VOL 37 NO 9 FisheriesAmerican Fisheries Society • www.fisheries.org SEPT 2012

A Census of Fishes AFS: The Common Denominator The Benefits of Being Certified The Future: Will We Be Ready? Economic Impact of Fleet Reduction First Call For Papers – Little Rock, Arkansas, 2013

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Corporate Office Biological Services 360.468.3375 [email protected] 360.596.9400 biology@nmt.us Fisheries VOL 37 NO 9 SEPT 2012 Contents COLUMNS President’s Hook 387 Preparing for the Challenges Ahead Education, training, and mentoring will be the focus of the president’s agenda in the coming year. John Boreman — AFS President Guest Director’s Line 424 Certification Benefits AFS Members Working in the Private Sector The benefits of earning an AFS professional certification. James M. Long and Joe E. Slaughter IV HEADLINERS 388 Eels Benefit From Dam Removal; Floating Dock from Japan Tsunami Carries Potential Invasive Species; EPA Releases Study of Bristol Bay Watershed; Severe ­Bottom Fishing Closure Lifted; Prime Hook National ­Wildlife Refuge Prepares for Sea Level Rise. 402 Ocean Tracking Network (OTN) Canada student, Will Rob- FEATURES erts, holds an Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus) with a surgically implanted VEMCO coded acoustic telemetry tag. Aquaculture [Photo credit: Montana McLean.] 390 AFS and Aquaculture—Addressing the High Stakes of a Sustainable Seafood Supply UNIT NEWS AFS is the common denominator for all those interested in aquaculture, fisheries, and related fields. Better Know a Hatchery Jesse Trushenski, Lorenzo Juarez, Gary L. Jensen, Mike 420 Wild Rose State Fish Hatchery Freeze, Michael Schwarz, Jeff Silverstein, Joel Bader, Jill 422 Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, ­Rolland, and Michael Rubino Auburn University Fish Census 398 A Census of Fishes and Everything They Eat: How NEW AFS MEMBERS 425 the Census of Marine Life Advanced Fisheries Science Fish have to eat as well as be eaten. JOURNAL HIGHLIGHTS Ron O’Dor, Andre M. Boustany, Cedar M. Chittenden, Mark 426 North American Journal of Fisheries Management J. Costello, Hassan Moustahfid, John Payne, Dirk Steinke, Volume 32, Number 4, August 2012 Michael J. W. Stokesbury, and Edward Vanden Berghe Sustainability CALENDAR 410 A Retrospective Evaluation of Sustainable Yields for 427 Fisheries Events Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery A case study in Australia on fleet reduction. ANNOUNCEMENTS You-Gan Wang and Na Wang 428 September 2012 Jobs FIRST CALL FOR PAPERS 418 2013 Annual Meeting—Little Rock, Arkansas

Cover: Census investigators explored on and beneath polar ice. Photo credit: E. Paul Oberlander, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (See page 409 for full explanation of procedure.) EDITORIAL / SUBSCRIPTION / CIRCULATION OFFICES 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110•Bethesda, MD 20814-2199 (301) 897-8616 • fax (301) 897-8096 • [email protected] The American Fisheries Society (AFS), founded in 1870, is the oldest and largest professional society representing fisheries scientists. The AFS promotes scientific research and enlightened Fisheries management of aquatic resources for optimum use and enjoyment by the public. It also American Fisheries Society • www.fisheries.org encourages comprehensive education of fisheries scientists and continuing on-the-job training.

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386 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org COLUMN Preparing for the Challenges Ahead President’s Hook

John Boreman, President

It is indeed an honor to serve the American Fisheries So- We should ensure that AFS ciety (AFS) as president during the coming year. I now have professional certification a chance to pay back AFS for all the benefits I have gained is relevant and rewarding by being a member, among which are leadership training, net- and that the application working with other scientists and educators, seeing how others and renewal processes for are addressing the same problems I am facing, and staying in certification are conducted touch with the numerous colleagues with whom I have worked as efficiently as possible. throughout my career. As an officer and member of the govern- ing board, I am in a position to play a key role in shaping the The society should AFS President Boreman may future of the society. also capitalize on the rap- be contacted at: ­ [email protected] idly developing field of The AFS is constantly evolving in concert with the chang- web-based communica- ing nature of our profession. Initially created to address fish tions technology. Conduct of virtual meetings should become a culture issues, AFS is now composed of over 9,000 members matter of routine practice for AFS. Support for travel to profes- representing a wide range of scientific and managerial disci- sional meetings and training courses is becoming increasingly plines organized into four regional divisions, 48 chapters, 55 more difficult as federal and state operating budgets are reduced. student subunits, and 21 sections. The three elements of the AFS Virtual meetings, although they do not have the interpersonal mission, advancing sound science, promoting professional de- advantages of face-to-face meetings, can help alleviate the im- velopment, and disseminating fisheries-related information, are pacts of reduced travel allowances, especially for out-of-state interdependent. One element cannot exist without the other two professional meetings and training. I will be expanding on this if AFS is to remain relevant. My plan of work for 2012–2013 topic in a future “President’s Hook.” primarily focuses on promoting professional development, while still being attentive to the other two mission elements. Additionally, we are lagging behind other natural resource societies in sponsoring distance learning opportunities for our Professional development involves education, training, and membership. The AFS Continuing Education Committee has mentoring, each of which plays a unique role in helping an in- developed a distance education plan that lays out steps AFS dividual perform her or his duties with competence. Education, should take to expand such opportunities, which the committee in the form of undergraduate and graduate degree programs, or recommends be done “purposefully and strategically with con- more simply in the form of an individual’s quest for informa- tinuous measures of improvement or success.” With assistance tion on a particular topic, provides the basic building blocks from the committee, I would like to begin implementing this of knowledge. On-the-job training enables the individual to plan during the coming year. acquire skills that are essential for performance of assigned du- ties. One-on-one mentoring provides immediate feedback on Mentoring, training, and education also constitute one job- and career-related issues from someone who has had or of the three overarching goals of the AFS Strategic Plan for is having similar experiences or who can share ideas for solv- 2010–2014: “AFS will facilitate life-long learning through ing problems. In recent years it is becoming more apparent that world-class educational resources at all academic levels and training and mentoring are just as important, if not more impor- provide training for practicing professionals in all branches of tant, than basic education in the milieu of continuously evolving fisheries and aquatic sciences.” As stated in the AFS 2020 Vi- and expanding responsibilities of fisheries professionals. sion, the society has vowed to “support recruitment, training, and retention of fisheries professionals with a diverse array of Although my presidency is only for one year, there are sev- technical skills to meet the needs for workforce continuity and eral actions that I would like to see accomplished, or at least adaptability.” Lifelong learning is a key to success for any pro- initiated, related to professional development. We should de- fessional, and the goal of my 2012–2013 plan of work is to termine whether our colleges and universities are providing reinforce and enhance the AFS commitment to its members to the coursework and classroom experiences that are relevant to provide and support opportunities within and outside the soci- the hiring needs of our profession. We may not need to go so ety that will ensure that we are ready for the challenges ahead. far as instituting an accreditation program, but it should still be considered as one alternative for evaluating our profession’s educational support system. Furthermore, the evaluation of our educational support system should be tied closely to the educa- tional requirements of the AFS professional certification process.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 387 HEADLINERS

Eels Benefit From Dam Removal According to a new study by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service, and published in the September 2012 issue of Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, the removal of the Embrey Dam on the Rappah- annock River increased American eel numbers in headwater streams nearly 100 miles away, even though dams were originally thought to slow or even stop the migration. However, eel populations in the Shenandoah National Park streams show a significant rise beginning two years after the dam removal and nearly every year since.”Our study shows that the benefits of dam removal can extend far upstream,” said Nathaniel Hitt (AFS member, ‘10), a USGS biologist and lead author of the study. “American eels have been in decline for decades and so we’re delighted to see them begin to return in abundance to their native streams.” “This study demonstrates that multiple benefits can be realized by removing obsolete dams such as Embrey,” said Alan Weaver (AFS member, ‘91), fish passage coordinator for the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Weaver said shad, herring and striped bass also have benefited from the dam removal, as their populations have grown.

N.P. Hitt, Eyler, S., and J.E.B. Wofford. 2012. Dam removal increases American eel abundance in distant headwater streams. Trans- actions of the American Fisheries Society 141:1171-1179. AFS Policy Statement #32­—Study Report on Dam Removal for the AFS Resource Policy Committee “Migration cues may be lost for both upstream and downstream passage due to the change from a river environment to an im- poundment (NRC 1996). Non-diadromous (river) fish also may be harmed by dams that prevent access to habitat needed for different life history functions, such as spawning, nursery, foraging, and over-wintering areas and seasonal thermal refugia.” (fisheries.org/docs/policy_statements/policy_32f.pdf)

Floating Dock from Japan Tsunami Carries Potential ­Invasive Species Initially scientists were worried that debris from the tsunami would be radioactive or contain harmful chemicals. However, the float- ing dock from Japan that recently washed ashore in Oregon has brought with it a different threat—invasive species. According to scientists at Oregon State University’s Hatfield Marine Science Center, the cement float contained about 13 pounds of organisms per square foot and an estimated 100 tons overall. So far the scientists have gathered samples of four to six species of barnacles, starfish, urchins, anemones, amphipods, worms, mussels, limpets, snails, solitary tunicates, and algae.

AFS Policy Statement #15—American Fisheries Society Position on Introductions of Aquatic Species “Introduction of any species into a novel environment may alter community trophic structure, and the nature and extent of such complex changes are complex and unpredictable.” (fisheries.org/docs/policy_statements/policy_15f.pdf)

EPA Releases Study of Bristol Bay Watershed The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently released for public comment a draft scientific study of the Bristol Bay watershed and its natural resources. The report was in response to concerns raised by a number of stakeholders and members of the local community regarding large-scale mining in the watershed. Citing the Clean Water Act, the EPA stated that it had the authority and responsibility to protect the nation’s water and to perform scientific studies that enhance the agency’s and public’s knowledge of water resources. However, the agency made it clear that the assessment was scientific and technical and that it had made no judgments about the use of its regulatory authority under the Clean Water Act. Moreover, the EPA declared that the draft study in no way prejudges future consideration of proposed mining activities.

Key findings in EPA’s draft assessment were as follows:

• All five species of North American Pacific salmon are found in Bristol Bay; and the watershed supports the largest sockeye salmon fishery in the world. • Bristol Bay’s wild salmon fishery and other natural resources provide at least 14,000 full and part-time jobs, and are valued at about $480 million annually. • The average annual run of sockeye salmon is about 37.5 million fish.

388 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org • Bristol Bay provides habitat for numerous animal species, including 35 fish species, more than 190 bird species and 40 animal species. • There is potential for adverse impacts on the productivity and sustainability of the salmon fishery in the watershed due to certain activities associated with large-scale mining.

AFS Policy Statement—#13: Effects of Surface Mining on Aquatic Resources in North America “The AFS [American Fisheries Society] endorses energy conservation, resource recycling, and alternative energy sources, par- ticularly solar power to reduce the need for mined minerals and fuel. However, when mining is inevitable, proper mine site selection, operation and reclamation can offer aquatic resource enhancement opportunities such as re-created wetlands, and reclaimed surface mine ponds, quarries, and gravel pits.” (fisheries.org/docs/policy_statements/policy_13f.pdf)

Severe Bottom Fishing Closure Lifted A ban on recreational and commercial fishing for deepwater snapper-grouper in depths greater than 240 feet in the South Atlantic was rescinded on May 10, 2012. The ban was originally instituted on January 31, 2011. At that time, a 240-foot closure was put in place to reduce bycatch of speckled hind and warsaw grouper, two species subject to overfishing. Critics of the ban had advised the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council and NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service that the deepwater recreational fishing ban was having a severe economic impact and strongly urged federal managers to lift it. After taking into consideration new economic and fisheries data, the South Atlantic Council determined that the ban was not necessary to achieve the goal of ending overfishing for speckled hind and warsaw grouper.

AFS Policy Statement—#28:Special Fishing Regulations for Managing Freshwater Sport Fisheries “Special fishing regulations are designed for site-specific application and should be considered when angling harvest of other factors prevent attainment of specific management goals which may be based on biological or socioeconomic needs. In every situation, the purpose of special fishing regulations should be clearly defined to avoid confusion and possible misapplication.” (fisheries.org/docs/policy_statements/policy_28f.pdf )

Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge Prepares for Sea Level Rise Prime Hook is one of the largest protected areas in the state of Delaware. In the 1980s, the Fish and Wildlife Service used the exist- ing dikes to make a wetland impoundment system. The agency managed the water levels to convert the once tidal saltwater marshes into freshwater marshes—which are better habitat for migrating ducks, geese, and shorebirds. But as the climate changes, the agency’s actions now make the refuge vulnerable to the effects of sea level rise and increased storm surge. Now the refuge has been working with the state of Delaware to plan how to slowly transition the freshwater reservoirs into more resilient saltwater systems to avoid a major loss from a future storm.

AFS Policy Statement #33f—Climate Change “Climate change and associated impacts should be considered when establishing goals for or funding of habitat protection and restoration activities. Care must be taken to ensure that environmental investments will yield expected results in the face of eco- logical transitions.” (fisheries.org/docs/policy_statements/policy_33f.pdf)

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 389 FEATURE Aquaculture AFS and Aquaculture—Addressing the High Stakes of a ­Sustainable Seafood Supply

Jesse Trushenski recreational and commercial fisheries or, increasingly, restor- Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center, Southern Illinois University ing threatened or endangered species. If we primarily represent Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901-6511. E-mail: [email protected] fisheries professionals working with state and federal agencies, what is our responsibility and interest toward the development Lorenzo Juarez of the commercial aquaculture industry? In this article, we ex- Office of Aquaculture, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic plore the following: and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20910 • Why should AFS members be engaged in scientific Gary L. Jensen research, policy development, management, and devel- National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agricul- opment of commercial aquaculture? ture, Washington, DC 20250 • The evolving roles of federal agencies, industry organi- Mike Freeze zations, and professional societies who are involved in Keo Fish Farm, Keo, AR 72083 addressing aquaculture’s potential and challenges.

Michael Schwarz • The role that AFS and its members play in fostering the Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia sustainable development of commercial aquaculture. Tech, Hampton, VA 23669

Jeff Silverstein AFS currently represents many who culture fish in both the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, public and the private sectors and a great number of fisheries MD 20705 professionals who are involved in fish physiology, genetics, nu- trition, conservation, economics, ecology, and many other allied Joel Bader fields critical for advancing common fisheries and aquaculture U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, VA 22203 interests. Even those fisheries professionals with no direct in- volvement in aquaculture per se undoubtedly have an interest in Jill Rolland the biological and economic interactions between fisheries and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, U.S. aquaculture and ensuring that the use of wild and farmed fishes ­Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD 20737 is governed with an eye to sustainability, ecosystem manage- Michael Rubino ment, and minimizing adverse impacts from either sector. Office of Aquaculture, National Marine Fisheries Service, National ­Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration THE FOOD IMPERATIVE: STATUS AND

The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and PROJECTIONS FOR WILD CAPTURES AND do not necessarily represent the positions of their respective agencies or AQUACULTURE affiliations. In 2010, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO INTRODUCTION 2010) of the United Nations indicated that for world fisheries and aquaculture it is “… encouraging to note that good prog- The relationship between fisheries and aquaculture is a ress is being made in reducing exploitation rates and restoring complex one: cooperative, adversarial, integrated, or isolated overfished fish stocks and marine ecosystems …” but it also depending on the situation. The roles of the American Fisher- notes that ies Society (AFS) and other stakeholder groups in supporting aquaculture are similarly complex. Although AFS has its histor- … the declining global catch in the last few years, to- ical roots in aquaculture, starting in 1870 as the American Fish gether with the increased percentage of overexploited, Culturists’ Association (AFCA), there are those who question depleted or recovering stocks and the decreased pro- the role of AFS in supporting the development of commercial portion of underexploited and moderately exploited aquaculture. From the early days to the present, the primary species around the world, strengthens the likelihood aquaculture constituency of the AFCA and now the AFS Fish that the production of wild capture fisheries will not Culture Section (FCS) has been in the public sector, supporting be able to increase. …

390 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org This scenario of stable or decreasing seafood supply from This is worrisome because China and other growing econ- wild fisheries presents a serious challenge in relation to project- omies are quickly becoming net importers of seafood as their ed increasing global demand for seafood. It has been estimated populations grow and become more affluent, which in turn will that food production will have to grow 70% by 2050 in order make imported seafood less available and more expensive to to keep up with population growth and increased per capita North American consumers. consumption (FAO 2009b). Seafood is an important source of highly valued protein, and the need to increase supplies is a American and Canadian reliance on imported seafood is major element of the global food security challenge. Global per also of concern to some, given that imported products could capita consumption of seafood has broken the previous year’s come from countries that may not have the same rigorous en- record for more than 20 consecutive years and is currently at an vironmental and food safety standards and regulations as the all-time high, topping 17 kg per person per year (FAO 2009a). United States and Canada. Food safety has always been of ut- Given current rates of human population growth and the state most importance to North American consumers, and seafood of world fisheries, the contribution of aquaculture to global pro- importers have financial and other incentives to meet U.S. food tein demand and food security will continue to increase. Today, safety requirements. However, a recent Government Account- approximately half of the seafood that people consume is farm ability Office (GAO 2011) report noted a number of food safety raised. Assuming that per capita consumption remains steady, concerns with imported seafood. In addition to following food aquaculture production must nearly double by 2030 just to keep safety requirements, food retailers increasingly seek wild and up with population growth. The additional seafood we will need farmed seafood products that meet sustainability criteria asso- in the future could be provided by aquaculture operations or ciated with environmental, social, and ecological concerns. For by capture fisheries. Aquaculture could provide the additional North America, it is clear that domestic production must grow seafood needed, but placing more demands on wild capture to fill the widening “seafood gap.” Though a similar seafood fisheries would have serious, adverse consequences for already trade deficit is reported for Europe, other regions report siz- strained and limited wild stocks. Taking a broader view of pro- able seafood value surpluses, either through increasing harvest tein production, aquaculture is also likely to play an increasing pressure on wild fisheries or through investing more in aquacul- role because it is one of the most resource-efficient ways to ture development. Another reason to produce more seafood in produce protein, generally much more so than terrestrial ani- North America is the creation of local jobs. Imported seafood mal production. Fish and shrimp are very efficient at converting involves North American jobs tied to exports of investment, feed-grade protein into food-grade protein, and mollusks and trade, equipment, feed, processing, transport, and food services, algae draw their nutrients from the aquatic environment, often but we are missing the all-important local production part of increasing existing ecosystem services (Hall et al. 2011; Torris- the value chain. Jobs in commercial aquaculture could be es- sen et al. 2011). pecially important to traditional coastal seafood communities, many of which have seen declines in employment in commer- THE STATE OF U.S. FISHERIES AND cial fishing. AQUACULTURE—THE NEED FOR LOCAL SEAFOOD PRODUCTION FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE—A LONG HISTORY AND TRADITION OF The case for environmentally responsible growth and ­CONNECTIVITY development of aquaculture in North America is compelling. More than 328,000 MT of food fish were raised in the United Aquaculture overlaps with fisheries due to the common States in 2009 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- medium of water, technologies, and species involved. Aqua- tion [NOAA] 2011a), helping to meet the domestic demand for culture and fishing are part of a spectrum of technologies to seafood. However, domestic aquaculture production is dwarfed produce seafood, and some seafood production methods are by the volume of seafood the United States currently imports hybrid technologies; for example, hatchery-supported com- from more than 150 different countries. For example, in 2009, mercial salmon fisheries, tuna ranching (fattening wild-caught over 431,000 MT of salmon, tilapia, and trout alone were im- fish in nets), and lobster pot fishing, which involves feeding ported. On a global scale, the United States is the world’s second lobsters in traps with herring until they are harvested (Saila largest importer of seafood and ranks third in wild capture fish- et al. 2011). There are interrelated commercial, ecological, ery landings but ranks 14th in aquaculture production (FAO and recreational imperatives that coexist within fisheries and 2010). Similarly, Canada ranks 26th among world aquaculture aquaculture, and these shared imperatives form the common producers, and although the industry is growing, farmed fish ground from which both sustainable aquaculture and steward- represents only 14% of total seafood production in the country ship of natural resources can grow and flourish. Aquaculture is (Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada [DFO] 2012). an important component of many aquatic resource management In the past, the value of U.S. and Canadian seafood imports strategies. In 2004, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USF- and exports added up to a seafood deficit of roughly US$8 bil- WS) and state governments reared more than 20,000 MT of fish lion per year (FAO 2010), but more recent data (NOAA 2011b) (equating to 1.75 billion fish) for fishery enhancement and res- indicate that the U.S. seafood trade deficit alone now exceeds toration activities (Halverson 2008). Hatcheries support capture US$10 billion per year. and recreational fisheries, some of which would face collapse

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 391 without supplemental stockings. For example, it is common to in a shoal. Schooling fish move collectively in a single direc- think of salmon as either wild or farmed. However, not all wild tion in a coordinated manner, whereas shoaling fish behave salmon are equally wild. A large share of the salmon return- somewhat independently but nonetheless function as a single ing to North American streams, and a large share of the salmon cohesive unit (Figure 1). Aquaculture stakeholders cannot (and caught by North American commercial fishermen, are released perhaps should not) function as a school of fish but, ideally, from hatcheries and are considered ranched salmon (Knapp they should function as a shoal. Although different stakehold- et al. 2007). In Alaska 49% of the commercial harvest origi- ers may have distinct functions or capabilities, only when they nates in hatcheries as part of the salmon enhancement program function collectively, as a single, adaptive, responsive entity, (White 2011). Although the FAO (2010) noted that it is difficult will they be able to overcome challenges that they cannot ad- to assess the value of stocking in terms of returns and landings, dress independently. There are numerous entities with a stake most fisheries management agencies use supplemental stocking in aquaculture and fisheries that could work with AFS and its as part of comprehensive management plans to maintain and members in expanded partnerships. Several of these, in particu- restore commercial and recreational fisheries. lar federal agencies and industry and professional associations, are outlined below in terms of their independent directives and Aquaculture can provide a reprieve from political pressure the ways they can partner together. to overfished wild stocks by providing an acceptable alternate species to take the place of an overfished species. For exam- FEDERAL AGENCIES ple, the Striped Bass Emergency Act of 1983 and moratorium on Atlantic striped bass fishing fostered the development of In the National Aquaculture Act of 1980 the U.S. Congress propagation techniques for Morone spp. and the creation of the declared aquaculture to be “in the national interest, and [that] U.S. commercial hybrid striped bass industry. In turn, hybrid it is the national policy, to encourage the development of aqua- striped bass producers met continuing demand for striped bass, culture in the United States.” Aquaculture is defined broadly in deflecting consumer demand and allowing restoration of these the National Aquaculture Act and subsequent federal policies to fisheries to proceed unfettered. comprise both commercial and public (enhancement, restora- tion) purposes. Several federal agencies are concerned with the Aquaculture, fishing, and their hybrids, like any human different aspects of this mandate, including implementing envi- activity, have environmental effects that need to be identified, ronmental and food safety regulations, conducting intramural addressed, and managed. The research that informs regula- and extramural research, supporting education and training, and tions and best management practices in fishing and aquaculture implementing international treaty obligations. Several federal overlaps. In some cases, an ecosystem perspective is required agencies are responsible for permitting and enforcement pro- to manage the interrelated effects of aquaculture and fishing. grams (often in association with state agencies) to ensure that Accordingly, research, innovation, personnel, vessels, equip- aquaculture farms are established, operated, and maintained ment, and other assets often flow back and forth between public in a manner that minimizes their environmental footprint and and private fisheries, aquaculture, and aquatic resource man- meets water quality requirements and food safety standards. agement. Many AFS fishery professionals involved with fish These federal agencies benefit from partnering with AFS and physiology, genetics, nutrition, conservation, economics, ecol- its members to fulfill their stewardship, research, and develop- ogy, and other allied fields are directly or indirectly supported ment missions. as a result of commercial aquaculture development. The re- search funding provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture The National Aquaculture Act also set up the federal in- (USDA) Regional Aquaculture Centers, NOAA’s National Sea teragency coordinating Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture Grant College Program and Saltonstall-Kennedy grant pro- (JSA), currently under the National Science and Technology gram, and the National Science Foundation are examples of Council and Office of Science and Technology Policy in the ex- such relationships. Conversely, advances that have been made ecutive branch of government. The purpose of this coordinating in public hatcheries and research facilities have also benefited body is to increase the effectiveness of federal aquaculture re- fish and shellfish culturists working in the private sector. Just as search, technology transfer, and assistance programs. The JSA public aquaculture has led to the development of private aqua- is chaired by the USDA and cochaired by the Departments of culture, fisheries management has led to the development of Commerce and Interior. private fisheries management and consulting companies. It is clear that the give-and-take between public and private entities The USDA’s mission is to provide leadership on food, ag- in fisheries and aquaculture is fluid. riculture, natural resources, rural development, nutrition, and related issues based on sound public policy, the best available A SHOAL OF STAKEHOLDERS science, and efficient management. U.S. Department of Ag- riculture program assistance and service priorities are driven Fisheries and aquaculture are not distinct entities, nor by diverse stakeholder input and include aquaculture as one of are they two sides of the same coin. Both represent a range of their focus areas. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and technologies that can be used for fish production and restora- the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) convene tion of species and habitats. Fisheries and aquaculture and the a national aquaculture stakeholder workshop every 5 years various stakeholders associated with them are more like fish specifically designed to gather industry input on research and

392 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org extension priorities and needs. The current ARS action plan in- of sustainable commercial fisheries and robust domestic aqua- cludes research priorities in genetics and genomics, physiology culture production. The statutory basis for NOAA’s regulatory of reproduction, growth and adaptability, ingredient and diet activities stems from the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conser- development, rearing system innovations, and product devel- vation and Management Act, the Marine Mammal Protection opment. Act, the Endangered Species Act, the Coastal Zone Manage- ment Act, the National Marine Sanctuaries Act, and the Fish The USDA focuses on commercial aquaculture develop- and Wildlife Coordination Act. Under these laws, the NOAA ment, and most programs and services across a broad array of is responsible for preventing and/or mitigating the potential ad- USDA agencies are available to support the long-term develop- verse environmental impacts of marine aquaculture through the ment of this specialized sector of agriculture. These programs development of fishery management plans, sanctuary manage- include intramural research through the ARS and extramural ment plans, permit actions, and permit consultations with the funding for research, education, and extension through NIFA, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and other regulatory agencies at including administration of the regional aquaculture centers. the federal, state, and local levels. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) serves both plant and animal aquaculture, especially prevention Under the authority of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Con- of diseases and pests, wildlife damage management, inspection servation and Management Act, the NOAA advances scientific of facilities, and import/export of aquaculture products. The knowledge and develops appropriate technologies to support Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service takes the lead in sustainable commercial marine aquaculture and restoration of collaborating with other federal, state, and tribal agencies in wild stocks. The NOAA’s budget supports aquaculture research implementing the National Aquatic Animal Health Plan along at NMFS regional science centers and other NOAA laborato- with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the ries and several grant programs that fund aquaculture research USFWS. Other USDA agencies offer support and programs for at universities, nonprofit institutions, and private companies. marketing research, statistical reporting on domestic production Aquaculture science activities at NOAA laboratories include and imports, national organic standards, risk management tools, work on developing alternative aquaculture feeds; assessing disaster assistance, national conservation practice standards, and minimizing environmental impacts; assessing effects of business loan guarantees, and rural development assistance. climate change on shellfish production; hatchery research; dis- ease and genetics management; and stock enhancement to help As a federal agency under the U.S. Department of Com- restore depleted species and habitats. The NOAA conducts edu- merce, the NOAA has an active regulatory, management, and cation and outreach activities, in part through the National Sea research role in aquaculture in state waters (for commercial, en- Grant College Program, to heighten the public’s awareness of hancement, and restoration purposes) and an emerging role in issues related to marine aquaculture, and also manages a port- regulating commercial aquaculture in federal waters. NOAA’s folio of aquaculture-related international activities, including NMFS, National Sea Grant College Program, and other offices coordination and exchange of information related to research, address aquaculture for food production, stock enhancement, regulation, policies, and management of marine aquaculture and species and habitat restoration. The NOAA’s aquaculture and international treaty obligations.1 engagement promotes employment and business opportunities in coastal communities; provides safe, sustainable seafood; and 1 On June 9, 2011, the NOAA and the Department of Commerce complements NOAA’s overarching strategy for maintaining released new national aquaculture policies that support sustainable healthy and productive marine populations, species, and eco- marine aquaculture in the United States. The intent of these policies systems. This mission reflects NOAA’s strategy to meet the is to guide Commerce and NOAA’s actions and decisions and to pro- growing demand for healthy seafood through a combination vide a national approach for supporting aquaculture (NOAA 2011c).

Schooling fish (left) swim in the same direction in a coordinated manner; shoaling fish (right) swim somewhat independently but nonetheless function as a cohesive unit. Images sourced via Wikimedia Commons.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 393 Under the U.S. Department of the Interior, the USFWS ability, and encourages its development in an environmentally is charged with working with its partners to conserve, protect, responsible manner. There are also species-specific industry as- and enhance fish, wildlife, plants, and their habitats for the con- sociations (e.g., catfish, trout, striped bass, and shellfish), state tinuing benefit of the American people. The service oversees aquaculture producer associations (e.g., Maine Aquaculture As- several aspects of aquaculture, under the authority of the Lacey sociation), a supplier association, and others that represent the Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the Migratory Species larger integrated seafood companies such as the National Fish- Act, and also administers provisions of the International Con- eries Institute and the Global Aquaculture Alliance. Sustainable vention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild farm management and regulatory compliance are not just about Fauna and Flora (CITES) treaty.2 following the rules and avoiding fines—in the long term, it is also about economic sustainability and profitability. Industry The USFWS supports aquaculture via a network of na- associations have developed best management practices to help tional fish hatcheries, through technology development and meet these objectives. transfer, and through fish health and fisheries management ac- tivities. The service’s fisheries program maintains the largest One of the major roles of industry groups is serving the public aquaculture program in the United States. This system of aquaculture industry and other interested parties as a clear- 70 federal hatcheries cultures aquatic animals and plants in over inghouse of information about aquaculture. For example, the 30 states and supplies aquatic species to other federal agencies, NAA serves as a direct source of information for the industry, tribes, and states. National fish hatcheries have the broad mis- as well as reporters, government agencies, teachers, students, sion of culturing fish for restoration programs and for recovery seafood buyers, consumers, and others. Questions on current of over 65 federally listed threatened and endangered species, issues, trends, statistics, and other specifics about the domestic including fish, mollusks, invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, aquaculture industry and its products are answered or referred and plants. Service hatcheries also supply recreational fish to to a credible source. The NAA is also involved in education states, tribes, and federal partners. and outreach as a partner, along with the U.S. Aquaculture So- In support of hatchery propagation and other aquatic man- ciety (USAS) and the AFS FCS, to develop programming for agement issues, the service maintains a network of facilities Aquaculture America conferences that engage and inform both and resources that focus on applied research and technology. producers and researchers. Knowledge gaps related to propagation techniques, nutrient Another role of the NAA is to facilitate coordination and requirements, genetics, disease susceptibility, and drug effec- cooperation between regulatory agencies and the aquaculture tiveness and safety are all addressed through the USFWS’s industry to develop more efficient, effective regulatory out- science mission. The service’s six fish technology centers comes. One such example is related to regulations that are maintain expertise in areas such as physiology, genetics, cryo- intended to limit potential new invasive species because of their preservation, nutrition, and feed formulation and conduct basic potentially devastating impacts on aquaculture as well as the research in support of public and private aquaculture. The environment. To this end, the USFWS, the Pet Industry Joint USFWS research productivity has resulted in a number of aqua- Advisory Council, the NAA, and others are currently working culture benefits, such as new culture methods, feed formulations, on a memorandum of understanding to voluntarily restrict cer- genetic-based testing, and cryopreservation methods. Addition- tain nonnative species from commercial trade. ally, nine USFWS fish health centers provide diagnostic and health certification services to the National Fish Hatchery Sys- PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS tem and their partners and are leaders in the science of aquatic animal diseases in wild and cultured populations. The service’s The AFS has an opportunity to partner with other pro- Aquatic Animal Drug Partnership program leads the effort to fessional associations on commercial and public aquaculture gain new drug approvals for aquaculture and also administers issues. For example, the mission of the USAS, a chapter of the National Investigative New Animal Drug Program, which the World Aquaculture Society, is to provide a national forum benefits the aquaculture industry and hatcheries alike. Finally, for the exchange of information within the U.S. aquaculture the USFWS plays a service role to the aquaculture industry community. This is achieved in part through sponsorship of through its National Triploid Grass Carp Inspection and Certi- aquaculture workshops and annual conferences, fostering fication Program. educational opportunities, and disseminating aquaculture-re- lated materials pertinent to U.S. aquaculture development. The INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS USAS has between 800 and 1,000 members, representing all sectors of academia, government, industry, and other public In addition to government agencies and universities, some and private organizations. Specifically, this mission is achieved AFS members belong to aquaculture industry associations. In through increasing U.S aquaculture community involvement in particular, the mission of the National Aquaculture Associa- USAS; enhancing member benefits and services; focusing on tion (NAA) is to provide a national voice for U.S. commercial and increasing student involvement in aquaculture; develop- aquaculture that ensures its sustainability, protects its profit- ing partnerships, collaborations, and coalitions with and among other aquaculture-related organizations in the United States; as 2 Policies affecting aquaculture can be downloaded from the US- well as establishing and documenting efficient, effective, and FWS’s website (USFWS 1995). high-quality business and management practices. As is readily

394 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org apparent, the mission of the USAS is integrally connected to sues. This trend may have a significant negative effect on future programming conducted by the USDA, NOAA, NAA, FCS, advancements of aquaculture-related programs in the United U.S. Aquaculture Suppliers Association, and others. Other States. This recent decline is further exacerbated by a progres- professional associations including the National Shellfisheries sive reorientation of postsecondary institutions with traditional Association and the North American Association of Fisheries aquaculture training programs to other subject areas more ame- Economists have similar missions and activities. nable to future funding opportunities. A collaborative project between the AFS FCS, National Shellfisheries Association, GREATER AFS ENGAGEMENT IN USAS, and USDA NIFA is conducting national assessment ­COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE of aquaculture education programs at postsecondary institu- tions in the United States. The primary goal is to document The FAO (2010) made the following observations on effec- aquaculture-related instruction at postsecondary institutions in tive regulation of fisheries and aquaculture: the United States to assess its current status, future trends, and critical needs for national readiness and capacity to support a Where aquaculture governance has proved fruit- world-class trained and educated workforce. The results from ful, it appears that governments have followed four this collaborative project will allow multiple stakeholders in the main guiding principles, namely: accountability, ef- aquaculture sector to not only leverage and maximize output fectiveness and efficiency, equity, and predictability. from available resources and infrastructure but perhaps also to Accountability would be reflected in timely decisions join together with a common voice to foster and advance aqua- and would imply stakeholder participation in decision- culture in the United States. making processes. Effectiveness and efficiency consist of making the right decisions and implementing them Policies effectively in a cost-effective way. Equity requires that all groups, particularly the most vulnerable ones, have Another way in which the AFS participates in the aqua- opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being culture arena is the development of AFS policies related to through the guaranteeing of procedural fairness, distri- aquaculture. Policy statements summarize the position of the butional justice and participation in decision-making. AFS on particular issues related to aquatic resources, and be- Predictability relates to fairness and consistency in the cause they represent our membership of some 9,000 fisheries application of laws and regulations and in the imple- professionals and undergo a rigorous review process prior to mentation of policies. acceptance, they can be very effective tools in communicating with decision makers and the general public in the common lan- Despite favorable demand and supply conditions, com- guage of the best available science. There are currently 34 AFS mercial aquaculture remains underdeveloped in some regions policy statements, including a policy on commercial aquacul- including the United Staets, in part because of regulatory com- ture (in place for many years and currently undergoing routine plexities, occasional unfavorable public perception, conflicting review by the Resource Policy Committee), and the recently uses of public waters and resources, and because the industry adopted policy on the need for an immediate-release sedative is relatively small and diverse. The AFS has a role and re- for use in fisheries and aquaculture. Both serve as benchmarks sponsibility to join stakeholders—including those mentioned of reasonable, scientifically justifiable interpretations of issues above—to address the grand challenges of future seafood de- that, at times, can be controversial. mand, maintenance of healthy ecosystems, and improved food security. What is the role of AFS? Our role is to speak on behalf Outreach and Education of the resource and our profession and to partner with the agen- cies and stakeholder groups outlined above in supporting the There are considerable overlaps in the interests and goals growth of aquaculture in a way that maintains healthy ecosys- of commercial aquaculture, public aquaculture, and fisheries tems. There are many stakeholders in aquaculture, and we can communities, especially in research, extension, and technol- facilitate meaningful, collaborative interactions between them ogy transfer. The AFS can play a more direct role in education by connecting the dots and filling the gaps. and outreach by providing tools and resources to those working in the aquaculture field. Examples include the Guide to Using Education and Professional Development Drugs, Biologics, and Other Chemicals in Aquaculture and Companion Treatment Calculator (prepared by the FCS Work- The AFS is already working in partnership with federal ing Group on Aquaculture Drugs, Chemicals, and Biologics) agencies and industry and professional associations on com- (FCS 2012), “Approved Aquaculture Drugs and Biologics” mercial aquaculture issues. For example, the AFS has long posters (prepared and distributed by the USFWS in cooperation partnered with USFWS, NOAA, and others in sponsoring ses- with the FCS, Fish Health Section, and American Veterinary sions at professional meetings on a range of topics, including Medical Association) (USFWS 2012a, 2012b), and the Guide- aquaculture and the environment. An important issue affect- lines for the Use of Fishes in Research (prepared by the AFS ing commercial and public aquaculture is the trend of reduced in cooperation with American Institute of Fishery Research public funding for research, extension, and education-related Biologists and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Her- programs, due in part to current economic and budgetary is- petologists) (AFS/AIFRB/ASIH 2004). These resources, along

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 395 with many others developed by the society, FCS, Fish Health resources/guide-to-using-drugs-biologics-and-other-chemicals- Section, and other AFS units, provide aquaculturists and those in-aquaculture. Accessed 4 August 2012. working in allied fields with valuable guidance and tools for GAO (Government Accountability Office). 2011. FDA needs to im- their work. prove oversight of imported seafood and better leverage limited resources. Available: http://gao.gov/assets/320/317734.pdf. Ac- cessed 4 August 2012. Creating a Forum Hall, S. J., A. Delaporte, M. J. Phillips, M. Beveridge, and M. O’Keefe. 2011. Blue frontiers: managing the environmental costs of aqua- Perhaps the most important role of AFS is that of a facili- culture. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. Available: tator. Not everyone interested in aquaculture is a government http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2818.pdf. employee, works on a commercial farm, or is necessarily ac- Accessed 4 August 2012. tively involved in aquaculture. Without a “home” or a national Halverson, M. A. 2008. Stocking trends: a quantitative review of forum, how do these diverse individuals and interests interact governmental fish stocking in the United States, 1931 to 2004. with those who are part of a formally recognized stakeholder Fisheries 33:69–75. Knapp, G., C. Roheim, and J. Anderson. 2007. The great salmon run: group? The answer is AFS. The AFS—representing all of the competition between wild and farmed salmon. TRAFFIC North fisheries disciplines—is the common denominator for all those America. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C. www.traffic. interested in aquaculture, fisheries, and related fields. At times, org/species-reports/traffic_species_fish25.pdf. Accessed 4 Au- individual members and, indeed, the society as a whole have gust 2012. seemed reluctant, perhaps even recalcitrant, in accepting com- NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2011a. mercial aquaculture as a part of fisheries. But we cannot allow Fisheries of the United States 2010. National Oceanic and At- the complexities of independent actions and differing perspec- mospheric Administration, Current Fishery Statistics No. 2010, tives to dissuade or convince our society that this is anything Silver Spring, Maryland. Available: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa. but our most powerful role and greatest responsibility—to help gov/st1/fus/fus10/FUS_2010.pdf. Accessed 4 August 2012. ———. 2011b. Imports and exports of fishery products annual sum- create and shape the shoal of aquaculture stakeholders. The mary 2011. Available: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/trade/ stakes for an increased sustainable seafood supply are high, and documents/TRADE2011.pdf. Accessed 4 August 2012. whether in the context of fisheries, aquaculture, or the continu- ———. 2011c. Department of Commerce and NOAA Aquaculture um between, there is no single issue more central to our society. Policies. Available: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/ policy/2011_policies_homepage.html. Accessed 4 August 2012. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Saila, S. B., S. W. Nixon, and C. A. Oviatt. 2011. Does lobster trap bait influence the Maine inshore trap fishery? North American Journal The authors thank Jim Bowker, president of the Fish of Fisheries Management 22(2):602–605. Culture Section, for editorial guidance provided during the de- Torrissen, O., R. E. Olsen, R. Toresen, G. R. Hemre, A. Tacon, F. Asche, R. W. Hardy, and S. Lall. 2011. Atlantic salmon (Salmo velopment of this article. salar): the “super-chicken” of the sea? Reviews in Fisheries Sci- ence 19(3):257–278. REFERENCES USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1995. Part 715 Aquacul- ture, Policies and responsibilities. Available: http://www.fws. AFS/AIFRB/ASIH (American Fisheries Society/American Institute of gov/policy/715fw1.html. Accessed 4 August 2012. Fishery Research Biologists/American Society of Ichthyologists USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2012a. Approved drugs for and Herpetologists). 2004. Guidelines for the use of fishes in use in aquaculture poster. Available: http://www.fws.gov/fisher- research. Available: http://fisheries.org/docs/policy_useoffishes. ies/aadap/Poster_introduction.htm. Accessed 4 August 2012. pdf. Accessed 4 August 2012. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2012b. Approved vaccines DFO (Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada). 2012. Aquacul- for use in aquaculture poster. Available: http://www.fws.gov/ ture Canada: facts and figures. Available: http://www.dfo-mpo. fisheries/aadap/vaccines_poster_introduction.htm. Accessed 4 gc.ca/aquaculture/ref/stats/aqua-ff-fc-2009-eng.htm. Accessed 4 August 2012. August 2012. White, B. 2011. Alaska salmon fisheries enhancement program 2010 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2007. Report—aquaculture annual report. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fishery only way to fill the coming “fish gap.” Available:http://www.fao. Management Report No. 11-04, Anchorage, Alaska. Available: org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000701/. Accessed 4 August 2012. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/FedAidPDFs/FMR11-04.pdf. ———. 2009a. FAO yearbook, fishery and aquaculture statistics, food ­Accessed 4 August 2012. balance sheets. Available: ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/CD_year- book_2009/navigation/index_content_food_balance_e.htm. Accessed 4 August 2012. ———. 2009b. 2050: A third more mouths to feed. Available: http:// www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/35571/icode/. Accessed 4 Au- gust 2012. ———. 2010. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2010. Available: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e.pdf. Accessed 4 August 2012. FCS (Fish Culture Section). 2012. Guide to using drugs, biologics, and other chemicals in aquaculture and companion treatment calcula- tor. Available: https://sites.google.com/site/fishculturesection/

396 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org Join us at the

Scientists and agency professionals will share new research information on the biology, ecological impacts, and management strategies for invasive Didymosphenia geminata .

Learn more about the conference at: http://www.stopans.org/Didymo_Conference_2013.htm Abstract Deadline: November 1, 2012

From the Archives You cannot often say that a species does not live in a certain stream. You can only affirm that you have not yet found it there, and you can rarely fish in any stream so long that you can find nothing that you have not taken before. Still more difficult is it to gather the results of scattered ob- servations into general statements regarding the distribution of fishes. The facts may be so few as to be mis- leading, or so numerous as to be con- fusing; and the few writers who have taken up this subject in detail have found both these difficulties to be se- rious. Whatever general propositions we may maintain must be stated with the modifying clause of “other things being equal”; and other things are never quite equal.

Jordan, D.S.(1888): The Distribution of Freshwater Fishes, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 17:1, 4-29.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 397 FEATURE Fish Census A Census of Fishes and Everything They Eat: How the ­Census of Marine Life Advanced Fisheries Science

Ron O’Dor Censo de peces y de todo aquello que Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. B3H 4R2. E-mail: [email protected] comen: qué progreso aporta El Censo de la Vida Marina a la ciencia pesquera Andre M. Boustany RESUMEN: El Censo de la Vida Marina (Census, por Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 su nombre en inglés) fue un esfuerzo internacional de Cedar M. Chittenden investigación de diez años de duración diseñado para ex- plorar hábitats oceánicos poco conocidos y experimentar Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037, a gran escala con nueva tecnología. El objetivo de Cen- Tromsø, Norway sus 2010, declarado en su misión, era describir “qué vive Mark J. Costello y que vivirá en los océanos”. Muchos de los hallazgos y técnicas generadas en Census pueden resultar valiosas para Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, Auckland, New la transición de un manejo mono-específico a un manejo ­Zealand holístico, basado en el ecosistema; lo cual ha sido pública- Hassan Moustahfid mente aprobado por muchos gobiernos. Los investigadores de Census muestrearon los márgenes continentales, las cor- U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, National Oceanic and Atmo- spheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA dilleras oceánicas del Atlántico, ventilas hidrotermales del fondo marino, planicies abisales y mares polares; de igual John Payne forma organizaron cantidades formidables de información, tanto pasada como actual, en una base de datos pública y Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking, Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6G 3E2 en línea llamada Sistema de Información de Biogeografía Oceánica. Census describe y categoriza la biología de los Dirk Steinke montes submarinos a nivel mundial para poder estimar su vulnerabilidad a la pesca; realiza marcado a gran escala University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 de organismos utilizando técnicas avanzadas con arreglos Michael J. W. Stokesbury acústicos y marcas satelitales; expide la identificación de especies, incluyendo muestreo costero de corales y zoo- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Nova Scotia, Canada B4P 2R6 plancton, basado en código genético de barras y secuencias de piro-marcaje para microbios; así mismo contribuy- Edward Vanden Berghe eron con el lanzamiento de la nueva disciplina “historia Ocean Biogeographic Information System, Rutgers University, New ambiental marina”. Pero sobre todo, Census mostró las rec- Brunswick, NJ 08904 ompensas que deja la inversión en proyectos colaborativos de gran escala y la presentación pública de los resultados. ABSTRACT: The Census of Marine Life was a 10-year, inter- national research effort to explore poorly known ocean habitats worldwide for its vulnerability to fishing, advanced large-scale and conduct large-scale experimentation with new technology. animal tracking with acoustic arrays and satellite archival tags, The goal of Census 2010 in its mission statement was to de- and accelerated species identification, including nearshore, scribe what did live in the oceans, what does live in the oceans, coral reef, and zooplankton sampling using genetic barcoding and what will live in the ocean. Many of the findings and tech- and pyrotag sequencing for microbes and helped to launch the niques from census research may prove valuable in making a exciting new field of marine environmental history. Above all, transition, which many governments have publicly endorsed, the census showed the value of investing in large-scale, collab- from single-species fisheries management to more holistic eco- orative projects and sharing results publicly. system management. Census researchers sampled continental margins, mid-Atlantic ridges, ocean floor vents and seeps, and abyssal plains and polar seas and organized massive amounts of past and new information in a public online database called the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (www.iobis. org). The census described and categorized seamount biology

398 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org INTRODUCTION

The Census of Marine Life was originally conceived as a Census of Fishes (Ausubel 1997). Organizers quickly realized that the effort required to census fishes globally could concur- rently census everything else in the ocean. If an icebreaker were sent to Antarctica, it could sample everything, not just fishes. After all, fisheries harvest a wide range of species, from inver- tebrates to mammals. Understanding fisheries dynamics in the ocean requires knowing what animals eat and what eats them. Thus, the Census of Fishes became the Census of Marine Life in 2000. On 22 May 2012 the census was the focus of the Unit- ed Nations’ International Day for Biological Diversity.

This review highlights some of the most important fish-re- lated findings of the census. In a report for the census, Eschmeyer et al. (2010) recently cataloged 16,764 species of marine fishes and estimated that there are still about 5,000 species to be dis- covered, mostly from the unexplored depths (Figure 1). This number is independently supported by statistical modeling of fish species description rates (Costello et al. 2012). Although taxonomic description takes too long to be able to attribute a number of new species directly to the census, it has been esti- mated that 100–150 new fish species per year were described during the census’s decade of discovery (Ausubel et al. 2010). The census recognized this limitation from the beginning and adopted the “Barcode of Life” as an interim technology for dis- Figure 1. Red fish, blue fish, lots of new fish. (a) A new species of scorpi- tinguishing species using a short DNA sequence while waiting on fish, Scorpaenopsis vittapinna, found in the Indo-Pacific area, one of a rapidly growing list of more than 17,000 marine fish species now logged for taxonomy to catch up (Bucklin et al. 2011). The census’s in the Census of Marine Life database. [Photo credit: Bill Eschmeyer and data system, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System John E. Randall] (b) An intensely blue fish that lives below 120 m, the (OBIS), contains 14 million distribution records for 17,000 fish newly discovered species Chromis abyssus was so named by scientists species, of which over 7,000 species have been barcoded (Fig- in recognition of its color and deep habitat and to honor the BBC docu- mentary film project—Pacific Abyss—that supported the expedition to the ure 2), including 62 previously overlooked species, since 2005 Caroline Islands. [Photo credit: Richard Pyle, Bishop Museum.] (Table 1). Although fish sampling has been biased to northern and coastal seas (Figure 2a) the selection of samples for barcod- ing has been more uniform and global (Figure 2b). BIG FISH

In addition to OBIS, the census included 14 field and two Little is known about the ecology of even the most in- interdisciplinary projects (see www.coml.org, which defines tensively harvested large marine fish species because of the the 17 projects in a few words; projects are indicated in the difficulty in studying fast-moving, wide-ranging animals in the text below using capital letters). Twelve of the field projects ocean. However, a combination of tagging technologies is now were oriented toward discovering biodiversity (i.e., taxonomy) increasingly being used to gain an understanding of fish move- and especially toward quantifying biodiversity in the least- ment, migration, and ecological interactions throughout their sampled parts of the ocean, including continental margins, life cycle. The census created two overlapping projects in the the mid-Atlantic ridge, the abyssal plains, and seafloor vents Pacific to test and demonstrate these technologies on awide and seeps. Two of the field projects focused on tracking the scale (Figure 3). movements of fish and top marine predators. Interdisciplinary projects included Oceans Past, focused on historical records Tagging animals with electronic archival tags that are from diverse sources to estimate past abundances of exploited returned after capture or disengage from the animal, float to species, and Oceans Future, which modeled movements and the the surface of the ocean, and transmit data to satellite systems future abundances of exploited species. Hundreds of publica- provides data that is not biased by fishing effort. The census sup- tions detail the census results (e.g., McIntyre [2010] contains ported the largest archival tagging program to date, driven over downloadable project chapters) and many summarize it (Crist the decade largely by the Tagging of Pacific Predators (TOPP) et al. 2009; O’Dor et al. 2009, 2010; Knowlton 2010; Snelgrove project, which examined the environmental basis for the move- 2010). This fish-focused review is an effort to bring attention ment and behavior of large pelagic animals in the Pacific Ocean to results that may be useful steps toward ecosystem-based (Block et al. 2011). Tag technologies now allow researchers to management, so that we can avoid future fisheries crises as eco- monitor movement and distribution of animals at sea and simul- systems respond to global climate change. taneously sample the physical properties of the water column

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 399 TABLE 1. Overview of fish barcoding studies showing the number of overlooked species that were flagged by DNA barcoding and then ­corroborated through morphological, geographical, and ecological data. Study Sample Size/No. of Species Overlooked Species Barcode of Life Database Project Codea Fishes of Australia 754/207 5 FOA Sharks/rays of Australia 945/210 4 FOASR Fishes of Pacific Canada 1225/201 2 TZFPC Reef associated fishes 1638/390 7 TZAIC Arctic fishes of Western Pacific 684/114 3 DSFAL Western Atlantic Starksia 59/13 7 STARK Canadian skates 301/14 1 SCFAC Antarctic fishes CEAMARC 538/68 2 EATF Western Pacific Chromis N/A 5 RPCHR Southern Ocean skates 76/10 1 FNZC Southern Ocean Macrourus 141/3 1 RATSO Morid cods 62/4 1 HALAR Fish North Atlantic/Australia 149/15 2 DSNSF Asian sea bass 21/2 1 FOAGB Australian Squalus 127/16 10 FOAS South African and Australian fish 229/35 10 TZSAA Total 62

aData and associated publications can be accessed through the respective public projects on BOLD: www.boldsystems.org; Ratnasingham and Hebert (2007).

(Costa et al. 2010). Tags have been used to provide information round-trip migrations are shown by most top predators, includ- on stock structure that has proven important to management ing great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias), which occupy (Block et al. 2005) and to record animal interactions (see Cooke a common area offshore but return to coastal home territories et al. 2011). Future technological developments may make it (Jorgensen et al. 2010). possible for ecological information from numerous organisms to be brought to shore by a few individuals (Stokesbury et al. The TOPP project helped to advance the industrial en- 2009), generating biological economies of scale. gineering of tagging technology, including validation and standardization of data, which are necessary to answer applied questions in fisheries science. An example of the Further investment in tagging technolo- contribution of TOPP to applied fisheries science was the gies will help to alleviate our fundamental determination of migration routes and fishing mortality ignorance about movement patterns and rates for Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). TOPP has tagged 663 Pacific bluefin tuna to date, beginning in ecological ­interactions and contribute to the 2002, including a dozen individual tuna tracks lasting development of management strategies that over 3 years that cross the Pacific. This tuna has one of the largest individual home ranges of any fish species are robust to environmental change. (Collette and Nauen 1983). The only known spawning grounds for Pacific bluefin occur in the East China Sea Economies of scale are critical when studying mobile re- and Ryukyo Islands in the spring and in the Sea of Japan in sources in the ocean because simultaneous tagging of many the summer months (Chen et al. 2006). Bluefin tagged off the species across a huge geographic area has indicated that ani- Mexican and Southern Californian coasts show movements up mals are concentrated in distinct diversity hotspots in the open and down the coast associated with seasonal peaks in primary ocean. The California current is a hotspot for animals that range productivity and sardines (Kitagawa et al. 2007; Boustany et al. from the United States to Japan and from the tropics to the 2010). Some bottom-up forcing was apparent: phytoplankton Gulf of Alaska. Gathering information from animals in these blooms had an aggregating effect on bluefin, with densities of hotspots not only generates oceanographic information from tagged fish increasing in areas and times of high productivity undersampled areas but identifies multispecies critical habitat and dropping as productivity subsided and fish dispersed. Blue- (McIntyre 2010). Another remarkable example of a general be- fin feed in the eastern Pacific for several years before heading havioral pattern that was only discovered because of extensive, west after age 4 to 5 (Boustany et al. 2010). Beyond movement simultaneous tagging of many species is that site fidelity and patterns, tagging studies have allowed examination of exploita-

400 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org Figure 2. (a) On 20 November 2011, OBIS contained 13,691,333 fish records for 17,001 valid marine species in 536,412 unique locations, mapped in one-degree squares. Dark blue, one location per square; dark red, 17 locations per square. (b) For 7,279 of these species the Barcode of Life is also known, from locations shown as brown dots, plus an additional 4,721 freshwater fish species. tion levels of Pacific bluefin, with estimated fishery mortality SMALL FISH rates (0.02–1.92 quarter−1) two to six times higher than natural mortality rates (Whitlock et al., 2012). Small fish, including the juveniles of larger species, are abundant, important in oceanic food chains, and particularly Further investment in tagging technologies will help to al- difficult to study in situ. A recent report by the Lenfest Founda- leviate our fundamental ignorance about movement patterns tion suggested that forage fish may be overharvested worldwide and ecological interactions and contribute to the development (Pikitch et al. 2012). The other census tracking project, Pacific of management strategies that are robust to environmental Ocean Shelf Tracking (POST), pioneered the use of large-scale change. arrays of acoustic receivers to study the movements of fish (McIntyre 2010). The research was driven at first by the de-

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 401 sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), which was central to legal designation of critical habitat for that species; exploratory studies of sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus), salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis), Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas), and other predators; and studies of bottom fish, including rockfish, ling- cod (Ophiodon elongates), and English sole (Parophrys vetulus; McIntyre 2010).

A series of studies used the POST array to estimate tag effects (Melnychuk 2009), evaluate the impact of management actions in a hydropower system, and examine the differences between hatchery-raised and wild fish. An investigation into the genetic and environmental effects of hatchery rearing on young coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) found that rearing environment had much more of an effect on phenotype than any genetic differences between hatchery- and wild-born fish (Chittenden et al. 2010a, 2010b) and that various physical dif- ferences were correlated with the timing of their ocean entry and migration routes in the ocean (Chittenden et al. 2008).

In sum, the advent of large-scale acoustic arrays has cre- ated exciting new research opportunities to study the movement and mortality of fish, both small and large. Figure 3. Ocean Tracking Network (OTN) Canada student, Will Roberts, holds an Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus) with a surgically im- planted VEMCO coded acoustic telemetry tag that could last up to 10 years. He will add a one-year Wildlife Computer MK10 Popup Archival MANAGING HUMANS IN ECOSYSTEMS Tag (PAT) tag to combine short-term, high-resolution information with RATHER THAN FISH long-term patterns in a Bay of Fundy tidal hydropower study off the coast of Nova Scotia by Acadia University. OTN and other telemetry networks The census made significant contributions in relation to (1) around the globe are building on ground-breaking research performed by POST and TOPP during the Census of Marine Life (Cooke et al. 2011). poorly explored habitats; (2) baseline (historical, pre-fishery) [Photo credit: Montana McLean.] abundances of populations; (3) the distributions and movements of marine species and the forces that drive those patterns; (4) abundances, distribution, and biology of species not targeted by sire to understand the mortality patterns of juvenile Pacific fisheries; (5) species interactions; (6) how species respond to salmon, because many salmon stocks in the Pacific Northwest multiple impacts (e.g., how distributions, migration timing, and are threatened or endangered. Salmonids as small as 10 cm in available habitat may shift in response to climate and thereby length were tagged with acoustic tags transmitting individual change an ecosystem’s vulnerability to human exploitation; ID numbers, and several individual salmon were tracked over Cooke et al. 2011); and (7) how to manage multiple human 2,500 km from release sites far inland on rivers, up the con- activities that affect species and ecosystems simultaneously at tinental shelf to Alaska. A baseline collection of early marine many scales. mortality estimates was collected for a large group of salmon stocks in Canada and the United States for the first time (Mel- Poorly Explored Habitats nychuk 2009; Welch et al. 2011). The results suggest that large arrays can be used to estimate mortality of migrating fish with The census emphasized exploration of the unknown, acceptable accuracy and may improve our understanding of with many projects that collected fauna from poorly sampled where and why mortality occurs, especially when the arrays are habitats. One project with major implications for fisheries was used in conjunction with manipulative experiments (Donalsdon Seamounts, which coordinated and facilitated research glob- et al. 2008). Although salmon behavior was plastic and mor- ally. Seamounts have become a target for fisheries worldwide, tality patterns were inconsistent between stocks and years, a and researchers created the first integrated public database of core message was that juvenile salmon often suffered signifi- global seamount biological data (Seamounts Online 2012). cant mortality far into the open ocean. This preliminary finding They compiled available data, new surveys, and the latest complicates efforts to predict the size of returning salmon co- modeling methods in the first global seamount classification horts, because it suggests that we require more information on identifying regions most vulnerable to fishing and climate salmon offshore. change (Tittensor et al. 2009; Clark et al. 2011). Their data showed that seamount communities are vulnerable to fishing During the census, the POST array tracked 18 marine and that these communities, particularly those with hard corals, species, big and small (Figure 3). Interesting results includ- have high sensitivity and low resilience to bottom trawling. In ed discovery of surprisingly extensive movements in green addition, there was plausible evidence that seamounts are step-

402 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org ping stones for dispersal, oases of abundance and biomass, and larger scale in the future, in part by using large-bodied species hotspots of species richness. They supported emerging theories to monitor small species (Cooke et al. 2011). Another census that individual seamount communities are structurally unique, project recently pioneered a new use of waveguide sonar tech- that populations of invertebrates on seamounts are the source of nology that made it possible to instantaneously visualize all of propagules for nearby margins, and that seamounts can act as the fish in an area 250 miles on a side. The school of 250 mil- biological refugia from large-scale catastrophic environmental lion Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) described in the Gulf events (Rowden et al. 2010). of Maine represented the largest assembly of animal biomass ever recorded on earth (Makris et al. 2009). Nevertheless, to Baseline Data study species interactions on a large scale will require the best of our existing genetic, taxonomic, and telemetry technologies, The Oceans Past project gleaned data on the past abundance and tagging and acoustic technology will have to be advanced of marine species from archeological digs of bones and shell significantly before the dream becomes a reality. middens, fish-scale records from sediment cores, and thousands of historical documents, including catch and trade records, How Species Respond to Multiple Impacts restaurant menus, and whaling logs. They were pioneering in showing that such data can provide credible estimates of fish Recent high-profile papers have called for more holis- harvest and sometimes abundance (Starkey et al. 2008). Several tic approaches to marine resource management and adoption examples of major resource extraction dating back more than of ecosystem-based management (EBM; Larkin 1996; Link 2,000 years were found in heavily populated areas such as the 2010). EBM differs from traditional resource management, de- Mediterranean and demonstrated that preindustrial technolo- fining management strategies for entire systems, not individual gies could put marine animal populations under severe stress. components of the ecosystem (Link 2010). Central to this eco- A review of 256 exploited marine populations estimated that, system-based perspective is accounting for all factors that can on average, those populations had declined 89% from historical influence a fisheries stock, including ecological interactions. abundance levels (Lotze and Worm 2009). Historically, anthro- pogenic threats to ocean ecosystems were local or regional, but Forage fish species (prey) can occupy middle trophic levels they are now pervasive and compounded by the global threat of that link lower trophic level energy or biomass to upper trophic climate change. levels by being common prey for a range of species. They can be an important source of standing biomass in an ecosystem Distribution and Movements and are often subject to both predation pressure and commercial harvesting. Various authors have found that when consumption As described briefly above, the POST and TOPP tagging of particular forage species is calculated, the predation mortal- projects showed that large-scale use of electronic tags was cost ity for the species that had been assumed as a part of the total effective. Oceanographic data collected by animals wearing so- natural mortality in traditional stock assessments was underes- phisticated new tags will help to explain the preferences and timated (e.g., Hollowed et al. 2000; Moustahfid et al. 2009b). physiological limits that drive changes in animal distributions, Unsurprisingly, predation mortality is temporally and ontoge- as species respond to changes such as shoaling and expansion netically variable as well (Tsou and Collie 2001). of the oxygen minimum layer in the central Pacific and increas- ingly acidic ocean waters. Another consensus among scientists is that for forage species in particular, careful examination of traditional as- Biology of Nonexploited Species sumptions regarding predation mortality is needed because the abundance of their major predators (e.g., demersal fish, large The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service reported that pelagics, marine mammals, birds, etc.) can reasonably be ex- 60% of exploited stocks (545 stocks) lacked assessments suffi- pected to increase in the next several years as stocks are rebuilt cient to evaluate stock status relative to overfishing (Mace et al. to meet legal requirements (e.g., Overholtz et al. 2008; Mous- 2001), and the situation for nonexploited stocks is undoubtedly tahfid et al. 2009a). Figure 4 illustrates the trade-offs between worse. The census made huge contributions to basic taxonomic predators and fisheries to be made when managing forage spe- exploration of lesser-known species and habitats and to the cies like the longfin squid (Loligo pealeii) in the North Atlantic. development of techniques such as standardized sampling It is clear that if timing of high commercial exploitation and (McIntyre 2010) and genetic barcoding (Table 1), but the ba- predatory removals are out of sync and dynamic over the year, sic biology and abundance of most nontarget species remains traditional single-species models that assume constant natural poorly known. mortality rates will overestimate the stock’s recovery potential (e.g., Moustahfid et al. 2009a, 2009b). Species Interactions Managing Multiple Human Impacts Genetic barcoding, plankton surveys (McIntyre 2010), and taxonomic work of the census all contribute to the ability to in- One census legacy was the exchange of ideas and expe- terpret diet studies. The POST and TOPP tagging projects hint riences. It became clear to the thousands of participants that at the possibility of using tags to study species interactions on a human impacts on the ocean are increasing (Costello et al.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 403 2010b). Although exploitation is certainly important, par- more species of crustaceans, molluscs and other invertebrates, ticipants realized the need to acknowledge other influences, and plants known to science (around 240,000; Appeltans et including increased noise, light, ship traffic, chemical pollu- al. 2011), and the proportion of undiscovered species in these tion, agricultural runoff and siltation, species introductions, oil groups is far higher than it is for fish (Figure 5). exploration and extraction, undersea mining, tourism, heat and CO2 transfer from the atmosphere, temperature change, and Fish prey constitute essentially all taxonomic groups that acidification, among myriad factors. are smaller-bodied than fish. Most fish are dietary generalists that eat anything that fits in their mouths, and many prey species are so small that they are only eaten by planktonic fish larvae. FISH, FISH FOOD, AND EVERYTHING ELSE The census helped to highlight challenges faced in estimating the distributions of small organisms. The microbes and at least A census is the most basic step toward understanding an some of the meiofauna are unlike larger species in several re- ecosystem: it answers the question “What are the system’s bio- spects. Bacteria exchange DNA both frequently and rapidly, logical components?” From census results we know we cannot which helps them adapt to new situations. This means that the answer that question definitively for most marine ecosystems. species concept, as applied to multicellular organisms, does not Because the depth of less than 10% of the ocean seabed has apply well. There may be millions of kinds of bacteria but there been measured from ships (Costello et al. 2010a), we may appear to be only thousands of species that do not interbreed. assume that significantly less seabed biodiversity has been sampled. About 75% of the ocean area is between 3,000 and Because of their small size, bacteria, single-celled organ- 6,000 m depth and yet most sampling is along shallow coasts isms, and some multicelled organisms are easily dispersed (Figure 2a). Even some deepwater habitats that are more acces- by air, water, and larger animals (O’Dor et al. 2009). If they sible are poorly known: in recent samples from the Australian can survive environmental conditions that are not ideal during continental margins, 90% of 365 species of eastern slope iso- dispersal, they may proliferate when they arrive in a suitable pods and 30% of western slope decapods were new to science. location, thus giving the appearance of a discontinuous distri- In some cases, we cannot yet come close to naming species. bution. High dispersal rates and adaptability to poor conditions Coral reefs have been estimated to contain over one third the also allow organisms to be cosmopolitan, occurring wherever diversity of all marine life, but the Reefs project was unable to environmental conditions are suitable (Patterson and Lee 2000). even estimate the number of unknown species by the end of its 10-year mission because their new data showed the inadequa- A key aspect of landscape (and seascape) ecology is the cy of existing sampling. They found little overlap in species relationship of local to regional diversity. For a given regional composition between adjacent sites, and 40% to 60% of reef number of species (i.e., gamma diversity), a taxon may show species in most samples and sites were represented by a single (1) high alpha- (local) but low beta- (between-location dif- specimen (McIntyre 2010). The finding that “rare is common” ferences) diversity or (2) low alpha- but high beta-diversity. became a census theme that the Reefs project showcased better Microbes may be a good example of (1) and invertebrates of than any other, illustrating the extreme need to develop taxo- (2). Beta-diversity is closely related to diversity of habitats in a nomic expertise. landscape. Failing to appreciate these patterns is a reason some authors extrapolated from high alpha-diversity to estimate that In microbial communities, where individuals are abundant many millions of species may exist (reviewed by Costello and and difficult to define as species, researchers found a long tail Wilson 2011; Costello et al. 2012). of rare DNA-defined taxa (McIntyre 2010). Although microbes are key components of geochemical cycles, we do not under- The resilience of microbes to environmental stressors stand how their communities will respond to climate change, means that they have low extinction rates. One may thus expect but we do know that rare kinds include a variety of recently there to be an enormous number of microbial species because discovered metabolic pathways and that a major turnover in they have lived longer on Earth than any other organisms. species could alter ecosystem functioning and impact fish and However, their good dispersal means that populations regularly fisheries. interbreed and so new species are not formed (similar mecha- nisms also affect animals and plants). One of the reasons there Fish Diversity in Perspective are fewer species in the ocean than on land is that there are fewer barriers to dispersal and ocean currents disperse eggs, The major effort of the census to count and identify organ- larvae, and adults. Thus, there are relatively few planktonic isms from lower taxa helped to put the taxonomic diversity of and pelagic species, compared to a larger number of stationary fishes in perspective with diversity in the lower orders that are benthic species (Gibbons et al. 2010). The formation of new fish prey and was also the basis for revised estimates of total species requires some separation of populations, typically by biodiversity on Earth. Fish are by far the most diverse chordates, a physical barrier such as distance or a land bridge separating inhabiting all habitats in the oceans and most in freshwaters. oceans or, alternatively, microhabitat specialization. After birds, mammals, and reptiles, they are among the best known groups on Earth, particularly because of their impor- tance as food for humans. Yet, in the ocean, there are already far

404 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org Figure 4. Fish predation on longfin squid, a case study. (a) Consumption estimates, (b) predation mortality versus fishing mortality (Lenfest Ocean Program Research Series, June 2011; Moustahfid et al. 2009a), and (c) projected quarterly yield (thousands of metric tons, mt) of Northwest Atlantic longfin squid in the fishery (light blue) and in predation removals (dark blue) for the 5-year average of total mortality (Moustahfid et al. 2009a).

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 405 previous estimates of 10–100 million marine species Fish are diverse in species, but their food is alone (Costello and Wilson 2011). These are still ex- ­almost 10 times more diverse. traordinary numbers of species that amaze the public, but providing exaggerated estimates of undiscovered diversity can make efforts to discover all species appear Marine Species Diversity as a Component of the futile. They can also exaggerate estimates of the rate of spe- Earth’s Total Species Diversity cies extinction, because these are partly based on the estimated number of all species on Earth (Stork 2010). By using more Fish are diverse in species, but their food is almost 10 realistic estimates of biodiversity, it becomes possible to pre- times more diverse. Marine species discovery rates have been pare a plan to explore, discover, and describe all biodiversity, relatively high compared to terrestrial discovery rates since the including fish, within this century. During the census decade, 1950s, and the number of scientists involved in describing spe- the World Register of Marine Species has recorded descriptions cies has never been so great (Eschmeyer et al. 2010; Costello et of almost 2,000 new marine species each year (Appeltans et al. al. 2012). The apparent linear trend in the rate of description of 2011). The last decade had nearly as many species described new marine species may be due to increased taxonomic effort as the same decade a century earlier. The census was not able offsetting an increasing difficulty in discovering species new to science. The continued high rate of species description may reflect scientists’ improved abilities to sample new habitats, remote locations, and/or more taxonomically difficult taxa, rather than an unending supply of species waiting to be discovered.

Of the estimated 1.5 million de- scribed species, only about 240,000 are marine (Costello et al. 2012). We suggest that this relatively low proportion of marine species reflects reality, not an artifact of the oceans being less explored. The ocean has fewer species than land for two primary reasons. First, plants have provided a complex, long-lived habitat and food source that cov- ers much of the land and enabled the evolution of insects, which comprise about 60% of all species on Earth (Hamilton et al. 2010). In contrast, the insects’ ancestors in the oceans, the crustaceans, find large plants (seaweeds) only around the coastline; these plants feed only a few herbivorous species. Second, the greater dispersal of organisms in the oceans (Kinlan and Gaines 2003) mitigates against forming new species.

Recent studies suggest that once we include the as-yet-undis- covered species, there may be as few as 5 plus or minus 3 million Figure 5. Species representation by phylum in OBIS in 2010. Most species biodiversity falls into a dozen species on Earth and fewer than groups, including crustaceans and molluscs, fewer fishes, and only 2% other vertebrates (mainly whales, seals, and walruses). Not surprisingly, new species discoveries were more common among small organ- 1 million in the oceans (Hamilton isms than large, but each image is a new census species (Costello et al. 2010b). [Photo credits: Russ et al. 2010; Costello et al. 2012). Hopcroft, Gary Cranitch, Julian Finn, Larry Madin, John Huisman, Katrin Iken, Bernard Picton, and Piotr These estimates are far lower than Kuklinski.]

406 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org to involve all countries or regions of the world (Costello et al. marine species. Available: http://www.marinespecies.org. (July 2010b), but given improved coordination and greater participa- 2011). tion, the next few decades could result in such progress that it Ausubel, J. 1997. The census of the fishes: initial thoughts. Avail- will become demonstrably harder to discover new species in able: http://www.comlsecretariat.org/reports-other-documents/ concept-papers-and-the-development-of-the-program/. Accessed the oceans. Such a situation will enable better understanding August 2012. of ocean ecosystems and resources and vastly improve com- Ausubel, J. H., D. T. Crist, and P. E. Waggoner, editors. 2010. First munication to explain what needs conservation and why. It is Census of Marine Life 2010: highlights of a decade of discovery. difficult to argue for the protection of species that have not been Census of Marine Life, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www. shown to exist. coml.org/highlights-2010. Accessed August 2012. Block, B. A., I. D. Jonsen, S. J. Jorgensen, A. J. Winship, S. A. Shaffer, SUMMARY S. J. Bograd, E. L. Hazen, D. G. Foley, G. A. Breed, A.-L. Har- rison, J. E. Ganong, A. Swithenbank, M. Castleton, H. Dewar, B. The census repeatedly showed the value of investing in in- R. Mate, G. L. Shillinger, K. M. Schaefer, S. R. Benson, M. J. Weise, R. W. Henry, and D. P. Costa. 2011. Tracking apex marine tegrated, large-scale efforts such as the global seamount survey, predator movements in a dynamic ocean. Nature 475:86–90. the acoustic and satellite tagging efforts, the drive to barcode all Block, B. A., S. L. H. Teo, A. Walli, A. Boustany, M. J. W. Stokesbury, marine species, and the value of sharing expertise and data. It C. Farwell, T. Williams, K. Weng, and H. Dewar. 2005. Elec- found that human impacts are everywhere: Census researchers tronic tagging and population structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna. found more garbage than life in some deep-sea trawls (McIntyre Nature 434:1121–1127. 2010). It is also clear that humans impacted ocean biodiversity Boustany, A. M., R. Matteson, M. Castleton, C. Farwell, and B. A. significantly earlier than previously thought and that there is Block. 2010. Movements of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus ori- not an endless supply of biodiversity. Reefs, deep-sea, Arc- entalis) in the Eastern North Pacific revealed with archival tags. tic, and Antarctic systems are particularly in need of work due Progress in Oceanography 86:94–104. Bucklin, A., D. Steinke, and L. Blanco-Bercial. 2011. DNA barcoding to changing climate. It is clear that many large species need of marine metazoa. Annual Review of Marine Science 3:471–508. protection but also that species can rebound when given the op- Chen, K. S., P. Crone, and C. C. Hsu. 2006. Reproductive biology portunity. Many species may have homing behavior that makes of female Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, from south- them susceptible to harvesting, and we are beginning to identify western North Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Science 72:985–994. concentrations of high species abundance where conservation Chittenden, C. M., C. Biagi, J. G. Davidsen, A. G. Davidsen, H. Kon- efforts may yield larger-than-expected dividends. The cen- do, A. McKnight, O.-P. Pedersen, P. A. Raven, A. H. Rikardsen, sus helped to advance technologies such as automated image J. M. Shrimpton, B. Zuehlke, R. S. McKinley, and R. H. Devlin. processing, acoustic tracking of small fish on the continental 2010a. Genetic versus rearing-environment effects on phenotype: shelves, satellite archival tags that allow large fish to collect hatchery and natural rearing effects on hatchery- and wild-born coho salmon. PLoS ONE 5(8):e12261. environmental data, acoustic imaging of huge areas, genetic Chittenden, C. M., M. C. Melnychuk, D. W. Welch, and R. S. McKinley. barcoding to speed up species identification in samples, and in- 2010b. An investigation into the poor survival of an endangered tegrated data management. It seems that we are closer than ever coho salmon population. PLoS ONE 5(5):e10869. to being able to do some of the things we have only dreamed Chittenden, C. M., S. Sura, K. G. Butterworth, K. F. Cubitt, N. Plan- of for generations, such as tracking species interactions in situ. talech, S. Balfry, F. Økland, and R. S. McKinley. 2008. Riverine, Although many census projects could have succeeded on local estuarine and marine migratory behaviour and physiology of wild scales with national funding, the census enabled collaboration and hatchery-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts in marine biology on a global scale, demonstrating the scientific descending the Campbell River, BC. Journal of Fish Biology benefits and cost efficiencies of international collaboration. It 72:614–628. Clark, M. R., L. Watling, A. A. Rowden, J. M. Guinotte, and C. R. is the hope of all of us who were touched by the census that Smith. 2011. A global seamount classification to aid the scien- science institutions and countries will continue to explore and tific design of marine protected area networks. Ocean and Coastal discover ocean biodiversity by collaborating internationally. Management 54:19–36. Collette, B. B., and C. E. Nauen. 1983. FAO species catalogue, volume ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2. Scombrids of the world. 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Cover Illustration Census investigators explored on and beneath polar ice. Their aircraft remotely sensed animals through proper- ties of scattered light. Marine animals carried tags that stored records of their travels and dives and commu- nicated with satellites. Fish carried tags that revealed The best their migration past acoustic listening lines. Sounds that echoed back to ships portrayed schools of fish as- telemetry tool? sembling, swimming, and commuting up and down. Standardized frames and structures dropped near shores and on reefs provided information for comparing diver- sity and abundance. Manned and unmanned undersea Experience. vehicles plus divers photographed seafloors and cliffs. Deep submersibles sniffed and videotaped smoking sea- floor vents. And, nets and dredges still caught specimens, shallow and deep, for closest study. Photo credit: E. Paul Blue Leaf has effectively used Oberlander, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. techniques ranging from

From the Archives presence/absence with PIT tags, Bordering the Great Lakes are six to fine-scale three-dimensional States having a population of about tracking with acoustic tags, to fish fourteen millions of people. The fish- eries of these Great Lakes, as their movement and interactions with product enters into the general com- DIDSON sonar imaging. merce of the country, cannot be re- garded as the concern of the six Call us for a free consultation and States--they are of national impor- tance. If the fish captured in these learn how our technical expertise lakes were consumed along their shores in fisheries telemetry can help I grant that the States would have no special claim upon the general Govern- make your project successful. ment for taking part in maintaining such fisheries, or helping in any way to their re-establishment. This was the condition of affairs once; but with the modern facilities of rapid communication and improved methods of transportation, their product is mar- keted all over the country, and for that reason the States bordering the Great Lakes have, in my judgment, as good a right to assistance from the General Government, in the directions I shall presently mention, as the fisheries of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Bissell, J.H. (1888): Co-operation in Fish-culture, Transactions of the American blueleafenviro.com Fisheries Society, 17:1, 89-100.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 409 FEATURE Sustainability A Retrospective Evaluation of Sustainable Yields for ­Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery

You-Gan Wang Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), School Evaluación retrospectiva de rendimien- of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Queensland tos sostenibles de la pesquería de 4072, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] camarón del norte de Australia Na Wang RESUMEN: El objetivo principal del manejo pesquero Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), es determinar el esfuerzo óptimo que produzca la captura School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, sostenible de un recurso renovable. El objetivo actual de Queensland 4072, Australia manejo de la pesquería de camarón del norte de Australia es maximizar el retorno económico neto en el largo plazo ABSTRACT: The fundamental aim in fisheries management bajo los términos de la política del gobierno australiano, is to determine an optimal fishing effort for sustainably- har tomando en cuenta que los niveles actuales de captura de vesting from a replenishable resource. The current management camarón ascienden a 1,250 toneladas, cuando la máxima objective of Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery is to maximize captura sostenible, de acuerdo a varios estudios, es de the long-term net economic return following Australian gov- 3,000 a 4,700 toneladas. También se evalúa la ganancia ernment policy, resulting in an average recent catch of tiger neta bajo la suposición de que no existió un esquema de prawn species of about 1,250 tons only. However, the maximum recompra en 2005 y que la flota pesquera se mantuvo en 89 sustainable catch stated from different studies is around 3,000– embarcaciones desde 2005. Se concluye que se pudo haber 4,700 tons. We also evaluated the net profit assuming that there ganado, en promedio, un 40% más de captura (2006-2009) was no buyback scheme in 2005 and the fishing fleet was kept y una ganancia adicional total de A$17 millones (excluy- at 89 vessels since 2005 and concluded that 40% more catch endo el gastos de la tripulación) con respecto a los muchos on average (2006–2009) and an additional total profit of A$17 millones de dólares que se ahorraron con el esquema de re- million (excluding crew cost) could have been gained in addi- compra. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones importantes tion to the many millions of dollars of savings in the buyback para el futuro manejo en Australia y en otros lugares dado scheme. These findings have great implications for future man- que existe una preocupación a nivel mundial por la sobrex- agement in Australia and elsewhere because there is a grave plotación pesquera. concern of overfishing worldwide.

INTRODUCTION catch (Wang and Die 1996). The catch and effort data recorded in the NPF are separated by commercial species groups (ba- The Australian federal government is in the process of nana prawn, tiger prawn, endeavour prawn, and king prawn) introducing maximum economic yield (MEY)-based manage- and thus do not distinguish between the two species of tiger ment for 26 fish species. The Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF), prawn. Much work was carried out using data from commer- one of Australia’s most valuable fisheries in terms of gross cial catches, scientific trawls, and tagging experiments to study production value, has been managed under the MEY objective growth, mortality, and movement of these key species (Lucas et since 2006. However, it is not clear whether the MEY objec- al. 1979; Somers and Wang 1997; Punt et al. 2009). In particu- tive is actually beneficial to Australia at all. Bromley (2009) has lar, Somers and Wang (1997) used a multispecies bioeconomic provided rigorous justification for why MEY is not the same as simulation model to evaluate different management strategies “making society better off.” This article aims to present an NPF by incorporating factors such as seasonal effects in price and case study to support the claims of Bromley (2009) that other catchability, and the net revenue was estimated as $40–50 mil- researchers (and politicians) might not expect. lion in 1993 Australian dollar currency. There are two fishing seasons each year; the first season is from April to early June, As a multispecies fishery targeting mainly prawns, the NPF when most banana prawns are caught, and the second season is also takes scampi, squid, scallops, and bugs. The NPF prawn from August to November, when most tiger prawns are caught. catch consists of nine prawn species, among which three spe- The seasonal closures were introduced to ensure good sizes at cies—brown tiger prawns (Penaeus esculentus), grooved tiger harvest and for protection of spawners of tiger prawns (Somers prawns (Penaeus semisulcatus), and banana prawns (Penaeus 1990; Somers and Wang 1997). Since 2006, the length of the merguiensis)—account for almost 80% of the annual average banana prawn season has been set to depend on whether or

410 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org not catches meet a predetermined decision rule (Hohnen et al. An increase of about 20% in vessel engine power in the long 2008). The banana prawn season was extended by 2 weeks in run was estimated by Pascoe et al. (2011) under expected price 2007 and was once again extended in 2008 and 2011 (Table 1). conditions, which suggests that larger vessels may appear under the new ITQ system. The NPF gross value of catch has been the highest of any of the commonwealth fisheries in recent years. Over the period Actions have also been taken with respect to Class B SFRs. 1989–1999, the estimated gross values varied between $102 Over the last decade, two vessel buyback schemes have reduced million and $149 million. There was a downward trend over the fleet. The second buyback reduced the fleet from 89 vessels the period 2000–2008, with the lowest value of $62.3 million in in 2005 to 55 (52 B SFRs) in 2009, mainly to achieve the MEY 2006 compared with the peak of $164.7 million in 2000 (Table objective (Dichmont et al. 2006a; Pascoe et al. 2011). In 2004, a 1). The currency unit used throughout the article is the Austra- new target level of catch for MEY was accepted by the AFMA, lian dollar. The reduction in gross revenue resulted from mainly replacing maximum sustainable yield (MSY) because MEY the decrease in catch levels, as well as the drop in prawn prices was regarded as a biologically more conservative target than due to prawn supplies mainly from farming and appreciation MSY in this fishery (Larcombe 2008; Evans 2010; Kompas et of the Australian dollar (Pascoe et al. 2011). The net revenue al. 2010). This can be compared with the peak of about 300 ves- was around $20 million in the 1990s (Kompas et al. 2010) and sels in the early 1980s. dropped to −$13.9 million (a loss) for 2004–2005 due to in- creasing costs in labor and fuel. By 2007–2008, the net revenue Management of this fishery was based on results from had become positive at $8.1 million, which was largely due to yield-per-recruitment analysis until the stock–recruitment rela- the higher catches of banana prawns. tionship (SRR) was established by Wang and Die (1996) for the two tiger prawn species (P. esculentus and P. semisulca- The NPF is a limited-entry, input-controlled fishery and is tus). This has led to a significant development in managing this managed by the Australian Fisheries Management Authority fishery because a framework was established in deriving the (AFMA). The inputs under the NPF Plan 1995 are the number sustainable catches and efforts. Wang and Die (1996) obtained of vessels in the fishery, vessel size, and engine power. Under the MSY as 1,900 tons for P. esculentus and 2,200 tons for P. this plan, the NPF fishing fleet was assigned two classes of semisulcatus when assuming a 5% increase in fishing power. statutory fishing rights (SFRs): gear SFRs, which are based on Because no SSRs were found for banana prawns, the total effort vessel size and engine power, and B SFRs, which determine for the NPF could be adjusted based on the historical split be- the number of vessels (Jarrett 2001). In 2000, gear SFRs were tween the tiger and banana prawns efforts (Wang and Die 1996; changed to be measured in terms of total headrope length for Kompas et al. 2010). The other reason for doing this is that ef- the fleet (Dichmont et al. 2006a). A system of individual trans- fort cannot be practically controlled at species level or targeted ferable quota (ITQs) will be implemented in 2012 (Pascoe et on the banana prawn fisheries alone. The work of Wang and al. 2011). For years, restriction of gear SFRs has been an im- Die (1996) was further extended by Dichmont et al. (2003) us- portant management tool in reducing fishing effort. In 2008, ing a Deriso-Schnute delay–difference model. A management a 33% increase in total gear for the 2008 tiger prawn season strategy evaluation (MSE) framework was conducted to evalu- was accepted by AFMA to help achieve MEY for the fishery. ate management strategies using input controls for the prawn

TABLE 1. Gross value of product, Class B SFRs (denoted by number of vessels [nv], fishing efforts [Ey], and corresponding fishing days [Ey/nv])for tiger prawn and banana prawn in the NPF, by financial year from 2000 to 2009.

Fishing Effort of Fishing Days for Gross Value of Product No. of Year (A$, millions) Vessels Banana Prawns Tiger Prawns Banana Prawns Tiger Prawns Total boat-days boat-days

2000 164.7 121 3,697 12,736 31 105 136 2001 135 118 6,247 10,440 53 88 141 2002 82.5 114 4,148 8,718 36 76 113 2003 74 97 4,114 8,503 42 88 130 2004 65 96 3,985 7,793 42 81 123 2005 72.8 89 3,364 7,967 38 90 127 2006 62.3 77 3,283 6,983 43 91 133 2007 74 51 2,696 4,829 53 95 148 2008 73 52 3,347 4,556 64 88 152 2009 — 52 3,095 4,889 60 94 154 2000–2009 Average — 87 3,798 7,741 44 89 133

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 411 fishery (Dichmont et al. 2006b). The MSY estimate was 1,418 where q is the catchability, Ey is the fishing effort of year tons for P. esculentus and 1,709 tons for P. semisulcatus. More y, days is the number of fishing days, andn v is the number of recently, Punt et al. (2010) provided an extended bioeconomic vessels. study incorporating the two tiger species and the blue endeav- our prawn (Metapenaeus endeavouri) and provided the MEY By taking into consideration the impact due to techno- estimates for the three species. The MEY estimate for P. escul- logical changes, effective effort rather than nominal effort is entus was 1,231 tons and for P. semisulcatus it was 1,447 tons. applied to the tiger prawn fishery (Robins et al. 1998; Bishop et al. 2000). Two scenarios are set to measure the impact of In this article, we assess the economic effectiveness in rela- changes in fishing efficiency over time based on the work of tion to yield, revenue, and net revenue for tiger prawns in the Robins et al. (1998) and Kompas et al. (2010). In scenario 1, we NPF and demonstrate that a broader socioeconomic definition assume an annual increase of 2.5% for years before 1988 and of the fishery should be considered for the purposes of calculat- after 1992 and 5% for 1988–1992. The significant improvement ing MEY. We also quantify the potential gain in this fishery if in fishing power from 1988 to 1992 was largely due to the us- no buyback scheme had occurred in 2005. Our results indicate age of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and plotters, and the that there could be a gain if there had been no such fleet reduc- measurements of the impact of GPS and plotters are based on tion scheme. the analysis of commercial catch data (Robins et al. 1998). In scenario 2, we allow an annual increase of 2.5% before 1988 METHODS and 5% for 1988–1992 and then variable effort creep (with an average of 1.5% annually) is applied to years after 1992 using The analysis is based on weekly catch and effort data. The values obtained from Kompas et al. (2010). biological year is assumed to range from week 40 until week 39 of the following year (Wang and Die 1996; Dichmont et al. The economic status of the NPF is measured by the total 2006b). The sex ratio for each tiger prawn species is assumed revenue and the net revenue. Based on the economic param- to be 1:1. The estimates of annual recruitment and spawning eters used by Somers and Wang (1997) and Punt et al. (2010) stock indices are based on an age-structured population model and assuming that the price is unaffected by the yield Y and a (Wang and Die 1996; Somers and Wang 1997). The SRR, re- fixed number of fishing days per year, the annual net revenue cruitment–spawning stock relationship (RSR), and catch–effort for the NPF is approximately (Wang and Wang 2012) relationship are used to obtain the sustainable catch for a given fishing mortality. A broader revenue function was applied to as- R(Y)=PY – c1Y – c2 E, sess the economic effectiveness of inputs (mainly the number of vessels) in relation to yield and net revenue. where P is the average price, $19.85/kg; c1 includes crew

cost, 0.23P ($/kg), and packaging cost, $0.98/kg; and c2 is the The annual catch in tons, denoted as Yy, is modeled using cost associated with each of the E vessels including repairs and the catch–effort relationship (Somers and Wang 1997): fuel, annual permit cost, annual depreciation, and opportunity cost. In the case of NPF, the daily operating cost (repairs and

Yy=a3 Ry(1–exp(–b3 Fy )), fuel) is $2,321 and the average fishing days is 135 days per year (Punt et al. 2010). The average capital cost per vessel is

where Ry is the recruitment number in year y, and Fy is the $727,184. The opportunity cost is assumed to be 5% and the an- fishing mortality in year y (proportional to the effort, defined nual depreciation of the capital is 3.7%. There is also an annual below). The SRR is modeled using Ricker’s equation, fishing permit cost of $56,116 per vessel. Therefore, we have

c2 = 2,321 × 135 + 727,184 × (5% + 3.7%) + 56,116 = 432,716 Ry=a1 Sy-1exp(–b1Sy-1), per vessel per year. More details are given in table 2 of Punt et al. (2010).

where Sy-1 is the spawning stock index of previous year. The RSR is modeled by (Somers and Wang 1997): From a broader societal perspective, the labor cost (often related to yield/revenue) is actually income for crews; therefore,

Sy=a2 Ryexp(–b2Fy). there is no cost or gain because the entities include both the ves- sel owners and crews. The license fee is also income for the The optimal F that maximizes the Y satisfies F = AD/ government (which has great implications for research funds).

(1+D), where A= log(a1 a2 )/b2 and D=b2+b3 exp(–b3F)/(1– Opportunity cost does not seem to apply here because the ves- exp(–b3 F)). sels have already entered this fishery; on the contrary, shadow profit (savings from government) should be considered because

The fishing mortality, Fy, is expressed as removal of a vessel (buyback) is costly (A$400,000 per ves- sel), and government assistance may be needed for crews (three

Fy=qEy=q × days × nv. crews per vessel) if unemployed (A$11,856 per person per year). We therefore adopt a broader revenue function (to reflect a broader societal perspective) that includes the shadow profits such as the potential unemployment benefit and exit benefit (as-

412 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org suming 5% of the buyback cost), c2 = 2,321 × 135 + 727,184 RESULTS × 3.7% − 11,856 × 3 − 400,000 × 5% = A$284,673 per vessel per year. The daily operating cost ($2,321/day for the first term Long-Term Yields—Optimal and Sustainable in c2) dominates the total cost, which makes accurate estimates of the other economic parameters relatively unimportant. Actu- The equilibrium yield estimates for P. semisulcatus and P. ally, the cost ($2,321/day) also includes normal profits by other esculentus in the NPF for the two scenarios are shown in Fig- sectors. More interesting discussion on this complex issue can ure 1. The peak of each curve indicates the MSY. Overfishing be found in Christensen et al. (2011) and Bromley (2009). occurs when the effective fishing efforts exceed MSYE , and re- building happens when the effective fishing efforts stay below When computing the catch losses due to underfishing, the the critical value. new inputs are the number of fishing days and the number of vessels, which will result in changes in fishing mortality. To For the period 2005–2009, the exploitation levels remain adjust for the impact on fishing mortality, we use far lower than EMSY for both species. It appears that the NPF has undergone an unnecessary rebuilding period over recent years * * * * from an MSY perspective. The status of the NPF is further illus- Fy = Fy (Ey /Ey)=Fy (days ×nv )/(days×nv), trated by plotting the time series of estimated spawning index * relative to S and adjusted effort relative to E for both tiger where days * and nv are the hypothesised fishing days and MSY MSY * * prawn species in the NPF (Figure 2). number of vessels, Ey is the new estimated effort, and Fy is the new estimated fishing mortality. Accordingly, the spawning stock of the same year is adjusted using Both P. esculentus and P. semisulcatus were previously judged as being overfished in 2002 (Dichmont 2006b), and * * * stocks responded and rebounded to much higher levels due to Sy = Sy (Ry /Ry)exp (–b2Fy –b2Fy), substantial reduction in fishing effort within a few years, espe- and the number of recruits in the following year is conse- cially for P. esculentus. However, the status of both tiger prawn quently adjusted to species appears to be quite healthy under scenario 2, which is deemed as most realistic. Based on this scenario, current level * * * of fishing effort (52 vessels in 2009) could have been- main Ry = Ry (Sy /Sy-1)exp (–b1S y-1–b1Sy-1), tained at the 2005 level and the buyback scheme might be unnecessary. The estimated catch in tons is finally calculated as We assume that each vessel fishes for 135 days per year and * * * two thirds of these fishing days are spent on tiger prawn fishery Yy = Yy (R y/Ry)(1–exp(–b3F y))/(1–exp(–b3Fy)). (Punt et al. 2010). Then, the number of vessels (nv) needed in * the NPF is calculated as E /(135 × 2/3); E is the total fishing Note that R y = Ry for the estimation for the first year. f f effort (in 2009 boat-day unit). The estimated optimal numbers

Figure 1. Estimated equilibrium yields for two tiger prawn species in the NPF under the two scenarios. Fishing effort is in 2009 boat-day unit. Dark points show the landings and corresponding effective fishing efforts for the recent 5 years (2005–2009).

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 413 Figure 2. Time series of (a) effective fishing effort relative to MSYE and (b) estimated spawning index relative to SMSY for both tiger prawn species in the NPF for scenario 2. of vessels under different scenarios as well as other target levels DISCUSSION are shown in Table 2. The general perception of trawling (which is the case in What if there had been no buyback? the NPF) is that it has a devastating effect on the ecosystem. Roughly 30% of world fisheries are overexploited (Branch et Now we let the number of vessels be fixed at 89 for the pe- al. 2011). However, this does not necessarily mean that all fish- riod 2005–2009 to assess the effect on fishery status in relation eries need to greatly reduce fishing effort, especially for those to catch (tons) and net revenue (A$, millions). The simulated regarded as having a healthy status. In this short article, we have vessels are supposed to be, on average, identical to those that provided a quick assessment of the NPF. The method is simple remained in the fishery in terms of headrope length and other and calculation is straightforward. These estimates should be characteristics. The recruitment and spawning indices of each sufficient to draw the conclusions, although more accurate esti- year were recalculated corresponding to the new changed mates may be sought that would require incorporation of more fishing mortality. The results are shown in Table 3. Roughly relevant information. The results are not contrary to those in speaking, there would be an additional 2,000 tons of catches Punt et al. (2010) and Norman-López and Pascoe (2011). In from 2006 to 2009. This 40% potential additional catches rep- Norman-López and Pascoe (2011), the net profit was evaluated resent quite a substantial gain in terms of food and employment at a baseline and the MEY level. For example, our calculation opportunities. indicates that their net profit could go even higher if fishing ef- fort were set at 10% more than their MEY level. If the crew cost is revenue share based, the increased profit in our hypothesized case (without buyback in 2005) is more than the corresponding

TABLE 2. Estimated optimal efforts expressed as number of vessels under different scenarios for the tiger fishery and the whole NPF (after adjusting for banana fishery). The MSY and MEY (in tons) are yields from the tiger prawns only. Effort unit is Year 2009 boat-days, and 135 fishing days per year, and a proportion of two- thirds fishing days for tiger prawns are assumed.

Tiger Fishery Only NPR (Tiger and Banana Fisheries)

MSY MEY EMSY EMEY EMSY EMEY Wang and Die (1996) 4,100 — 112 — 168 — Dichmont et al. (2003) 3,127 — 98 — 147 — Dichmont et al. (2010) — 2,905 — — — — Punt et al. (2010) — 2,678 — 71 — 107 Scenario 1 Narrow 4,730 3,089 182 75 272 112 Broader — 4,330 — 129 — 194 Scenario 2 Narrow 4,734 3,102 180 74 271 111 Broader — 4,336 — 128 — 193

414 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org TABLE 3. Actual estimates of catch (tons) and difference in profit (A$, millions), assuming a fixed number of 89 vessels in the years 2006–2009 for the two ­scenarios. Fishing days of each year are the same as recorded.

Real Status of Simulation Model Added Value of Year Effort (boat- Catch (A$, Profit (A$, Catch (tons) Effort (boat-days) Catch (tons) Catch (tons) days) ­millions) millions) Scenario 1 2006 1,856 7,095 2,072 8,200 215 4.3 1.7 2007 1,304 5,402 1,994 9,427 690 13.7 4.5 2008 1,120 4,792 1,629 8,202 509 10.1 2.4 2009 1,171 4,730 1,749 8,096 578 11.5 3.8 Total 5,452 22,019 7,444 33,925 1,992 39.5 12.5 Scenario 2 <2006 1,856 6,618 2,085 7,649 228.5 4.5 2.1 2007 1,304 5,157 2,049 8,999 744.4 14.8 5.9

2008 1,120 4,682 1,694 8,014 574.1 11.4 3.8

2009 1,171 4,730 1,826 8,096 654.6 13.0 5.3

Total 5,452 21,187 7,653 32,758 2,202 43.7 17.1 increased crew share (around A$9 million) in the two scenarios subtle difference was well explained by Bromley (2009). The (cf. Table 3). Our results show that this additional catch would difference between resource rent and economic rent is clear; for lead to higher sustainable yield, which is arguably beneficial example, the license fees are part of the resource rent for the Aus- to the fishing industry and the society. An interesting question tralian government but a cost in the MEY approach, which allows is whether this additional 40% of food (averaged over the last excess profit accrual to the lucky firms remaining in the fisher- 4 years) should be caught. Society may demand less environ- ies. The economic loss due to buyback scheme since 2005 would mental effect on a fishery, and any effort reduction is therefore be much larger if we considered beyond 2009 and multiplied welcome (and the society may gain from a less disturbed en- the effects. Management strategies based on maximizing the net vironment; Christensen and Walters 2004; Christensen and profit for the fishery alone would lead to undesirable social con- Maclean 2011). This is especially true in a prawn trawl fishery sequences when potential opportunities for other relevant sectors where the bycatch component is large (such as in the NPF). are ignored. In our objective functions, we have excluded employ- ment costs because we see them as labor opportunities. Because the buyback program had already been carried out (2006–2008), it would be too costly to reestablish the fishery On the other hand, some might argue that such expense was with 89 vessels. The other option is to extend the fishing sea- well spent as a premium cost for ensuring sustainability. The sons at both ends (earlier opening and later closure) as much as lower the fishing effort, the easier it will be to ride out spawn- possible. However, an extended tiger season would also have a ing/recruitment falls in bad years. Nevertheless, it is debatable negative effect in protecting the spawners. An extended banana whether the extra 40% catch is worthwhile when factoring in all season implies that the smaller banana prawns would be caught the other costs, such as opportunity loss and ecosystem impacts, from earlier opening days and smaller tiger prawns will be because dredging is quite damaging to the sea bottom and the caught from later banana season because substantial effort on bycatch/by-product is always quite substantial, which cannot be the tiger prawn species is deployed during banana prawn sea- ignored. Because the catch comprises mixed sizes, and the prawn son. On the other hand, because excessive fishing is often the price is size dependent, more careful studies using a multispecies key contributing factor to collapse of fisheries globally (Worm approach and biological and environmental impacts are still need- et al. 2009), overcaution may have been a reasonable choice. ed. Nevertheless, our illustration of the NPF clearly shows there It should be noted that setting appropriate ITQ requires objec- may be great potential benefits when taking account of the whole tive functions with appropriate parameter values. We therefore of society’s interest. Perhaps there is a need to move from MEY/ strongly encourage being more careful in using the economic MSY to a society–ecosystem approach in fisheries management. parameters in the gain function and fully investigating the im- This will further enlarge our inference domain to balance between plications of different choices. the diverse societal objectives and maintaining healthy statuses of all components in the affected marine ecosystems. Research Finally, is the fishery’s economic gain at society’s expense? toward quantifying the impacts of fishing on degradation of eco- The answer is yes, because all parts of our society are connected systems would be a great step forward (Christensen and Maclean and maximizing one single component will be at the cost of sub- 2011). Alternatively, one can consider spatial/temporal closures to optimality of the others (Christensen 2010). The MEY approach complement the ecosystem and catches (Zhou et al. 2010; Little is not to maximize the resource rent but the economic rent. The et al. 2011).

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 415 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Larcombe, J. 2008. Northern Prawn Fishery. Pages 25–38 in J. Lar- combe and G. Begg, editors. Fishery status reports 2007: status We are grateful for the referees’ very constructive com- of fish stocks managed by the Australian government. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra, Australia. ments, which led to a much improved article. Little, L. R., R. Q. Grafton, T. Kompas, D. M. Smith, A. E. Punt, and B. D. Mapstone. 2011. Complementarity of no-take marine re- REFERENCES serves and individual transferable catch quotas for managing the line fishery of the Great Barrier Reef. Conservation Biology : The Bishop, J., D. Die, and Y.-G. Wang. 2000. A generalized estimating Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 25(2):333–340. equations approach for analysis of fishing power in the Australian Lucas, C., G. Kirkwood, and I. F. Somers. 1979. An assessment of Northern Prawn Fishery. 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Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 417 First Call for Papers: Little Rock 2013 will review all symposium proposals and notify organizers of their acceptance or professionals, private biolo- refusal by February 1, 2013. If accepted, gists, academics, and students organizers must submit a complete list of to participate. There will all confirmed presentations and titles by be three types of sessions at February 22, 2013. Symposium abstracts the meeting: Symposia (oral (in the same format as contributed oral or presentations organized by poster presentation abstracts; see below) individuals or groups with a are due by March 15, 2013. common interest), Contributed Oral Presentations (grouped The Program Committee is developing together into themes), and Con- ways to increase the accessibility of sym- tributed Poster Presentations posia to all potential participants. See (organized to coincide with future calls for papers, e-mail messages, either symposia or contributed and the meeting web site for more details. oral presentations themes). FORMAT FOR SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIA PROPOSALS – (submit using AFS The Program Committee in- online symposium submission form: vites proposals for Symposia. fisheries.org We are specifically requesting When submitting your abstract, include topics related to the meeting the following: The Arkansas Chapter of the American theme. Topics not addressing the meet- Fisheries Society is pleased to announce ing theme should be of general interest 1) Symposium title: Brief but descrip- the first call for papers for the 143rd An- to AFS members. Symposia that address tive nual Meeting of the American Fisheries challenges facing broad groups of fisher- 2) Organizer(s): provide name, address, Society to be held in Little Rock, Ar- ies professionals, along with solutions to telephone number, and e-mail address of kansas! The meeting theme, “Preparing specific challenges will receive priority. each organizer. Indicate by an asterisk for the Challenges Ahead,” is likely to Symposium organizers are responsible the name of the main contact person. stimulate thoughts and presentations on for recruiting presenter, soliciting their 3) Description: In 300 words or less, challenges facing natural resource agen- abstracts, and directing them to submit describe the topic addressed by the cies regarding mandates to do more with their abstracts and presentations through proposed symposium, the objective of fewer resources, challenges facing edu- the AFS online submission forms (fish- the symposium, and the value of the cators regarding a growing knowledge eries.org). Organizers are not required symposium to AFS members and meet- base and changing student expectations, to recruit a full symposium at the time ing participants. challenges facing students regarding of proposal submissions. The Program 4) Format and time requirements: their roles as future scientists and man- Committee will work with symposium Indicate the mix of formats (oral and agers serving increasingly more diverse organizers to incorporate appropriate poster). State the time required for regu- stakeholders, and other challenges that presentations that were submitted as con- lar oral presentations (i.e. 20 minutes confront fisheries and natural resource tributed oral or poster presentations. A per speaker) and the time required for professionals. AFS 2013 will take place symposium should include a minimum speed presentations and poster viewing on September 8-12 in Little Rock, at the of 10 presentations and we encourage (3 minutes per speaker plus one hour of Statehouse Convention Center located at organizers to limit their requests to 1-d poster viewing). the east end of President Clinton Avenue. symposia (about 20 oral presentations). 5) Chairs: Supply name(s) ­of The River Market District in Little Rock Symposia with more than 20 presenta- individual(s) who will chair the sympo- and the Argenta District in North Little tions will be strongly encouraged to sium. Rock offer the best in dining, entertain- convert some oral presentations to posters 6) Presentations requirements: ment, museums, and shopping. Let Little (see further information in Poster section Speakers should use PowerPoint for Rock show you some southern hospitality below). Regular oral presentations are presentations. next year. limited to 20 minutes, but double time 7) Audiovisual requirements: LCD slots (i.e., 40 minutes) may be offered to projectors and laptops will be available GENERAL INFORMATION keynote speakers. in every room. Other audiovisual equip- Fisheries and natural resource profes- ment needed for the symposium will be sionals are invited to submit symposia Symposium proposals must be submitted considered, but computer projection is proposals or abstracts for contributed by January 11, 2013. All symposium pro- strongly encouraged. oral and poster presentations that address posal submissions must be made using the 8) Special seating requests: Standard the meeting’s theme, or on other issues AFS online symposium proposal submis- rooms will be arranged theatre-style. and subjects pertinent to our field. We sion form available on the AFS website Please indicate special seating requests encourage state and federal fisheries (fisheries.org). The Program Committee (for example, “after the break, a panel

418 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org discussion with seating for 10 panel Components of the application will Drive, Little Rock, AR 72205; 501-223- members will be needed”). include an extended abstract and a check- 6371; [email protected] 9) Lists of presentations: Please sup- off from their mentor indicating that the Presenter: Steve Lochmann ply information on potential presenters, study is at a stage appropriate for consid- Abstract: Abstracts are used by the Pro- tentative titles, and oral or poster desig- eration for an award. gram Committee to evaluate and select nations for each presenter. papers for inclusion in the scientific and Sponsors: If applicable, indicate spon- ABSTRACT SUBMISSIONS technical sessions of the 2013 AFS An- sorship. Please note that a sponsor is not Abstracts for contributed oral and poster nual Meeting. An informative abstract required. presentations must be received by March contains a statement of the problem and 15, 2013. All submissions must be made its significance, study objectives, prin- CONTRIBUTED ORAL AND using the AFS online abstract submission ciple findings, and applications. The POSTER PRESENTATIONS form, available at fisheries.org. When abstract conforms to the prescribed for- The Program Committee invites abstracts submitting your abstract: mat. An abstract must be no more than for contributed oral and poster presen- 200 words in length. tations. Authors must indicate their 1) Use a brief but descriptive title, avoid- Student presenter: No preferred presentation format: ing acronyms or scientific names in the title unless the common name is not PROGRAM COMMITTEE ­CONTACTS 1)Contributed oral presentation only, widely knows; Program Chair: 2)Contributed poster presentation only, 2) List all authors, their affiliations, ad- Steve Lochmann, University of Arkan- 3)Contributed oral presentation preferred, dresses, telephone numbers, and e-mail sas at Pine Bluff, slochmann.afs2013@ but poster presentation acceptable. addresses; and; gmail.com, 870-575-8165 3) Provide a summary of your findings Contributed Oral Presentation Sub- Only one contributed oral presentation and restrict your abstract to 200 words. committee Chair: will be accepted for each senior author. Rick Eades, Nebraska Game and Parks Contributed oral presentations will be All presenters will receive an email con- Commission, [email protected], limited to 20 minutes (15 minutes for pre- firmation of their abstract submission and 402-471-5445 sentation plus 5 minutes for questions). will be notified of acceptance and the Contributed Poster Presentation Sub- All oral presenters are expected to deliver designated time and place of their presen- committee Chair: PowerPoint presentations. tation by April 5, 2013. Greg Summers, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, gsummers@ We encourage poster submissions be- The Program Committee will group con- odwc.state.ok.us, 405-325-7288 cause of the limited time available for oral tributed oral and poster presentations Symposia Subcommittee Chair: presentations. The program will include thematically based on the title and two Tom Lang, Kansas Department of a dedicated poster session to encour- or three keywords you will choose and Wildlife, Parks & Tourism, tom.lang@ age discussion between poster authors prioritize during the abstract submission ksoutdoors.com, 620-672-0722 and attendees. In addition, the Program process. Committee Members: Committee is exploring alternative pre- Amanda Rosenberger, USGS Missouri sentations methods for posters. For Late submissions will not be accept- Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research example, “Speed Presentations”, short ed. AFS does not waive registration Unit, [email protected], 573- oral presentations of poster highlights are fees for presenters at symposia, work- 882-9653 being considered, as well as exhibiting shops, or contributed oral or poster Nick Phelps, University of Minnesota symposium posters in the same room as presentation sessions. All presenters and – Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, oral symposium presentations. Decisions meeting attendees must pay registration [email protected], 612-624-7450 on these alternatives will be provided in fees. Registration forms will be available Quenton Fontenot, Nicholls State Uni- the final call for papers. on the AFS website (fisheries.org) in May versity, [email protected], 2013. There is a cost savings for register- 985-449-7062 STUDENT PRESENTERS ing early. Steve Sammons, Auburn University, Student presenters must indicate if they [email protected], 334-844-4058 wish their abstract to be considered for FORMAT FOR ABSTRACTS competition for a best student presenta- Title: An Example Abstract for the AFS tion (i.e., paper or poster, but not both) 2013 Annual Meeting award. If they respond “no,” the presen- Format: Oral tation will be considered for inclusion Authors: Lochmann, Steve. Aquaculture/ in the Annual Meeting by the Program Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas Committee, but will not receive further at Pine Bluff, 1200 N. University Dr., consideration by the Student Judging Pine Bluff, AR 71601; 870-575-8165; Committee. If students indicate “yes,” [email protected] they will be required to submit an appli- Racey, Christopher. Arkansas Game and cation to the Student Judging Committee. Fish Commission, 2 Natural Resources

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 419 UNIT NEWS Better Know a Hatchery

Wild Rose State Fish ­Hatchery, Wild Rose, WI

Interview by Brian Gause – Fisheries and Illinois Aqua- culture Center, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL

What is the name of your facility, how did it get that name, and how long has it been in operation? Wild Rose State Fish Hatchery is named so because we are Aerial view of the coldwater facility, also newly renovated. Photo cour- only half a mile from the town of Wild Rose, Wisconsin. We tesy of HDR. have been in operation raising fish for the state of Wisconsin for 103 years.

What fish do you raise and approximately how many? We raise over 2 million cold- and coolwater fish species each year, including Chinook and coho salmon, two strains of brown trout, northern pike, muskie, walleye, and lake sturgeon.

What are the fish you raise used for? Our fish are used for sport fish enhancement and restora- tion efforts primarily in Lake Michigan.

What is the biggest challenge facing your facility today? What challenges do you foresee in the future? Sample of northern pike raised at Wild Rose and ready for stocking. Our biggest current challenge is being able to operate on a Photo courtesy of WI DNR. limited budget. The limited budget will likely continue to be a challenge for the future as well. In addition to budget issues and concerns, water use restrictions will likely be a challenge our hatchery will face in the future.

Any recent successes or news you can share? Since 2008, the entire facility has been completely rebuilt. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources now operates a modern state-of-the-art facility. This was built with energy and water conservation in mind, with emphasis on durability and low operating costs over the life expectancy of the facility.

Any interesting trivia/facts about your facility you wish to share? Wild Rose is the largest salmon and trout hatchery operat- View inside the recently renovated coolwater facility. ed by the Wisconsin DNR. Wild Rose also helped pioneer lake Photo courtesy of HDR. sturgeon culture starting in the late 1970s and raises most of its esocids on dry, pelleted diets. Phone: (920) 622-3527 In one sentence, why is fish culture important? E-mail: [email protected] Since most of our fish are for stocking Lake Michigan, Website: dnr.wi.gov/fish/wildrose/ we support a multi-million dollar sport fishing industry on the Great Lakes. To see the complete “Better Know a Hatchery” feature on Wild Rose State Fish Hatchery as well as features on other facilities, How can people reach you? visit the Fish Culture Section Webpage at: sites.google.com/ Address: Wild Rose State Fish Hatchery, ­ site/fishculturesection/home and click on the “Better Know a N5871 State Road 22, Wild Rose, WI 54984 Hatchery” tab.

420 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org Employees clipping fins to mark hatchery-raised salmon ready for stocking. Photo courtesy of WI DNR.

Aerial view of the recently renovated coolwater facility. Fingerling walleye raised at Wild Rose and ready for stocking. Photo courtesy of HDR. Photo courtesy of WI DNR. Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 421 Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama Interview by Brian Gause – Fisheries and Illinois Aqua- culture Center, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL

What is the name and location of your research unit/­ department, and when was it established? The Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures is a Auburn students seining pond. part of Auburn University and is located in Auburn, Alabama. The program began in the early 1930’s. It became a department What do you and your staff and students feel is the biggest in 1971. challenge facing aquaculture and fish hatcheries now? Our aquatic resources are some of our most important How many faculty and students are in your program? natural resources and the resource that our growing society is The department has 24 faculty and about 35 full-time going to put greater and greater pressure and demands on. Wise research support staff. At the start of fall 2011, we had 60 un- management of our aquatic resources will be a huge challenge dergraduate students and 90 graduate students enrolled in the in the future. Aquaculture and hatchery management will be program. Half of the graduate students are enrolled in a mas- a vital part of the total resource management. We’ll see in- ter’s program and half in the doctoral program. creasing demands in food production and stock enhancement for recreational species restoration efforts. What fish species do you raise and what are your research interests? If you were trying to convince a student to choose your uni- In all, about 25 species of fresh and saltwater species are versity and department what would you tell them to make used in our research and teaching programs. Primary freshwa- them want to attend? ter species include: catfish, tilapia, bass, bream, several carps, The Department of Fisheries at Auburn has the largest and crawfish, and freshwater prawns. Primary marine species in- most diverse aquaculture and fisheries program in the United clude: saltwater shrimp, oysters, red snapper, and pompano. States. In addition to our strong domestic programs, we also Primary research areas include: aquaculture, fisheries man- have a very active international program with faculty that are agement, reproduction, hatchery management, physiology, well traveled, and we have study abroad opportunities for stu- behavior, ecology, nutrition, health management, and genetics. dents.

What is the level of involvement in AFS in your department? How can people reach you? Over the years, the department has been involved at most Website: www.ag.auburn.edu/fish every level of AFS. We currently have faculty serving as editors and associate editors of journals and chairs and key committees. To view the full version of Better Know a Hatchery for the We feel that professional societies play a very important role Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, as well as and we want to stay closely involved and encourage our stu- features on other facilities, visit the Fish Culture Section Web- dents to get involved. page at: http://sites.google.com/site/fishculturesection/home and click on the “Better Know a Hatchery” tab. How are you better equipping your students with the knowledge and skills to be future successful fisheries profes- In our new Fish Culture Section series, “Better Know a Hatch- sionals? ery,” we are highlighting programs and facilities representing We feel that our program has always had a very applied, the wide diversity of fish culture operations. Do you work for practical focus. We work closely with agency and industry bi- a fish farm, hatchery, academic institution or other fish culture ologists. We want to know their needs and to be able to help operation? Contact us and tell us about what you do and let them solve problems. We also provide basic research support to others “better know” your program! Email Brian Gause at help solve the more difficult problems. We feel that our classes [email protected] if you would like to participate. You can ac- and research opportunities provide our students with the latest cess all the “Better Know a Hatchery” features on the Fish basic and applied information. Culture Section website at: http://sites.google.com/site/fishcul- turesection/home

422 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 423 COLUMN Guest Director’s Line Certification Benefits AFS Members Working in the Private Sector James M. Long Chair, Membership Concerns Committee and Certified Fisheries Professional, and U.S. Geological Survey, Stillwater, OK 74078. E-mail: longjm@okstate. edu

Joe E. Slaughter IV Fisheries Biologist, Georgia Power Company and Certified Fisheries Professional (and Certified Ecologist by Ecological Society of America), Smyrna, GA 30080

In May 2011, the Membership Concerns Committee dis- In private industry, professional certification can play sev- tributed a survey to the American Fisheries Society (AFS) eral roles. In professions such as engineering or accounting, membership to gauge interest in and benefits of professional certification implies that one not only possesses the requisite certification. The committee delivered its report to the gov- education but also has acquired a level of experience commen- erning board and a full article for publication in Fisheries is surate with a standard for that profession. Both industry and pending, but one highlight of this survey that the committee de- their customers view fisheries professionals in much the same sired to report specifically was the perceived value provided to way and can require the validation of credibility that certifica- certified members working in the private sector. The survey was tion affords as a condition of employment or a requirement to sent to 875 certified members, and we received 338 responses bid on or obtain a project. Though AFS currently has no of- (34% response rate), 21% of whom reported working in the pri- ficial stamp or seal associated with professional certification vate sector, such as consulting. for use by certified individuals, in other professions work plans or products may not be considered complete until they are re- Although personal satisfaction was commonly ranked the viewed and stamped by a certified professional. For example, highest motivating factor to seek certification and a realized a development project might include engineering drawings benefit after having received certification, those in private em- stamped by a design engineer, erosion and sediment control ployment tended to rank perceived expertise by the public and plans stamped by an environmental/civil engineer, and a plan by peers as the primary motivating factor for seeking certifi- for avoidance of protected species or riparian buffers stamped cation. These respondents also perceived greater benefits from by a certified wetlands scientist. having professional certification than those in other employ- ment categories (e.g., federal or state government). Those in Certification can also be a criterion for employment. Re- private employment who responded to open-ended questions cruiting or human resource departments in industry often use to clarify why they sought certification often stated perceived professional certification as a cursory filter whereby a candi- expertise or credibility by clients as important motivating fac- date’s application is not even forwarded to the hiring manager tors. When asked whether these members planned to renew unless some level of professional certification is shown. In other their certification (or, for associates, seek certified status), 79% instances, companies may require new hires to achieve certifi- responded they would, with reasons such as “prestige” or “im- cation as a condition of employment, to satisfy a probationary portance when testifying in public meetings.” appointment period, or as a part of one’s ongoing training and development. Certification can also affect the pay grade at When AFS revamped its professional certification pro- which an employee is hired and that employee’s ability to ad- gram, it sought to depart from the era where certification was vance to higher pay grades in the future. “just another plaque on the wall” (McMullin 1997). It is grati- fying, then, to discover that the AFS certification program has The need for a certified workforce from an industrial some tangible benefits. A survey conducted after the new certi- perspective is significant. Hiring and maintaining certified pro- fication program was put into place did not specifically analyze fessionals increases credibility for both the individual and the results according to employment sector, but it did suggest that organization. Because the certification process is built around certification could provide credibility when testifying at legal professional activity and scientific involvement, an employer hearings (Pegg et al. 1999). As determined through our survey can be assured that its certified professionals are being ex- more than 10 years later, it is for those employed in the private posed to the latest innovations in the field, networking with a sector that these benefits of credibility appear to be most real- diverse group of other professionals, and carrying the industry ized. or company’s brand with them. As a result, certified profession- als are considered to be more in tune with technology and the fisheries industry, more committed to continued learning and

424 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org personal development, and better billboards for their respec- tive companies or organizations than those without certification credentials. In a legal proceeding, professional certification is used as an indicator of an individual’s level of expertise as recognized by the society and his or her peers. Additionally, it is common that requests for bids on fisheries-related projects are only sent to individuals with professional certification, and consideration is only given to proposals from highly credible sources as denoted by certification.

REFERENCES

McMullin, S. L. 1997. The American Fisheries Society: “certifiably” more professional. Fisheries 22(8):10. Pegg, M., K. Pope, and C. Guy. 1999. Evaluation of current profes- sional certification use. Fisheries 24(10):24–26.

NEW AFS MEMBERS

Nicholas Albrecht John English Hanna Kruckman Vilmarie Roman Keith Turnquist Karen Alofs Erika Feller Ted Lange Aida Rosario Farel Velazquez-Cancel Louis Annino Eli Felts Robert Lehman Jared Ross Jeffrey Vieser Ricardo Arguello Jan Franssen Vianey Leos Barajas Charles Roswell James Wamboldt Micah Bennett James Garavaglia Yu Liang Idelfonso Ruiz Dreux Watermolen William Bernier Isabelle Girard Justin Londer Cody Salzmann Matthew Weberg Jose Berrios Jeffrey Goldstein Madeleine Lyttle Nicholas Sard Matthew Wesener Cody Bex Thomas Goszewski Daniel Matos Roy Schiff Amelia Whitcomb Kristen Blann Taylor Greve Joshua Maxwell Jared Schiller Daniel Whiting Stuart Borrett Jeffrey Grote Carlyle Meekins Kaitlin Schnell Jean-Claude Wicks Robert Bringolf Gretchen Hansen Alex Miller Susan Schroeder Christopher Wilson Reed Brodnik Kirk Hansen Robert Mollenhauer Cynthia Sells Zeb Woiak Karl Brookins Philip Harrison Andrea Musch Kelvin Serrano Thomas Worthington Jed Brown Kyler Hecke Katsuki Nakai Timothy Sesterhenn Li Yang Richard Bruesewitz William Hoffman Nicholas Nelson Stephen Siddons Cheng Yang Anthony Bruno Angela Holzapfel Michael O’Brien Douangkham Talia Young Larry Burnstad Andrew Honsey Shannon J. O’Leary Singhanouvong Matthew Young Matt Burton Jian Huang Allen Pattillo Matthew Smith David Zanatta Stephanie Carman Amberly Huttinger Noemi Pena Erin Snook Ambre Chaudoin Trisha Huus Dirk Peterson Jacqueline Sorensen Jason Clingerman Nilda Jimenez Oudom Phonekhampeng Donald Speller Mark Cornwell Brett Johnson Toby Piddocke Elizabeth Staugler Wesley Daniel Ryan Johnston Kimberly Pollock Juliane Struve Adam Davis Byron Karns Heather Posluszny Bradley Taylor Micah Dean Jonathan Kennen Sharon Rayford Amy Tillman Damaris Delgado Meg Kline Josh Reffner Elisa Toscano David Dowds Matthew Kornis Ryan Roberts Katherine Touzinsky Brendan Ebner Keith Koupal Anthony Rodger Emily Tracy-Smith William Edwards Elizabeth Krafft Grisel Rodriguez Joel Trexler

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 425 JOURNAL HIGHLIGHTS North American Journal of ­ Fisheries Management Volume 32, Number 4, August 2012

The Economic Value Preliminary Study of Trap Bycatch in the Gulf of Maine’s of Catching and Keeping Northern Shrimp Fishery. or Releasing Saltwater Cinamon Moffett, Yong Chen, and Margaret Hunter. 32: 704–715. Sport Fish in the South- east USA. David W. Carter Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) Tags for Marking Small and Christopher Liese. 32: Rainbow Trout. C. A. Leblanc and D. L. Noakes. 32: 716–719. 613–625. Comparison of Radiotelemetry and Microsatellites for De- Backwaters in the termining the Origin of Yukon River Chinook Salmon. Blair G. Upper Reaches of Res- Flannery, Penny A. Crane, John H. Eiler, Terry D. Beacham, Nick A. ervoirs Produce High Decovich, William D. Templin, Ora L. Schlei, and John K. Wenburg. Densities of Age-0 Crap- 32: 720–730. pies. Jonah D. Dagel and L. E. Miranda. 32: 626– Differences in Paddlefish Populations among Impoundments 634. of the Arkansas River, Arkansas. Frank J. Leone, Joseph N. Stoeck- el, and Jeffrey W. Quinn. 32: 731–744. Feeding Strategies and Diets of Young-of-the-Year Muskellunge from Two Large Economic Values for Saltwater Sport Fishing in Alaska: A River Ecosystems. Kevin L. Kapuscinski, John M. Farrell, and Brent Stated Preference Analysis. Daniel K. Lew and Douglas M. Larson. A. Murry. 32: 635–647. 32: 74 –759.

[Management Brief] Observations of Hatchery-Reared Rio Defining Economic Injury Levels for Sea Lamprey Control in Grande Silvery Minnow Using a Fishway. Thomas P. Archdeacon the Great Lakes Basin. Brian J. Irwin, Weihai Liu, James R. Bence, and W. Jason Remshardt. 32: 648–655. and Michael L. Jones. 32: 760–771.

[Management Brief] Population Genetics of Southern Floun- Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Influence of Genetic der with Implications for Management. J. D. Anderson and W. J. Origin on Emigration Behavior and Physiology of Resident and Karel. 32: 656–662. Anadromous Juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss. Sean A. Hayes, Chad V. Hanson, Devon E. Pearse, Morgan H. Bond, John Carlos Garza, The Relationship between Age-0 Walleye Density and Adult and R. Bruce MacFarlane. 32: 772–780. Year-Class Strength across Northern Wisconsin. Jonathan F. Han- sen, Andrew H. Fayram, and Joseph M. Hennessy. 32: 663–670. Effects of Rotenone on Columbia Spotted Frogs Rana luteiventris during Field Applications in Lentic Habitats of South- The Use of Fluorescent Randomly Amplified Polymorphic western Montana. Hilary G. Billman, Carter G. Kruse, Sophie DNA Markers to Identify Hybrids: A Case Study Evaluating the St-Hilaire, Todd M. Koel, Jeffrey L. Arnold, and Charles R. Peterson. Origins of Saugeye following the Cessation of Stocking in an Ohio 32: 781–789. Reservoir. Michael G. Sovic, Jonathan C. Denlinger, and Paul A. Fuerst. 32: 671–678. [Management Brief] Comparisons of Precision and Bias with Two Age Interpretation Techniques for Opercular Bones of Long- Feeding Response of Sport Fish after Electrical Immobili- nose Sucker, a Long-Lived Northern Fish. Robert C. Perry and John zation, Chemical Sedation, or Both. Kim T. Fredricks, Jeffery R. M. Casselman. 32: 790–795. Meinertz, Ryan D. Ambrose, Leanna M. Jackan, Jeremy K. Wise, and Mark P. Gaikowski. 32: 679–686. [Management Brief] Evaluation of Osmotic Induction of Cal- cein Treatments for Marking Juvenile Walleyes. Dale E. Logsdon [Management Brief] Use of Night Video to Enumerate Adult and Bruce J. Pittman. 32: 796–805. Pacific Lamprey Passage at Hydroelectric Dams: Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Escapement Estimates. Tami S. Cl- Onset of Melanophore Patterns in the Head Region of abough, Matthew L. Keefer, Christopher C. Caudill, Eric L. Johnson, Chinook Salmon: A Natural Marker for the Reidentification of In- and Christopher A. Peery. 32: 687–695. dividual Fish. Joseph E. Merz, Paul Skvorc, Susan M. Sogard, Clark Watry, Scott M. Blankenship, and Erwin E. Van Nieuwenhuyse. 32: A Reward-Recovery Study to Estimate Tagged-Fish Report- 806–816. ing Rates by Idaho Anglers. Kevin A. Meyer, F. Steven Elle, James A. Lamansky Jr., Elizabeth R. J. M. Mamer, and Arthur E. Butts. 32: 696–703.

426 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org To submit upcoming events for inclusion on the AFS web site calendar, send event name, dates, city, state/province, CALENDAR web address, and contact information to [email protected]. Fisheries Events (If space is available, events will also be printed in Fisheries magazine.) More events listed at www.fisheries.org

DATE EVENT LOCATION WEBSITE September 1–5, 2012 AQUA 2012 Prague, Czech www.was.org/WasMeetings/meetings/De- Republic fault.aspx?code=Aqua2012 September 17–21, ICES Annual Science Conference 2012 Bergen, Norway www.ices.dk 2012 November 5–9, 2012 International Symposium on Fish Passages in Toledo-Paraná, Brazil www.unioeste.br/eventos/sympass/ South America December 4–5, 2012 13th Flatfish Biology Conference Westerbook, CT http://mi.nefsc.noaa.gov/flatfishbiology- workshop December 9–12, 2012 73rd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference Wichita, KS http://www.midwestfw.org/html/call.shtml

February 21–25, 2013 Aquaculture 2013 Nashville, TN www.was.org/WasMeetings/meetings/ Default.aspx?code=AQ2013 April 8–12, 2013 7th International Fisheries Observer and Viña del Mar, Chile www.ifomc.com/ ­Monitoring Conference (7th IFOMC) April 25–26, 2013 NPAFC 3rd International Workshop on Migration Honolulu, HI http://www.npafc.org/new/index.html and Survival Mechanisms of Juvenile Salmon and Steelhead in Ocean Ecosystems June 24–28, 2013 9th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference Okinawa, Japan http://www.fish-isj.jp/9ipfc

From the Archives I think it is generally agreed, that fish-culture has passed its purely experimental stage. It is in fact fast becoming recognized as a practical art, and an estab- lished department of civil government, its definitely ascertained results, which are now unquestioned, fully warranting the recognition it has received from the States and the United States. Bissell, J.H. (1888): Co-operation in Fish-culture, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 17:1, 89-100.

From the Archives We now recognize about six hundred species of fishes as found in the fresh waters of North America, north of the Tropic of Cancer, these representing thirty-four of the natural families. As to their habits, we can divide these species rather roughly into the four categories proposed by Professor Cope, or, as we may call them - (1) Lowland fishes; as the bow-fin, pirate perch, large- mouthed black bass, sun- fishes and some catfishes.(2) Channel fishes; as the channel catfish, the moon-eye, gar-pike buffalo-fishes and drum.(3) Upland fishes; as many of the darters, shin- ers and suckers, and the small-mouthed black bass.(4) Mountain fishes; as the brook trout, and many of the darters and minnows. To these we may add the more or less distinct classes of (5) Lake fishes, inhabiting only waters which are deep, clear and cold, as the various species of whitefish and the great lake trout; (6) Anad- romous fishes, or those which run tip from the sea to spawn in fresh waters, as the salmon, sturgeon, shad and striped bass; (7) Catadromous fishes, like the eel, which pass down to spawn in the sea; and (8) Brackish-water fishes, which thrive best in the debatable waters of the river-mouths, as most of the sticklebacks and the killifishes. Jordan, D.S.(1888): The Distribution of Freshwater Fishes, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 17:1, 4-29.

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 427 ANNOUNCEMENTS Employers: to list a job opening on the AFS online job center sub- mit a position description, job title, agency/company, city, state, September 2012 Jobs responsibilities, qualifications, salary, closing date, and contact information (maximum 150 words) to [email protected]. Online job announcements will be billed at $350 for 150 word increments. Fisheries Biologist II Please send billing information. Listings are free (150 words or less) for organizations with associate, official, and sustaining member- Spokane Tribe of Indians, WA ships, and for individual members, who are faculty members, hiring Permanent graduate assistants. if space is available, jobs may also be printed in Fisheries magazine, free of additional charge. Salary: DOE/DOQ. Benefits package also provided. Closing: Until filled NR Program Supv SR Fish Hatchery Responsibilities: Responsibilities include design and implemen- MN Dept of Natural Resources tation of fisheries surveys on Lake Roosevelt, WA, direct analysis Permanent and quantification of diet and aging samples, statistical analyses and interpretation of reservoir-wide creel, wild fish status, and hatchery Salary: $56,522–$81,369 / year based on experience fish performance surveys, assess impacts from reservoir hydro op- Closing: 10/31 erations, participation in regional coordination with state and tribal Responsibilities: This position supervises statewide fish hatchery co-managers of Lake Roosevelt, and to make scientific recommen- operations as well as directs and manages the statewide hatchery dations regarding reservoir management operations and program program and special aquaculture projects, including supervision of direction. fish hatchery supervisors. Qualifications: M.S. degree in fisheries biology and at least 5 years’ Contact: Linda Erickson-Eastwood, Division of Fish and Wildlife, experience as a professional biologist. Additional qualifications can 651-259-5206 be found on the website. Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Link: https://statejobs.doer.state.mn.us/ResumeBuilder Link: www.spokanetribe.com/jobs

Sturgeon Fisheries Biologist III/Project Mgr. Assistant/Associate Professor and Extension Spokane Tribe of Indians, WA ­Fisheries Specialist Permanent Texas AgriLife Extension Service-Texas A&M Salary: DOE/DOQ. Benefits package also provided. ­University System Closing: Until filled Permanent Salary: TBD. Responsibilities: Responsibilities include design and implementa- tion of white sturgeon assessments on the upper Columbia River Closing: Until filled and Lake Roosevelt, WA, direct analysis and quantification of sam- Responsibilities: This is a 12 month, non-tenure track position with ples, statistical analyses and interpretation of data including stock a 100% Texas AgriLife Extension Service appointment headquar- assessments, early life history evaluation, escapement, telemetry, tered in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences-Texas and assessments recruitment failure of white sturgeon in the region. A&M University in College Station, Texas. The successful candi- Additionally, the position will be responsible for project oversight, date’s job responsibilities include supporting Extension’s education coordination with state and tribal co-managers of Lake Roosevelt, mission in commercial aquaculture, private impoundment fisher- participation in international forums focused on recovery of the up- ies management, aquatic vegetation management and adult/youth per Columbia River transboundary white sturgeon population, and education via Texas Master Naturalist/4-H. Responsibilities will providing insight and recommendations regarding white sturgeon be accomplished through financial/program support, program plan- management and restoration actions. ning, educational program implementation, faculty/staff training, Qualifications: M.S. degree in fisheries biology and at least 8 years’ coordination/cooperation and professional activities. experience as a professional biologist with at least 5 years as a pri- Qualifications: The candidate must have a Ph.D in a discipline re- mary sturgeon research biologist. Additional qualifications can be lated to fisheries/aquaculture with a strong fundamental background found on the website. in warmwater fisheries management and aquaculture. Experience Email: [email protected] in managing freshwater fish populations and/or warmwater aqua- culture systems preferred. Link: www.spokanetribe.com/jobs Email: Search Committee Co-Chairs-- Dr. Del Gatlin (d-gatlin@ tamu.edu) and Dr. Billy Higginbotham (b-higginbotham@tamu. edu) Link: https://greatjobs.tamu.edu

428 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org Facilities O&M Project Leader (Manager II) Research and Restoration Director Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Henry’s Fork Foundation, ID ­Reservation, OR Permanent Permanent Closing: Until filled Salary: $42,772 – $76,813/year DOQ. Salary: $48K/year Closing: Until filled Responsibilities: The Henry’s Fork Foundation located in Ashton, Responsibilities: Umatilla Hatchery Satellite Facilities O&M Proj- ID is seeking a team member to plan, develop, implement, and direct ect Leader (Manager II), Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian aquatic research and restoration activities, with particular emphasis Reservation, Pendleton, Oregon. Oversight of all facets of operating on fisheries work, in the Henry’s Fork watershed. Provides oversight and maintaining five juvenile acclimation and three adult holding to research and restoration staff, interns, and contractors. Serves as and spawning facilities including general fish culture activities, col- the organization’s aquatic technical representative for planning and lection of operational data and maintaining records, holding and projects involving local, state, and federal organizations and the sci- spawning of adult salmon and steelhead and coordination of facility entific community. Disseminates research and restoration activities maintenance. and results to a variety of audiences. Assists the Executive Director in promoting the organization and fundraising as needed for specific Qualifications:Bachelor degree in Fisheries or closely related field projects. with minimum of four years relevant experience or similar Associ- ate degree with five years relevant experience. For a non-related Qualifications: Master’s Degree in Fisheries Biology, Aquatic Bachelor or Associates degree, a minimum of 10 years of experi- Ecology, or very closely related field required. Three to five years of ence specific to artificial propagation would be required. similar work experience preferred. Contact: Brian Zimmerman at 541-429-7286 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Link: www.henrysfork.org Link: http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/jobs.html Post Master’s Research Associate Biological Technician – Fisheries Pacific Northwest National Laboratory USGS Lake Erie Biological Station, OH Permanent Permanent Salary: Varied Salary: $16.70 an hour Closing: Until filled Closing: Until filled Responsibilities: Conduct research on the use of elemental and isotope signatures in fish to determine population origin, describe Responsibilities: Provide support to principal investigators. Work movement and migration, and characterize temperature history and on a variety of research projects associated with the restoration and bioenergetics. Assist with laboratory investigations to develop geo- protection of Great Lakes fish populations, as well as the role and chemical methods for marking fish. Responsibilities include field impact of invasive species on ecosystem health and resilience. Tar- and lab work to collect and prepare samples for analysis, operate get species include yellow perch, white perch, walleye, white fish, analytical equipment, maintain fish populations and aquaculture fa- lake trout, burbot, suckers, and their prey. Some work will be per- cilities, data processing and analysis, and report writing. formed on USGS Large Research Vessels. Qualifications: The candidates will have a master’s degree in Qualifications: Bachelor of Science (B.S.) or graduate degree in a biology or a fisheries related field. Knowledge of fish ecology, biological science discipline. geochemistry and mass spectrometry are desirable, as well as expe- Knowledge of ecological principles/practices to apply standard rience with laboratory techniques for sample preparation of otoliths, scientific techniques to complete assignments involving scientific fin rays and scales. Experience with fish culture, data management, investigations and studies. statistical software and writing are also desirable. Knowledge of scientific disciplines related to the collection and in- Contact: Dr. David Geist, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, terpretation of ecological data. Ecology Group, K6-85, Richland, WA 99354; (509) 371-7165 Experience in the preparation of reports pertaining to scientific re- Email: [email protected] search. Link: www.jobs.pnl.gov Experience and training in fisheries science and conducting research on fishes of Lake Erie is preferred. Knowledge of basic computer operations, including some basic sta- tistical packages. Link: www.css-dynamac.com

Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 429 430 Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012• www.fisheries.org Fisheries • Vol 37 No 9• September 2012 • www.fisheries.org 431 Why is Choosing a Specializing in RFID products, expert customer service & biological consulting to the fisheries, wildlife & conservation communities for over 20 years. Telemetry Supplier an Important Decision? BIOMARK MULTIPLEXING TRANSCEIVER SYSTEM (IS1001-MTS)

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