Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology

Conceptual paper Open Access Maximum sustainable yield, maximum economic yield and sustainability in fisheries

Abstract Volume 9 Issue 1 - 2020 A brief review of the concept of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) used in fisheries management is discussed. The convenience of assessing the exploited stocks with the aid Ernesto A Chávez of simulation is advised, because implies the possibility to analyze the age structure of the Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN, Mexico fishery in more detail, as compared to the traditional methods of fish stock assessment. Ernesto A Chávez, Centro Interdisciplinario Emphasis is given to the use of the MSY as limit reference point because as long as the Correspondence: de Ciencias Marinas del IPN, Av. IPN s/n Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Fishing Mortality or fishing effort required for that point is kept at lower values, the fishery Rita, El Conchalito La Paz, BCS, Mexico, Email will have a good chance to be sustainable. A mention of the Maximum Economic Yield is made, proposing its use a target for the management, because it is reached in general Received: January 08, 2020 | Published: February 07, 2020 with lower F values than that for the MSY, and this way keeping the fishery in a healthy condition.

Keywords: maximum sustainable yield, fishing effort, economical harvesting, fishing mortality, fishing pressure

Introduction By assessing the stocks with a simulation model that analyzes the age structure, MSY can be determined with the current tc and The use of some terms in fisheries science is of a common use, compared to the optimum MSY value as a function of tc. Then the especially in cases of fisheries management. A constant concern by difference between current MSY and optimum MSY is evaluated and fisheries scientists is the problem of assessing the exploited stocks unexploited potential yield is found. and devising accurate scenarios for their optimum and sustainable management (Mace 2001; Maunder, 2008). This problem becomes Based on the general principles of evaluation of fishery resources,3,4 critical as long as more and more stocks are overexploited with every the management strategies can be tested to determine the effect of the passing day, leading to economic crisis of groups of fishers depending effort on recruitment, biomass, capture and profits; these variables can on these fish resources. be compared under different exploitation scenarios so several optimal scenarios for the fishery are defined. Current data on operating costs The approach For assessing the stocks, an age structured and benefits for fishing are used, and the exploitation scenarios can simulation model was used, named FISMO (acronym of Fisheries be simulated by modifying the age of first catch tc( ) and the fishing 1,2 Simulation Model), described by Chavez and Chávez-Ortiz. It is fed mortality (F); with the results provided by simulation, it is possible to with catch data and population parameter values; it can be run with identify the most appropriate management strategy. only biological data, as the growth rate parameter (K), the asymptotic length (L∞), the asymptotic weight (W∞), which are estimated by the Adoption of management strategies is a prime concern by model using the length (L)-weight (W) equation where its parameter fishing authorities, because on their accurate decisions depends the values a and b must be provided too. In many worldwide fisheries, conservation of fish stocks and the fisheries. A fishery is exploited parameter values are available in the Fish Base Web page. With sustainably as long as it allows being exploited for a long time. For simple economic information like costs of a fishing day per boat, the adoption of good management decisions, it is often based upon the number of boats fishing, and the value per kg of the catch at the reference points. Which are the bench marks used to compare the landing time (without value added), the economic performance the current status of a fishery respecting another status that can be of the fishery can be also examined. It is a tool accessible forthe a desirable reference. There are basically two types, target reference users; aided by the population parameter values of each stock, the points and limit reference points.5 model transforms catch data and reconstructs the age structure over A traditional way used to describe the reference points of a single time, allowing the assessment of optimum biological and economical fishery is the surplus yield model,6 which roughly describes the effect of harvesting strategies under different management scenarios. These fishing intensity, equivalent to fishing mortality, on the stock biomass. scenarios are addressed to evaluate the stock response after changing This model is based on the assumption of a logistic growth of the the fishing mortality (F), which is directly proportional to the fishing population and its derivative describes the expected change in stock intensity and the age of first catch tc( ). biomass as consequence of the fishing intensity; this change displays It allows the possibility to identify quantitative scenarios and to a parabolic trend, whose apex is known as maximum sustainable optimize the adoption of management regulations addressed to the yield (MSY). In principle, any fishery should not be exploited with a identification of exploitation strategies. This would allow choosing fishing pressure (usually the fishing mortality, F) such that its effects the reduction of fishing effort to allow sufficient fish in the sea such surpass the MSY level, if this is so, the population will not be able to that they could maintain the stock in a healthy condition, this is, replace its biomass as consequence of reproduction. For this reason, enough number of adult fish capable to reproduce and maintain a the F MSY level is considered a limit reference point which should not relatively constant stock enough to supply a portion of the stock to be be surpassed, or otherwise the fishery will be overexploited or even harvested by the fishery. collapsed. A collapsed stock is when its biomass is just 10% of the size it had once and adopted as reference.

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There are other reference points,5,7,8 but for the purpose of this The age of first catch is a factor with strong influence on the catch paper, they will be not mentioned here. Let us say that for management and on the status of an exploited stock. Since more than sixty years purposes, the main goal in the analysis and assessment of any fishery ago3 it is shown that the yield per recruit increases with the age of will be to evaluate the MSY and then, by using this as reference, to first catch, until the MSY is attained. However, many papers assessing identify which value of the F is causing this. The next step in the fisheries were published afterwards and up to present time, justa management process should be trying to apply the level of fishing few mention that by increasing the age of first catch by using nets effort responsible for that F value and then to reorient the fishery with wider mesh openings, the age/size of fish being caught will be to meet this goal. It is very important to remind that the fisheries older, allowing juvenile fish scaping from being caught. Doing this assessment must be carried on as a permanent procedure, otherwise has several benefic consequences, because young fish would have a any regulation applied may be wrong due to errors in the assessment chance to reach the age of maturity, there would be more fish having process. chance to breed, and the stock biomass would be much higher than in an overexploited condition. In this case, fishers would have a chance Maximum sustainable yield and maximum to get higher yields and the stock would have more probability to be economic yield exploited under a sustainable condition. This process is illustrated in Figure 2. When an age structured model is used for the assessment, resulting curve of the stock biomass is not symmetrical, it usually describes an asymmetric curve biased towards the left side, but the MSY is clearly indicated. Other componments of the fishery, like the number of boats and the number of fishers, describe curves with similar trajectory as the catch line, and the F at the maximum values of each of these variables is the same as that of the MSY. This is illustrated in Figure 1 showing the output of the bioeconomic variables of a fishery, where the trend line of the profits clearly indicate that the maximum value or maximum economic yield (MEY), it is attained at a lower F value than the one required for the MSY. This is a common trend observed in many fisheries; in a few cases, the FMEY coincides with the FMSY, but is never higher. For this reason, it is considered that its adoption could be a very convenient target in the fisheries management process, because it ensures not overfishing the fishery, and reduces the risk of undesirable environmental effects that may cause a wrong prognosis and therefore depletion of the fishery.9,10

Figure 2 Stock response as consequence of the use of two ages of first catch, one and three years old. In the lower curve, the age of first entry to the fishery corresponds to juvenile fish with tc=1; in the higher curve, all fishes with tc=3, all exploited stock are adult fish, allowing the population to reach

higher biomass. MSY1 and MSY2 correspond to the MSY values for each stage of the fishery. The example corresponds to the Gulf menhaden chosen as an example. Acknowledgements and funding The author is holds a research grant from the Polytechnic Institute of México. Conflicts of interest The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest. References 1. Chávez EA. FISMO: A Generalized Fisheries Simulation Model. 659–681. In: Kruse GH, VF Gallucci, editors. Fisheries assessment and management in data–limited situations. Alaska Sea Grant College Figure 1 Trends of the yield, stock biomass, the number of boats, the number Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks. 2005. of fishers, the cost per t, benefit/cost ratio, profits, as a function of the fishing 2. Chávez Ortiz EA. Un modelo numérico para la administración mortality in a brown shrimp fishery of the Gulf of California evaluated with sustentable de las pesquerías. CICIMAR Oceánides. 2014;29(2):45–56. a bioeconomic simulation model.The scale on the upper left side is tons.The MSY and the MEY are also indicated in the upper figure. 3. Beverton R, SJ Holt. On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. UK Min. Agric Fish Inv Ser. 1957;19:533 p.

Citation: Chávez EA. Maximum sustainable yield, maximum economic yield and sustainability in fisheries.J Aquac Mar Biol. 2020;9(1):15‒17. DOI: 10.15406/jamb.2020.09.00271 Copyright: Maximum sustainable yield, maximum economic yield and sustainability in fisheries ©2020 Chávez 17

4. Hilborn R, Walters C. Quantitative fisheries stock assessment: choice, 8. Mace P. A new role for MSY in single–species and ecosystem approaches dynamics & uncertainty. Chapman & Hall: London. 1992. to fisheries stock assessment and management. Fish and Fisheries. 2001;2(1):2–32. 5. Caddy JF, R Mahon. Reference points for fisheries management. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 1995;347, 83 p. 9. Larkin P. An epitaph for the concept of maximum sustained yield. Trans Amer Fish Soc. 1977;106:1–11. 6. Schaeffer M. Some aspects of the dynamics of populations important to the management of the commercial marine fisheries. Inter–American 10. Maunder MN. Maximum Sustainable Yield. In: Encyclopedia of Tropical Tuna Commission Bulletin. 1954;1(2):23–56. Ecology. 2008. 7. Mace P. Relationships between common biological reference points used as thresholds and targets of fisheries management strategies.Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 2011;51(1):110–122.

Citation: Chávez EA. Maximum sustainable yield, maximum economic yield and sustainability in fisheries.J Aquac Mar Biol. 2020;9(1):15‒17. DOI: 10.15406/jamb.2020.09.00271