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The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central Atnerica and Europe

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The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central Atnerica and Europe NOAA Technical Report NMFS 128 December 1997 The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central Atnerica and Europe Volutne 2, Pacific Coast and Suppletnental Topics Edited by Clyde L. MacKenzie, Jr. Victor G. Burrell, Jr. Aaron Rosenfield Willis L. Hobart U.S. Department of Commerce u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WILLIAM M. DALEY NOAA SECRETARY National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tech ical D.James Baker Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere Reports NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service Technical Reports of the Fishery Bulletin Rolland A. Schmitten Assistant Administrator for Fisheries Scientific Editor Dr. John B. Pearce Northeast Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 166 Water Street Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1097 Editorial Conunittee Dr. Andrew E. Dizon National Marine Fisheries Service Dr. Linda L. Jones National Marine Fisheries Service Dr. Richard D. Methot National Marine Fisheries Service Dr. Theodore W. Pietsch University of Washington Dr. Joseph E. Powers National Marine Fisheries Service Dr. TiIn D. Stnith National Marine Fisheries Service Managing Editor Shelley E. Arenas Scientific Publications Office National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 7600 Sand Point Way N.E. Seattle, Washington 98115-0070 The NOAA Technical Report NMFS (ISSN 0892-8908) series is published by the Scientific Publications Office, Na­ tional Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, WA The NOAA T«hnical Report NMFS series of the Fishery Bulletin carries peer-re­ 98115-0070. viewed, lengthy original research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, flora The Secretary of Commerce has de­ and fauna studies, and data intensive reports on investigations in fishery science, termined that the publication of this se­ engineering, and economics. The series was established in 1983 to replace two ries is necessary in the transaction of the subcategories of the Technical Report series: "Special Scientific Report-Fisher­ public business required by law of this ies" and "Circular." Copies of the NOAA Technical Report NMFS are available free Department. Use of funds for printing of in limited numbers to government agencies, both federal and state. They are also this series has been approved by the Di­ rector of the Office of Management and available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine Budget. sCiences. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 128 ATechnica1 Report of the Fishery Bulletin The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central Am.erica and Europe Volum.e 2, Pacific Coast and Supplem.ental Topics Clyde 1. MacKenzie, Jr. Victor G. Burrell, Jr. Aaron Rosenfield Willis L. Hobart (editors) December 1997 U.S. Department of Commerce On the cover An early etching of oysters of varying ages attached to a block of wood, circa 1880's, courtesy ofW. L. Hobart. Suggested reference C. L. MacKenzie, Jr., V. G. Burrell,Jr., A Rosenfield, and W. L. Hobart (eds.). 1997. The history, present condition, and future of the molluscan fisheries of North and Central America and Europe, Volume 2, Pacific coast and supple­ mental topics. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 128, 217 p. Note Volume I was published in September 1997 and Volume 3 was published in April 1997; both are available for purchase from the sources listed below. Purchasing additional copies Additional copies of this report may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954; 202-512-1800; http://www.gpo.gov. The report is also avail­ able for purchase in paper copy or microfiche from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161; 1-800­ 553-NTIS; http://www.ntis.gov. Copyright law Although the contents of the Technical Reports have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted entirely, reference to source is appreciated. Proprietary products The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recom­ mend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publica­ tion furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends, or endorses any propri­ etary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS _ Molluscan Fisheries Areas of North and Central America and Europe IV E. BAQUEIRO C. The Molluscan Fisheries of Mexico C. L. MACKENZIE, JR. Molluscan Fisheries of Nicaragua 19 A. LOPEZ j. R. VILLALAZ G. History, Present Condition, and Future of the 33 j. A. GOMEZ H. Molluscan Fisheries of Panama j. CACERES-MARTINEZ Mussel Fishery and Culture in Baja California, Mexico: 41 History, Present Status, and Future W. N. SHAW The Shellfish Industry of California-Past, Present, and Future 57 A. M. ROBINSON Molluscan Fisheries in Oregon: Past, Present, and Future 75 C. E. LINDSAY The Fisheries for Olympia Oysters, Ostreola conchaphila; 89 D. SIMONS Pacific Oysters, Crassostrea gigas; and Pacific Razor Clams, Siliqua patula, in the State of Washington N. F. BOURNE Molluscan Fisheries of British Columbia 115 N.R.FOSTER The Molluscan Fisheries of Alaska 131 B.j. MCCAY The Importance of Shellfisheries to Coastal Communities 145 W. P. JENKS, III T. E. BIGFORD Environmental Challenges Facing the Shellfishing Industry 157 G. P. HOSKIN U.S. Regulatory Strategies for Ensuring the Safety 165 S. R. RIPPEY of Molluscan Shellfish C. M.ADAMS Resource Economics Issues Concerning Molluscan Fisheries 173 E. M. THUNBERG in the United States W. R. KEITHLY D. L. SUTHERLAND Mollusk Statistical Data Collection in the United States 189 S.j. KOPLIN 1. DORE Shellfish Marketing in the United States: Past, Present, and Future 199 W. j. BELLOWS United States Trade in Bivalve Mollusks in 1990 and 1991 209 E. FLEURY Markets for Bivalve Mollusks in the European Community 215 111 The molluscan fisheries areas of North and Central America and Europe featured in each volume Volume II Volume I Volume III 9 Iceland Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia ~ew Brunswick Portugal ':= Massachusetts Bay \\ \ \ \ Raritan"""""'"Bay \ Delaware Bay Chesapeake Bay t N The Molluscan Fisheries of Mexico ERIC BAQUIERO C. Centro Regional de Investigacion Pesquera Instituto Nacional de la Pesca A.P.587 Campeche, Camp. Mexico ABSTRACT Over 100 molluscan species are landed in Mexico. About 30% are harvested on the Pacific coast and 70% on the Atlantic coast. Clams, scallops, and squid predominate on the Pacific coast (abalone, limpets, and mussels are landed there exclusively). Conchs and oysters predominate on the Atlantic coast. In 1988, some 95,000 metric tons (t) of mollusks were landed, with a value of $33 million. Mollusks were used extensively in prehispanic Mexico as food, tools, and jewelry. Their use as food and jewelry continues. Except in the States ofBaja California and Baja California Sur, where abalone, clams, and scallops provide fishermen with year-round employment, mollusk fishing is done part time. On both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, many fishermen are nomads, harvesting mollusks wherever they find abundant stocks. Upon finding such beds, they build camps, begin harvesting, and continue until the mollusks become so scarce that it no longer pays to continue. They then look for productive beds in other areas and rebuild their camps. Fishermen harvest abalo­ nes, mussels, scallops, and clams by free-diving and using scuba and hooka. Landings of clams and cockles have been growing, and 22,000 t were landed in 1988. Fishermen harvest intertidal clams by hand at wading depths, finding them with their feet. In waters up to 5 m, they harvest them by free-diving. In deeper water, they use scuba and hooka. Many species of gastropods have commercial importance on both coasts. All species with a large detachable muscle are sold as scallops. On the Pacific coast, hatchery culture of oysters prevails. Oyster culture in Atlantic coast lagoons began in the 1950's, when beds were enhanced by spread­ ing shells as cultch for spat. Introduction nate there. Conchs, oysters, and octopus predominate on the Atlantic coast. Oysters, clams, and octopus lead In 1990, fisheries production in Mexico (Fig. 1) was in production (Fig. 4), while oysters, octopus, and aba­ 1,461,105 metric tons (t) with a total value of3,131,103 lone lead in value (Fig. 5). million pesos (US$I,043.7 million). Mollusks contrib­ uted only 98,771 t of the total (6.76%), with a value of $45.09 million (4.32% of the total), but they are of Historical Uses of Mollusks _ great importance to fishermen as a primary or alterna­ tive source of income. Fisheries statistics group more Mollusks were used extensively in prehispanic Mexico. than 100 species landed in the country into 11 catego­ Their use as food is shown by the presence of many ries: Abalone, conchs, and limpet (gastropods); clams, shell middens along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts mussels, oysters, cockles, scallops, and pen shells (pele­ (Sheng and Gifford, 1952; Lorenzo, 1955; FieIdman, cypods); octopus and squids (cephalopods); and shells. 1969; Foster 1975; Reigadas et aI., 1984). They were About 30% of mollusk landings are from the Pacific also used as tools and jewelry (Suarez, 1977; Suarez, coast and 70% from the Atlantic coast, but the Pacific 1988; Luna, 1986). That mollusks were carried inland is coast leads in value (Fig. 2, 3). Abalone, limpets, and evident from offerings in the main temple of mussels are landed exclusively on the Pacific coast, Tenochtitlan (Prehispanic Mexico City). Later, they while clams, scallops, pen shells, and squid predomi- were used by Indians in New Spain as food, ornaments, 2 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 128 and medicine (Ancona and Del Campo, 1953; Del Campo, 1984).
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