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132 Glossary of Word Roots

a not, without (~cephala) garnet spouse, sex cell (gamete) ab away from (abscise) gamo union, marriage (oogamy) aleuron flour (aleurone) gen origin, birth (gene) andro male (androecium) genus race (genus) angio box, vessel (angiosperm geo earth (epigeous) sporangium) glab bald (glabrous) anth flower (perianth) gland secrectory spot (glandular) antheros flowery (antheridium) glut glue (glutinous) anti against (antipodal) gymn naked (gymnosperm) apertur opening, hole (triaperturate) gyn female (gynoecium) api tip, apex (~cal) habitus condition, physique (habit) arche beginning (archegonium) hal salt (halophyte) asco sac (ascocarp) hemi half (hemiparasite) ate provided with, (perfoliate) hetero other, different (heterospory) formed into hex six (hexagonal) auto self (autotrophic) holo entire (holoparasitic ) basidio small base (basidiocarp) homo same, alike (homospory) bi two, double (~loba) hydro water (hydro scopic ) cap head (capitate) hyph web (hyphae) cap ill hair ( capillitium) hypo below (hypogeous) carp fruit (schizocarp) idion diminutive ending (antheridium) caul stem (caulines- il diminutive ending (lent!!) cephal head (acephala) infra below (infrared) chloro green ( chlorophyll) inter between (intercalary) chrom color (chromosome) intra within (intracellular) cid cut, kill (septicidal) iso equal, homogenous (isogamy) circ circle (circinate) karyron nut, nucleus (eukaryote) cleisto closed ( cleistothecium, lab lip (bila bia te) cleistogamous) lame I plate, layer (lamella) coli glue (collenchyma) lamin blade (Laminaria) coma hair (comose) lance lance, blade (lanceolate) cyan dark blue (anthocyanin) leuco white (leucocyte) cyst bladder, bag (pneumatocyst) lig strap, ribbon (ligulate) cyt cell (leucocyte) lith stone (Lithops) dendr tree (dendrite) loc a small place, cell (locule) dent tooth (dentate) ligne wood (lignin) derm skin (epidermis) logos discourse, study (ecology) di two, separate (~cot) macro large, long (macroscopic) dictyo net (Dictydium, mega large (megaspore) dictyosome) meiosis reduction (meiosis) dichotomos cut into two (dichotomous) meri part, segment, (mericarp, el diminutive ending (pedicel) component meristem) endo inside (endocarp) meso middle (mesophyll) epi upon (epiphyte) micro small, tiny (microphylI) equinus horse (Equisetum, mitos thread (mitosis) equitant) mono one, single (monocot) erythr red (phycoerythrin) morph form, structure (dimorphic ) eu true, good (eukaryote) my co fungus, mushroom (Basidiomycota) ex from, beyond (excise) my x slime (Myxomycota) exo outside (exocarp) nat born, borne (circinate) fer bearer (conifer) nom name (binomial) fil thread-like (filiform) ode like (phyllode) fissio splitting (fission) oec household (dioecious, ~ology) flagellum whip (flagellum) oid like (rhizoid) flav yellow (riboflavin) 01 little (peti~e) flor flower (inflorescence) orth straight (orth otropism) fol leaf (perfoliate) ostiol little door (ostiole) fungus mushroom (fungus) oon egg (oospore) funiculus a small cord (funiculus) ov egg (ovule, ovary)

133 paleo ancient (paleo botany) semi half (Semibegoniel/a) palm hand (palmate) septum partition, wall, (septate) palustr swamp (palustris) enclosure para beside (parasite) sessilis fit for sitting (sessile) pect comb (pectinate) soma body (somatic) ped,pod foot, stalk (stylopodium, soros heap (sorus) peduncle) species kind (species) pelt shield (peltate) sperm seed (angiosperm) per through, by means of (perfoliate) sphen wedge (sphenophyll) peri around (perianth) sporo seed, spore (sporophyte) phellos cork (phelloderm) stell star (stellate) phil love (Philodendron) strobilos twisted object, top, (strobilus) phloos bark (phloem) pinecone phore bearer (antheridophore) stoma mouth (stomate) phyle tribe (phylogenic) stroma cushion, mattress (stroma) phyll leaf (sporophyll) stylo pillar (stylopodium) phyco seaweed (phycoerythrin) sub under, less than (subtropical) phyte plant (epiphyte, super, supar above,over (superior) phytoplankton) syn, sym together, with, at the (synergid) pinn feather (pinnate) same time plast thing molded (protoplast) taxis arrangement, order (taxonomy) ploid fold (polyploid) terra earth ( terrestrial) plume feather (plumose, plumule) tetra four (tetraspore) pneum lung, air, gas (pneumatocyst) thall shoot (thallus) poly many, much (Polyporus) tri three (triaperturate) por small opening (pore, poricidal) trichom hair (trichome) prim first (primordial) trop bend (tropism) pro before (prophase) troph nourish, food (autotrophic) protiston the very first (Protista) tuber knob, swelling (tuberous) proto first, original (protoplast) ul little (pinn~e) pseud false (pseudobulb) uni one (unisexual) psi los bare, mere (Psi/otum) vor eat (insectivorous) pterid fern (Pteridophyta) xanthos yellow (xanthophyll) pyle gate (micropyle) xer dry (xerophyte) rad root (radicle) xylon wood (xylem) reticulum a small net (reticulate) zygo yoke, pair (zygote, zygospore) rhap needle (Rhapidophyllum) rhiz root (mycorrhizae) rhodon rose color (Rhodophyta, Singular (Plural) Endings Rhododendron) alg~ (algae) ros rose (rosette) sagitt arrow (sagittate) mitochondrion (mitochondri~) sapro rotten (saprophyte) nucleus (nucle!) schiz deeply divided (schizocarp) phytum (phyt~) scis cut (abscise) sect cut (dissect)

134 Index

Aaron's-beard,98 Amanita, 50 Asciepiadaceae, 110 Abies, 73 Ambrosia, 119 Asclepias Abrus precatorius, 100 American chestnut, 48, 83 curassavica, 110 Absidia, 47 American elm, 38, 82 syriaca, 38, 110 Abutilon, 90 Amianthemum, 128 tuberosa, 110 Acacia, 23, 100 Amorphophallus, 127 Ascomycota, 41, 47, 48 Acalypha hispida, 103 Amur maple, 105 Ash, 35,99, 114 Acer Anabaena, 44, 70 Asparagus officinalis, 128 ginnala, 105 Anacardiaceae, 106 Aspen, 50,95 japonicum, 105 Anacardium occidentale, 106 Aspirgillus, 48 macrophyllum, 105 Anagrecum, 130 Asplenium nidus, 67 negundo, 35 Andreaea, 63 Aster, 19, 119 palma tum, 105 Andromeda glaucophylla, 97 Asteraceae, 119 platanoides, 105 Anemone, 80 Aster Family, 119 pseudoplatanus, 105 Anemonella, 80 Asteridae, 75 saccharinum, 14, 38, 105 Anethum graveolens, 26, 109 Asterionella, 56 saccharum, 26, 105 Angelica, 109 Astilbe, 98 Aceraceae (Maple Family), 35, 105 Angel's trumpet, 111 Astraeus, 53 Acetabularia, 58 Angiosperms, 75 Astragalus, 100 Achimenes, 116 Anise, 109 A TP (adenosine triphosphate), 24 Achlya, 46 Anthoceros, 63 Atropa belladonna, 112 Aconitum, 80 Anthriscus cere folium, 109 Aubrieta, 96 Adder's-tongue ferns, 67 Anthurium, 75, 127 Aucuba, 101 Adiantum, 67, 72 Antigonon, 89 Auricularia, 49 Aegopodium, 109 Antirrhinum, 115 Aurinia saxatilis, 96 Aeschynanthus lobbianus, 116 Aphanomyces, 46 Australian gum tree, 75 African violet, 116 Apiaceae, 109 Autotroph, 55, 58, 115 Agar, 20, 57 Apical dominance, 19 Auxin, 19, 20 Agaricus, 50 Apium graveolens, 109 Avena sativa (oat), 19, 20, 26, 49, 123 Aglaonema, 127 Apple, 4, 16,31,39,49,75,99 Avocado, 78 Agrostemma githago, 87 Apricot, 99 Azalea, 97 Agrostis, 123 Aquilegia, 81 Azolla, 44, 67, 70 Ajuga, 113 Arabis, 96 Albizzia, 100 Araceae (Arum Family), 23, 34, 127 Baby's-breath, 87 Albugo, 46 Arachis, 100 Bacillariophyceae, 56 Alder, 35, 84 Araucaria, 73 Bacillus r adicicola, 43 Aleurites fordii, 103 Arborvitae, 73 Bacteria, 6, 12,24,25,41,42,43,45 Alfalfa, 12, 100 Arbutus, 97 Bald cypress, 73 Algae (see also Plant Kingdom, Protista Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 97 Balsam poplar, 95 Kingdom) Arcyria, 45 Bamboo, 123 Blue-green "Algae," 4, 6, 24, 41, 42, 44, Areca catechu, 125 Bambusa, 123 54, 70 Arecaceae, 125, 126 Banana Family, 124 Brown Algae, 4, 41,59,60,61 Arecastrum, 125 Banana shrub, 77 Golden Algae, 41, 56 Arecidae, 75 Barberry, 23, 49 Green Algae, 4, 41, 54, 58, 62 Arenaria, 87 Bark, 9, 10, lS Red Algae, 4, 41,57 Arenga pinnata, 125 Barley, 26, 49, 123 Yellow-green Algae, 41, 56 Aril, 73, 102 Basidiomycota, 41, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 Alisma, 120 Arisaema triphyllum, 127 Basil,113 Alismataceae, 120 Armillaria, 50 Basket-of-gold, 96 Alismatidae, 75 Armoracia, 96 Bauhinia, 100 Allium (onion), 16, 49, 128 Arrow arum, 127 Bay laurel, 78 Allomyces, 46 Arrowhead, 120 Bazzania, 63 Almond,99 Arrowroot, 124 Bean, 12, 14,40, 100 Alnus (alder), 35, 84 Arrowroot Family, 124 Bearberry, 97 Alocasia, 127 Arrow-wood, 117 Beauty-bush, 117 Aloe, 128 Artemisia dracunculus, 119 Beebalm, 113 Althea rosea, 90 Artichoke, 119 Beech, 35, 52, 83 Altingis, 81 Artist's fungus, 50 Beech Family, 35, 83 Alyssum, 75, 96 Arum Family, 23, 34, 127 Beet, 2, 4, 12,88

135 Begonia, 12,93 Bryophyta, 41, 63 Carophyllaceae, 87 Begoniaceae, 93 Bucklandia, 81 Carum carvi, 109 Begonia Family, 93 Buckwheat, 89 Caryophyllidae, 4,75 Begoniella, 93 Buckwheat Family, 89 Caryota mitis, 125, 126 Beilschmiedia, 78 Bud Cashew, 106 Belamcanda, 129 axillary (lateral) bud, 14, 19 Cashew Family, 106 Bell morel, 48 flower bud, 29 Casparian strip, 13 Bell pepper, 111 terminal bud, 14, 19, 25 Cassia, 100 Bells-of-Ireland, 113 Bud scale, 14, 35, 82, 83 Castanea, 83 Bellwort, 128 Bud scale scar, 14 Castilleja coccinea, 115 Berberis (barberry), 23, 49 Bugbane, 80 Castor-bean, 103 Bergamot, 113 Bugloss, 113 Catha, 102 Bermuda grass, 123 Bulb,8, 12, 16, 18, 128, 129 Catnip, 113 Beta (beet), 2, 4, 12,88 Bull-bay, 77 Cattail Family, 35 Betel nut palm, 125 Bulrush, 122 Cattleya, 130 Betula Bunchberry, 101 Cauliflower, 96 papyrifera, 84 Bur-head, 120 Cayenne pepper, 111 pendula, 75, 84 Burning bush, 102 Cedar, 49, 73 Betulaceae (Birch Family), 35, 84 Butter-and-eggs, 115 Celastraceae, 102 Biennial, 12, 26, 87,109,115,118,119 Buttercup, 80 Celery, 109 Big leaf maple, 105 Buttercup Family, 80 Cell structure Bindweed,112 Butterfly-weed, 110 cell organelles, 2, 3, 7, 18,41,59 Birch, 35, 52, 75, 85 Butterwort, 10, 23 amyloplast, 3, 13 Birch Family, 35, 85 chloroplast, 2, 3, 10, 13,22, 24, 55,56, Bird-of-paradise Family, 124 Cabbage, 97 58, 59 Bird's-nest fern, 67 Cabbage palmetto, 125, 126 chromoplast, 2, 3 Bird's-nest fungus, 53 Cabomba, 79 dictyosome, 2, 3 Bishop's-cap,98 Cactaceae, 4, 16, 85, 86 endoplasmic reticulum, 2, 3 Bitter nightshade, 111 Cactus Family, 4, 16,85,86 leucoplast, 2, 3 Bittersweet, 102 Cafta, 102 mitochondrion, 2, 3 Blackberry, 99 Caladium, 127 plastid, 2, 3,41 Blackberry lily, 129 Calamites, 66 ribosome, 2, 3, 43 Black-eyed Susan, 119 Calamus, 125 vacuole, 2, 4, 5, 59 Black locust, 38 Calathea, 124 cell wall, 2, 3, 5,7,8,11,13,43,44 Black medic, 38 Calceolaria, 115 chromosome, see Chromosome Black nightshade, 111 Calcium carbonate, 2, 63 cytoplasm, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8,18,24,43,58 Black oak, 39 Calcium oxalate, 127 middle lamella, 2 Black raspberry, 39, 99 California laurel, 78 nucleoid, 6, 43 Bladderwort, 23 Calla lily, 127 nucleolus, 2, 7, 58 Blood-flower, 110 Calla palustris, 127 nucleus, 2,3,5,6,7, 10,30,31,32,37, Blueberry, 97 Caflirhoe, 90 41,44,45,58 Bluegrass, 123 Callisia, 121 plasma membrane, 2, 5, 43 Blue-green "Algae," 4, 6,24,41,42,44,54, Calodendrum, 107 pit field, 2, 8, 10, 11, 72 70 Calonyction aculeatum, 112 protoplast, 2, 8, 43, 56 Blue lace-flower, 109 Caltha, 80 Cell types Blue milkweed, 110 Calvatia, 53 antipodal cell, 32 Blushwort, 116 Caemonorops, 125 bulliform cell, 22 Bog rosemary, 97 Camphor, 78 collenchyma cell, 8 Boston fern, 67 Camptosorus, 67 companion cell, 8, 11 Boston ivy, 104 Candy-tuft, 96 cork cell, 9, 10, 15, 22 Botrychium, 67 Cannaceae, 123 egg cell, 27, 30, 32,46,56,59,60,61, Bougainvillea, 23 Canna Family, 124 62,63,64,66,67,71 Bouncing Bet, 87 Cantaloupe, 94 epidermal celi, 10, 13, 22 Bowstring-hemp, 20, 128 Cape chestnut, 107 eukaryotic cell, 2, 41, 42 Box elder, 35 Cape primrose, 116 fiber cell, 8, 11, 22 Bracken fern, 67 Capillitium, 45, 53 guard celi, 10, 22, 24 Bract, 23, 29, 33, 34, 36, 38,75,77,83,87, Caprifoliaceae, 117 laticifer, 11 93,95, 101, 103, 109, 112, 117, 118, Capsella bursa-pastoris, 96 mother cell, 30, 31, 32 119, 122, 12~ 12~ 126, 127, 129 Capsicum, 111 parenchyma celi, 8, 11, 13, 22, 60, 124 Brasenia, 79 Caraway, 109 prokaryotic cell, 41, 43, 44 Brassavola, 130 Carbon dioxide, 24, 25,43,47 sclereid (stone cell), 8, 11, 22 Brassia, 130 Carbon fixation, 3, 24 sclerenchyma cell, 8, 22 Brassica, 38, 96 Carex hystericina, 122 sex celi (gamete), 6, 30, 45, 46, 55, 57, Brassicaceae (Mustard Family), 38, 96 Carnation, 87 59,60,61, 65 Bridal wreath, 99 Carnauba palm, 125 sieve element, 11 British soldiers, 54 Carnegiea gigantea, 36 sieve cell, 8, 11 Broccoli, 96 Carnivorous plants, 19, 23, 91 sieve tube element, 8,11, 18 Browallia, 111 Carrion-flower, 110 silica cell, 10, 22 Brown Algae, 4, 41, 59,60,61 Carrot, 4, 12, 38, 109 somatic (vegetative) cell, 6, 30 Brussels sprouts, 96 Carrot Family, 109 subsidiary cell, 10, 22

136 synergid cell, 32, 37 Cicuta macu/ata, 109 Cottonwood, 95 tracheary element, 11 Cimicifuga, 80 Cow cockle, 87 tracheid, 8, 11, 17 Cinnamomum, 78 Cow parsley, 109 vessel element, 8, 11, 17 Cinnamon, 78 Cranberry, 97 Cellulose, 2, 8 Cirsium, 119 Crane's-bill, 109 Celtis tenuifolia, 82 Cissus, 104 Crataegus, 99 Centaurea, 4 Citron, 94, 107 Crocus, 16, 129 Cephalaria, 118 Citrul/us lanatus, 94 Cronartium, 49 Cerastrium, 87 Citrus, 39, 107 Croton, 103 Ceratium, 55 Cladonia, 54 Crown-ot-thorns, 103 Ceratocystis ulmi, 48, 82 Cladophora, 58 Crucibulum, 53 Cercis, 100 Clathrus, 53 Cucumber, 39, 94 Ceropegia woodii, 110 Claviceps, 48 Cucumber tree, 77 Cetarias, 54 Clavulinopsis, 52 Cucumis, 39,94 Chaetomium, 48 Clematis, 16, 80 Cucurbita, 94 Chamaecyparis, 73 Clover, 12, 26, 33, 100 Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family), 39, 94 Chamaedorea, 125, 126 Clubmosses, 41, 42, 65 Cumin, 109 Chamaerops, 125 Cocc%ba uvifera, 89 Cuminum cyminum, 109 Chantharel/us, 51 Cocklebur, 26, 119 Cup-of-gold, 111 Chara, 62 Coco-de-mer, 125 Cupressus, 73 Charophyta, 41, 62 Coconut palm, 125 Curled dock, 38 Cheeses, 90 Cocothrinax argentea, 125 Curled mallow, 90 Chenille plant, 103 Codiaeum, 103 Curly palm, 125 Chenopodiaceae,88 Colchicine, 128 Currant, 98, 104 Chenopodium, 26, 89 Colchicum, 128 Cuscuta, 112 Cherry, 39, 99 Coleus, 19, 113 Cutin, 2, 10, 13, 22 Chervil, 109 Collinea, 126 Cut-leaf philodendron, 127 Chestnut, 35, 83 Colocasia, 127 Cyanobacteria, 41, 44 Chestnut blight, 48, 83 Columbine, 80 Cyanotis, 121 Chichorium, 119 Columnea, 116 Cyathus, 53 Chick pea, 100 Commelina, 121 Cycads, 41, 42, 44, 71,72 Chickweed, 87 Commelinaceae, 121 Cycadophyta, 41, 71 Chicory, 119 Commelinidae, 75 Cydonia, 99 Chillie, 111 Common blue violet, 92 Cylindrospermum, 44 Chinese anise, 77 Common mallow, 90 Cymbalaria, 115 Chinese elm, 82 Common rue, 107 Cymbidium, 130 Chinese evergreen, 127 Common toadflax, 115 Cynara scolymus, 119 Chinese lantern, 111 Cone, 38, 71, 73, 74 Cynodon, 123 Chinese water chestnut, 122 Coneflower, 26, 119 Cyperaceae,122 Chinese windmill palm, 125 Conifer, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 21, 22, 33, 38, 40, Cyperus, 122 Chionanthus, 114 41,42, 50, 63, 71, 73, 76 Cypress, 73 Chitin, 46 Conium macula tum, 109 Cypress spurge, 88 Chives, 128 Con val/aria majalis, 128 Cypress vine, 112 Chlamydomonas, 58 Convolvulaceae, 112 Cyrtomium, 67 Chloroplast, 2, 3, 10, 13, 22, 24, 55, 56, 58, Convolvulus, 112 Cytokinin, 19 59 Copemicia, 125 Chlorophyll, 3, 4, 24, 47, 56, 57, 58, 59,62, Coprinus, 51 Dacryopinax, 49 66 Coquitos palm, 125 Dactylis, 123 chlorophyll a, 4,24,45,55,56,57,58, Coral bells, 98 Dahlia, 12, 119 59,62 Coral/ina, 57 Daldinia concentrica, 48 chlorophyll b, 4, 58,62 Coral plant, 115 Dandelion, 119 chlorophyll c, 4, 55, 56, 59 Coral-sumac, 106 Darlingtonia, 91 chlorophyll d, 4, 57 Coriander, 109 Date palm, 125 Chlorophyta, 41, 58 Coriandrum sativum, 109 Datura, 111 Choanephora, 47 Coriolus, 52 Daucus carota (carrot), 4, 12, 38, 109 Chondrus, 57 Cork, 9, 10, 15, 22 Dayflower,121 Christmas rose, 80 Cork tree, 107 Day lily, 128 Christmas vine, 112 Corm, 12, 16, 18, 65, 128, 129 Deadly nightshade, 111 Chromosomes, 2, 6, 7, 30,55 Corn, 12, 19, 24, 40, 123 Dead man's finger, 48 crossing-over (chiasma), 6, 30 Cornaceae, 101 Death camas, 128 diploid (2n), 6, 30, 37,59,61,64,67 Corn cockle, 87 Delonix, 100 haploid (1n), 6, 30, 31, 37, 59,61,63,64, Cornelian cherry, 101 Delphinium, 4, 80 67 Cornflower, 4 Dendrobium, 130 Chrysophyceae, 56 Comus, 101 Deptford-pink, 87 Chrysophyta, 41, 56 Cortinarius, 50 Destroying angel, 50 Chysalidocarpus, 125 Corylopsis, 81 Deuteromycota, 46 Chysanthemum, 19, 26, 119 Corylus, 84 Deutzia, 98 Chytridiomycota, 41, 46 Coscinodiscus, 56 Devil' s-ivy, 127 Cibotium, 67 Cotinus coggygria, 106 Diachea, 45 Cicer, 100 Cotton, 10, 90 Dianthus, 75, 87

137 Diatom, 4, 41, 56 Ephedra, 74 Flowering dogwood, 101 Diatrypella, 48 Epidendrum, 130 Flowering maple, 90 Dichondra, 112 Epiphyte, 16, 20, 59, 64, 67, 76, 130 Flowering plants, 1,30,31,33,41,75,77- Dichorisandra, 121 Episcia, 116 130 Dicot (dicotyledon), 1,9, 12,13,14,15, 19, Equisetophyta, 41, 66 Flower structure, 27, 28, 33, 34 21, 22, 27, 31, 37, 74, 75, 77-119 Equisetum, 15, 16,20,66 androecium, 27 Dictamnus, 107 Ergot of rye, 48 calyx, 27, 34 Dictydium, 45 Erica, 97 corolla, 27, 33 Dictyophora, 53 Ericaceae, 97 gynoecium, 27 Didymium, 45 Erodium, 108 nectaries, see Nectar Dieffenbachia, 127 Eryngium, 109 perianth, 27, 75 Digitalis purpurea, 115 Erythea, 125 petals, 10,27,28,29, 33,34, 35, 36, 75 Dill, 26, 109 Erythronium, 128 bilabiate, 34, 36,113,115,116,117 Dilleniidae,75 Eucalyptus, 75 cruciform, 96 Dinobryon, 56 Eudorina, 58 funnelform, 34, 112 Dinoflagellates, 41,55 Euonymus, 102 pistil (stigma, style, ovary), see Pistil Dioecious condition, 28, 35, 60, 63,71,72, Eupatorium rugosum, 119 structure 73,74,78,95, 105 Euphorbia, 23, 26, 103 placenta, 27, 28, 32, 111 Dionaea, 23 Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family), 16, 103 receptacle, 27, 29, 99, 120 Dioon edule, 71 European fan palm, 125 sepals, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 75 Dipsacaceae, 118 European spindle-tree, 102 stamen (anther, filament, connective), Dipsacus, 118 European white birch, 84 see Stamen structure Dipteronia, 105 Evernias, 54 staminoids, 78, 116, 124 Diseases of plants, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 82, Evolutionary relationships, 41, 58 tepals, 1, 26, 27, 36, 76, 85, 86, 89, 93, 83 127, 128 Dittany, 107 Fabaceae (Pea Family), 34, 39, 100 Flower symmetry, 34, 75 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 2, 3,6,7,24, Fagaceae (Beech Family), 35, 83 Flower types 41,43, 44 Fagopyrum, 89 bisexual (perfect), 28, 33, 35, 36, 75, 78, Doctor gum, 106 Fagus, 83 79,80,81,82,86,87,88,89,90, Dodder, 112 Fairy ring mushroom, 50 91,97,99,101, 102, 107, 108, 114, Dogtooth lily, 128 False cypress, 73 115,117,119,121,122,123,124, Dogwood Family, 101 False dragonhead, 113 126, 127, 130 Douglas fir, 73 False goat's-beard, 98 complete, 28 Draba, 96 False hellebore, 128 dicot, 27, 77 -119 Dracaena, 15 False lily-of-the-valley, 128 incomplete, 28 Drosera, 23 False mallow, 90 monocot, 27, 120-130 Drymaria pachyphylla, 87 False sandalwood, 82 unisexual (imperfect), 28, 33, 35, 75, 83, Dryopteris spinulosa, 68 False Solomon's seal, 128 84, 93, 94, 95, 103, 104, 105, 106, Duckweed,75 Fan palm, 125 119,120,125,127 Dulse, 57 Fanwort,79 Fly agaric, 50 Dumb-cane, 127 Fennel,109 Fly amanita, 50 Dusty miller, 87 Ferns, 8, 41, 42,44, 67, 68, 69, 70 Foeniculum vulgare, 109 Dutch elm disease, 82 Fertilization, 27, 33, 34, 37,62,63,64,65, Fomes, 52 Dwarf chinkapin oak, 83 66,67,71 Fool's huckleberry, 97 Dwarf hackberry, 82 Festuca, 123 Forsythia, 114 Dyer's woad, 96 Festue grass, 123 Fortunella, 107 Figwort, 115 Fothergilla, 81 Ear fungus, 49 Figwort Family, 115 Foxglove, 115 Earth star, 53 Filbert, 84 Foxtail grass, 123 Earth tongue, 48 Fir, 73,76 Fragaria (strawberry), 20, 26, 39, 99 Echinodorus, 120 Firethorn, 99 Fragrant olive, 114 Echinopsis, 85 Fishtail palm, 125, 126 Fraxinella, 107 Ecosystem, 43, 44, 45, 54, 56, 57,58,59 Flag, 34, 129 Fraxinus, 99, 114 Ectocarpus, 59 Flagellum, 43, 44, 45, 46, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, Freesia, 129 Edelweiss, 119 61,62,63,64,65,71 Fringe tree, 114 Egg, 27, 30, 32, 37, 46, 56, 59,60, 61,62, Flamingo flower, 75, 127 Fritillaria, 128 63,64,66,67,71 Flame plant, 127 Fruiting body, 45, 46, 47, 48,49,50,51,52, Elaeis guineesis, 125 Flat palm, 125 53, 54 Elaeodendron, 102 Flower arrangement (inflorescence), 19, 27, aethalium, 45 Elderberry, 117 33,35 ascocarps: Eleocharis tuberosa, 122 catkin (ament), 35, 75, 83, 95 apothecium, 48, 54 Elephant's-ear, 127 cyme, 84, 102, 108, 111 cleistothecium, 48 Elm, 35, 38, 82 fleshy spike (spadix), 34, 75, 127 perithecium, 48 Elm Family, 35, 82 head (capitulum), 33, 75, 118, 119 basidiocarps: Encyclia, 16 panicle, 106, 114, 124, 125, 126 bird's-nest, 53 Endiandra, 78 raceme, 96, 100, 120 coral, 50, 52 Endive, 119 single (scapose), 80, 85, 87, 90, 91, 92, earthstar, 53 Endothia parasistica, 48, 83 112 mushroom, 49, 50, 51 English oak, 83 spike, 88,115, 122, 123 puffball, 49, 53 Enzyme, 2, 3, 4, 10 umbel, 109, 110 shelf, 49, 50, 52

138 stinkhorn, 53 Gazania, 119 Haberlea, 116 toothed, 50, 52 Geastrum, 53 Hackberry, 35, 82 plasmodiocarp, 45 Gelidium, 57 Hair (trichome), 8, 9, 10, 13, 17, 22, 23, 44, sporangium, 45 Geoglossum, 48 67,70,77,81,85,86,88,90,91, Fruit (ovary wall) tissues, 38, 39 Geologic time scale, 42 94,95,97,98,106,111,116,117, endocarp, 39, 107 Geraniaceae, 108 129 exocarp, 39, 107 Geranium, 108 Hamamelidaceae, 81 mesocarp, 8,39,97,107 Geranium, 4, 108 Hamamelidae,75 pericarp, 38, 39, 40, 94, 123 Geranium Family, 108 Hamamelis, 81 Fruit types, 38, 39 Gesneria Family, 116 Hapalosiphon, 44 achene, 38, 39, 80, 89,118,119,122 Gesneriaceae, 116 Haworthia, 128 berry, 39, 79, 86, 98,104,111,117,127 Giant sequoia, 73 Hawthorn, 49, 99 capsule, 38, 81, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 98, Giant water lily, 79 Hazelnut, 35,84 102, 108, 114, 121, 128, 129, 130 Gibasis genicu/ata, 121 Heath,97 cypsela,38 Ginger Family, 124 Heath Family, 97 drupe, 39,78,82,97,101,106,114,125, Ginkgo, 16,21,41,71,72 Hedera, 16 126 Ginkgophyta, 41, 42,72 Hedge bindweed, 112 drupelet, 39 Gladiolus, 16, 129 Helenium, 119 follicle, 38, 77, 110 Gleditsia, 100 Heliamphora, 91 grain (caryopsis), 3, 19, 38, 40, 48, 123 Gloetrichia, 44 Helianthus hesperidium, 39, 107 Gloiopeltis, 57 annuus, 19, 119 legume, 8, 38, 100 Gloriosa, 128 tuberosus, 119 loment, 38, 100 Gloriosa lily, 16, 128 Helichrysum, 119 mericarp, 38, 90, 109 Gloxinia, 116 Helicodicerus, 127 nut, 8, 38,83 Glycine, 100 Helleborus, 80 nutlet, 38, 88, 97, 113 Gnetes, 41, 42, 71, 74 Helminthostachys, 67 pepo, 39, 94 Gnetophyta, 41, 74 Helwingia, 101 pome, 39,99 Gnetum, 74 Helvella, 48 samara, 38, 82, 84, 105, 114 Golden Algae, 41, 56 Hemerocallis, 128 schizocarp, 38, 90, 103, 109 Golden bell, 114 Hemitrichia, 45 silicle, 38, 96 Golden-chain tree, 100 Hemlock, 73, 109 silique, 38, 96 Golden club, 127 Hepatica, 80 Fuchsia, 4, 20, 36 Goldenrod, 38, 119 Herac/eum, 109 Fucus, 61 Golden seal, 80 Hericium, 52 Fullmoon maple, 105 Goldfish plant, 116 Herpobasidium, 49 Fungi, 1, 12, 24,41,45,46,47,48,49,50, Gonyaulax, 55 Hesperis, 96 51,52,53,54,64,82,83 Gooseberry, 98 Heterospory, 65, 70 Fungi Kingdom Gossypium hirsutum, 90 Heuchera sanguinea, 98 Ascomycota, 41, 47, 48, 54, 82, 83 Gourd,94 Hevea brasiliensis, 103 Euascomycetidae (molds, wilts, blight, Gourd Family, 39, 94 Hibiscus mildews), 48 Goutweed, 109 esculentus, 90 Hemiascomycetidae (yeast, peach leaf Grape, 16, 39, 104 rosa-sinensis, 29 curl), 47 Grape Family, 104 syriacus, 26 Basidiomycota, 41, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 Grapefern, 67 Hillebrandia, 93 Agaricales (gill, pore, coral, toothed Grapefruit, 107 Hoary cress, 96 fungi), 50, 51, 52 Grape-hyacinth, 128 Holly fern, 67 Auriculariales (jelly fungi), 49 Grape ivy, 104 Hollyhock, 49, 90 Dacrymycetales (jelly fungi), 49 Graphis, 54 Hollyhock mallow, 90 Lycoperdales (puffball fungi), 53 Grass Family, 10, 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 35, 38, Homospory, 64, 65, 66 Nidulariales (bird's-nest fungi), 53 76, 122, 123, 125 Honesty, 38,96 Phallales (stinkhorn fungi), 53 Green Algae, 4, 41, 54, 58,62 Honey-dew melon, 94 Tremellales (jelly fungi), 49 Green ash, 114 Honey locust, 100 Uredinales (rusts), 49 Greenbriar, 16, 128 Honey mushroom, 50 Ustilaginales (smuts), 49 Greenheart, 79 Honeysuckle, 117 Chytridiomycota (chytrids & allies), 41, 46 Green violet, 92 Honeysuckle Family, 117 Myxomycota (slime molds), 41, 45 Grey dogwood, 102 Hop-hornbeam, 84 Oomycota (water molds, downy Griselinia, 102 Hop tree, 107 mildews, white rusts), 41, 46 Ground cherry, 111 Hordeum vulgare, 26, 123 Zygomycota (black bread mold & allies), Growth Hormones, 19, 20, 24, 26 41,47 primary, 9, 13, 15 Hornwort, 42, 63 secondary, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15,65,67,71 Horse-bush, 119 Gaillardia, 119 Growth movements, 20 Horse-radish, 96 Ga/axaura, 57 Growth rings, 15 Horsetails, 41, 42, 66 Gametophyte, 31, 32, 40, 57, 59, 60, 61, Gymnoc/adus, 100 Hosta, 128 63,64,65,66,67,72 Gymnodinium, 55 Howeia, 125 Ganoderma, 50 Gymnosperm, 41, 71, 72, 73, 74 Hoya camosa, 110 Garlic, 128 Gymnosporangium, 49 Huckleberry, 97 Gas-plant, 107 Gymnosporia, 102 Huemia, 110 Gaultheria, 97 Gypsophila, 87 Hyacinth, 128 Gaylussacia, 97 Gyromitra, 48 Hyacinthus, 128

139 Hybanthus, 92 Larkspur, 4, 80 Leaf venation Hybrid, 1,6,77 Larix, 73 dichotomous, 21, 71, 72 Hydrangea, 98 Latex, 11,79,103,110,112 palmate, 21,67,90, 93, 94, 105, 108, 125 Hydrastis, 80 Lathyrus latifolia, 100 parallel, 21, 120, 121, 123, 128 Hypha, 12,46,47, 48, 50, 54 Lauraceae, 78 pinnate, 21, 67,68, 125, 126 Laurel Family, 78 Leather fern, 69 Iberis, 96 Laurus nobilus, 78 Leatherleaf, 97 Illicium vernum, 77 Lavandula, 113 Leek, 128 Inch plant, 121 Lavatera, 90 Lemon, 39, 107 Indian paint-brush, 115 Lavender, 113 Lens, 100 Indian pipe, 97 Leaf arrangement Lentil, 100 Ipomoea alternate, 21,72, 81, 88, 93, 95, 97, 102, Leonotis, 113 batatas, 12, 112 104,110,112,115,121,123,124 Leontopodium, 119 pandurata, 12 decussate, 87 Leopard lily, 128 purpurea, 112 equitant, 129 Lepidium, 96 tuberosa, 16, 112 opposite, 21, 74,87,102,105,113,114, Letharia, 54 Iridaceae (Iris Family), 34, 129 116,117,118 Lettuce, 119 Iris, 16, 34, 129 spiral, 65, 71 Leucothoe, 97 Iris Family, 34, 129 rosette, 63, 65,91, 109, 116 Levisticum officinale, 109 Irpex, 52 whorled, 21,74, 128 Lichen, 44, 54, 76 Irish moss, 57 Leaf, blade margin Light wavelength, 4, 34 Ironwood, 35 entire, 77, 78, 101, 114, 116, 121 Lignin, 8, 10, 23, 125 Isatis tinctoria, 96 lobed,67, 70, 72, 78, 79, 83, 90,94,104, Ligustrum, 114 Isoetes, 65 108,111,120 Lilac, 14, 114 Ivy, 12, 16 peltate, 79 Liliaceae, 1, 15, 128 Ixia, 129 saw-toothed (serrate), 80, 82, 84 Lilidae,75 scalloped (crenate), 92 Li~op~da, 1, 75, 120-130 Jack-in-the-pulpit, 127 toothed (dentate), 80, 83, 95, 99, 102, 105 Lilium michiganense, 1,38, 128 Japanese dogwood, 101 Leaf, external structure, 21 Lily, 1,38, 128 Japanese honeysuckle, 117 blade, 21, 23 Lily-of-the-valley, 128 Japanese lacquer-tree, 106 cuticle, 17, 22 Lily Family, 1, 15, 128 Japanese laurel, 101 coleoptile, 20, 40 Lime, 107 Jasmine, 114 leaflet (pinna, pinnule), 21, 23, 33, 67, 68, Linaria vulgaris, 115 Jasminum, 114 69, 70, 71, 80, 100, 106, 109, 125, Lindera benzoin 78 Jerusalem artichoke, 119 126, 127 Linnaea borealis, 117 Jerusalem-cherry, 111 petiole (stalk), 8, 14, 21, 22, 23, 68, 69, Lion's-ear, 113 Jimson weed, 111 70, 71 Lipstick plant, 116 Jubaea spectabilis, 125 pulvinus, 100, 124 Liquidambar styraciflua, 81 Juncaceae, 35 sheath (petiole), 21, 66,109,120,121, Liriodendron tulipifera, 77 Juniper, 49, 73 123, 124, 127, 129, 130 Lithocarpus, 83 Juniperus (cedar, juniper), 49, 73 stipule, 16,23,77,84,89,90,92,93,99, Lithops, 23 100, 102, 108 Lithothamnium, 57 Kadsura, 77 Leaf persistence Litsea, 78 Kale, 96 deciduous, 21,72, 76 Liverwort, 41, 44, 63 Kalmia, 97 evergreen, 21, 65, 68, 76 Living stones, 23 Kapuka, 101 Leaf types, 21, 23, 40 Livistona, 125 Kelp, 15,59,60 bract, 23, 29, 33, 34, 36, 38, 75, 77, 83, Lobularia maritima, 75, 96 Kenilworth ivy, 115 87,93,95, 101, 103, 109, 112,117, Locoweed, 100 Kentucky coffee tree, 100 118,119,122,123,124,126,129 Locule, 27, 31, 32 Kinnikinik, 97 carnivorous leaf, 23 Locust, 38, 100 Kniphofia, 128 conifer leaf, 15,21,22 Lodoicea maldivica, 125 Knotweed, 89 dicot leaf, 21, 37, 40, 77-119 Loganberry, 99 Kochia, 88 compound leaf, 21, 35, 67, 68, 69, 70, Lolium perenne, 26 Kohleria, 116 71, 100, 106, 109, 125, 126, 127 Lonicera, 117 Kohlrabi, 96 fern leaf, 67, 68,69,70 Loofah,94 Kolkwitzia, 117 microphyll, 65 Loropetalum, 81 Kudzu vi,le, 100 megasporophyll, 65, 71 Lousewort, 1115 Kumquat, 107 microsporophyll, 65, 71 Lovage, 109 sporophyll, 66, 71 Luffa cylindria, 94 Laburnum, 100 monocot leaf, 1, 21, 40, 120-130 Lunaria annua, 38, 96 Lactuca sativa, 119 phyllode,23 Lupine, 100 Lady palm, 125 plumule, 40 Lupinus, 100 Lady's thumb, 89 scale leaf, 12, 16,85 Lychnis, 87 Laelia, 130 seed leaf (cotyledon), 1,8, 37, 40, 72, 75 Lycogala, 45 Lagenaria, 94 simple leaf, 21,67, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, Lycoperdon, 53 Lambkill,97 97,101,103,107,108,110,111, Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), 3, 4, Lamb's quarters, 26, 88 112,113,114,117,130 111 Lamiaceae (Mint Family), 34, 113 spathe, 23, 127 Lycopodiophyta, 41, 65 Laminaria, 60 pine, 23, 36, 85, 103 Lypodium, 65 Larch,73 succulent leaf, 23 Lyonia mariana, 97

140 Madura pomifera, 39 Mimosa, 38, 100 Nephrolepis, 67 Madagascar featherpalm, 125 Mimulus, 115 Nereocystis, 60 Madagascar-jasmine, 110 Miniature hollyhock, 90 Neurospora, 48 Magnolia, 75, 77 Mint, 38, 113 New Zealand spinach, 88 Magnoliidae,75 Mint Family, 113 Nicotiana, 34, 111 Magnoliaceae, 77 Mitella, 98 Nidularia, 53 Magnolia Family, 77 Mitosis, 7, 30, 31, 32,45 Nierembergia, 111 Magnoliophyta, 1,41,75 Mock orange, 98 Nightshade Family, 111 Magnoliopsida, 1,75,77-119 Molucella, 113 Ninebark, 99 Maianthemum, 128 Monarda, 113 Nitrogen, 12, 23, 25, 43, 70, 100 Maiden hair fern, 67, 72 Money plant, 96 Nitrogen fixation, 12, 25, 43, 44, 100 Maiden hair tree, 72 Monera, 41 Nori,57 Majorana, 113 Monilinia, 48 Norway maple, 105 Mallow Family, 90 Monkey-flower, 115 Nucleic acid, 24 Malope, 90 Monkshood, 80 Nucleoid, 6, 43 Maltese cross, 87 Monoco! (monocotyledon), 1,9, 11, 12, Nucleolus, 2, 7, 58 Malus (apple), 4, 16,31,39,49,75,99 13, 15, 21, 22, 27, 31, 3~ 40, 75, Nucleoplasm, 2 Malvaceae, 90 120-130 Nucleus, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7,30,31,32,37,41,45, Malva, 90 Monoecious condition, 28, 70,73,74,83, 58 Mammillaria, 85, 86 84,93,94,104 Nuphar, 79 Mangifera indica, 106 Monotropa, 97 Nutrients, 25 Mango, 106 Monstera deliciosa, 127 Nymphaeaceae, 79 Mangrove, 12 Moonflower, 112 Nymphaea, 79 Manihot 103 Morel,48 Manroot,12 Morchella, 48 Oak, 17, 35, 38 Maple, 26, 35, 38, 105 Morina, 118 Oats, 19, 20, 26, 49, 123 Maple Family, 35, 105 Morning glory, 112 Ochrolechia, 54 Maranta, 124 Morning Glory Family, 112 Ocimum,l13 Marantaceae, 124 Moses-in-the-cr adle, 121 Ocotea, 78 Marasmius, 50 Mosquito fern, 67, 70 Odontoglossum, 130 Marchantia, 63 Moss, 41, 51, 63 Oil palm, 125 Marigold, 75,119 Mother-of-thousands, 98 Okra, 90 Marjoram, 113 Moth orchid, 75 Olea, 114 Marsilea quadrifolia, 70 Mountain ash, 99 Oleaceae, 114 Marsh marigold, 80 Mountain laurel, 97 Olive, 114 Mastic tree, 106 Mountain-rose vine, 89 Olive Family, 99, 114 Matthiola, 96 Mouse-ear chickweed, 87 Oncidium, 130 Maytenus, 102 Mucor, 47 Onion, 16,49, 128 Meadow rue, 80 Mullein, 115 Onodea,67 Medicago, 12, 38, 100 Murraya, 107 Oomycota, 41, 46 Meiosis, 30, 31,32,45,46,61,63 Musaceae, 124 Ophioglossum, 67 Melilotus, 100 Muscari, 128 Opuntia, 16, 85 Melocactus, 85 Musk mallow, 90 Orange jessamine, 107 Melon, 94 Mustard, 38, 96 Orchard-grass, 123 Mentha, 38, 113 Mustard Family, 38, 96 Orchid, 16, 75, 130 Menziesia ferruginea, 97 Mutinus, 53 Orchidaceae, 130 Mercurialis, 103 Mutualist (symbiont), 12,44,46, 54, 55 Orchid Family, 130 Mercury, 103 Mycelium, 46, 47, 48, 49 Orchid tree, 100 Meristem,9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 25, 40, 60, 66, Mycophycophyta, 54 Oregano, 113 69,71,74 Mycorrhizae, 12,46,50,64,97, 130 Oriental walnut, 78 apical meristem, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 25,40 Myrrhis odorata, 109 Origanum, 113 cork cambium, 9, 13, 15 Myxomycota, 41~ 45 Ornithogalum umbellalum, 128 ground meristem, 13, 15 Orontium, 127 intercalary meristem, 15,66, 74 Nannyberry, i17 Oryza sativa (rice), 3, 19,26,38,70, 123 procambium, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15 Narcissus, 31 Osage-orange, 39 protoderm, 13, 15 Nasturtium, 96 Osman thus, 114 vascular cambium, 9, 13, 15 Neathe bella, 126 Osmosis, 5, 18 Metopium toxiferum, 106 Nectar, 33, 34, 36, 47, 99, 109, 115 Osmunda, 67 Metric equivalents, 1 Nectar gland, disc, 8, 10, 23, 33, 34, 35, 36, Ostrya, 84 Metroxylon, 125 75,81,94,95,96,97, 101,103, 104, Oswego tea, 113 Mexican fan palm, 125 106,107,108,109,112,115,116, Otaheite gooseberry, 103 Michelia fuscata, 77 129 Oxypetalum caeruleum, 110 Michigan lily, 1, 38, 128 osmophor, 10 Oyster mushroom, 50 Microasterias,. 58 Nectar guide, 33, 34, 92, 116, 130 Microglossum, 48 Nectar spur, 33, 34, 36,92,115 Pachystima, 102 Microsphaera, 48 Nectar tube, 33, 34, 130 Paeonia, 80 Milkweed, 38, 110 Neddle palm, 125 Palm, 15, 25, 125 Milkweed Family, 110 Nemopanthus, 116 Palmaria, 57 Millet, 123 Neoporteria, 85 Palm Family, 125, 126 Miltonia, 130 Nepeta, l13 Pansy, 92

141 Papaver, 38 chlorophylls, see Chlorophyll capitate, 96, 104 Paper birch, 84 flavinoids, 4 double (bifurcate), 95, 98, 103, 113 Paphiopedilum, 130 anthocyanin, 4, 25, 87 feathery (plumose), 35, 82, 87,105,123 Paprika, 111 flavin, 4 style, 27,29,32,33,36,37,77,81,84, Parasite, 46, 47, 49, 54, 55,112,115 riboflavin, 4 86,88,91,95,97,98,99,100,101, Parlor palm, 125, 126 phycobilins, 4, 57 103,108,109,111,112,113,114, Parmelia, 54 phycocyanin, 4, 44, 57 115,117,118,119,120,121,124, Parsley, 109 phycoerythrin, 4, 44, 57 128, 129 Parsnip, 109 phytochrome, 4 Pisum, 12,40, 100 Parthenocissus Pimpinella anisum, 109 Pitcher-plant, 23, 91 quinquefolia, 16, 104 Pincushion cactus, 85, 86 Pitcher-plant Family, 91 tricuspidata, 104 Pincushion flower, 118 Planera albeliea, 82 Pastinaca sativa, 109 Pine, 41, 49, 73, 76 Plantain, 38 Pea, 12, 40, 100 Pinophyta, 41, 73 Plant body, 8, 9, 11 Pea berry palm, 125 Pinguicula, 10, 23 Plant communities, 76 Peach,99 Pink, 75,87 Plant Kingdom (Plantae), 41 Pea Family, 34, 38, 100 Pink Family, 87 Bryophyta, 41, 63 Peanut, 15, 100 Pinnularia, 57 Anthocerotae (Horn worts), 63 Pear, 8, 49, 99 Pinus, 40, 73 Hepaticae (Liverworts), 63 Peat moss, 63 Pistachio, 106 Musci (Mosses), 63 Pedicularis, 115 Pistacia, 106 Charophyta (Stone worts), 41, 62 Pelargonium, 4, 108 Pistia, 126 Chlorophyta (Green Algae), 41, 58 Peltandra, 127 Pistil structure, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, Cycadophyta (Cycads), 41, 71 Penicillium, 48 77-130 Equisetophyta (Horsetails & Scouring Penny cress, 96 carpel, 27, 28, 29, 32, 35, 38, 39,75,79, Rushes), 41, 66 Pepper-grass, 96 80,92,93,94,99, 101, 102, 103, Ginkgophyta, 41, 72 Perennial, 12, 14,21,64,65,66,67,68,79, 105,108,109,110,111,112,113, Gnetophyta (Gnetes), 41, 74 80,86,88,91,92,93,96,98,100, 114,115,121,128,129 Lycopodiophyta, 41, 65 108,110,111,112,113,115,120, ovary, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, Isoetales (Quillworts), 65 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 39,75,77,78,79,82,90,92,93, Lycopodiales (Clubmosses), 65 130 95,97,99,101,105,109,110,113, Selaginellales (Spikemosses), 65 Pereskia grandifolia, 85 114,116,118,119 Magnoliophyta (Flowering Plants), 41, 75 Persea, 78 ovary placentation, 27, 28, 32, 75 Liliopsida (monocotyledons), 75 Petroselinum crispum, 109 axile, 28, 81,91,97, 114, 128, 129 Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons), 75 Petunia, 26, 111 basal, 28, 75, 120, 127 Phaeophyta (Brown Algae), 41, 59, 60, 61 Phaeophyta, 41,59,60,61 free-central, 28,75,87 Ectocarpales, 59 Phalaenopsis, 75, 130 parietal, 28,75, 86, 92, 94, 98, 100, Fucales,61 Phallus, 53 110 Laminariales (kelps), 60 Phaseo/us (bean), 12, 14,40, 100 ovary position, 28, 33 Pinophyta (Conifers), 41, 73 Philadelphus, 98 half-inferior, 28,81, 116 Polypodiophyta (Ferns), 41, 67 Philodendro~ 16, 127 inferior, 28, 33, 38, 39, 75, 84, 86, 93, Marsileales (water ferns), 70 Phleum, 123 94,9~9~ 101, 10~ 11~ 117, 11~ Ophioglossales (adder's-tongue ferns), Phloem, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18,22, 24,42 119, 124, 129, 130 67 Phoenix dactylifera, 125 superior, 28, 29, 33, 38, 75, 77, 78, 82, Polypodiales (common ferns), 68, 69 Photosynthesis, 3, 4, 5,8,24,40,41,44, 87,88,90,91,96,97, 100, 102, 103, Salviniales (floating ferns), 70 60,63,85 104,105,107,109,111,112,113, Psilophyta (Whisk Ferns), 41, 64 Phyllanthus, 103 114,115,116,121,122,123,126, Rhodophyta (Red Algae), 41,57 Phellodendron, 107 128 Bangiophycidae, 57 Physalis, 111 ovule, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 37, 40, 75, 78, Florideophycidae, 57 Physarum cinereum, 45 79,80,86,87,90,91,92,93,94, Plantago, 38 Physcia, 54 95,97,98,99,100,101,106,109, Plasmolysis,S Physocarpus, 99 110,111,112,114,115,118,119, P/asmopara vitieola, 46 Physoderma, 46 122, 123, 126, 129 Platyeerium, 67 Physostegia, 113 antipodal cells, 32 P/eurotus, 50 Phytophthora infestans, 46 egg, 27, 30, 32, 37 Plum, 99 Picea, 73 embryo sac, 27, 30,32,37 Poa, 123 Pieris, 97 endosperm, 37, 40, 75,123 Poaceae (Grass Family), 10, 15, 19, 22, 23, Pigments, 2, 3, 4, 24, 44 filiform apparatus, 32 24, 35, 38, 76, 122, 123, 125 accessory pigments, 4, 24, 44 funiculus, 32, 40 Podosphaera, 48 betalains, 4, 76, 87, 88 integument, 32, 37, 40,75 Poinciana, 100 betacyanin, 4, 75 micropyle, 32, 37, 40 Poinsettia, 23, 26, 103 betaxanthin, 4, 75 nucellus,32 Poison-ivy, 106 carotenoids, 3, 4, 10 polar nuclei, 32, 37 Poison-oak, 106 carotene, 4, 44, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,62 synergid cells, 32, 37 Poison-sumac, 106 xanthophylls, 3, 4, 55, 57, 58, 62 stigma, 27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 81, 85, Poison-wood, 106 fucoxanthin, 4, 56, 59 86,91,92,93,96,97,98,99, 100, Pollen (pollen grain), 27, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, leutein,4 101,103,106,107,108,110,111, 36, 37, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 92, 94, peridinin, 55 112,113,114,115,116,117,118, 97,108,111,112,113,115,118, violaxanthin, 4, 59 12~ 121, 12~ 128, 129, 130 119, 120, 124, 127, 129, 130 zeaxanthin, 4 branched,86, 122 Pollen sac, see Stamen structure

142 Pollen tube, 31,37 Quaking aspen, 95 oogonium, 46, 56, 60, 61, 62 Pollination, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Quamoclit pennata, 112 plasmodiocarp, 45 cross-pollination, 33, 92, 109, 113 Queen Anne's lace, 109 sporangium (spore case), 45, 46, 47, self-pollination, 33, 92, 109, 125 Queen-of-the-border, 90 49,71, 72, 74 wind pollination, 33,35,75,82, 83, 84, Queen palm, 125 strobilus, 71, 72, 73, 74 88,89, 95, 105, 123, 125 Quercus, 38, 83 trichoblast, 57 Pollinators Quillworts, 41, 42, 65 Resin, 2, 10, 15, 22, 98, 106 bats, 36 Quince, 8, 99 Respiration, 3, 24, 43 birds, 36, 116 Rex begonia, 93 insects, 33, 34, 35, 75, 81, 92, 95, 109, Radish,96 Rhapidophyllum, 125 113, 125, 127, 129, 130 Raffia, 125 Rhapis, 125 bees, 34,110,113,115,129 Ragweed, 119 Rheum, 89 beetles, 33 Ragwort, 119 Rhizine,54 butterflies, 33 Ramonda, 116 Rhizobium radicicola, 43 flies, 34, 127 Ranunculaceae, 80 Rhizoid, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64 moths, 33, 34, 117 Ranunculus, 80 Rhizome, 16, 20, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 79, 92, Polygamodioecious condition, 28, 102 Raphanus, 96 108, 124, 128, 129 Polygamomonoecious condition, 28 Raphia, 125 Rhizophora, 12 Polygonaceae, 89 Rasamala, 81 Rhizophore, 65 Polygonatum, 128 Raspberry, 99 Rhizopus, 47 Polygonum, 89 Rechsteineria, 116 Rhododendron 38, 97 Polyploidy, 6 Red Algae, 4, 41, 57 Rhodophyta, 41,57 Polypodiophyta, 41, 67, 68, 69, 70 Red campion, 87 Rhoeo, 121 Polyporus, 50 Red crown cactus, 85 Rhubarb,89 Polysiphonia, 57 Red-hot-poker, 128 Rhubarb chard, 88 Poncirus, 107 Redleg,89 Rhus, 106 Pond spice, 78 Red-osier dogwood, 101 Ribes, 98 Poplar, 35, 95 Red squill, 128 Rice, 3, 19,26, 38,44,70, 123 Poppy, 38 Redwood, 15, 73 Ricinus communis, 103 Poppy mallow, 90 Reindeer moss, 54 Rinorea, 92 Populus, 95 Reproduction River-bank grape, 104 Porana paniculata, 112 asexual: RNA (ribonucleic acid), 2, 3, 24 Porcupine sedge, 122 budding, 47 Rock cress, 96 Porphyra, 57 division (fission), 3, 7, 43, 44, 47, 55, Robinia, 38, 100 Potato, 3, 16, 111 56 Roccella, 54 Pothos, 127 fragmentation, 47, 56, 57, 59, 63 Rocket, 96 Prayer plant, 124 asexual structures: Root, external structure, 12, 13, 17, 20, 40 Precatory bean, 100 akinete, 44 coleorhiza, 40 Prickly ash, 107 bulb, 8, 12, 16, 18, 128, 129 nodule, 12, 43, 100 Prickly pear, 85 conidium, 47, 48 root cap, 3, 9, 13, 20 Privet, 114 corm, 12, 16, 18,65, 128, 129 root hair, 9, 10, 13, 17 Protein (amino acids), 2, 3, 6, 24, 34, 36, cyst, 55, 58 root tip (apex), 9, 13, 25, 40 37,40,43, 123 gemma, 63, 64 Root types, 12 Protista Kingdom, 41 isidium,54 adventitious roots, 12, 13, 16, 123, 129 Chrysophyta, 41,56 pseudobulb, 16, 130 aerial roots, 12, 20 Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), 56 pycnidium, 54 contractile roots, 12 Chrysophyceae (golden algae), 56 rhizome, 16,20,65,66,67,68,70,79, lateral root, 12, 13, 20 Xanthophyceae (yellow-green algae), 92, 108, 124, 128, 129 primary root, 12 56 sporangium (spore case), 46, 59, 60, prop roots, 12 Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates), 41, 55 64,65,66,67,68 radicle, 12, 40 Dinophyceae, 55 sporocarp, 70 seminal roots, 12 Prunus, 39, 99 stolon, 16, 20 storage roots, 12, 18 Pseudotsuga, 73 strobilus, 65, 66 tap root, 12, 109 Psilocybe, 50 tube~ 3, 8, 16, 18, 112, 130 tuberous roots, 18 Psilophyta, 41, 64 tuberous root, 18 Rosa, 99 Psilotum, 64 sexual: Rosaceae (Rose Family), 39, 99 Ptelea, 107 anisogamy, 55, 59 Rose, 99 Pteridium, 67 isogamy, 55, 59 Rose cactus, 85 Pterocephalus, 118 oogamy, 56,57,59,60,61,62 Rose Family, 39, 99 Puccinia, 49 sexual structures: Rosemary, 113 Pueraria lobata, 100 aethalium, 45 Rose-of-China, 29, 90 Puffball,53 antheridium, 46, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63,64, Rose-of-Sharon, 26, 90 Pumpkin, 94 66, 67 Roselle, 90 Pyracantha, 99 archegonium, 63, 64, 66, 67 Rosidae,75 Pyrethrum, 119 ascus, 47, 48 Rosmarinu5, 113 Pyrola, 97 basidium, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 Royal fern, 67, 68 Pyrrophyta, 41, 55 carpogonium, 57 Royal palm, 125 Pyrus, 99 gametangium, 46, 59 Royal water lily, 79 Pythium debaryanum, 46 megasporangium, 32, 65 Roystonea regia, 125 Pyxie cup, 54 microsporangium, 31, 65, 71 Rubus, 39, 99

143 Rubutia, 85 Secale cereale (rye), 19,48, 123 Smilax, 16, 128 Rudbeckia hirta, 26, 119 Sedge, 122 Smithiantha, 116 Rue anemone, 80 Sedge Family, 23, 76, 122 Smoke tree, 106 Rumex crispus, 38 Seed, 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 71, 72, 73, 74, Snake plant, 128 Rumohra adiantiformis, 69 77,79,81,82,84,86,87,90,92, Snapdragon, 115 Rush Family, 35 93, 95, 96, 99, 100, 102, 105, 106, SneezeWeed, 119 Russelia, 115 107,108,110,111,128,129,130 Snow berry, 117 Russula, 51 Seed ferns, 41, 42 Solanaceae, 111 Rusty hoof fomes, 52 Seedling, 20, 40 Solanum Ruta, 107 Seed structure, 37,40 dulcamara, 111 Rutabaga, 96 aleurone, 40, 123 nigrum, 111 Rutaceae (Rue Family), 39, 107 coleoptile, 20, 40 pseudocapsicum, 111 Rye, 19,48, 123 coleorhiza, 40 tuberosum (potato), 3, 16, 111 Ryegrass, 26 coma (surface hairs), 10,90,95 Solidago, 38, 119 embryo, 12, 37, 40, 75, 107, 123 Solomon's seal. 128 Sabal palmetto, 125, 126 endosperm, 8,37,40,75, 123, 125, 130 Sonchus, 119 Sacaline,89 epicotyl, 40 Sorbus, 99 Saccharomyces, 47 hilum, 40 Sorghum bicolor, 24,123 Saccharum, 123 plumule, 40 Sorus, 67, 68 Saffron, 129 radicle, 12,40 South African stinkwood, 78 Sage, 113 seed coat (testa), 20, 37, 40, 123 Sow-thistle, 119 Sagittaria latifolia, 120 seed leaf (cotyledon), 1,8,37,40,72,75 Soybean, 100 Sago palm, 125 scutellum, 40 Spadix, 34, 75, 127 Saguaro cactus, 36 Seed types Spathe, 34, 75, 127 Saint Augustine grass, 123 angiosperm, 41, 75 Spathiphyllum, 127 Saintpaulia ionantha, 116 dico!, 40, 75 Spatterdock, 79 Salicaceae (Willow Family), 35, 95 monocot, 40, 75 Spiraea, 99 Salix (willow), 10, 35, 95 gymnosperm, 41, 71, 72, 74 Speedwell,115 Salvia, 113 conifer, 40, 41, 71, 73 Sperm, 31, 37, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, Salvinia, 70 cycad, 41, 71 66,67,71 Sambucus, 117 Ginkgo, 41, 71, 72 Sphaerotheca, 48 Sandwort, 87 gnete, 41, 71, 74 Sphagnum, 63 Sansevieri~ 20, 128 Selaginella, 65 Spice bush, 78 Sap, 2, 8,18,79,89,103,110,112,127 Semibegoniella, 94 Spiderwort, 121 Saponaria, 87 Senecio, 119 Spiderwort Family, 121 Saprolegnia, 46 Senna, 100 Spikemosses, 41, 42, 65 Saprophyte, 46, 49, 115, 130 Sensitive fern, 67 Spinach, 26, 88 Sarracenia, 23, 91 Sensitive plant, 100 Spinacia oleracea, 26,88 Sarraceniaceae, 91 Sentinel palm, 125 Spinulose woodfern, 68 Sassafras albidum, 78 Sentry palm, 125 Spirillum lipoferum, 43 Satureja, 113 Sequoia dendron giganteum, 73 Spirogyra, 58 Saucer magnolia, 77 Sequoia sempervirens, 73 Spore, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 57, Savory, 113 Serenoa, 125 63,65,66,67 Saw-palmetto, 125 Setaria, 123 ascospore, 47, 48, 54 Saxifraga, 16, 98 Shaggy mane, 51 basidiospore, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54 Saxifragaceae,98 Shallot, 128 carpospore,57 Saxifrage Family, 98 Sheepberry, 117 conidium, 47, 48 Scabiosa, 118 Shepherd's purse, 96 endospore, 43 Scarlet oak, 83 Shin leaf, 97 exospore, 44 Scarlet sage, 113 Shoot, 9, 19, 20, 37, 40 megaspore, 27, 32,65, 70 Scenedesmus, 58 bud, 14, 19, 25, 29 microspore, 31, 65, 70, 71 Scent (odor, aroma, fragrance), 33, 34, 35, plumule, 40 oospore, 46, 56,62 36,62,72,78,98,109,111,113, spur shoot, 16, 72, 99 statospore, 56 127, 130 tiller, 19 teleutospore, 49 Schinopsis, 106 tip (apex), 14, 15, 16, 18 tetraspore, 57 Schizanthus, 111 Siberian elm, 82 zoospore, 46, 56, 59,60 Scirpus, 122 Sidalcea, 90 zygospore, 47 Schlumbergera, 26, 85 Silica, 2, 10, 56, 66 Sporophyte, 40, 59, 60,63, 64,66, 67 Scilla, 128 Silver-lace vine, 89 Spruce, 73, 76 Scindapsis, 127 Silver maple, 14, 38, 105 Spurge Family, 16, 103 Scotch elm, 82 Silver palm, 125 Squash,94 Scleranthus, 87 Silvery lupine, 100 Squill, 128 Sclerotium, 45, 48 Sinningia, 116 Staff-tree Family, 102 Scouring rush, 20, 41, 42, 66 Sisyrinchium, 129 Stagger-bush, 97 Script lichen, 54 Skunk cabbage, 34, 127 Stagger-grass, 128 Scrophularia, 115 Slime molds, 41,45 Staghorn fern, 67 Scrophulariaceae, 115 Slipper-flower, 115 Staghorn sumac, 106 Sea grape, 89 Smart weed, 89 Stamen structure, 27, 28,30,31,33,35,36, Sea holly, 109 Smilacina, 128 75,77-130

144 androedal types: Strawberry, 20, 26, 39, 99 Thalia dealbata, 124 didynamous, 115 Strawberry-blite, 88 Thalictrum, 80 monadelphous, 90 Strawberry begonia, 16, 98 Thistle, 119 tetradynamous, 96 Strawflower, 119 Thlaspi,96 anther (pollen sac), 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, Strelitziaceae, 124 Thrinax, 125 77,78,79,81,82,90,93,94,97, Streptocarpus, 116 Thuja, 73 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, String-of-hearts, 110 Thyme, 113 116, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, Striped inch plant, 121 Thymus, 113 128, 129 Strobilus, 65, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74 Til/etia, 49 connective, 27, 93,113 Stroma, 3, 24, 48 Timothy, 123 filament, 27, 29,31,35,36,79,87,90, Stylites, 65 Tissue 94, 96, 97, 100, 104, 106, 107, 108, Succulent plants, 17, 23, 67, 76, 93, 103, dermal tissue, 9, 13 111,112; 113, 119, 120, 121, 127, 110, 128 collenchyma, 15, 39 128, 129 Sugar, 2, 5, 10, 18, 24, 33, 37 cortex, 8, 9, 13, 15, 17,72 pollen, see Pollen Sugar beet, 88 endodermis, 9, 13, 17, 22 staminoid, 78, 116, 121, 124 Sugar cane, 24, 123 endosperm, 8, 37,40, 75,123,125,130 tapetum, 31 Sugar maple, 26, 105 epidermis, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15,22, 23, 24, Stanhopea, 130 Sugar palm, 125 39 Stapelia, 110 Sui/Ius, 51 ground tissue, 9, 13, 15,22 Star anise, 77 Sulfur mushroom, 50 hypodermis, 22 Starch, 3, 13, 24, 36, 37, 39, 40, 55,57 Sumac, 106 leaf tissue, 17, 22 Star magnolia, 77 Sundew, 23 mesophyll, 15, 17,22,23,24 Star-of-Bethlehem, 128 Sunflower, 19, 119 parenchyma, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 22, 38, Starwort, 87 Swamp laurel, 97 39,56 Stel/aria, 87 Swamp mallow, 90 pericycle, 9, 13, 17 Stem, external structure, 14, 15, 40 Sweet alyssum, 96 periderm (outer bark), 9, 15, 102 are ole, 85, 86 Sweet-bay, 77 phelloderm, 9, 15 bud scale scar, 14 Sweet bay, 78 pith, 8, 9, 15,72, 122 internode, 14, 15, 16, 25,62,66 Sweet dcely, 109 root tissue, 13 leaf scar, 14,35,71,83 Sweet clover, 100 sclerenchyma,8, 13, 15, 22, 38 lenticel, 14, 15, 17 Sweet gum, 81 stem tissue, 15 node, 14, 16, 21; 62,66, 74,85,87,89, Sweet orange, 107 transfusion tissue, 22 100, 104 Sweet pea, 100 vascular tissue, 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, spur shoot, 16, 77, 99 Sweet potato, 12, 112 22,37,42,63 vascular bundle scar, 14 Swiss chard, 88 phloem (food-conducting), 8, 9, 11, 13, Stemonitis, 45 Swiss-cheese plant, 127 15, 17, 18,22,24,42 Stem types Sycamore maple, 105 xylem (water-conducting), 2, 8, 9, 11, bulb,8, 13, 16, 18, 128, 129 Symbegonia, 93 13, 1~ 17, 1~ 22,24,42 conifer, 9, 15 Symphoricarpos, 117 Tmesipteris, 64 corm, 12, 16, 18,65, 128, 129 Symplocarpus foetidus, 34, 127 Tobacco,34,111 dicot, 9, 15 Synchytrium, 46 Tomato, 3, 4,111 herbaceous stem, 1,9, 15,65 Synechococcus, 44 Toothed fungus, 52 monocot,9, 15 Syringa vulgaris, 14, 114 Torch lily, 128 pedicel, 27, 35, 39, 78, 95, 96, 100, 102, Torenia, 115 103, 104,106,107, 108, 109, 110, Tagetes patula, 75, 119 Toxicodendron, 106 111,113,114,115,116,120,121 Tahitian bridal veil, 121 Trachycarpus fortunei, 125 peduncle, 26, 27, 29, 33, 34, 36, 39, 79, Talauma, 77 Trachymeme, 109 80,81,91,92,98,99, 101, 103, 107, Tamarack,73 Tradescantia, 121 108,109,110,112,115,117,119, Tamarind, 100 Translocation, 18 120, 121,124, 127, 128, 129, 130 Tamarindus, 100 Transpiration, 10, 17 pseudobulb, 16, 130 Tangerine, 107 Trebouxia, 54 rhizome, 16,20,65,66,67,68,70,79, Tannia, 127 Tree fern, 67 92, 108, 124, 128, 129 Tannin, 10, 15, 22 Tree-mallow, 90 stolon, 16, 20 Tan oak, 83 Tremel/a, 49 storage stem, 16 Taphrina, 47 Trifoliate orange, 107 succulent (fleshy) stem, 16, 17,85,93, Tapioca, 103 Trifolium, 12, 26, 33, 100 103 Taraxacum, 119 Trillium, 128 tuber, 3, 8, 16, 18, 112, 128, 130 Taro, 127 Tripterygium, 102 vine, 12, 16,20,67,74,78,80,89,94, Tarragon, 119 Triticum (wheat), 19,49, 123 97,102,104,106,111,113,114, Taxodium, 73 aestivum, 26 116,117,119 Taxus, 73 Tropisms, 20 woody stem, 1,9, 15,72,73 Teasel, 118 Truffie,48 Stenotaphrum, 123 Teasel Family, 118 Tsuga, 73 Stephanotis f1oribunda, 110 Temple bells, 116 Tuber, 3, 8, 16, 18, 112, 128, 130 5tinkhorns, 53 Tendril, 16,94, 100, 104 Tuber, 48 Stock,96 Tetradymia, 119 Tuberous begonia, 12, 93 Stomata, 10, 15, 17,22,23 Tetragonia expansa, 88 Tulip, 128 Stone worts, 41, 62 Tetraphis, 63 Tulipa, 128 Stork's-bill, 108 Thanksgiving cactus, 26, 85 Tulip tree, 77

145 Turgor pressure, 5, 10, 123 Vitaceae, 104 Wild mustard, 96 Turkey tail fungus, 52 Vitamin, 24, 92, 123 Willow, 10, 35, 95 Twinflower, 117 Vitis (grape), 16, 39, 104 Willow Family, 35, 95 Typhaceae (Cattail Family), 35 Vivipary, 107 Wind flower, 80 Voodoo lily, 127 Winged wahoo, 102 Ulmaceae (Elm Family), 35, 82 Wintergreen, 97 Ulmus, 38, 82 Wafer ash, 107 Winter hazel, 81 Umbellularia californica, 78 Walking fern, 67 Wishbone flower, 115 Umbrella plant, 122 Walnut bean, 78 Wisteria, 100 Umbrella sedge, 122 Wandering Jew, 121 Witch hazel, 81 Umbrella tree, 77 Wapato, 120 Witch Hazel Family, 81 Urginea, 128 Washingtonia filifera, 125 Wolffia, 75 Urocystis cepulae, 49 Water canna, 124 Wood, 1,9, 14, 15,72,73,75 Urophlyctis, 46 Water clover, 70 Wood rose, 16, 112 Usneas, 54 Water cress, 96 Ustilago, 49 Water fern, 44, 70 Xanthium strumarium, 26, 119 Utricularia, 23 Water hemlock, 109 Xanthoria, 54 Uvula ria, 128 Water lettuce, 127 Xanthosoma, 127 Water lily, 79 Xylaria, 48 Vaccinium, 97 Water Lily Family, 79 Xylem, 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 42 Vanda, 130 Watermelon, 94 Vanilla, 130 Water-plantain, 120 Yeast, 47 Varnish tree, 106 Water-plantain Family, 120 Yellow-green Algae, 41, 56 Vascular bundle (vein), 8, 9, 11, 14, 15,22, Water shield, 79 Yellow poplar, 77 23,24,25,99 Water spangles, 70 Yellow water lily, 79 Vaucheria, 56 Wattle, 100 Yew, 73 Velvet-leaf, 90 Wax begonia, 93 Yucca, 15 Vein, see Vascular bundle Wax-plant, 110 Yulan magnolia, 77 Venus'-flytrap, 23 Wayfaring tree, 117 Veratrum, 128 Weigela, 117 Zamia furfurscea, 71 Verbascum thapsus, 115 Welwitschia, 15,74 Zantedeschia, 127 Vernal witch hazel, 81 West Indian arrowroot, 124 Zanthoxylum, 107 Veronica, 115 West Indian silkwood, 107 Zea mays (corn), 12, 19, 24, 40, 123 Verpa, 48 Wheat, 19, 26, 49, 123 Zebrina pendula, 121 Vetch,100 Whisk ferns, 41, 64 Zingiberaceae, 124 Viburnum, 117 White birch, 84 Zingiberales, 124 Vicia, 100 White campion, 87 Zingiberidae,75 Victoria amazonica, 79 White snakeroot, 119 Zinnia, 119 Viola, 23, 92 Wild black currant, 98 Zoisia, 123 Violaceae,92 Wild buckwheat, 89 Zoysia grass, 123 Violet, 23, 92 Wild cabbage, 96 Zygadenus, 128 Violet Family, 92 Wild calla, 127 Zygomycota, 41, 47 Virginia creeper, 16, 104 Wild carrot, 38, 109 Zygote, 37, 45, 46, 60, 62,63, 64,66,67

146