Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies. Critical Pedagogy in Uncertain Times: Hope and Possibilities Edited by Sheila L. Macrine The Gift of Education: Public Education and Venture Philanthropy Kenneth J. Saltman Feminist Theory in Pursuit of the Public: Women and the “Re-Privatization” of Labor Robin Truth Goodman Hollywood’s Exploited: Public Pedagogy, Corporate Movies, and Cultural Crisis Edited by Benjamin Frymer, Tony Kashani, Anthony J. Nocella, II, and Rich Van Heertum; with a Foreword by Lawrence Grossberg Education out of Bounds: Reimagining Cultural Studies for a Posthuman Age Tyson E. Lewis and Richard Kahn Academic Freedom in the Post-9/11 Era Edited by Edward J. Carvalho and David B. Downing Rituals and Student Identity in Education: Ritual Critique for a New Pedagogy Richard A. Quantz with Terry O’Connor and Peter Magolda (forthcoming) Educating Youth for a World beyond Violence H. Svi Shapiro (forthcoming) America According to Colbert: Satire as Public Pedagogy post-9/11 Sophia A. McClennen (forthcoming) Citizen Youth: Culture, Activism, and Agency in a Neoliberal Era Jacqueline Joan Kennelly (forthcoming) Hollywood’s Exploited PUBLIC PEDAGOGY, CORPOR ATE MOVIES, AND CULTURAL CRISIS Edited by Benjamin Frymer, Tony Kashani, Anthony J. Nocella II, and Rich Van Heertum Foreword by Lawrence Grossberg HOLLYWOOD’S EXPLOITED Copyright © Benjamin Frymer, Tony Kashani, Anthony J. Nocella II, and Rich Van Heertum, 2010. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 All rights reserved. First published in 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-62199-2 ISBN 978-0-230-11742-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230117426 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hollywood’s exploited : public pedagogy, corporate movies, and cultural crisis / edited by Anthony J. Nocella, II ... [et al.] ; foreword by Lawrence Grossberg. p.cm.—(Education, politics, and public life) ISBN 978–0–230–62199–2 1. Motion pictures—Social aspects—United States. I. Nocella, Anthony J. PN1995.9.SS6H65 2010 302.23’4—dc22 2010018914 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. For those plants, animals, humans, and elements on this planet that have been exploited. Contents Praise for Hollywood’s Exploited ix Foreword xiii Lawrence Grossberg Preface xv Toby Miller Acknowledgments xxi Introduction 1 Benjamin Frymer, Tony Kashani, Anthony J. Nocella II, and Richard Van Heertum Part 1 Hollywood & Ideology 1 The Imperial System in Media Culture 13 C a r l B o g g s 2 Hollywood and the Working-Class Hero: Diamonds in the Mean Streets of Boston 29 Richard Van Heertum 3 Hollywood’s Missionary Agenda: Christonormativity and Audience Baptism 45 Shirley R. Steinberg 4 Hollywood Incarcerated and on Death Row: Bjork, Schwarzenegger, and the Pedagogy of Retribution 65 Richard Van Heertum Part 2 Hollywood Represents the Other 5 From Ms. J. to Ms. G.: Analyzing Racial Microaggressions in Hollywood’s Urban School Genre 85 Tara J. Yosso and David Gumaro García viii Con ten ts 6 Hollywood’s Cinema of Ableism: A Disability Studies Perspective on the Hollywood Industrial Complex 105 Tony Kashani and Anthony J. Nocella II 7 International Citizenry in the Age of the Spectacle 115 Shoba Sharad Rajgopal 8 LGBT-Themed Hollywood Cinema after Brokeback Mountain: Renegotiating Hegemonic Representations of Gay Men 131 Michael A. Raffanti Part 3 Hollywood Ages 9 Modes of Youth Exploitation in the Cinema of Larry Clark 153 Douglas Kellner 10 Sixteen and Pregnant: Media Mommy Tracking and Hollywood’s Exploitation of Teen Pregnancy 171 Caroline K. Kaltefleiter 11 About Schmidt and About the Hollywood Image of an Aging Actor 189 Karen E. Riggs Part 4 Hollywood Beyond the Human 12 Ecological Connections and Contradictions: Penguins, Robots, and Humans in Hollywood’s “Nature” Films 203 Salma Monani and Andrew Hageman 13 Hollywood and Nonhuman Animals: Problematic Ethics of Corporate Cinema 219 Tony Kashani List of Contributors 235 Index 243 Praise for Hollywood’s Exploited “Hollywood’s Exploited is a much needed text in today’s media saturated society. The editors have included a collection of top contributors to comment on the representations that emerge from Hollywood. This book is timely and is definitely appropriate for any course that needs a critical evaluation of popular media representations.” —Abraham P. DeLeon, University of Texas at San Antonio ——————————————— “This compendium on Hollywood film and how it constructs and manipulates the prisms through which we see Others under the bour- geois order is a superb springboard for scholars across the planet, and especially in the Global South, to forge ahead with similar stud- ies of film and its representations in their own cultures, Bollywood, Nollywood and much much beyond. The sharp in-depth focus solely on Hollywood here invites analysts to build a comparative critical cin- ematology that looks at film industries, their political economy and ideologies in contexts as diverse as the old ‘socialist’ bloc, the PRC, Cuba, Indonesia, Palestine and elsewhere. Doors are opened to envi- sioning what a non-capitalist, non-exploitative and radically egalitar- ian people’s cinema might aspire to be, while learning to read films from American Leviathan against their very grain.” —Bill Templer, University of Malaya, Malaysia ——————————————— “Hollywood’s Exploited is a book that every consumer of media and entertainment needs to read. The contributors to this volume leave no area unexamined as they provide readers with the tools we need to engage with products of the entertainment industry appropriately: with a critical perspective oriented toward uncovering oppression, dis- crimination, and the exercise of power. Bravo!” —Matthew Walton, composer of Sundance, an opera about Native American political prisoner Leonard Peltier ——————————————— x Praise for Hollywood’s Exploited “Hollywood has tremendous power in our society. For anyone chip- ping away at conventional thought or behavior, a critical analysis of Hollywood would seem essential.” —Dr. Lisa Kemmerer, author of In Search of Consistency: Ethics and Animals ——————————————— “This book not only helps us understand the hidden assumptions and the constricted world view contained in Hollywood movies, but also helps us show how those very movies can be used in the class- room for a critical understanding of society.” —Dr. Ali Zaidi, SUNY Canton ——————————————— “This collection of provocative essays provides ample fuel to fire heated public conversation on role of Hollywood and the media at- large in shaping the social imagination regarding the identity we assign others. The authors explore Hollywood’s role in shaping the social imagination on race, class, gender, animals, disability, youth, religion and other matters is bound to renew tensions in the culture wars.” —Dr.
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