The APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy
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2. Animal Ethics
2. Animal ethics It was started to provide animal welfare and stop cruel practices on animals, for example factory farming, animal testing, using animals for experimentation or for entertainment. In the most of Western philosophy animals were considered as beings without moral standing, namely those that do not have to be included into our moral choices. The very typical example of this approach is the Cartesian one, according to Rene Descartes (1596-1650), animals are just simple machines that cannot experience pain. The philosopher was known for making vivisections on living animals and claiming that none of the animals could feel the pain during this. In consequence of this approach until modern times there were conducted many unnecessary and cruel experiments with animal usage, also animal’s condition at factory farms or in entrainment were terrible. All these practices caused a huge amount of suffering of animals. The approach to animals was changed with Peter Singer’s influential book on Animal Liberation (1975). Singer raised the issue that animals can suffer and amount of suffering that they experience is not worth what we gain from these cruel practices. His argumentation was utilitarian, which is one of the approaches of normative ethics. Deontological and utilitarian argumentation in animal ethics Normative ethics aims at providing moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. This may involve articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties that we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior on others. The most popular approaches to normative theory are: deonotology and conseqentialism. The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty (deon) and science (or study) of (logos). -
Guest of the Issue
122 Guest of the Issue AVANT Volume III, Number 1/2012 www.avant.edu.pl/en 123 Mark Rowlands AVANT editors and co-workers had a chance to meet Mark Rowlands in Toruń, Poland a year ago in 2011. He gave two talks at Philosophers’ Rally , the first one on “Intentionality and the Extended Mind” (involving the discus- sion of his latest book The New Science of The Mind: From Extended Mind to Embodied Phenomenology, 2010) and the second – less formal, on his The Philosopher and the Wolf (2008) me- moirs. Professor Rowlands is certainly a man of many (philosophical) interests. His works may be divided into three cate- gories: the philosophy of the mind and cognitive science (starting from Super- venience and Materialism (1995) and The Nature Of Consciousness (2001), followed by the 2006 and 2010 books already mentioned), ethics, the moral status of non- human animals and problems of natural environment (Animal Rights (1998), The Environmental Crisis (2000) and Animals Like Us (2002)), and broadly construed cultural criticism and philosophy 101-style books (The Philosopher at the End of the Universe (2003), Everything I Know I Learned from TV (2005) and Fame (2008)). Rowland’s article Representing without Representations published in this issue is related to his earlier book, Body Language (2006). Mark Rowlands is currently the Professor of Philosophy at the University of Miami. He began his academic career with an undergraduate degree in engineering at the University of Manchester and then switched to philosophy. He was awarded his PhD in philosophy at the University of Oxford. -
* Supplied by EMS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 115 128 FL 007 330 AUTHOR Thogmartin, Clyde TITLE A Bibliography of Empirical Investigations of Certain Aspects of Foreign Language Teaching and Learning, 1925-1975. PUB DATE 75 NOTE 67p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$3.32 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS Academic Achievement; *Bibliographies; Bilingual Education; Bilingualism; Educational Equipment; *Educational Research; Error Patterns; Fles; Individual Differences; Instructional Materials; Instructional Media; Interference (Language Learning); *Language Instruction; Language Proficiency; *Language Research; Language Skills; Language Tests; Psycholinguistics; *Second Language Learning; Student Attitudes; Teaching Methods; Transfer of Training; Vocabulary Development ABSTRACT This 647-item bibliography is limited to reports on empirical research and discussions of research reports on various aspects of foreign language learning, mostly drawn from American and British journals and Ph.D. dissertations since 1925 and from ERIC documents. Principal topics include content of teaching materials, cognitive effects of bilingualism, measurement of bilingual proficiency, psychological studies of bilinguals, relationships between various language skills, the psycholinguistics of second language learning, transfer and interference, error analysis, vocabulary learning, bilingual education, foreign languages in the elementary schools, individual differences in language learning success, prognosis, teaching methods, equipment, media, testing, language difficulty, and effects of language learning -
Animals & Ethics
v ABOUT THIS BOOK This book provides an overview of the current debates about the nature and extent of our moral obligations to animals. Which, if any, uses of animals are morally wrong, which are morally permissible (i.e., not wrong) and why? What, if any, moral obligations do we, individually and as a society (and a global community), have towards animals and why? How should animals be treated? Why? We will explore the most influential and most developed answers to these questions – given by philosophers, scientists, and animal advocates and their critics – to try to determine which positions are supported by the best moral reasons. Topics include: x general theories of ethics and their implications for animals, x moral argument analysis, x general theories of our moral relations to animals, x animal minds, and x the uses of animals for food, clothing, experimentation, entertainment, hunting, as companions or pets, and other purposes. The book offers discussion questions and paper assignments to encourage readers to develop positions on theoretical and practice issues concerning ethics and animals, give reasons for their support, and respond to possible objections and criticisms. This book is organized around an initial presentation of three of the most influential methods of moral thinking for human to human interactions. We then see how these ethical theories have been extended to apply to human to animal interactions, i.e., how humans ought to treat non-human animals. These perspectives are: x a demand for equality or equal moral consideration of interests (developed by Peter Singer); vi x a demand for respect of the moral right to respectful treatment (developed by Tom Regan); and x a demand that moral decisions be made fairly and impartially and the use of a novel thought experiment designed to ensure this (developed by Mark Rowlands, following John Rawls). -
Animal Rights and Self-Defense Theory
The Journal of Value Inquiry (2009) 43:165–177 Ó Springer 2009 DOI 10.1007/s10790-009-9149-9 Animal Rights and Self-Defense Theory JOHN HADLEY School of Communication, Centre for Applied Philosophy & Public Ethics (CAPPE), Charles Sturt University, N5 Cunningham House, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] Through his recent discussion of rights-based approaches to the morality of abortion, Jeff McMahan sheds light on the implications for extending self-defense theory to nonpersons that are afforded full moral status.1 McMahanÕs principal target is Judith Thompson who argues that a woman has a right to procure an abortion on the grounds of self-defense, even if the fetus is afforded maximum moral status.2 Central to ThompsonÕs argument is her claim that people should not be obliged to help others at great cost to themselves. She says: ‘‘[N]obody is morally required to make large sacrifices, of health, of all other interests and concerns, of all other duties and commitments, for nine years, or even for nine months, in order to keep another person alive.’’3 According to Thompson, while it is reasonable to expect people to provide so-called minimal aid and assistance to individuals in need, it is asking too much of women to demand they carry an unwanted pregnancy to term given the significant personal costs involved. While broadly sympathetic to her pro-abortion position, McMahan believes that Thompson fails to notice a decisive implication of her thoroughly rights-based theory. His focus is not her key claim that the duty to assist others only goes so far but her treating a fetus as a person with full moral rights. -
An Interpretationist Approach to the Thinking Mind DISSERTATION
Thought Without Language: an Interpretationist Approach to the Thinking Mind DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael Dean Jaworski Graduate Program in Philosophy The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Neil Tennant, Advisor William Taschek Ben Caplan Copyright by Michael Dean Jaworski 2010 Abstract I defend an account of thought on which non-linguistic beings can be thinkers. This result is significant in that many philosophers have claimed that the ability to think depends on the ability to use language. These opponents of my view note that our everyday understanding of our own cognitive activities qua thought bestows upon those activities the propositional structure of sentences and the inferential norms of public linguistic practice. They hold that our attributions of thought to non-linguistic beings project non-existent structure onto the cognitive activities of those beings, and assess the beings’ activities according to standards to which the beings bear no responsibility. So, despite the complex neural and behavioral activities of many non-linguistic beings, my opponents hold that those beings are not properly described as thinkers. To respond to my opponents successfully, one must not merely cite scientific and folk practices of thought attribution that permit thought to be attributed to some non- linguistic beings. My opponents’ insights might be taken to demonstrate a need to revise those practices, or to treat the attributions of thought to non-linguistic beings made within those practices as instrumentally valuable but technically false. Instead, my strategy is to acknowledge the language-like structure and norms of thought, and show that a non- linguistic being’s cognitive activities might nonetheless have that structure and be subject ii to those norms. -
Summer Academy Animal Law 2021 Conference Handbook
Summer Academy Animal Law 2021 Conference Handbook 19/20 June 2021 Live Zoom event Summer Academy Animal Law 2021 We are thankful to taOtfefniwciuanld serp oisnt sdoerr Oofff itzhieelle sponSsuomr dmere sro mAmcaerdaekmadyemie 2021Animal Law 2021 The mission of Animal Interfaith Alliance is to create a united voice for animals from all the major faiths to bring about a world where they are treated with respect and compassion. AIA has the following objectives: 1.To provide a stronger voice for animals through the interfaith group than can be provided by many separate voices from individual faiths; 2.To create a co-ordinated approach across the faiths to educate people on the humane treatment of animals; 3.To create a strong and co-ordinated campaigning organisation; 4.To provide a forum to learn from and share the wisdoms of other cultures and traditions; 5.To disseminate that wisdom through literature, including a regular newsletter, books and orders of service, and through the internet, including a website and social media, which can also be used as a campaign tool; 6.To inspire others through interfaith conferences and services with a major event celebrating World Animal Day on 4th October; 7.To promote a vegetarian/vegan diet, which also embraces the issues of environmental protection, healthy lifestyles and ending world hunger, and to end animal exploitation. www.animal-interfaith-alliance.com Table of contents Foreword 6 Message of Greeting 8 Program 9 Time Zone Conversation Table 11 The Summer Academy 2021 13 Joining the Summer Academy via Zoom 14 Panel Discussion 15 The Summer Academy Team 16 Annex: Preparatory reading list 17 Foreword Humans kill billions of animals every year. -
Psychology of School Learning: Views of the Learner
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 104 859 SP 009 097 AUTHOR Bart, William M., Ed.; Wong, Martin R., Ed. TITLE Psychology of School Learning: Views of the Learner. Volume I: Environmentalism. INSTITUTION MSS Information Ccrp., New York, N.Y. PUB DATE 74 'NOTE 249p. AVAILABLE FROM MSS Information 'orporation, 655 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10021 ($6.25 paper, $12.00 cloth, 20 percent discount on orders of $200.00 or more) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$12.05 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Behavioral Objectives; Computer Assisted Instruction; Educational Philosophy; *Educational Psychology; *Environmental Influences; Higher Education; *Learning; *Learning Specialists; Reinforcement; Teacher Education ABSTRACT This document is the first of three volumes presenting essays from three schools of thought regarding learning. Volume one consists of readings from psychologists, philosophers, and learning theorists concerning the view that the learner isa product primarily of environmental factors. The list of essays includes the following:(a) "Ideas and Their Origin," (b) "The Free and Happy Student," (c) "The Technology of Teaching," (d) "Treatment of Nonreading in a Culturally Deprived Juvenile Delinquent: An Application of Reinforcement Principles," (e) "Production and Elimination of Disruptive Classroom Behavior by Systematically Varying Teacher's Behavior," (f) "Learning Theory Approaches to Classroom Management: Rationale and Intervention Techniques," (g) "A Token Reinforcement Program in a Public School: A Replication and Systematic Analysis," (h) "Educational -
Paul Grice, Philosopher and Linguist Other Books by Siobhan Chapman
Paul Grice, Philosopher and Linguist Other books by Siobhan Chapman ACCENT IN CONTEXT PHILOSOPHY FOR LINGUISTS Paul Grice, Philosopher and Linguist Siobhan Chapman © Siobhan Chapman 2005 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-0297-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-20693-9 ISBN 978-0-230-00585-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978023005853 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. -
Commemorative Meeting for Alfred Tarski Stanford University-November 7, 1983
Patrick Suppes received his Ph.D. in Philosophy in 1950 at Columbia Univer sity, where he worked with Ernest Nagel. He has been at Stanford since 1950 and is now Professor ofPhilosophy and Statistics. Suppes' main research inter ests include the philosophy of science, theory of measurement, decision theory and probability, and computer-assisted education. He is a member of the Na tional Academy of Sciences. Jon Barwise received his Ph.D. in Mathematics in 1967 at Stanford University, where he .worked with Solomon Feferman. After teaching at U.C.L.A., Yale, and Wisconsin, he returned to Stanford as Professor of Philosophy in 1983. Barwise's main research interests include mathematical logic, especially model theory, set theory, and generalized re cursion theory; and applications of logic to the semantics of natural language. At Stanford, Barwise has been Director of the Center for Study of Language and Information, and is currently chairman of the Program in Symbolic Sys tems. Solomon Feferman received his Ph.D. in Mathematics in 1957 at the University of California, Berkeley, where he studied with Alfred Tarski. He has been at Stanford since 1956, where he is Professor of Mathematics and Phi losophy. His research interests are in mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics, especially proof theory and constructive and semiconstructive mathematics, as well as in the history of modern logic. Feferman is Editor-in Chief of the Collected Works of Kurt Godel; he is currently Chairman of the Department of Mathematics. Commemorative Meeting for Alfred Tarski Stanford University-November 7, 1983 PATRICK SUPPES, JON BARWISE, AND SOLOMON FEFERMAN, SPEAKERS INTRODUCTION The meeting was held in memory of Professor Alfred Tarski, who died at the age of 82 on October 28, 1983. -
Syllabus Is Subject to Change
Photo: JoAnne McArthur Ethics and Animals1 Fall 2015 ANST-UA 400.001 Descripon This course is an introduc<on to the ethics of our rela<onships to nonhuman animals, from historical and contemporary standpoints. We will examine the ways animals have been denied and granted moral status in philosophical tradi<ons and in prac<ce, the significance of the human/animal difference, and what “speciesism” means. We will then survey the main philosophical theories arguing about the treatment of animals, and we will cover various prac<cal issues surrounding our use of, or concern for, animals. We will address the morality of raising and killing animals for food, animal experimenta<on, keeping animals in cap<vity for entertainment or science, keeping them as pets, managing urban wildlife, reducing suffering in the wild, wildlife conserva<on, etc. We will ask whether animals should have legal rights, and which are the best strategies to protect them. There are no prior requirements in philosophy, animal studies, ethics, or any other field, except for a genuine willingness to confront with a variety of views, concepts, arguments, and hot topics. Given the controversial nature of the subject, student par<cipa<on, based on careful argumenta<on and respecRul apprecia<on of different views, is strongly encouraged; no specific view will be favored. Praccal Informaon Time: Tues. 5:00-7:30pm Place: Global Center for Academic and Spiritual Life, #269 Instructor: Nicolas Delon Email: [email protected] Office: 285 Mercer st, #1006 Office hours: T & W 9-11:30am (reserve slot: goo.gl/0tl38l), or by appointment Grader: Sharisse Kanet, [email protected], office hours by appointment 1 This syllabus is subject to change. -
14 Patrick Suppes
14 Patrick Suppes Lucie Stern Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus Stanford University, USA 1. Why were you initially drawn to computational or in formational issues? I begin with some history. I am not sure just when I first thought about the use of computers for computation, but I do remember the late 1950s when Dick Atkinson and I were writing a book on applications of learning models and stimulus-response reinforce ment concepts to simple game situations. The book is full of ex tended computations supported by use of the I.B.M. 650 Com puter at Stanford, which was one of the very earliest made avail able to academic communities to have the possibility of going be yond the old days of computing with hand calculators. We say this in the preface of Suppes and Atkinson (1960): "Evan Linick has been indispensable in programming many problems for the I.B.M. 650 Computer at Stanford; we are also indebted to Richard Hill of the Western Data Processing Center for his cooperation." This brief acknowledgement is all we had to say about what was really a first, big-time, move into computing from my own standpoint. At that time, the only task was facilitating the many statistical estimates of parameters and the like for the models introduced in the book. It is important to realize how fundamental the change was in feasible applications of statistics with the introduction of digital computers in the 1950s. Even very simple formulations of linear-programming or linear-regression problems, that were prac tically unsolvable, could now be used to address all kinds of inter esting questions in theories of behavior and social interaction.