LATIN and FUNDAMENTALS of MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Handbook for the І St Year English - S Peaking S Tudents of the Medical Faculties

Home , Diprophylline, Midriff, Nape, Salpinx, Short gastric veins

ZAPOROZH ZHIA STATE MEDICAL UNIVER SITY

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIG N LANGUAGES

LATIN AND FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Handbook for the І st year English - S peaking S tudents of the Medical Faculties

Z aporizhzhia, 201 6

UD С 811.124 (075.8) B B С 81.461 - 923 L27

Rewievers: Sergiy Chugin, Ph D (Medicine), Associate P rofessor , Department of Human Anatomy, Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy , Zaporizhzhia State Medical University. Sofia Tykholaz, PhD ( Pedagogics ) , Associate Professor , Department of Foreign Languages, Vinnytsia National Medical University named after M.I. Pyrogov.

Compiled by: Tetyana Titiyevska, Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University. Olena Gordiyenko, PhD (Philolog y) , Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University. Alla Kulichenko, PhD ( Pedagogics ) , Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University. Maria Martianova , Lecturer, Depart ment of Foreign Languages, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University.

Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology : Handbook for the І st year L27 English - Speaking Students of the Medical Faculties = Латинська мова та основи медичної термінології : н авчальний посібник для студентів – іноземних громадян І курсу медичних факультетів / с omp. : T. Titiyevska , O. Gordiyenko, A. K ulichenko, M. Martianova. – Zaporizhzhia : ZSMU, 2016. – 141 p.

The h andbook is made up for the І st year English - speaking students of the medical faculties who want to master medical Latin. Each structural unit contains a detailed grammatical explanatio n, the examples of anatomical, histological, clinical and pharmaceutical terminology, oral and written exercises to give maximum opportunity for the students to practice. Some units include the vocabulary used in the exercises to give the students an extra help at each step.

Set tasks and module tests are considered and confirmed at the meeting s of: the Department of Foreign Languages, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University (record # 6 from 02/12/2015 ); the Cycle Methodical Commission on the Humanities, Za porizhzhia State Medical University (record # 3 from 17/12/2015) ; the Central Methodical Commission, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University (record # 3 from 10/03/2016 ) .

CONTENTS

Preface……………………… ……… …………………………………………… ….5 LATIN PHONETICS ...... 7 Chapter 1 . L atin Alphabet . P ronunciation of Letters and Letter combination ...... 7 Chapter 2 . S tre ss . D uration and Shortness of Syllables ...... 1 2 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY ...... 1 5 Chapter 3 . P arts of Speech in Latin. G eneral Characteristics ...... 1 5 Chapter 4 . T he N oun . G eneral I nformation about S ingular F orms ...... 17 Chapter 5 . T he A djective . General Information about Singul ar Forms ...... 2 0 Chapter 6 . C omparative D egree of L atin A djectives ...... 2 4 Chapter 7 . S uperlative D egree of L atin A djectives ...... 2 8 Chapter 8 . T he T hird D eclension of N ouns ...... 3 1 Chapter 9 . T he P ural of L atin N ouns and A djectives in the N ominative F orm ...... 3 5 Chapter 10 . T h e P lural of N ouns and A djectives . Forms of the G enetive ...... 41 CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY ...... 45 Chapter 11 . C linical T erminology . S tructural T ypes of C linical T erms ...... 45 Chapter 12 . Compound C linical T erms. Greek – Latin D uplicate D esignations of O rgans and P arts of B ody . Single T erminological E lements D enoting S ciences, M ethods and S ome P athological P rocesses ...... 51 Chapter 13 . Compound C linical T erms. Greek – Latin D uplicate D esignations of I nternal O rgans. Single T erminological E lements D enoting P athological P rocesses and S u rgical or T herapeutical M ethods of T reatment ...... 55 Chapter 14 . Word – F ormation in the C linical T erminology. Latin – Greek Duplicates and S ingle Greek W ord E lements ...... 59 Chapter 15 . Greek W ord – E lements D enoting D ifferent P hysical P roperties, Q ualities, R elations an d O ther S igns ...... 64 Chapter 16 . Preparing for the F inal T est...... 67 PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY ...... 70 Chapter 17 . P rescription . G eneral I information . A dverbs U sed in P rescriptions ...... 70 Chapter 18 . N ouns of the F irst D eclension ...... 74 3

Chapter 19 . N ouns of the S econd D ecle nsion ...... 77 Chapter 20 . L atin N ames of D rugs ...... 80 Chapter 21 . N ouns of the T hird , F ourth and F ifth D eclensions ...... 84 Chapter 22 . C hemical Nomenclature ...... 88 Chapter 23 . Preparing for Test ...... 93 APPENDIX I ...... 101 APPENDIX II ...... 103 APPENDIX III ...... 104 APPENDIX IV ...... 105 APPENDIX V ...... 106 APPENDIX VI ...... 115 English – Latin Vocabulary . Anatomical Terminology...... 1 18 Latin – English Vocabulary . Anatomical Terminology...... 12 5 English – Latin Vocabulary . Pharmaceutical Terminology...... 13 1 Latin – English Vocabulary . Pharmaceutical Terminology...... 1 36 Ref erences ………………………………………………………………………. . 141

PREFACE

Handbook on L atin and F undamentals of M edical T erminology is made up for the І st year English - speaking students of the medical faculties. The chief purpose of teaching Latin at any Medical University is training doctors capable of competent using a modern medical terminology in Latin. The alphabet, phonetic, morphological, lexical and word - formation resources of Latin together with those of Ancient Greek continue to play the leading role in the extension of medical, clinical, pharmaceutical, microbiological and other terminologies. In most national and interstate pharmacopoeias Latin definitions of remedies are accepted as official. Prescriptions are written in Latin in most countries of the world. A good knowledge of elements of Latin Grammar and of Latin - Greek lexical and word - formation resources facilitates students and practitioners very much to read and comprehend the literature on their speciality in any European language. Teaching mainl y aims at concentrating upon the medical terminology. This concept includes theoretical and practical questions connected with the formation and the functioning of terms in various nomenclatures composing a complex - medical terminology. A knowledge of funda mentals of this many - sided terminology acquired at Latin lessons during the first year of study will be enriched, extended and increased in the course of further teaching special disciplines at senior years of study. On finishing Latin all first - year stude nts should :  be able to read and write terms in Latin;  know an elementary grammar (a system of declensions, the agreement of adjectives and nouns, conjugations of the verb as required according to the syllabus, etc);  translate medical terms and prescription s of any complexity from Latin into English and from English into Latin without dictionaries;  master principle of the structure of various nomenclatures in Latin (clinical, anatomical, hystological);  know ways and means of the word - formation of medical ter ms;

 be able to specify Greek terminological elements (supplying the essential information about the term) in the structure of clinical terms;  master a lexical minimum of about 900 units at the level of a long duration memory. The study guide consists of Pr eface, Part I. Anatomical Terminilogy, Part II. Clinical Terminology , Part III. Pharmaceutical Terminology, Appendixes, Latin – English Vocabularies, English – Latin Vocabularies, References. There are three sections according to the curriculum:  ‘Anatomica l Terminilogy’ (the purpose of training is to gain skills and abilities in competent use of some elements of Latin language grammar while forming anatomical terms);  ‘Clinical Terminology’ (the purpose of training is to gain skills and abilities of composin g clinical terms – compound words of Greek origin on the basis of knowledge of these terms’ Greek elements);  ‘Pharmaceutical Terminology’ (the result of training must be skills and abilities of processing Latin part of prescription). The book contains twen ty - three chapters. Each chapter includes the general information about parts of speech used in the Latin medical terminology – nouns and adjectives. The grammar material of each theme contains tables and models of the formation of grammatical structures. F or more clearness examples are given. Using tables is important in teaching Latin grammar. They generalize and put grammar material to the common system, give an idea of the peculiarities of linguistic phenomena and interlinguistic correspondences and repr esent a system of rules of Latin grammar. In order to master grammar rules and use grammar models there are exercises of three types: a/ formation of grammar structures according to the models; b/ translation from Latin into English with applying the most widely used anatomical terms; c/ translation from English into Latin of anatomical terms. They are used to develop the skills of the formation of anatomical terms.

LATIN PHONETICS

Chapter 1 . LATIN ALPHABET. PRONUNCIATION OF LETT ERS AND LETTER COMBINATION

LATIN ALPHABET

The Latin alphabet consists of 25 letters

Spelling Name Pronunciation Spelling Name Pronunciation Aa a a Nn en n Bb be b Oo o o

Cc tse ts; k Pp pe p

Dd de d Qq ku kv

Ee e e Rr er r

Ff ef f Ss es s

Gg ge g Tt te t

Hh ga h Uu u u

Ii i i Vv ve v

Jj iota j Xx eks ks

Kk ka k Yy ipsilon i

Ll ei l Zz zeta z

Mm em m

P roper nouns, names of drugs and plants are written with the capital letter if they are expressed by nouns, e.g. Celsus , Solutio Synoestro li (Synestrole solution), tinctura Valerianae aetherea (Ethereal tincture of Valerian).

Classification of sounds

Latin sounds fall under: the vowels a, e, i, o, u, y; the consonants b, c, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z; the semi - vowel j. Except alphabetical vowels there are diphthongs (ae, oe, au, eu) in Latin.

Pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs

A, o, u – are pronounced as hard [a], [o], [u]: ramus [ramus] – branch . E, e – is pronounced as hard [e]: vertebra [`vertebra] – vertebr a. I , i – is pronounced as soft [i]: fibra [`fibra] – fibre : internus [in`ternus] – inner. Y, y – only occurs in the words of Greek origin and is pronounced [i]: hydor [`gidor] – water ; symptoma [simp`toma] – symptom.

EXERCISES FOR READING

Exercise 1. Read aloud, taking into con с ideration the hard pronunciation of consonants before ‘ e ’ : nervus – the nerv; dens – the tooth; febris – fever; teres – rond; secale – rye; bene – well; genu – knee; foramen – an opening; tendo – the tendon; littera – a lette r; meatus – a passing; semen – a seed; fovea – a pit; abdomen – the abdomen.

Exercise 2. Read aloud, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound [i]: vitaminum – vitamin; finis – the end; bilis – bile; nitris – nitrite; insanabilis – incurable; impressio – an impression; infans – an infant; inter – between; jugum – yoke; jus – right, court; jusjurandum – an oath; juvenis – young; jugularis – jugular; injuria – injustice; initium – the beginning; jecur – the liver; junctura – the join t; major – major; majus – May; majalis – May.

Exercise 3. Read aloud, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound [i] in words of Greek origin: amygdala – almonds; Hydrargyrum – mercury; myopia – shortsightedness; hypotonia – low blood pressure; hy pertonia – high blood pressure; pyelitis – inflammation of renal pelvis; myologia – science about muscles; synostosis – bone connection; dystrophia – disturbance of nutrition; dysostosis – disturbance of bone formation.

Exercise 4. Read, paying attention to the pronunciation of diphthongs as one sound: ala – wing; alae – wings; vertebra – vertebra; vertebrae – vertebras; aegrotus – a patient; praecordium – precardia; praesent – present; gangraena – gangrene; anaemia – anemia; paediater – a pediatrician; am oeba – ameba; poena – punishment; foetor – fetor, bad odour from mouth; coena – dinner; oesophagus – 8 esophagus; coelia – the abdominal cavity; foetus – a fetus; auctor – an author; auditus – hearing; auris – the ear; auditorium – an auditorium; aura – aura ; auscultatio – auscultation; nausea – sea - sickness; fauces – the pharynx; leukaemia – leukemia; aneurysma – dilatation of the artery; neuritis – inflammation of nerve; pneumonia – pneumonia; neurosis – neurosis.

Peculiarities of pronunciation of conson ants

C, c – is pronounced [ts] before the vowel e, i, y, and the diphthongs ae and oe : cerebrum [`tserebrum] – brain; [k] before the vowels a, o, u, consonants and in the terminal position: oculus [òkulus] – eye. K, k – is pronouced [k]. It occurs rarel y, in in the words of non - Latin origin: Kalium [`kalium] – potassium. Q, q – only ocurs in combinations with the vowel u ; qu is pronounced [kv]: aqua [àkva] – water. H, h – is pronounced [g]: homo [`gomo] – man. L, l – is pronounced softly [l]: cellula [` tseljulja] – cell. S, s – is pronounced [s] but between vowels or between a vowel and the consonants n , m , s is pronounced [z]: bursa [`bursa] – bag, but ansa [ànza] – loop. Z, z – occurs in the words of Greek origin and is pronounced [z] zoon [`zoon] – animal. In the words of non - Greek origin it is pronounced [ts]: Zincum [`tsinkum] – zinc. V, v – is pronounced [v]: ventriculus [vent`rikulus] – ventricle. X, x – is pronounced [ks] (between vowels often [kz]): externus [eks`ternus] – external.

Pronuncia tion of letter combinations

The rules of combinations of consonants work only when such a combination is followed by a vowel. Ngu – before vowels is pronounced [ngv], before consonants [ngu]: lingua [`lingva] – language, lingula [`lingula] – a little ton gue. Ti – before vowels is pronounced [tsi]: subtantia [subs`tantsia] – substance. Note!: after s, x, ti is pronounced [ti]: ostium [`ostium] – hole. The digraphs ch, ph, rh, th only occur in the of Greek origin. Ch – is pronounced [h]: charta [`harta] – paper. Ph – is pronounced [f]: Phosphorus [`fosforus] – phosphorus. Th – is pronounced [t]: thorax [`toraks] – thorax. Rh – is pronounced [r]: Rheum [`reum] – rhubarb.

EXERCISES FOR READING

Exercise 1. Read and explain the pronunciation of the sou nd [ts] or [k] in the following words: carbo – coal; canalis – a canal; capitulum – a small head; collum – a neck; condylus – a fist; cavum cranii – the cranial cavity; corona – a garland; cutis – a skin; ul c us – ulcer; oculus – an eye; coccus – coccus; criticus – decisive; sulcus – furrow; curatio – treatment; cella – a cell; cerebrum – a brain; cera – wax; centrum – a center; cilium – an eyelash; cibus – food; cinereus – grey; cingulum – a belt; cystis – a bladder.

Exercise 2. Read and explain the pronunciation of the letter ‘ s ’ : osteologia ; ossa – bones; fissura – a slit; abscessus – an abscess; sutura spuria – false suture; basilaris – basal; usus – use; spongiosus – spongeous; pars petrosa – a stony part; mucosa – a mucous membrane; status praesens – present state; systema – system; somnus – sleep.

Exercise 3. Read and pay attention to the pronunciation of ‘ qu ’ before the vowel : squamosus – squamous; liquor – liquor; triguetrus – triquetral; antiquus – antique; quantum satis – the qu antity you need; quies – a rest.

Exercise 4. Read the words with double Latin letters ‘ x ’ and ‘ z ’ : apex – a top; radix – a root; proximalis – proximal, the closest to the trunk; appendix ; salpinx – the uterine tube; sextus – the sixth; zos ter – a belt; Zinci oxydum – zinc oxide; zoologia – the science about animals.

Exercise 5. Read, pay attention to the pronunciation of the letter combination ‘ ti ’ : tibia – tibia; titulus – a title; tinctura – a tincture; timor – fear; substantia – substan ce; dissectio – dissection; protuberantia – protuberance; spatium – space; vitium cordis ; auscultatio – auscultation; digestio – digestion; combustio – a burn; mixtio – mixture; bestia – wild animal.

Exercise 6. Read the words with ‘ ng u ’ : sanguis – a blood; anguis – a snake; lingua – a language, a tongue; sublingualis – sublingual; unguentum – an ointment; vas sanguiferum – the blood vessel.

Exercise 7. Read, paying attention to the pronunciation of digraphs : cochlea – a cochlea; chaly bs – a steel; chaos ; character ; chimiotherapia ; bronchus ; ductus choledochus – a bile duct; lympha – lymph; pharmacotherapia ; pharyngitis ; phlebolithus – veinstone; phobia – morbid fear; photophobia ; thermotherapia ; thorax – chest; thrombophlebitis ; pathol ogia – science about diseases; rhombus – rhomb; thalassophobia – morbid fear of sea; haemophilia – bleeder ’ s disease; ophthalmitis – inflammation of the eye; onychorrhexis – brittleness of the nails; phthisiatria – science about tuberculosis; physiologia ; typhus ; rhinolithus – nasal calculus (stone) .

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 1 a tlas – atlas, the first neck vertebra e ncephalon – brain a xis – axis, the second neck vertebra h omo – man c aput – head o s – bone c erebrum – brain s keleton (sceleton) – body framework c ollum – neck s ubstantia – substance c olumna – column t horax – chest c ranium – cranium, a sku ll v ertebra – vertebra d orsum – back

LATIN APHORISMS AND SAYINGS

Latin English

Non est via in medicina sine lingua There is no way in medicine without Latina . Latin . Otium post negot ium . Good rest after good work . Amor and tussis non celantur . Love and cough can not be hidden . Salus aegroti suprema lex medicorum . Welfare of a patient is the highest law for doctors . Medice, cura aegrotum, sed non Doctor, treat patient but n ot an illness. morbum. Usus magister est optimus. Practice is the best teacher. Ad opus! Get down to business. Respice finem! And mind the final aim!

Chapter 2 . STRESS . DURATION AND SHORTNESS OF SYLLABLES

In Latin stress depends on the length and the shor tness of syllables. Syllables are counted from the end of a word. Stress is only put on the second or on the third syllable: the second syllable is stressed if it is long; if the second syllable is short the third one is stressed. In disyllabic words only the second syllable is stressed, e.g. c ′ ito – quickly. The place of stress in polysyllabic word depends on duration or shortness of the second from the end syllable. If the vowel of this syllable is long, it is stressed, if it is short the stress is placed on the third from the end syllable. ( Note: the number of syllables is equal to the number of vowels and diphthongs). A syllable is long : - i f all the diphthongs are long, e.g. am ′oeba – amoeba; - i f the vowel which forms a syllable is followed by two or more consonants or the letters x or z , e.g. Glycyrrh ′iza – sweet root. Exception : if a vowel is followed the by combination of the consonants b , c , d , g , p , t with the letters l or r the syllable is considered to be short, e.g. c ′erebrum – brain. A syllabl e is short : - if the vowel of syllable is followed by one more vowel or the letter h : e.g. f ′olium – leaf. The adjectives of Greek origin with the suffix - ide - have the 3 rd syllable stressed: xipho ′ideus – sword - shaped. If the vowel of a syllable is fol lowed by one consonant the syllable can be long or short and the sign of length ( ˉ) or shortness ( ˘) is put above the vowel of the second syllable, e.g. m ′edǐcus – doctor, coll ′ ēge – colleague.

EXERCISES FOR READING

Exercise 1. Place the stress in the following disyllabic words : F ossa – a pit; sulcus – a furrow; morbus – a disease; apex – a top; margo – cavity; sinus – a sinus; corpus – a body; arcus – tuber; atlas – the fist cervical vertebra.

Exercise 2. Place the stress in the following words acco rding to the signs of length or shortness: M embrāna , vagīna , tun ĭca – a shirt; tympănum – a drum; palātum – a palate; tuberos ĭtas humĕri – eminence of the shoulder; matūrus – mature, ripe; temp ŏra – temples; corp ŏra – bodies; vuln ĕra – wounds; homo – man; hom ĭnis – of the man; thorācis – of the thor ax; aegrōtus – a patient; orgănon – an organ; litt ĕra – a letter; Hippocrătes ; systēma – a system; oesophăgus – gullet; symph ŷsis – connection.

Exercise 3. Place the stress in the following words according to the rules about duration and shortness of the second from the end vowel: Peronaeus – fibular; glutaeus – gluteal; processus – a process, outgrowth; profundus – profound, deep; hypoglossus – sublingual; compressor; externus – external; medulla – bone marrow; Glycyrrhiza – sweet root.

Exercise 4. Pla ce the stress in the following words according to the rules about duration or shortness of the second from the end vowel: Articulatio – a joint; linea – the line; trochlea – a block; memoria – memory; palpebra – the eyelid; anhydrus – waterless; choledoch us – the bile duct; thermometrum ; Ephedra – ephedra (the name of the medicinal herb).

Exercise 5. Place the stress paying attention to the long suffixes of nouns and adjectives: Methandriolum , Analginum , Barbitalum , junctura – juncture; medicina – medici ne; doctrina – science; myoma ; salpingitis ; neurosis ; gastrocarcinoma ; helminthosis . Articularis , uterinus ; vertebralis ; auricularis ; capitatus , digitatus , papulosus , squamosus.

Exercise 6. Place the stress paying attention to the short suffixes of nouns and adjectives: Cuticula – cuticle; globulus – small globe; arteriola – small artery; sacculus – small bag; bronchiolus – small bronchus; narcoticus ; thoracicus ; gastricus ; tepidus – warm; calidus – hot; frigidus – cold.

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 2 a cromion – a cromion h iatus – cleft a rticulatio – joint h umerus – shoulder bone b rachium – shoulder i ncisura – incisure, notch c analis – channel m andibula – l ow jaw c ingulum – cingulum, girdle m axilla – upper jaw c lavicula – clavicle m embrum – extremity,limb c occyx – coccyx o lecranon – o lecranon c osta – rib p eriosteum – periosteum f issura – fissure r adius – radius f oramen – hole, foramen s capula – shoulder blade f ossa – fossa (long in shape) f ovea – fovea (round in shape) u lna – elbow bone, ulna

LATIN APHORISMS AND SAYINGS

Latin English Non scholae, sed vitae discimus . We study not for school , but for life . Vivere est cogitare . To live means to think . Homo ornate locum, non locus A man makes his place better and n ot hominem . vice versa . Alma mater . Name used for the university or school that a person attended . Fortes fortuna adjuvat . Fortune likes courageous people. Courage wins. Omne initium difficile . Beginning is always difficult . Non omnia possumus omnes . Not everyb ody among us can do everything . Carpe diem! Catch a day!

Nulla dies sine linea . Not even a day without useful work

Hodie diem perdidi . I have wasted the day today (if I have not done anything useful) . Domus propria, domus optima . East or West, home is best .

A NATOMICAL T ERMINOLOGY

Chapter 3 . PARTS OF SPEECH IN LATIN. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

The Parts of Speech in Latin are the same as in English: Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Interjections; but th e Latin has no article. Of these eight parts of speech the first four are capable of Inflection, i.e. of undergoing change of form to express modification of meaning. In case of Nouns, Adjectives and Pronouns this process is called Declension; in case of V erbs, Conjugation. Latin Anatomical terminology deals with only two Parts of Speech – Nouns and Adjectives. N OUNS

A n oun is the name of a person, place, thing or quality, as Caesar (Caesar), Roma (Rome), caput (head), virtus (courage). There are three gen ders – Masculine, Feminine and Neuter. Grammatical gender is determined by the ending of the word in its Nominative Singular. For example, the Nouns with their ending – um ( - on) are Neuter; the Nouns with the ending - er are Masculine. The Latin has two Numb ers: the Singular and Plural. The Singular denotes one object; the Plural, more than one. There are six cases in Latin: Nominative (Casus Nominativus) Case of Subject Genitive (Casus Genetivus) Objective with of, or Possessiv e Dative (Casus Dativus) Objective with to or for Accusative (Casus Accusativus) Case of Direct Object Ablative (Casus Ablativus) Objective with by, from, in, in, with Vocative (Casus Vocativus) C ase of Address

Latin Anatomical Terminology uses only two cases – Nominative and Genetive. There are five declensions in Latin, distinguished from each other by the end ing in their Genetive Singular, as follows:

Declension Genetive ending First - ae Second - i Third - is Fourth - us Fifth - ei

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns, and fall into two classes (groups): 1. A djectives of the 1 s t and 2 nd declensions. 2. A djectives of the 3 rd d eclension. In the first group of adjectives Masculine declines like nervus, i m , the Feminine like porta, ae f, and the Neuter like sternum, i n. The 2 nd group of Adjectives falls into three classes : a. Adj ectives of three endings in the Nominative Singular – one for each person ( celer, is, e – fast). b. Adjectives of two endings (one for the Feminine and Masculine, another – for the Neuter ( verticalis, e – vertical). c. Adjectives of one ending (one ending for all persons). They have Genetive ending in their dictionary form ( simplex, icis – simple).

Chapter 4 . THE NOUN. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SINGULAR FORMS

The nouns in medico - biological terminology are mainly based on two cases – Nominativus singulari s, pluralis and Genetivus singularis, pluralis. In dictionaries the noun is represented as such: costa, ae f (rib) that is: 1) the full form of Nominativus singularis – costa ; 2) the ending of Genitivus singularis – ae ; 3) the Gender – f (f eminine). T he different cases are formed by appending certain case - endings to a fundamental part called the Stem. The Stem of any noun is determined by the full form of the Genetivus singularis without Genetivus ending, characterizing the Declension. E.g. the noun n ervus, i m (nerv) has the Stem – nerv - . Many nouns of the third declension have different forms in Nominativus and Genetivus Singularis, the alterated part of the noun in the Genetive is shown in its dictionary form: cortex, icis m (bark), solutio, onis f (solution). The Stem of the noun of the third declension is identified according to the dictionary form of the Genitive having omitted the ending – is: Cortex, icis m cortex (Nom.sing) – cortices (Gen. Sing.) – cortic - (the Stem) Solutio,onis f solut io (Nom.sing.) – solutionis ( Gen.Sing.) – solution - (the Stem).

Table 1 . The Singular Endings of Nouns

Declension Genetivus Gender Nominativus ending Examples ending I - ae f - a v ertebra,ae f - vertebra m - us, - er n ervus, i m - nerv II - i n - um, - on b r achium,i n - shoulder III - is m, f ,n different endings c or,cordis n - heart m - us a rcus,us m - arch IV - us n - u c ornu,us n - horn V - ei f - es f acies,ei f - face

LEXICAL MIN IMUM # 3

Nouns of the 1 st d eclension ala, ae f – wing maxilla, ae f – upper jaw aorta, ae f – aorta orbita, ae f – orbit arteria, ae f – artery scapula, ae f – scapule

17 concha, ae f – shell spina, ae f – spine costa, ae f – rib vena, ae f – vein crista, ae f – crest, ridge vertebra, ae f – vertebra lamina, ae f – lamine patella, ae f – knee cap lingua, ae f – tongue sutura, ae f – suture mandibula, ae f – lower jaw tuba, ae f – tube

Nouns of the 2 nd declension angulus, i m – angle tympanum, i n – tympanum, drum brachium, i n – shoulder calcaneus, i m – calcaneu s, heel bone cavum, i n – cavity digitus, i m – finger cranium, i n – cranium,sculp humerus, i m – shoulder bone ligamentum, i n – ligament manubrium, i n – manubrium musculus, i m – muscle radius, i n – radius septum, i n – septum, dividing wall sternum, i n – sternum, chest bone sulcus, i m – sulcus

Nouns of the 3 d Declension corpus, oris n – body foramen, inis n – foramen, hole crus, cru ris n – crus, pedicle os, ossis n – bone

Nouns of the 4 th Declension arcus, us m – arch processus, us m – process cornu, us n – horn sinus, us m – sinus ductus, us m – duct textus, us m – tissue meatus, us m – passage genu, us n – knee

Nouns of the 5 th Declension facies, ei f – face, surface

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Determine the stem of the following nouns and their declension:

E . g . : Nom.Sing. – cornu, Gen. Sing. – corn us , the stem – corn, the 4 th declention.

cornu, us n – horn systema, atis n – system paries,etis m - wall 18

artic ulatio, onis f – articulation oedema, atis n – oedema vertebra, ae f – vertebra morbus, i m – disease processus, us m – process facies,ei m – face magi ster, tri m – teacher tendo,inis m – tendon os, ossis n – bone caries,ei f – caries mandibula, ae f – lower jaw numerus, i m – number bursa, ae f – bursa, bag lac, lactis n – milk remedium, i n – remedy, drug fructus,us m – fruit sanguis, inis m – blood pars, partis f – part

Exercise 2. Translate anatomical terms into Latin:

E . g. Body of the vertebra – corp us vertebr ae

Body of the vertebra, head of the rib, arch of the aort a, base of the skull, cavity of the nose, neck of the scapule, vagina of the process, duct of the nose, pitch (incisure) of the lower jaw, capsule of the ganglion (gangl ĭon, i n ) , tuber of the upper jaw, muscle of the neck, dorsum of the saddle (sella, ae f) , bone of the skull, arch of the vertebra, head of the lower jaw, shell of the auricle (auriculum,i n) , dividing wall of the nose, fovea of the process, pedicle (pediculus, i m) of the arch of the vertebra, face of the tubercle (tuberculum, i n) of the rib, lamina of the process, vestibule (vestibulum, i n) of the nose, neck of the ulna, angle of the sternum, angle of the lower jaw, cavity of the uterus, cavity o f the tympanum, bone of the finger, line of the neck, bones of the trunk, block of the humerus, body of the marrow, nucleus of the nerve, cavity of the shell, tubercle of the saddle, muscle of the back, muscle of the uvula ( uvula, ae f) .

Exercise 3. Trans late anatomical terms into English:

E . g. Ligament um pylor i – ligament of the pylorus

Ligamentum pylori, retinaculum cutis, ligamentum patellae, arteria perinei, vena canaliculi vestibuli, arcus aortae, sulcus calcanei, ramus ossis ischii, lobus thymi, c aput phalangis, cavum oris, tuberculum musculi, corpus linguae, cartilago nasi, ampulla ductus, apex linguae, radix dentis, glandula ventriculi, fossa glandulae, fascia prostatae, tuberculum sellae, apex pulmonis, sulcus sinus, caput mandibulae, diaphragma pelvis, plasma sanguinis, cartilago septi nasi, radix dentis, articulatio thoracis, cervix dentis, apex pulmonis, spina scapulae, fossa glandulae, tuberculum musculi, ampulla ductus, corpus linguae, cartilago tubae, glandula ventriculi, arcus vertebra, s utura cranii, ventriculus laryngis, vas auris, tuber ossis ischii, atrium cordis, apex linguae, basis patellae, diaphragma oris, corpus mandibulae, apex capitis fibulae.

Chapter 5 . THE ADJECTIVE. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SINGULAR FORMS

The dictionary f orm of adjectives are shown in a contracted way:

profundus, a,um (deep) the adjectives of the 1 st group niger, gra,grum (black)

The feminine gender of these adjectives is de clined according to the first declension of Nouns and the Masculine and the Neuter genders – according to the second declension. The belonging to the group is determined by the dictionary form of the adjective (gender endings).

saluber, bris,br e (health y) abdominalis,e (abdominal) the adjectives of the 2 nd group recens, ntis (recent)

In medical terminology adjectives having two endings more often occur: the ending - is which is common for the masculine and feminine genders and the ending - e for t he neuter gender: natural is (m, f), natural e (n) – natural.

Table 2. The Singular Endings of adjectives. Positive Degree

1 st group 2 nd group Gender Nom. Sing Gen. Sing Nom. Sing Gen. Sing m - us ( - er) - i - is - is f - a - ae - is - is n - um - i - e - is

LE XICAL MINIMUM # 4

Nouns of the 1 st Declension clavicula, ae f – clavicle squama, ae f – scale fascia, ae f – fascia tibia, ae f – tibia, shin bone fibula, ae f – fibula,calf bone tonsilla, ae f – tonsil nucha, ae f – back of the neck, nape ulna, ae f – ulna

Nouns of the 2 nd Declension nasus, i m – nose palatum, i n – palate organum, i n – organ vestibulum, i n – vestible 20

Nouns of the 3 rd Declension caput, itis n – head os, oris n – mouth

Adjectives of the 1 st Group albus, a,um – white palatinus, a, um – palatine asper, a, um – rough pterygoideus, a, um – pterygoid coronarius, a, um – coronary rectus, a, um – straight dexter, tra, trum – right sin ister, tra, trum – left iliacus, a, um – iliac sacer, cra, crum – sacred liber, a, um – free thoracicus, a, um – thoracic n iger, gra, grum – black thyroideus, a, um – thyroid obliquus, a, um – oblique transversus, a, um – transverse osseus, a, um – bony venosus, a, um – venous

Adject ives of the 2 nd Group alaris, e – belonging to wing, alar nasalis, e – nasal cerebralis, e – cerebral occipitalis, e – occipital cervicalis, e – cervical orbitalis, e – orbi tal ethmoidalis, e – ethmoidal sphenoidalis, e – sphenoidal frontalis, e – frontal temporalis, e – temporal manbibularis, e – mandibular vertebralis, e – vertebral maxillar is, e – maxillar sacralis, e – sacral

EXERCISES

Exercis e 1. Determine the group of the following adjectives and give their dictionary forms:

E . g. : a lar e – the 2 nd group, neutrum, alaris, e

Transversale, vernalis, clav iculare, caninum, trigeminus, facialis, lacrimale, dura, pius.

Exercise 2. Coordinate adjectives with nouns:

E . g. : linea, ae f (transversus, a, um) – line a transvers a

c ornu, us n (coccygeus, a, um) systema, atis n (nervosus,a, um ) sept um, i n (osseus, a, um) columna, ae f (vertebralis,e) co lon, i n (transversus, a, um) processus, us m (transversus, a, um) arcus, us m (alveolaris, e) os, ossis n (ethmoidalis,e) 21

folium, i n (viridis, e) facies, ei f (temporalis, e) cor, cordis n (pulmonalis, e) apertura, ae f (externus, a, um) tela, ae f (spongiosus, a, um) musculus, i m (gl utaeus, a ,um)

Exercise 3. Translate the following anatomical terms, form the Genetive:

E . g. : lateral ligament – ligamentum (n) lateral e

oval foramen venous plexus thoracic fascia transverse lateral suture internal capsu le vertebral column spinous foramen styloid process superficial vein acustic tube pancreatic duct frontal sinus parietal bone occipital artery fibular collateral thyroid gland l igament femoral region plane foot

Exercise 4. Translate anatomical terms into Latin:

E . g. : articular process of the vertebra – process us (m) articular is vertebr ae

A/ lateral angle of the scapule, transverse ligament of the knee, lateral retinaculum of the knee - cap, jugular incisure (incisura, ae f) of the sternum, osseous septum of the nose, medial fovea of the skull, palatine process of the upper jaw, articular process of the vertebra, membranous wall of the trachea, abdominal par of aorta, muscular tunic (tunica, ae f) of the esophagus, lateral region (region, ion i s f) of the neck, left lobe of the liver; interosseous membrane of the leg (crus, cruris n) ; B/ ligament of the vertebral column, furr ow (sulcus, i m) of the occipital artery, aperture of the frontal sinus, fossa of the lacrimal gland, vagine of the styloid process, branch of the ischiadic bone, fibrous capsule of the thyroid gland, sphenoidal angle of the parietal bone, mastoid branch o f the occipital artery, mastoid margin (margo, inis f) of the occipital bone, sphincter of the urinary bladder (vesica urinaria) , basis of the renal pyramid, muscular tunic of the small intestine (intestinum tenue) .

Exercise 5. Translat e anatomical terms into English:

E . g. : Sulcus ethmoidalis ossis nasalis – ethmoidal sulcus of the nasal bone

Pars cartilaginea tubae auditivae, foramen mentale, corpus adiposum infrapatellare, pancreas accessorium, pars optica retinae, sanguis venosus et arteriosus, symphy sis pubica, pyramis medullae oblongatae, margo liber unguis,

22 auris externa, synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis, tuberositas phalangis distalis, ventriculus sinister cordis, pars lateralis ossis occititalis, musculus orbicularis oculi, arteria interossea commu nis, tuberositas ossis navicularis, segmentum thoracicum lumbale, fovea articularis processus articularis, raphe medullae oblongatae, arcus ductus thoracici, lobus glandulae thyroideae dexter/sisnister.

Chapter 6 . COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF LATIN ADJECTIVES

T here are three degrees of comparison in Latin – the Positive, the Comprative, the Superlative. The comparative is regularly formed by adding - ior ( Neutrum - ius ) to the stem of the Positive

The Model of Formation

- ior (m, f) The Stem of The Positiv e + } - ioris (Gen. Sing)

E.g. albus, a, um (white) – Nom. Sing. albior, albius (whiter) Gen.Sing. albioris

Anatomical terminology uses only 6 adjectives in the form of the Comparative: maj or, majus (greater) minor, minus (lesser) superior, superius (upper) inferior, inferius (lower) anterior, anterius (front) posterior, posterius (back)

Table 3. The Singular Endings o f Adjectives. Comparative degree

Gender Nominativus ending Genetivus end ing Genus masculinum - ior - ioris Genus femininum - ior - ioris Genus neutrum - ius - ioris

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 5

Nouns of the 1 st Declension bursa, ae f – bursa valvula, ae f – valvule pleura, ae f – pleura vena portae – portal vein

Nouns of the 2 n d Declension cerebellum, i n - cerebellum nervus, i m – nerve cerebrum, i n – brain nodus, i m – node ganglion, i n – ganglion (nerve node) oculus, i m – eye 24 ostium, i n – mouth, entrance, small opening

Adjectives of the I st Group cavus, a, um – hollow ischiadicus, a, um – ischiadic laryngeus, a, um – laryngeal latus, a, um – wide pharyngeus, a, um – pharyngeal longus, a, um – long profundus, a, um – deep, profound mastoideus, a, um – mastoideal cutaneus, a, um – cutaneous squamosus, a, um – squamous

Adjectives of the 2nd group auricularis, e – auricular muscularis, e – muscular dorsalis, e – dorsal parietalis, e – parietal facialis, e – facial ventralis, e – ventral

The Comparative Degree of Adjectives anterior, ius – anterior minor, us – minor, lesser inferior, ius – inferior posterior, ius – posterior major, ius – major, greater superior, ius – superior

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Form the Genetive of the following adjectives and determine their stems:

E.g.: i n ferior, inferius – Gen.Sing. inferior is , inferior is the stem.

Major, majus; minor, minus; posterior, posterius; anterior, anterius; superior, superius; posterior, posterius.

Exercise 2. Coordinate adjectives with nouns:

E.g.: facies, ei f (anterior, ius) – faci es anter ior

pro cessus, us m (superior, ius) foramen, inis n (minor, us) fovea, ae f (minor, us) cornu, us n (major, jus) p ars, partis f (inferior, ius) ramus, i m (superior, ius) tub erc ulum, i n (anterior, ius) facies, ei f (posterior, ius) incisura, ae f (superior, ius) labium, i n (inferior, ius) s ulcus, i m (posterior, ius) caput, itis n (major, jus)

Exercise 3. Form the Genetive of the following anatomical terms:

E.g.: Nom.Sing. radix anterior – Gen.Sing. rad icis anter ioris

Spina nasalis anterior, vena laryngea inferior, fissura orbitalis superior, sinus sagittalis superior, linea temporalis superior, musculus rectus s uperior, foramen ischiadicum minus, tuberculum obturatorium posterius, musculus scalenus anterior, processus articularis superior, musculus tibialis posterior, nervus cutaneus brachii lateralis inferior, regio posterior.

Exercise 4. Translate in the form s of the Nominative and the Genetive:

E.g.: lower orbital fissure – Nom.Sing. fissur a orbital is infer ior Gen.Sing. fissur ae orbital is infer ioris

major palatine furrow inferior transversal ligame nt major palatine hole anterior medial surface superior transverse artery anterior longitudinal ligament superior cervical ganglion major petrous nerve minor ischiadic incisure posterior ethmoidal hole posterio r gluteal line inferior articular process superior posterior iliac spine anterior sacral hole anterior cutaneous b ranch minor zygomatic muscle anterior lacrimal crest inferior labial vein pos terior interventricular s ulcus major sublingual tract

Exercise 5 . Translate anatomical terms into Latin:

E.g.: articular fovea of the supe rior articular prosess – fovea articulāris processus articulāris superiōris

A/ crest of the major tubercle, process of the inferio r nasal concha, sulcus of the inferior petrous sinus, foramen of the inferior hollow vein, skeleton of the upper extremity (membrum,i n) , artery of the posterior segment, branch of the superior epigastric artery, muscle of the superior eyelid; B/ temporal surface of the major wing, right branch of the portal vein, inferior surface of the cerebrum, superior articular process of the lumbal vertebra, superior bulb (bulbus,i m) of the jugular vein, major horn of the hyoid bone, anterior ligament of the head of the radius, minor wing of the sphenoidal bone, articular fovea of the superior articular process, superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle.

Exercise 6. Translate anatomical terms into English:

E.g.: musc u lus palpebrae superiōris – muscle of the superior eyelid

Meatus nasi inferior, foramen palatinum minus, camera anterior bulbi oculi, ligamentum longitudinale anterius columnae vertebralis, margo inferior pulmonis sisnistri, cartilago alaris major, facies posterior lentis, regio cervicis anterior , regio thoracis posterior, margo superior parties petrosae, crus anterius capsulae internae, lobus anterior hypophysis, musculus rectus capitis posterior major, crus mediale cartilaginis alaris majoris, hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris.

Chapter 7 . SU PERLATIVE DEGREE OF LATIN ADJECTIVES

The Superlative is regularly formed by adding - issimus, a, um to the stem of the Positive.

The model of formation № 1

The stem of the Positive + - issimus, a, um

E.g. : longus, a, um (long) - – longissimus, a, um (the longest) latus,a,um (broad) – latissimus, a, um (the broadest)

N.B. Adjectives in - er form the Superlative by appending - rimus, a, um to the Nominativus of the Positivus.

The model of formation № 2

The full form of the adjective (masculine gender) + - rimus, a, um

E.g. : asper, a, um (rough) - – asperrimus,a,um (the roughest)

Several adjectiv es vary the st ems in Comparison .

Table 4. Irregular Degrees of Comparison

The Positive The Comparative The Superlative bonus, a, um (good) melior,ius (better) optimus, a, um (the best) malus, a, um (bad) peior, ius (worse) pessimus, a, um (the worst) parvus, a, um (small) minor,us (smaller) minimus, a, um (the smallest) magnus, a, um (large) major, jus (larger) maximus, a, um (the largest) superior, ius (high) supremus, a, um (the highest)

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 6

The 1 st Declension of Nouns mucosa, ae f – muc ous membrane tunica, ae f – coat tunic 28 flexura, ae f – flexure urethra, ae f – urethra

The 2 nd Declension of Nouns colon, i n – colon anus, i m – anus duodenum, i n – duodenum caecum, i n – colon, blind gut ileum, i n – ileum crassum, i n – large intestine intestinum, i n – intestine fundus, i m – fundus, bottom oesophagus, i m – gullet jejunum, i n – jejunum peritonaeum, i n – per itonaeum ovarium, i n – ovary rectum, i n – rectum perinaeu m, i n – perinaeum uterus, i m – uterus, womb truncus, i m – trunk ventriculus, i m – stomach, ventricle

The 1 st group of Adjectives hyoideus, a, um – hyoid minimus, a, um – minimal, smallest hypoglossus, a, um – hypoglossal mucosus, a, um – mucous iliacus, a, um – iliac supremus, a, um – t he highest maximus, a, um – greatest

The 2 nd group of Adjectives biceps, itis – biceps tenuis, e – slim, slender intestinalis, e – intestinal (intestinum tenue – small intestine) quadriceps, itis – quadriceps triceps, itis – triceps simplex, icis – simple

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Form the Superlative Degree of the following adjectives:

E.g.: brev is, e (short) – brev issimus, a, um (the shortest)

asper, a , um – rough ruber, bra, brum – red flavus , a, um – yellow sanus, a, um – healthy utilis, e – useful mollis, e – soft vivus, a, um – alive pulcher, a, um – beautiful viridis, e – green albus, a, um – white

Exercise 2. Translate anatomical terms into Latin:

E.g.: the longest muscle of the neck – mus cul us long issimus coll i

The broadest muscle, bursa of the broadest muscle, the longest muscle of the neck, the longest muscle of the chest, the highest line of the nucha, the greatest gluteal muscle, the highest nasal concha, the smallest gluteal muscle, the smallest finger (the fifth finger), the smallest scalenus muscle.

N.B .! Substantivates – names of intestines . Substantivation is the transformation of adjectives into nouns. Substantivates have the same gender as nouns which their related. Keep in m ind names of intestines derivated from two words terms: intestinum colon, intestinum rectum, intestinum duodenum etc. Nowadays anatomical terminology uses only: colon, rectum, duodenum etc. You must remember ‘ intestinum tenue ’ (two words term) – small inte stine.

Exercise 3. Translate into Latin:

E.g.: muscular tunic of the vagine – tunic a muscular is vagin ae

Ampule of the rectum, longitudinal fold (plica) of the duodenum, muscular layer (tunica) of the small intestine, sigmoid colon, right flexure of the colon, bottom of the ventricle, cardial mouth (ostium) of the ventricle, left ventricle, round ligament of the uterus, horizontal part of the duodenum, intestinal surface of the uterus, profound transverse muscle of the perineum, semilunar fold (plica) of the conjunctiva, transverse ligament of the perineum, muscular lamina of the mucous membrane of the gullet, bulb of the duodenum, cavity of the peritoneum, mucous tunica of the gullet, short head of the biceps musc l e of the shoulder, transversal fold (plic a) of the rectum, major papilla of the duodenum, long head of the m. biceps of the thigh, spongious membrane of the urethra, anterior labium of the uterus, major papilla of the duodenum, external ostium of the urethra.

Exercise 4. Translate into English:

E.g.: concha nasalis suprema – supreme nasal concha

Tunica mucosa tracheae, bursa trochanterica musculi glutaei minimi, bursa trochanterica musculi glutaei maximi, musculus latissimus dorsi, vena cerebri magna, glandula parathyroidea inferior, glandula s ublingualis, tunica serosa vesicae felleae (biliaris), raphe perinei, tunica mucosa oris, capsula pancreatis, stroma glandulae, foramen mentale, corpus adiposum buccae, foramen apicis radicis dentis, crus osseum commune, bursa musculi latissimi dorsi, line a nuchae suprema, musculus thoracis longissimus, musculus colli longissimus, musculus scalenus minimus.

Chapter 8 . THE THIRD DECLENSION OF NOUNS

The third declension of Latin nouns includes the nouns of Masculine, Feminine and Neuter, which end in - is in Genetivus singularis. In the Nominative each gender has a number of different endings. The nouns of the third declension fall into three groups according to their declensional endings: consonant, vowel and miscellaneous. The grammatical stem of the noun is identified according to the form of Genetivus singularis giving omitted the ending - is . The nouns of the Masculine and the Feminine are declined identically but the nouns of the neuter gender are declined according to the rule of the Neuter. One should di ffer nouns which have an equal number of syllables (in Nominativus and Genetivus singularis) and nouns which have one syllable more in Genetivus singularis. Examples of the third declension nouns: homo, inis m – man S ulfur, uris n – sulphur lac, lactis n – milk palus,udis f – marsh vulnus, eris n – wound pars, partis f – part flos, floris m – flower cutis, is f – skin

The gender of the noun of the third declension is determined by the ending in the Nominative.

Table 5. Gender Endings of the Third Declensi on Nouns

Genus masculinum Genus femininum Genus neutrum - os ( - oris) - s: - as ( - atis) - men ( - minis) - or ( - oris) - us ( - utis, - udis) - us ( - oris, - eris, - uris) - o ( - onis, - inis) - is ( - is, - idis) - ur ( - uris, - oris) - er ( - eris, - ris) - x: - ax ( - acis) - ma ( - atis) - es ( - etis, - edis, - dis) - ux ( - ucis) - l ( - lis) - ex ( - icis) - ix ( - icis) - e ( - is) - n/ - r + s (n/r + tis) - c ( - ctis) - n/ - l + x (n/l + gis) - ut ( - utis) - do ( - dinis) - ar ( - aris) - go ( - ginis) - io ( - ionis)

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 7

Nouns of the 3 rd Declension

Masculine gender nouns apex, icis m – tip, apex index, icis m – forefinger, second pollex, icis m – thumb finger, index pulmo, onis m – lung paries, etis m – wall homo, inis m – man flos, fl oris m – flower cortex, icis m – bark, cortex pes, pedis, m – foot pater, tris m – father

N.B.! cor, cordis n – heart os, ossis, n – bone os, oris n – mouth cadaver, eris n – dead body gaster, tris f – stomach

Feminine gender nouns auris, isiris,idis,f f – ear – iris/rainbow/ pars, partis f – part cavitas, atis f – cavity tuberositas, atis f – tuberosity pelvis, is f – pelvis radix, icis f – root pelvis renalis – pelvis of the kidney iris, idis f – iris /rainbow/ cartilago, ini s, f – cartilage cervix, icis f – neck, cervix

N.B. ! vas, vasis n – vessel pa ncreas, atis n – pancreas, abdominal salivary gland canalis, is m – canal, channel margo, inis m – margin, border, edge tendo, inis m – tendon sanguis, inis m – blood dens, dentis m – tooth

Neuter gender nouns crus, cruris n – leg, pedicle systema, atis n – system glomus, er is n – ball, glomus pecten, inis n – comb caput, itis n – head viscus, eris n – viscera, internal diaphragma, atis n – diaphragm, organs midriff, phren foramen, inis n – hole corpus, oris n – bod y tempus, oris n – time

N. B. ! ren, renis m – kidney splen, splenis m – spleen

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Coordinate adjectives with the nouns of the third declension:

E.g.: os (nasālis, hyoid ěus, frontalis) – os (n) nasal e , hyoide um , frontal e

A/ paries ( anterior, mastoideus , jugularis) B/ pes (calcaneus, planus) C/ tuber (ischiadicus, frontalis, parietalis) E/ cavitas (proprius, pleuralis, tympanicus, articularis) D / auris (medius, internus, externs) F/ canalis (major, palatinus, sacralis, nutricius) G / vas (capillaris, lymp haticus, collateralis) H/ crus (dexter, sinister, brevis, longus) I/ ren (mobilis, lobulatus, cystosus)

Exercise 2. Define th e gender of the following nouns (use T able # 5 ): e xtensor mos sapo stipes, it is digitalis vanitas alumen senex hirudo nux vulnus, er is homo observatio palus, udis mare

Exercise 3. Determine the gender of the 3 r d declension nouns by the ending of the adjectives they are coordinated to:

E.g.: vas lymphatic um – neutrum (n)

Paries labirynthicus, paries mastoideus, flos albus, homo sanus, cor sanum, os zygomaticum, os lacrimale, vas capillare, pars thoracica, axis opticus, symphysis pubic a, regi o mediana, glomus caroticum, ren accessori u s, systema lymphaticum, pancreas accessorium, crus anterius, hepar mobile, appendix fibrosa, rete venosum, pecten anale, systema urogenitale.

Exercise 4. Translate into Latin:

E.g.: frontal wall of stomac h – paries frontalis gastris

Skin of the forehead, vault (fornix) of the stomach, cochlear duct of the internal ear, superficial lymphatic vessel, posterior nucleus of the trapezoid body, base of the heart, pyloric part of the stomach, left lobe of the li ver, cardial impression (impression, io n is f) of the lung, anterior region of the face, lateral region of the neck, apex and root of the lung, lateral cartilage of the nose, termination (termination, ionis f) of the nerve of the skin, tympanic cavity of th e

33 middle ear, anular part of the fibrous vagina, synovial vagina of the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle, superior aperture of the pelvis, cartilage of the septum of the nose, infraorbital channel of the upper jaw, cardiac incisure of the left lung, a pex of the posterior horn, minor horn of the hyoid bone, orbicular muscle of the mouth, right margin of the uterus, anterior pedicle of the internal capsule, right (left) lobe of the liver, superior head of the pterygoid muscle, major posterior straight mu scle of the head.

Exercise 5. Translate into English:

E.g.: cartilāgo septi nasi – cartilage of the septum of the nose

Cutis frontis, pyramis renalis, tuber ossis ischii, apex pulmonis sinistri, caput stapedis, angulus oris, paries vestibularis ductus cochlearis, pars thoracica, facies posterior lentis, corp us adiposum, diaphragma urogenitale, cortex thymi, lobus anterior hypophysis, pars cartilaginea tubae auditivae, cavitas oris propria, arteria circumflexa femoris lateralis, caput et crus stapedis, ren accessorius, sinus occipitalis durae matris, musculus obliquus externus abdominis, crus mediale cartilaginis alaris majoris, articulatio talocruralis, porta hepatis, margo inferior pulmonis sisnistri.

Chapter 9 . THE PLURAL OF LATIN NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN THE NOMINATIVE FORM

Case endings of any noun or adjective are added to the stem of a word in Gen. All the nouns and adjectives of the Neuter have the ending - a in the Nominative Plural. This rule is called ‘ Gold Rule of Latin Grammar ’ . E.g . vulnus, eris n (wound) – vulnera (wounds), membrum, i n (extremity) – membra (extremities), os, ossis n (bone) – ossa (bones), os planum (plane bone) – ossa plana (plane bones), membrum superius (upper extremity) – membra superiora (upper extremities).

Table 6. The Plural Endings of Nouns (Nominative Case )

Declension Gender Nomin. Plur ending I f - ae m - i II n - a m , f - es III n - a ( - ia) m - us IV n - ua V f - es

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 8

The nouns of the 1 st declensio n ampulla, ae f – ampoule glandula, ae f – gland apertura, ae f – aperture retina, ae f – retina, optomeninx cellula, ae f – cell palpebra, ae f – eyelid fibra, ae f – fiber, filament plica, ae f – fold gingiva, ae f – gum

The nouns of the 2 nd declension alveolus, i m – alveolus spatium, i n – space bulbus, i m – bulb metacarpus, i m – metacarpus bulbus oculi – eyeball metatarsus, i m – metatarsus folium, i n – leaf gyrus, i m – gyrus, convolute nucleus, i m – nucleus cilium, i n – eyelash ramus, i m – branch supercilium, i n – eyebrow

The nouns of the 4 th declension manus, us f – hand recessus, us m – recess

Adjectives of the I st group fibrosus, a, um – fibrous oesop hageus, a, um – oesophage gastricus, a, um – gastric pelvinus, a, um – pelvic hepaticus, a , um – hepatic proprius, a , um – proper lymphaticus, a , um – lymphatic flavus, a, um – yellow nutricius, a, um – nutitio n

Adjectives of the I I nd group brevis, e – short pulmonalis, e – pulmonal communis, e – common spinalis, e – spinal corticalis, e – cortical superficialis, e – superfice lumbalis, e – lumbal radialis, e – radial pectoralis, e – pectoral ulnaris, e – ulnar

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Define the declension of the following no uns, form the Nominative Plural:

E.g.: cili um, i n – Nom.Pl. cili a

substantia, ae f ter minatio, onis f plexus,us m scapula, ae f corpus, oris n septum, i n cor,cordis n nervus, i m musculus, i m homo, inis m facies, ei f pars, partis f cornu, us n ala, ae f

Exercise 2. Translate the following Plural for ms of the nouns into English:

E.g.: Nom.Pl. corn ua (the 4 th decl . ) Gen.Sing. corn us Nom.Sing. cornu Translation – horns

Folia, juncturae, labia, meninges, sinus, rami, dentes, sulci, foramina, oculi, arteriae, lobi, cavernae, labia

Exercise 3. Translate into Latin, write each Latin noun in the dictionary form:

E.g.: bones (os,ossis n) – oss a

Names, systems, incisions, disces, nerves, teeth, ductules, mouths, margins, sutures, glands, walls, articulations, regions, fingers, trunks.

N.B.! Remember the abbreviations in Latin anatomical nomenclature: Aa. – arteries Gll. – glands Ligg. – ligaments Nn. – nerves Vagg. – vagines

Table 7. The Pl ural Endings o f Adjectives (Nominative Case)

Gender The 1 st group The 2 nd group Comparative degree m - i - es - es f - ae - es - es n - a - ia - a

Exercise 4. Define the group and degree of comparison of the following adjec tives in the Nominative Plural (use Table 7):

E.g.: Pectoral es – th e 2 nd group of adjectives

Dentales, interossea, incisivi, talocruralia, superiora, thoracicae, longissimi, alveolares, acustici, ethmoidalia, minores, palatinae, anteriores, sinistri.

Exercise 5. Form the Nominative Plura l of the following adjectives. Keep in mind their group, gender and degree of comparison: N.B .! For the forms of the Comparative. The Plural endings are added to the stem ending – ior in all gender forms.

E.g.: superior (comperative degree, g. masculin um or fe mininum) – superior es

Lateralis, minus, pterygoidea, planus, latum, superior, maximus, breve, lumbale, epigastricum, profunda, interosseus, vesicalis, anterior, posterius, medius, cranium, molare, renale, dorsalis.

Exercise 6 . Translate in the fo rms of the Nominative singular and Plural:

E.g.: ethmoidal foramen – Nom.Sing. foramen (n) ethmoidal e Nom.Pl. foramin a ethmoidal ia major wing canine tooth superior incisive tooth ciliar process ethmoidal fo ramen articular surface the smallest vein sacral ganglion

Exercise 7. Translate anatomical terms into Latin:

E.g.: transverse folds of the rectum – plic ae transvers ae rect i

A/ Lips of the mouth, sinusoid vessels of the spleen, muscles of the bulb, lobes of the breast, incisions of the spinal cord (medulla spinalis) , furrows of the minor petrous channel, leaves of the cerebellum, glands of the mouth, arteries of the heart, margines of the scapule, fissures of the cerebellum, cart ilages of the nose, branches of the black substance, sutures of the cranium, ventricles of the larynx. B/ short gastric veins, proper gastric glands, ethmoidal cellules, spinal roots, inferior cervical cardial branches, suprarenal glands, synovial vaginas, vertebral articulations, nasal cartilage, superficial lymph atic vessels, short poster ior ciliar arteries, minor hypoglossal ducts, thoracic cardial branches, interlobular surfaces, major and minor horns. C/ interspinous muscles of the neck, inferior veins of the cerebrum, trochanteric sacs of the middle gluteal muscle, pterygoid processes of the sphenoidal bone, orbital parts of the frontal bone, circulatory vessels, interphalangeal articulations of the foot, regions of the inferior extremity, anterior med ian veins of the spinal cord.

Exercise 8 . Translate anatomical terms into English:

E.g.: vas a sanguine a retin ae – blood vessels of the retina

Organa oculi accessoria, arteriae ciliares posterior e s longae, rami alveolares superiores anteriores, arteriae renis, corpora paraaortica, venae meningeae mediae, glandulae pharyngeae, ventriculi laryngis, vasa auris, recessus subhepatici, synchondroses cranii, alveoli dentales, foramina intervertebralia, sulci arteriosi, ossa mebri inferioris, articulationes synov iales cranii, articulationes cinguli membri superioris, ligamenta tarsi interossea, musculi intercostales externi, musculi diaphragmatici pelvis, fibrae obliquae, plicae semilunares coli, ductuli transversi, rami capsulares, ductus parauthrales.

Chapter 10 . THE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. FORMS OF THE GENETIVE

N.B.! Case endings of any noun or adjective are added to the stem of a word.

Table 8. The Plural E ndings of Nouns (Genetive Case)

Declension Genetivus ending I - arum II - orum - ium III - um IV - uum V - erum

N.B.! The Genetive Plural endings for the nouns of the third declension are added to the stems according to the following table:

Table 8a. The Plural Endings for the third declension nouns (Genetive Case)

- um - ium For the nouns o f m, f, n with one 1.For the nouns with two or three consonant ending of the stem: consonants ending of the stem: Flos, floris m – flor - um (Gen.plur) pars, partis f – part - ium 2.For the nouns with equal syllable quantity in the Nominative and the Genetive : basis,is f – bas - ium 3.For the nouns of the neuter with gender endings – e, - al, - ar: animal, is n – animal - ium

Table 9. The Plura l of adjectives in the Genetive

(i) Gender The 1 st group The 2 nd group The Comparative m - orum - ium - um f - arum - ium - um n - orum - ium - um N.B.! For the forms of the Comparative. The Plural endings are added to the stem ending - ior i n all the gender forms. 41

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 9

Nouns of the 1 st declension commissura, a e f – commisure trachea, ae f – trachea glandula suprarenalis – suprarenal gland vagina, ae f – vagine medulla, ae f – marrow vesica, ae f – bladder medulla o b longata – rhachidian bulb vesica fellea – gallbladder medulla osium – bone marrow v esica urinaria – urinary bladde r medulla spinalis – spinal cord

Nouns of the 2 nd declension atrium, i n – atrium lumbus, i m – loins bronchus, i m – bronchus stratum, i n – layer lobus, i m – lobe thalamus, i m – thalamus retinaculum, i n – retinaculum nodulus, i m – nodul carpus, i m – wrist

Nouns of the 4 th declension abscessus, us m – abscess sensus, us m – sense

Adjectives of the 1 st group arteriosus, a, um – arterial s anguineus, a, um – sanginous, cardiacus, a , um – cardiac circu latory oblongatus, a, um – oblongate ruber, bra, brum – red opticus, a, um – optic spurius, a, um – false peroneus, a, um (fibularis, e) – fibular urinarius, a, um – urinary pyloricus, a , um – pyloric

Adjectives of the 2 nd group cerebellaris, e – celebellar anularis, e – anal biliaris , e – biliar puranasalis, e – paranasal semilunaris, e – semiluna

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Form the Genetive Plural of the following nouns: A / Use T able 8:

E.g.: angul us,i m – Gen. Pl. angul orum

concha, ae f bursa, ae f mu sculus, i m membrum, i n partus, us m sinus, us m cornu, us n nervus, i m nodulus, i m cavum, i n vertebra, ae f arteria, ae f facies, ei f arcus, us n

B /Use T able 8a (N.B.!):

E.g.: canal is, is f (the 3 rd declension) – Gen. Pl. canal ium

pars, partis f margo, inis m cadaver, eris n os, ossis n salu s, utis f basis, is f calcar, aris n lens, lentis f pulmo, onis m rete, is n ren, renis m avis, is f stroma, atis n homo, inis m

Exercise 2. Form the Genetive Plural of the following adjectives. Use T able 9:

E.g.: communis, e (the 2 nd group) – co mmun ium (for g. masculinum, femeninum, neutrum)

durus, dura, durum articularis, articulare transversus, transversa, transversum verus, vera, verum caninus, canina, c aninum

orbitalis, orbitale

Exercise 3. Translate in the form s of Nominativus and Genetivus Singularis, Pluralis:

E.g. : major wing – ala major Sing. Plur. Nom. ala major Nom. alae majores Gen . alae majoris Gen. alarum majorum

1. cranial nerve 2. lateral process 3. the smallest vein 4. pulmonal heart

Exercise 4. Translate anatomical terms into Latin:

E.g. : bronchial branches of the segments – ram i bronchial es segment orum

Chiasma of the tendons, medial surface of the incisive teeth, septum of the pterygoideal sinuses, conjunctiva of the eyelids, lateral commissure of the lips, nerves of the vessels, vessels of the vessels, fibrous vaginas of the fingers of the hand, ligaments of the tendons, hol e s of the smallest veins, nucleus of the cranial nerves, nodules of the semilunar valvules, intermuscular sacs of the gluteal muscles, commissures of the lips, tubercles of the cavernous bodies .

Exercise 5. Translate anatomical terms into English:

E.g.: gangl ia sensor ia nerv orum cranial ium – sensor y nervous nodes of the cranial nerves

Sinus venarum cavarum atrii dextri, noduli valvularum semilunarium, vagina synovialis musculorum perineorum, rami trigeminales et trochleares, cavernae corporum cavernosoru m, stratum lamellarum generalium externarum et internarum, plexus cavernosi concharum, tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum, nervi vasorum, vasa vasorum, vaginae tendiunum digitorum pedis, retinaculum musculorum fibularium, terminatio nervorum, facies anterior p alpebrarum, rima palpebrarum, organa sensuum, ganglia sensorial nervorum cranialium .

CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY

Chapter 11 . C LINICAL TERMINOLOGY . S TRUCTURAL TYPES OF CLINICAL TERMS

Structural types of clinical terms. /Simple, composed, compound clinical terms/ 1. Simple /one word/ terms are represented by nouns of Latin or Greek origin: icterus, i m – jaundice scarlatina, ae f – scarlet fever obesitas, atis f – obesity, adiposity, caries, ei f – caries fatness infarctus, us m – infarction balbuties, ei f – stammering, morbilli, orum m – measles stuttering asthma, atis n – asthma verruca, ae f – wart, verruca, carcinoma, atis n – cancer, verruga malignant tumour scabies, ei f - itch varicella, ae f – chicken - pox rubeola, ae f – rubella, german measles, epidemic roseola grippus, i m – influenza, grippe, flu, epidemic catarrh angina, ae f – angina, sore throat parotitis, idis f (epidemica) – mumps syphi lis, idis f – suphilis, lues scorbutus, i m – scurvy, scorbutus, avitaminosis C tetanus, i m – tetanus, lock jaw (specifically, trismus) rabies, ei f – rabies, lyssa, hydrophoby pertussis, is f – whooping cough anthrax, acis m – anthrax, malignant pustule erysipelas, atis n – erysipelas, rose, St.Anthony fire febris, is f – fever, pyrexia lichen, inis m – lichen, putyriasis, herpes malaria, ae f – malaria, jungle fever

A great number of these terms are made up with prefixes and suffixes of Latin or Greek origin. ! Nota bene! Remember the following Greek prefixes:

1. A - /an - / – without / a mnesia – loss of memory/ Dys - – abnormal / dys topia – malposition/ Eu - – normal / eu pnoe – normal breathing/ A na - – up / ana crota / C ata - – down / cata crota / P oly - – many / poly dipsia – excessive thirst/ P eri - – around / peri cardium – heart bag/ P ara - – near / para metrium – cellular layer near uterus/ E ndo - /en - / – inside / endo cardium / E pi - – above / epi cardium / E xo - /ecto - / – outside / exo phthalmus – protruding eye/ P rae - – before / prae senilis – before senility/ M eta - / met - / – behind, moving from one state to another / meta stasis / H ypo - – less than normal / hypo tonia / H yper - – more than normal / hyper tonia / D ia - – over, across / dia metrum / A nti - – against / vaccinum anti pestos um – vaccin against plague/ S ym - /syn - / – together / sym biosis /

! Not a bene! Remember the following noun suffixes as compared with English:

Latin or Greek Meaning English suffix Example suffix sarc oma , atis n - oma , atis n tumour - oma /sarcoma/ appendic itis , idis f - itis , idis f inflammation - itis /appendicitis/ non – scler osis , is f - osis , is f inflammatory - osis /sclerosis/ process non – botul ismus , i m - ismus , i m inflammatory - ism /botulism/ process

Affixation plays an active role in the formation of clinical terms.

2. Composed clinical terms occur as word combinatio ns with coordinated and uncoordinated attributes. These terms are formed by nouns and adjectives in Nominativus and Genetivus Singularis or Pluralis:

1. icterus neonatorum – jaundice of newborns 2. asthma bronchiale – bronchial asthma 3. caries prof unda – profound caries 4. tumour caeci – caecum tumour 5. sclerosis endocardii diffusa – diffuse sclerosis of endocardium 6. oedemata membrorum inferiorum – oedemas of inferior extremities

! N .B. ! Latin/Greek – English suffixes of adjectives:

Latin or Greek Meaning English suffix Example suffix traumat icus , a, - icus, a, um belonging to - ic um (Gr.) (traumatic) bronchi alis , e - alis, e (Lat.) belonging to - al (bronchial) auricul aris , e - aris, e (Lat.) belonging to - ar (auricular) - osus, a, um squam osus , a, um rich in - ous (Lat .) (squamous) - inus, a, um uter inus , a, um belonging to - ine (Lat.) (uterine) passive operab ilis , e - ilis, e (Lat.) - ile possibility (operabile)

3. Compound clinical terms are words which have two or more stems, mainly of Greek origin.Composition is the most productiv e way of forming clinical terms:

Dysmorphopsia – dys/abnormal/ + morph/form/ + opsia /vision/ Otorhinolaryngologia – ot/ear/ + rhin/nose/ + laryng/throat/ + logia/science/ Myocarditis – myo/muscle/ + card/hear t/ + itis/inflammation/

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 10 abscessus, us m – abscess cysta, ae f – cyst colica, ae f – colic,abdominal pain cystosus, a, um – cyst ic, cystous cancer, cri m – cancer diabetes, ae f – diabetes coma, atis n – coma eczema, atis n – eczema, tetter caries, ei f – caries fractura, ae f – fracture comatosus, a, um – comatose gangraena, ae f – gangrene

48 hernia, ae f – hernia acutus, a, um – acute icterus, i m – jaundice, icterus b enignus, a, um – benign, innocent ileus, i m – ileus, intestinal malignus, a, um – malignant obstruction diffusus, a, um – diffuse morbus, i m – disease infantilis, e – infantile spasmus , i m – spasm juvenilis, e – juvenile ulcus, eris n – ulcer senilis, e – senile volvulus, i m – volvulus

EXE RCISES

Exercise 1. Find Latin or Greek suffixes and explain their meaning in the following clinical terms:

E.g.: varic osis – non – inflammatory process

A) Acidosis , coniosis / gr . conios – dust /, pneumoconiosis , ascaridosis , mycosis , fibrosis , osteoarthrosi s , tuberculosis , lymphologia , lymphocytus , lymphocytosis , lymphocytoma , lymphoma , morphinismus , mercurialismus , prostatismus , arthrosis , arthritis , nephrosis , nephritis , hepatosis , hepatitis cholangitis , spondylosis , spondylitis , thrombocytosis , cretinismu s / fr . cretine ` – cretin /, amoebiasis , pyelitis , helminthosis , silicosis , myocardium , myocardiofibrosis , myositis , myoma , myoblastoma , ventriculitis , thrombosis , rhinitis , thrombocytus , thrombocytosis , sarcomatosis , papillomatosis . B) Omphalitis , typhlitis , oo phoritis , dacryocystitis , trachelitis seu cervicitis , salpingitis , orchitis , gonarthrosis , diverticulosis , diverticulitis , mastoiditis , thyreotoxicosis , sigmoiditis , thyreoiditis , gigantismus , ureteritis , с heilosis , cheilitis , gingivitis seu ulitis , parodontitis , pulpitis , odontoma , papillitis , sinusitis maxillaris seu haighmoritis .

Exercise 2. Translate clinical terms into English:

E.g.: inflammatio fibrinosa – fibrinous inflammation

A) Hernia vaginalis, h ernia subcutanea, lymphocytosis infectiosa acuta, colitis superficialis, resectio pylori, colitis ulcerosa non specifica, inflammatio purulenta, sarcoma osteogenum, chondromatosis ossium, punctio pancreato – duodenalis, hernia femoralis, refluxus intestino - r enalis, splenitis maligna, pyelitis cystosa, pyelonephritis tuberculosa, bursitis articulationis genus, ankylosis dentium, albuminuria gravidarum, bursitis radiohumeralis, pyelonephrosis chronica, lien mobilis, carcinoma ovarii, carcinoma renis, carcinoma mammae, carcinoma fibrosum, carcinoma gigantocellulare, tumor malignus, tumor benignus, carcinoma hepatocellulare, refluxus caecoiliacus, nephrosis acuta, icterus haematogenus, nephrosis congenital, ileus congenitus, pleuritis carcinomatosa, osteoarthrosis senilis.

B) Cysta apicalis dentium, morbus infectiosus, hepar cystosum, ileus paralyticus, pneumonia serosa fibrinosa, colica gastrica, pneumonia crouposa, icterus hepatogenus, hernia cerebralis occipitalis, abscessus hepatis ascaridosus, eczema vesiculosum, section venae seu venaesectio, extractio dentis, contractura vesicae urinariae, contractura articulationis acquisita, inflammatio serosa, inflammatio vesiculosa, perforatio palati duri, perforatio perinei, hernia hiatus oesophagei, paralysis spastica, ecz ema squamosum, cancer ventriculi.

Exercise 3. Translate clinical terms into Latin:

E.g.: acute disease – morbus (m) acut us Hepatic coma, lymphogenous cyst of the neck, transverse fracture, longitudinal fracture, duffuse abscess, diabetic coma, varicose u lcer, chronic ulcer, femoral hernia, hernia of the linea alba, apical dental cyst, acute caries of a tooth, acute duodenal obstruction, occlusion of the thoracic duct, occlusion of the carotic artery, occlusio of the uterus, obturation of the lung, resect io of the pylorus, traumatic perforation of an eye, nasal obturation, commotion of the thorax, lumbal punction, placental infection, resection of the stomach, contracture of the spinal column, perforation of the diverticulum, extirpation of the uterus, inf antile cerebral paralysis, facial spasm, bronchial spasm, cerebellar paresis, infectious jaundice, psychic trauma, hepatic colic, uterine colic, diabetic gangrene, gangrene of the lung, senile gangrene, lobar pneumonia.

Exercise 4 . Make up clinical terms, using Greek suffixes:

E.g.: inflammation of the area surrounding the heart (cardi - ) – peri card itis

A/ inflammation of: mouth /Gr.stomat – / tongue /Gr.gloss – / kidney /Gr.nephr – / pancreas, atis n appendix, icis f tonsilla, ae f

B/ non – inflammat ory process of: cartilage /Gr.chondr – / bone /Gr.oste – / fiber /Gr.fibr – / lip /Gr.cheil – / skin /Gr.dermat – / C/ tumour of: stomach/Gr.gastr – / fat /Gr.lip – / nerve /Gr.neur – / cartilage /Gr.chondr – / muscle /Gr.my – /

50 Chapter 12 . COMPOUND CLINICAL TERMS. GREE K – LATIN DUPLICATE DESIGNATIONS OF ORGA NS AND PARTS OF BODY . SINGLE TERMINOLOGICAL ELEME NTS DENOTING SCIENCE S, METHODS AND SOME PATHOLOGICAL PR OCESSES

Clinical terminology is a terminological complex of medico - biological branches includ ing problems related to a sick organism. It is called pathology /gr. pathos – suffering + logos – science/. It studies, first of all, the clinic of the disease, i.e. its symptoms and manifestations, the disturbances of physiological f unctions, the structural alterartions of the organs and tissues as well as treatment and prophylaxis. The fundamentals of the clinical terminology is the terminology of pathological anatomy – the science which studies material, structural bases of the dise ase, its morphological essence /Gr.morphe – form, structure/. The Greek – Latin duplicates and single terminoelements /TE/ of the clinical terminology are given in a table illustrating the names of the organs, tissues and some pathological processes.

Table # 1. Greek – Latin Duplicates

Greek terminoelement Latin term Meaning cephalo - , k ephalo - , c aput, itis n h ead - cephalia s omato - , - soma c orpus, oris n b ody o steo - o s,o s sis n b one acro - , - acria m embrum, i n e xtremity e xtremitas, atis f stetho - p ectus, oris n c hest t horax, acis m (Gr.) s pondylo - v ertebra, ae f v ertebra c ardio - , - cardium c or, cordis n h eart, cardial ostium o stium cardiacum a rthro - a rticulatio, onis f a rticulation s tomato - o s,oris n m outh glosso - , - glossia l ingua, ae f t ongue rhino - n asus, i m n ose odonto - , - odontia d ens, dentis m t ooth cheiro - ,chiro - , - cheiria, m anus,us f h and - chiria p odo - , - podia p es, pedis m f oot g on - g enu, us n k nee r hachi - c olumna vertebralis v ertebral column cheilo - , – cheilia l abium, i n l ip u rano - p alatum , i n h ard palate u l - , ulo - g ingiva, ae f g um m elo - b ucca, ae f c heek 51 g natho - , - gnathia m axilla, ae f u pper jaw - genia m andibula, ae f l ower jaw - genia m entum, i n c hin

Table # 2. Greek Terminoelements. Greek terminoelements denoting sciences, diffe rent methods of examinations and tr eatment, pathological processes

Greek terminolelement M eaning - logia s cience - logo - o rgans of speech - scopia e xamination with special instrument - scopus m edical instrument for examination - metria, - metr - m easurement - graphia g raphic registration, graphy - gramma r esult of graphic registration - therapia t reatment (with something) - iatria t reatment (of somebody or something) - patho - , - pathia p athology, disease,suffering - alg - , - algia, - algesia p ain, ache - odynia

! N .B.! 1. Clinical terms denoting ‘ Congenite or acquired absence of some organ or part of body ’ are formed as follows: Prefix “a - , an - “ + stem of greek name of organ + ending “ - ia ” E.g.: acheiria – absence of hand apodia – absence of leg acephalia – ab sence of head

2. Terminoelement - scopia denotes ‘ methods of internal examination with the help of special instruments ’ : endoscopia – examination of the inner layers of the internal tubular organs with the help of endoscopes. 3. Greek stem - stoma (opening) occurs as: a/ - stoma – fistule made by surgeon (the result of surgical operation b/ - anastomosis – artificial conjunction between hollow organs, vessels, cavities of the human body. E. g.: gastrostoma gastroduodenostomia

52 EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Formul ate the definition of the following terms by observing their makeup:

E. g.: encephalographia – graphic registration of the head

Osteologia, osteoarthropathia, stomatologia, somatoscopia, acroalgia, spondylodynia, arthropathia, stomatologia, pathologia, s tethometria, cardiographia, hormonotherapia, brachialgia, logopathia, spondylographia, rhinologia, osteogenus, hepatogenus, glossalgia, odontalgia, pancreatodynia, podalgia, acheiria, gonalgia, apodia, chirospasmus, macropodia, cheilodynia, ulodynia, gnath odynia, hepatologia, enteroscopus, acropathia, artrhrographia, enterologia, oesophagodynia, rhinopharyngoscopia, sthetoscopus, glossodynia, rhinoscopia, encephalopathia.

Exercise 2. Make up the terms with the given meaning:

E. g.: science of life – biolo gia

a/ pain in: chest, bone, vertebral column b/ science about: heart, articulations, bones, mouth c/ measurement of: head, chest, leg d/ graphy of: knee, vertebral column, upper jaw, lower jaw e/ examination of: stomach, oesophagus, colon f/ disease of : extremity, bones, articulations, nose, mouth g/ pain in: tongue, heart, gums, head, articulations, chest

Exercise 3. Make up terms using Greek suffixes:

Inflammation of the tongue, tumour of the cheek, inflammation around tooth, non - inflammatory proces s of the bone and articulation, cancer of the lip, tumour of the tooth/tissue/, inflammation of the knee, cancer of the cheek, inflammation of the nose, non - inflammatory process of the vertebra, inflammation of the mouth.

Exercise 4. Translate clinical t erms into English, bear in mind grammatical rules of coordination of Latin adjectives with nouns:

Allergic rhinitis, fracture of the leg, epidemic myalgia, capillary haemangioma, diffuse osteosclerosis, acute glossalgia, anterior rhionoscopy, lumbal spond ylarthrosis, extirpation of the uterus, marginal periodontitis, interphalangeal luxation, replantation of the tooth, uterine chloasma, chronic encephalopathia

53 Exercise 5. Explain the meaning of the English clinical terms: Nouns: Encephalometry, crani ometry, cardiogram, brochoesophagoscope, radiohepatography, vasodilatation, n osography, glossospasm, cardiospasm (ostium cardiale), rectoscope, somatisation, acropigmentation, stethoscope. Adjectives: Somatic, analgetic, rhinogenous, pathogenous, somatogen ous, cardial, cardiovascular, thyreopathic, thyreogenous, pathanatomical, pulmonological, somatic, stomatological.

54 C hapter 13 . COMPOUND CLINICAL TE RMS. GREEK – LATIN DUPLICATE DESIGNATIONS OF INTE RNAL ORGANS. SINGLE T ERMINOLOGICAL ELEMENTS DENOTING PA THOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND SURGICAL OR THE RAPEUTICAL METHODS O F TREATMENT

Table # 3. Greek – Latin duplicate designations of internal organs

Greek terminoelement Latin term Meaning s planchno - v iscera (pl.) i nternal organs g astro - , - gastria v entriculus, i m stomach e ntero - i ntestinum, i n i ntestine i ntestina s mall intestine i ntestinum tenue l aparo - a bdomen, inis n belly v enter, ntris m p rocto - a nus, i m a nus r ectum, i n rectum p neumo - , pneumono - p ulmo, onis m lung n ephro - r en, renis m kidney s pleno - l ien, lienis m spleen p yelo - p elvis renalis r enal pelvis c ysto - v esica, ae f u rinary bladder v esica urinaria - cholecysto - v esica fellea gallbladder c holedocho - d uctus choledochus c ommon bile truct m etro - , - metra, - me trium u terus, i m u terus, womb h yster - o mphalo - u mbilicus, i m umbilicus f uniculus umbilicalis t yphlo - c aecum, i m caecum c holangi - d uctus biliferi b iliar ductules d acryocyst - s accus lacrimalis l acrimal sac c olp - v agina, ae f vagina o ophor - o varium , i n ovary oo - o vum,i n e gg, ovum s alping - t uba uterina Uterine tube s alping - t uba auditiva Auditive tube t rachel - c ervix, icis f (uteri) Neck of the uterus o rchi - , orchid - , t estis,is m t esticle, male sexual - orchidia, - orchia gland

55 ! N.B.! 1. R emember the names of the uterus layers : e ndometrium, i n – inner layer of the uterus p erimetrium, i n – the layer around uterus m yometrium, i n – muscular layer of the uterus p arametrium, i n – the cellular layer near uterus

2. Remember the names of the heart layers : e picardium, i n – top of the heart p ericardium, i n – bursa of the heart e ndocardium, i n – inner layer of the heart m yocardium, i n – heart muscle

3. Pay attention to some names of internal organs: a/ names of female organs: colp - – vagin e oophor - – ovary salping - – uterine tube trachel - – neck of the uterus b/ names of organs with terminoelement ‘ cyst ’ : cyst - – urinary bladder cholecyst - – gallbladder dacryocyst - – lacrimal sac c/ names of organs identical in anatomy and clin ics: pylorus, i m ( pylor - ) trachea, ae f ( trache - ) hepar, atis n ( hepat - ) – liver peritoneum, i n ( periton - ) duodenum, i n ( duoden - ) colon, i n ( col - ) gaster, tris f ( gastr - ) – stomach ileum, i n ( ile - ) oesophagus, i m ( oesophag - ) urethra, ae f ( urethr - ) larynx, ngis m ( laryng - ) ureter, eris m ( ureter - ) pharynx, ngis m ( pharyng - ) thorax, acis m ( thorac - ) – chest

56 Table # 4. Single Greek terminoelements denoting pathological pro cesses and methods of treatment

These terminoelements may be divide d into two groups, according to their use in the medical terminology: the group of the surgical names and the group of the disease names.

Greek TE Meaning - ectasia, - ectasis d istension, dilatation - ptosis f alling, prolapse - sten - , - stenosis narrowing - sclero - , - sclerosis i nduration, sclerosis - malacia s oftening - lysis, - lyt - d issolution, surgical operation on removing commissures and cicatrixes - plastica p lastics (surgical correction) - tomia i ncision, cutting t omo - layer - ectomia e xcision, ablati on, cutting off - stomia s urgical operation on making a fistule - pexia f ixation, fixing - rrhaphia suturing - schisis s plitting, cleft - rhexis l aceration, rupture - desis fastening of the position, to immobilize - eurysis a rtificial distension(surgical o peration) - eurynter i nstrument for eurysis - clasia b reaking ,destruction (surgical operation) - centesis p uncture, paracentesis, tapping - privus (Lat.) c aused by absence of organ or extremity

! N.B.! 1. One must distinguish meanings of the terminoelem ents - ectasia ( pathological process of the organ distension, e.g. gastrectasia – distension of the stomach) and - eurysis ( artificial dilatation of any hollow organ with the special instrument called – eurynter , e.g. metreurysis – artificial dilatation of the uterus with the metreurynter to stimulate the process of the childbirth )

2. One must keep in mind that the terminoelem e nt - schisis very often denotes the congenital vices of embryonic development ( e.g.cranioschisis – congenital splitting of the cranium bones, cleft cranium )

3. One may use the terminoelement - centesis (in the composition of the compound terms) and the Latin word punctio, onis f (with the Latin name of the organ or tissue 57 in the Genetive) to determine English puncture. E.g . English paracentesis of the ovary may be translated as follows: Latin – punctio ovarii, Greek – oophorocentesis.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Formulate the definitions of the followi ng terms observing their makeup: Splanchnologia, gastroenterologia, intestino plastica, ileocoloplastica, laparotomia, gastrectasia, vagotomia, spondylotomia, enteroptosis, proctospasmus, hydrotherapia, pneumonopexia, stenocardia, ileosigmostomia, pylorostenosis, choledochoplastica, phthisiatria /gr. phthisis – tuberculosis/, cholee dochostomia, colostomia, acroparalysis, splenoptosis, hysteroscopia, nephrotomographia, nephrostomia, splenitis, hepaticoduodenostomia, splenorrhaphia, osteomalacia, chondromalacia, splanchnoptosis, metroplastica, pancreatotomia, gastroschisis,salpingolysi s, dacryocystographia, colporrhaphia, rhachischis, sapingectomia, trachelotomia, rachiotomia, cranioschis, dacryocystostenosis, la p arocentesis, cardiorrhexis, cholangioma, spondyloschisis, urethritis, hysterocervicotomia, ureterographia, ureterotomia, trac helotomia, salpingostomia, cholangitis, colpopexia.

Exercise 2. Make up terms with the given meanings:

Pain in the vertebral column, fixation of the kidney, falling/prolapse/ of the kidney, excision of the uterus, incision of the abdomen, formation of fi stula on the uterine tube, incision of the gallbladder, fixation of the urinary bladder, incision of the colon, formation of fistula on the stomach, tumour of the dental tissue/tooth/, spasm of the caecum, excision of the prostata, fixation of the spleen, pain in the rectum, distension of the ureter, induration of the lung, softening of the bone: cartilage, brain; plastic operation on the larynx, distension of the vagina, trauma of the tooth. Inflammation of: vagina, sigmoid colon, sinus; plastic operation of vagina and fork; rupture of the vagine; inflammation of the lacrimal sac; roentgenography of the uterine tubes; inflammation of the uterus; formation of the fistula on the ovary; splitting of the vertebral column(cleft vertebral column)

Exercise 3 . Tra nsla te the following clinical terms:

Gangrenous appendicitis, superficial inguinal hernia, malignant tumour, alveolar carcinoma, cutaneous cancer, mucous neoplasma, cancer of the lung, alveolar sarcoma, multiplex haemorhagic sarcoma, acute appendicitis, s erous hepatitis, purulent hepatitis, gluteal hernia, abdominal gastrectomy, malignant nephrosclerosis, external oesophagotomia, juvenile osteomalacia, transverse osteotomia, traumatic encephalomalacia, rheumatic nephrosclerosis.

58 Chapter 14 . WORD – FORMAT IO N IN THE CLINICAL TE RMINOLOGY. LATIN – GREEK DUPLICATES AND SINGLE G REEK WORD ELEMENTS

Table # 5. Greek – Latin Duplicate designations of tissues, o rgans, secrets, sexes, ages Greek TE Latin word Meaning h aemo - , haemato - , s anguis, in is m blood - aemia h ist o - , histio - t extus, us m tissue m yo - , - mysium m usculus, i m m uscle c yto - , - cytus c ellula, ae f c ell c hondro - c artilago, inis f c artilage - cele h ernia, ae f h ernia, tumour n eur - , neuri - n ervus, i m n erve, nervous system a den - g landula, ae f g land n odus lymp haticus l ymphatic node a ngi - v as, vasis n v essel v asculum, i n b last - , - blastus g ermen, inis n g erm p hleb - v ena, ae f v ein t en - t endo, inis m t endon d erm - ,dermat - , - derma c utis, is f s kin u r - , - uresis, - uria u rina, ae f u rine u rinarius, a, um c hol - , - cholia f el, fellis n g all b ilis,is f c hyl - , - chylia l ympha, ae f l ymph p y o - p us, puris f p us, matter h idr - s udor, oris m p erspiration h ydr - a qua, ae f w ater, liquor t ox - , toxic - , toxi - v enenum, i n p oison l ith - , - lithiasis c alculus, i m s tone, calculus, concretion o nco - t umor, oris m T umour , v olume m yel - , - myelia m edulla spinalis, medulla s pinal marrow (cord), ossium bone marrow o t - , - otia a uris, is f e ar o phthalm - , - ophthalmia o culus, i m e ye s phygm - , - sphygmia p ulsus,us m p ulse g yn - , gy naec - f emina, ae f; w oman; feminine, female femininus, a, um a ndr - , - andria m as, maris m; m an; masculine, male

59 masculinus, a, um p aedi - , paed - i nfans, ntis m,f; puer,i m c hild, infant - paedia m ethods of treatment g eri - , geront - , ger - s enex, sen is m; senilis, e o ld man t op - l ocus, i m p lace p harmac - m edicamentum, i n m edicine, drug t rich - , - trichia c apillus, i m h air o nych - , - onychia u nguis, is m n ail d acry - l acrima, ae f t ear s ial - , - sialia s aliva, ae f Spittle, saliva c opr - l aeces, ium f (pl.); e xcrement, stool stercus, oris n g alact - l ac, lactis n m ilk l ip - a deps, a dipis m l ard o p - , - opt - , - optic - , - opia, v isus, us m; v ision; sight - opsia visio, onis f p hac - , - phakia l ens, lentis f l ens b lephar - p alpebra, ae f e yelid k erat - c ornea , ae f c ornea; horn p hon - , - phonia v ox,vocis f v oice, sound sonus, i m

! NB! 1. Remember the terminoelemnts – names of glands : - lymphangi – lymphatic node, gland - hidraden – sudoriferous gland - sialaden – salivary glands - parot – parotid gl and - mast – mammary gland - pancreat – pancreas - prostat – prostate - thyr – thyroid gland - thym – thymus gland

2. Pay attention to the terminoelement – paedi – which means ‘ child ’ and – paedia means ‘ correction of some failures ’ . E.g. paediatria – the science about infantile diseases; logopaedia – correction of the failures of the organs of speech .

3. If one wants to denote the flock of some substance in the cavity of any organ he must use the following scheme: the stem of the term denoting the substance and the name of the organ – it must be one compound word. E.g. matter in the uterus cavity – pyometra; blood and matter in the vagina – haematopyocolpos etc.

60 Table # № 6 . Greek single word – elements denoting functional and pathological states, processes

Greek terminolelemt Meaning b io - l ife, life processes - pnoe, - pnoea b reath g en - , - genesis, - genesia, - genia o rigin, birth, outcome a esthesi - , - aesthesia s ensibleness a sthen - (a - without + - sthenos - a sthenia , weakness strength) p neum - pneumat - a ir, gas a er - a ir - kinesia, - kinemat - , - kinem - , kineto - a ttending to motion - crin - , - crinia s ecretion - penia l ack of, defficience of smth - cytosis m ore than normal quantity of blood cells - rrhoea p lentiful (abandoned, ri ch) excretion - rrhagia b leeding - stasis s tagnation, stopping - ton - , - tonia t ension - plasia f ormation of tissues, cells, organs - troph - , - trophia n utrition, nourishment o xy - , - oxia a cid, oxygen p hag - , - phagia s wallowing p hil - , - philia i nclination to (for) p hob - , - phobia f ear t rop - , - tropia d irection p sych - , - psychia s oul - plegia p aralysis a eti - c ause a ther - l ard – like substance m orph - f orm, speciment e rg - , - ergia, - urgia w ork, action, reaction d ynam - , - dynamia s trength, effort - gnosis, - gnos ia k nowledgement - poiesis, - poet - w orking out - mnesia m emory - phren - , - phrenia m ind p hrenic - b elonging to diaphragma, diaphragmalis

61 NB! 1. Names of physiological functions: - pnoe – breathing - phagia – swallowing - osmia – smelling - acusia – hearin g - phonia – voice - opsia, – opia – sight - mnesia – memory - geusia – taste

2. Names of paralyses: a) Compound word, consisting of the Geek stem denoting organ and the final terminoelement - plegia . b) Two (three) words term consisting of the noun ‘ paralysis, is f ’ and the Genetive of the Latin noun denoting organ. E.g. Paralysis of the optic nerve (eye): a) ophthalmoplegia (Greek compound word) b) paralysis nervi optici (three words Latin term) 3. Terminoelements denoting ‘ blood ’ : a/ haema - , h aemat - – blood ( e.g. haematoma – tumour of blood ) b/ - aemia – abnormal blood state E.g.: hyperkaliaemia – more than normal quantity of potassium in blood c/ - penia – less than normal blood cells quantity E.g.: thrombopenia – less than normal quantity of t hrombocytes in blood d/ - cytosis – more than normal blood cells quantity E.g.: erythrocytosis – more than normal quantity of erythrocytes in blood 4. Terminoelement - uria denotes: a/ abnormal urine state E.g.: haematuria – presence of blood in ur ine b/diuresis state E.g.: dysuria – abnormal state of diuresis, painful diuresis

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Formulate the definitions observing the makeup of the following compound terms:

Haemotherapia, haemangioma, haematoma, haemarthrosis, haematonephros is, haematoma, azotaemia, cholaemia, uraemia, haematuria, urethritis, myoma, thymocytus, acrohidrosis. Myocardium, myometrium, hydraemia, lymphocytus, hydrarthrosis, lymphorrhoea, herniorrhaphia, epipharynx, gastrocele, meningocele, anaemia, toxaemia, mya sthenia.

62 Neurosis, neuritis, neuroma, angioneurosis, adenotomia, lymphadenitis, lymphangiitis, hyperaemia, lymphadenoma, lymphangioadenographia, hidradenitis, anhidrosis, aesthesiologia. Angiectasia, phlebectasia, anaesthesia, hypaesthesia, phlebosclerosi s, dermatosis, dermatitis, sphygmographia, lithotomia, cholelithiasis, urolithiasis, broncholithus, broncholithiasis. Pyodermia, pyaemia, pyorrhoea, pyothorax, pyuria, pyometra, endocrinologia, haemorrhagia, gastrorrhagia, odontorrhagia. Aplasia, dysplasi a, hyperplasia, myelodysplasia, myelosis, osteomyelitis, mastoptosis , hydrocephalus, otitits, ophthalmologia, gynaecologia, paediatria, logopaedia, orthopaedia, phonopaedia, gerontologia, hydrophobia, photophobia, acrophobia, monophobia, hydrophilia, haemo philia . Apnoe, dyspnoe, eupnoe, pneumocephalia, pneumographia, pneumarthrosis, atrichia, anonychia, dacryadenitis, coprostasis, amnesia, sialadenitis, pyoophoritis, blepharitis, keratitis. Hypertrichia, aphonia, schizophrenia, dacryocystographia, lipodys trophia, dacryocystorhinostomia, ulorrhagia, uranorrhaphia, odontolithus, meloplastica.

Exercise 2. Make up terms with the given meaning:

Tumour of the sudoriferous gland; tumour of the thymus; haemoglobine presence in blood; bile presence in blood; scie nce about glands of internal secretion; disease of the blood vessels; abnormal function of: swallowing, nutrition, breathing, voice, memory; accumulation of pus and blood in pericardium; pus in the abdominal cavity; muscular weakness; psychical weakness; w eakness of the nervous system; inflammation of the skin; treatment with blood; more than normal number of: leucocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes; stagnation of: bile, lymph, blood; accumulation of air and blood in the pleural cavity/thorax/; bleeding from: uterus, ear, eye, gaster, nose, kidney; morbid fear of: light, water, women, men; hernia of meninges; disease of the gland; science about blood vessels; section of the vein; science about: men/diseases/, women/diseases/, old men/diseases/.

Exercise 3. Tr anslate clinical terms into Latin:

Retrovesical abscess, neoplasma of the renal pelvis, tuberculous tonsillitis, senile psychosis, hepatic jaundice, cardiopulmonal insufficience, infectious mononucleosis, posttraumatic glaucoma, renal anuria, phlebothromb osis of the left leg, cancer of the ventricle, acute haematogenous osteomyelitis, primary subacute septic endocarditis, endaortitis and arteriitis of the branches of the aorta branch, atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries, hypoplasia of the bone marrow, intrauterine infection.

Exercise 4. Translate clinical terms into English: Gingivitis gravidarum, granuloma subsutaneum odontogenum, caries acuta profunda, hypoplasia enameli, amnesia senilis, paroxysmal haemoglobinuria,

63 atrophia acuta flava hepatis, inj ectio intracutanea, injectio intramuscularis, injectio intravenosa, injectio subcutanea, labium leporinum seu gnathoschisis, leucoma linguae, leukaemia lymphatica chronica, papilloma vesicae urinariae, polyarthritis chronica progressiva primaria.

Chapter 15 . GREEK WORD – ELEMENTS DENOTING DI FFERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, QUALI TIES, RELATIONS AND OTHER SIGNS

Table # 7

Greek terminoelements Meaning a ut - s elf a ll - u nusual, another h eter - d ifferent h ome - , hom - a like i so - e qual a niso - u nequal n eo - n ew t e le - , tel - d istant p seud - f alse o rtho - s traight, vertical; normal position x ero - d ry c ryo - c old, low temperature t herm - , - thermia w arm, referring to temperature p yr - , pyret - h eat, high temperature; fever m acr - b ig, large, enlargement m icr - s mall, s mallness m egal - , - megalia b ig, increased, enlargement o lig - i nsufficient p oly - m any p an - , pant - a ll, as a whole b rachy - s hortening b rady - s low t achy - , tach - f ast, speedy, quick c hrom - , chromat - , - chromia c olour; referring to Chromum l euc - w hite e rythr - r ed c yan - b lue m elan - b lack, melanine g lyc - , gluc - s weet, sugar, glucose p achy - h ard, indurated l ept - t ender, thin 64 d olich - l ong b ar - , bary - h eavy, weight, atmospheric pressure b athy - , bath - d eep p laty - p lane h emi - (Gr.), semi - (Lat.) h alf c hlor - g reen; containing chlorine x anth - y ellow p oli(o) - g rey; referring to grey substance of the cerebrum n ecr - d ead, corpuscle

! N.B.! 1. Names of colours: C hroma - (chromat - ) – colour melan - – black leuc - – white erythr - – red chlor - – green cyan - – blue xanth - – yellow polio - – grey iod - – violet

2. Antonyimous Greek terminoelements a/ brady - – slow ( bradycardia ) tachy - – speedy ( tachycardia ) b/ macro - (megal - ) – enlargement ( macrocephalia ) micro - – smallness ( microcephalia ) c/ brachy - – shorten ing ( brachycephalia ) dolicho - – long ( dolichocephalia ) d/ pachy - – hard ( pachymeninx – dura mater ) lepto - – tender ( leptomeninx – pia mater) e/ pyr - – hot, fire ( Antipyrinum ) thermo - – warm ( thermoplegia ) cryo - – cold ( cryothalamopexia ) f/ hemi - – half ( hemiparesis ) pan - , panto - – as a whole ( panophthalmitis ) g/ xer - – dry ( xerophthalmia) hydr - – water ( hydrophobia )

3. Cerebral tunicas names: mening - – cerebral tunicas leptomening - – pia mater pachymening - – dura mater arachnoid - – arachnoidea 65 EX ERCISES

Exercise 1 . Formulate the definitions observing the make up of the following clinical terms:

Heterochromia, neophilia, xerophthalmia, brachyspondylia, bradysystolia, melanoma, tachysystolia, hypoxia, acrocyanosis, brachydactylia, brachycephalia, pseudoretinoblastoma, neoplasma, panophthalmitis, polyangiitis, polyarteriitis, polyarthritis, monoarthritis, polymastia, polyneuritis, pancarditis, xerodermia, telepathia, orthopnoe, cryoretinopexia, thermoplegia, brachyphalangia, melanodermia, leucodermi a, hyperglykaemia, melanoma, cyanodermia, dyschromatopsia, platycephalia,xanthodermia, chloropsia, poliomyelitis, anonychia, chlorodontia.

Exercise 2 . Make up clinical terms with the given meaning:

Science about old men diseases, pain in the breast, swal lowing of the air, less than normal insuline quantity in the blood, less than normal quantity of sugar in the blood, inflammation of all the arteries, abnormal urination (diuresis), disturbance of sensibibleness, more than normal sensibleness, more than no rmal arterial pressure, disturbance of breathing, small size of the spleen, small size of the head, big size of the liver, distension of the caecum, lack of erythrocytes in the blood, therapy by high temperature, absence of the skin colour, white skin, bla ck tumour, long head.

Exercise 3 . Translate clinical terms into Latin:

Congestive xanthochromy of the cerebrospinal liquor, serous acute leptomeningitis, hypertrophic gingivitis, peritoneal abscess, acute poliomyelitis, trophic parodontyhopathy, angiogen e sclerosis, subtotal resection of the ventricle, supravaginal extirpation of the uterus, cavernous tuberculosis of the lungs, abscess of the hard palate, sanation of the oral cavity.

Exercise 4 . Transl ate clinical terms into English :

Endocarditis subacu ta primaria, unsufficientia valvae aortae: sepsis cryptogena, staphylococcalis; cardiosclerosis myocardialis, fibrillatio atriorum bradysystolica; anaemia neonatorum haemolytica; morbus cordis ischaemicus chronicus.

66 Chapter 16 . PREPARING FOR THE FI NAL TEST ON FORMAT ION OF CLINICAL TERMS. SUMMARY

Recommendations for the final test:

1. Revise duplicate and terminological elements, Greek and Latin prefixes and suffixes.

2. Pay special attention to those terminoelements which are polysemantic or hav e close meanings in the medical terminology.

3 . As the formation of terms with the given meaning is the most difficult task, one should pay special attention to this aspect while preparing to the final test on clinical terminology.

4. Bear in mind gramma tical rules of coordination of adjectives with nouns. Use the tables of Latin – English suffixes of nouns and adjectives in composed clinical terms translation.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Make up terms with the given meanings:

Decreased sensibleness, congest ion of blood, the bag around heart, incision of the bone, plastic operation on the cheek, inflammation of the gall – bladder, science studying the ageing symptoms, treatment of the children diseases, puncture of the abdominal wall, deceive paresis, necrosis ob the bone, abnormal function of digestion, dilatation of the stomach, disease of the heart, enlargement of the liver, fat in the blood, fear of the men (male), cutting of the gland, green vision, inflammation of the large intestine, cancer of the mamma, hemorrhage ( bleeding) of the uterus,cutting (incision) of the: vagina, uterine tube, articulation; no kidneys, inflammation of the knee joint, instrumental examination of the duodenum, science abouth mouth /diseases/, disease of the nerves, weakness of the nervous system, pus in the uterus/cavity/, seam of the urinary bladder, softening of the lung, stopping of the haemorrhagy, fistule on the lacrimal sac, inflammation of the vessels, induration of the vein, bad (abnormal) breathing, absence of bile, tumour of the blood vessel, fear of the height, more than normal blood pressure, science about female diseases.

Exercise 2 . Formulate the definitions of the following terms by observing their makeups:

Trichopathia, dacryocystectomia, chyluria, aphagia, adenoca rcinoma, neurotomia, rhinoplastica, toxicosis, electroencephalogramma, cholelithiasis, 67 thrombophilia, perimetritis, proctorrhagia, fibroma, haematometra, xerophthalmia, hepatosplenomegalia, paranephritis, uraemia, gastrostomia, osteonerosis, cholecystostom a, chondrogenesis, bilirubinuria, haemangioma, otorhinolaryngologia,galactorrhoea, bronchostenosis, glossoplegia, bradycardia, metrorrhexis, monoplegia, dystonia.

Exercise 3 . Translate the following clinical diagnoses into English:

Thrombus ruber, necros is dentis, dysplasia cerebri polycystosa, psychosis exogena, angina phlegmonosa, gastritis haemorrhagica, oliguria renalis, avitaminosis endogena, palpatio et percussio abdominis, ruptura tubae uterinae, prolapsus vaginae, aphonia psychogena, vasculitis in fectiosa, encephalopathia toxica bilirubinica, stenosis ostii aortae, insufficientia circulationis sanguinis, dystrophia myocardii, morbus cordis ischemicus chronicus, tracheobronchitis haemorrhagica subacuta, pyopneumothorax dextralateralis, insufficienti a respiratoria, asthma bronchiale infectioso – allergicum, emphysema pulmonum, carcinoma pulmonis dextri bronchogenum, polyarteriitis arteriarum coranariarum, dyskinesia hypermotoria ductuum biliferorum et intestini, ulcus curvaturae minoris ventriculi, def ormatio bulbi duodeni, dystrophia acuta hepatis (syndromum hepatorenale).

Exercise 4 . Translate the following clinical diagnoses into Latin:

Spermatogenous granuloma, streptococcic sepsis, mobile spleen, nodous periarteritis, paraorbital oedema, erythe ma of the face skin, chronic insufficience of the suprarenal cortex, cyst of the pancreas, fistule of the urinary bladder, paratonsillar abscess, total keratoplastics, adenomatous cancer of the uterus, functional achylia of the stomach, fibrosis of the lun gs, nodous melanoma of the eye, hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils, thrombosis of the vessel, sclerosis of the cerebral vessels, neuritis of the femoral nerve, polyneuritis of the upper and lower extremities, neural;gia of the trigemine nerve, implantatio n of the heart valve, palpation and percussion of the chest, tachycardia of the left ventricle, arteriosclerosis of the kidneys, benign and malignant tumour, replantation of the feet, chronic atonia of the stomach, angina of the lingual tonsil, replantatio n of the left hand.

68 EXAMPLE OF THE FINAL TEST

1. Translate clinical diagnoses into English: a) syndromum adrenogenitale congenitum b) extirpatio uteri supravaginalis c) tuberculosis pulmonum cavernosa d) sanatio cavitatis oris e) oedema cerebri acutum

2. Make up clinical terms with the given meaning: a) rupture of: heart, spleen, vessel, neck of uterus; b) suturing of: vein, trachea, vagina; c) white tumour, white skin, white nail, white hair; d) eye paralysis, half of the tongue paralysis; e) muscle weakness, soul weakness, nerve weakness; f) pathological distension of: vagina, bronch, vessel; g) pain of: head, urinary bladder, lumbus; i) formation of: blood, urine

3. Determine the meaning of the clinical terms observing their makeup: nephrol ithus mastopathia oligopnoe macropodia bradyshygmia rhinorrhagia cardiotachometria erythropsia osteogenus meloplastica

4. Translate clinical diagnoses into Latin: a) spermatogenous granuloma b) hernia of the linea alba c) abdominal caesarean section d) g rippous angina e) hemorrhagic xanthochromia of cerebrospinal liquid f) thrombosis of the veins of the left leg g) infectious jaundice

69 PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY

Chapter 1 7 . PRESCRIPTION. GENERAL INFORMATION. ADVERBS USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS

A prescription ( derived from the Latin word ‘ receptum ’ ) is a physician’s order to prepare or dispense a specific treatment ( usually medication ) for an individual patient. It consists of the following parts:

I. Inscriptio (sign.) – a seal which establishes the identity of the prescriber: office address and phone number; II. Datum – the date of the prescription (a pharmacist is unlikely to fill a prescription that is very old); III. Nomen aegroti – patient’s name and age (it is particularly necessary to indicate the age when a patient is under 14 or over 60); IV. Nomen medici – physician’s name ( when a physician prescribes medications for himself, instead of writing his name he can put ‘ Pro auctore ’ (for the author) or ‘ Pro me ’ (for me); V. Invocatio – physician’s ord er which is given to a pharmacist and expressed by the word Recipe: ( Rp: is a short form ). – Take. It is traditional to include the symbol R x , which is the abbreviation for recipe when the prescription is written in English; VI. Designatio materiarum – the list of ingredients or medications and their amount; VII. Subscriptio – orders given to a pharmacist which explain how to prepare medications, their form and dose; VIII. Signatura – the instruction given to a patient about the dose of a drug (an amou nt of medication taken at one time), and on how and when to take medication, and the duration of the therapy. This information is given in the state language or the language which a patient can understand;

70 IX. Nomen medici and sigillum – a physi cian’s own seal and signature. personale

A prescription is called simple if only one medication is prescribed (formula remediorum simplex ) . In Subscriptio of a simple prescription a physician writes: Da. Signa. A prescription is called composite if two or mo re me dications are prescribed ( formula remediorum composita). In Subscriptio of a composite prescription a dosage form is indicated.

E.g.: Misce, ut fiant suppositoria (Mix to form suppositories).

In addition to a dosage form the number of doses is indicated in Subscriptio.

E.g.: Da (Dentur) tales doses numero… in tabulettis (Give… such doses in tablets)

Designatio materiarum in a composite prescription consists of: 1. Basis seu remedium cardinale – medication which produces the main therapeutic effect. 2. Remedium adjuvans – additional medications which intensify or weaken the effect produced by the chief ingredient 3. Remedium corrigens – substance which improves the taste and smell of medication 4. Remedium constituens – those substances due to which med ications obtain their final form (sugar, starch are used for powders; distilled water, syrups, spirits, etc. are used for liquid forms). 5, 6 and 7 parts of a prescription are written in Latin. They are called ‘ the Latin part ’ of a prescription. When filli ng ‘ designation materiarum ’ you should follow some rules: 1. The name of each ingredient is written in Genetivus and starts with a new line. Each line, the names of medicinal substances and chemical elements are written with a capita l letter. The names of plants ( leaves, r oot, cortex, fruit, seeds, etc. ) as well as the names of the anions of salts, oxides and adjectives are written with a small letter unless they begin a new line e.g.:

E.g.: Recipe: Infusi herbae Adonidis vernalis 6,0 – 180 ml R x : The infusion of the pheasant’s eye 6,0 – 180 ml

2. The amount of an ingredient is indicated on the right. Solid, dry and semisolid substances are measured in grams (Arabic numbers); liquid substances are measured in ml, grams or drops. The number of drops is given in Roman numbers and come s after the Latin word ‘ gutta ’ ( drop) in Acc. :

E.g.: Recipe: Olei Menthae piperitae guttas III Rx: 3 drops of peppermint oil.

71 Some substances are measured in biological units of action ( the first letters of the words written in a language other than Latin in non - Latin part of a prescription)

E.g.: Recipe: Penicillini 200 000 un. Rx:Penicillin 200 000 un.

If the same amount of some substances is prescribed, it is indicated after the name of the last sub stance. The word ‘ ana ’ (aa is a short form of as much of each) precedes the figure :

E.g.: Rx: Valerian tincture Lily of the valley tincture as much of each 10 ml Mix. Give. Label: 20 - 30 drops 2 – 3 times a day

Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae Tincturae Convallariae ana 10ml Misce. Da. Signa: 20 - 30 drops 2 – 3 times a day

Additional information given in prescriptions

Some adverbs and word combinations a re used in prescriptions. If it is necessary to get medications immediately a physician, medical attendant or obstetrician writes at the top:

Cito! (Quickly!) Statim! (Immediately!)

If a patient uses the prescription twice, a physician should write at t he top of a prescription: ‘ Repete bis! ’ (Repeat twice!) or ‘ Bis repetatur! ’ (Repeat twice!)

Verb Forms in Prescriptions Imperative Mood Mix Misce Give Da Label Signa Sterilize Sterilisa Repeat Repete Give … such doses Da tales doses numero Turn ove r Verte

72 Latin irregular verb fio, fieri does not have its Passive, but remains this meaning in the forms of Active. Mix to get smth…(sing) - Misce fiat... Mix to get smth… (plur.) - Misce fiant...

Adverbs used in prescriptions

Cito quickly Citissime very quickly Statim immediately Ana as much of each Quantum satis as many as possible

Prepositions in prescriptions.

1) Prescriptions with the Accusative forms of nouns:

ad for per through, with the help of

2) Prepositio ns with the Ablativus forms of nouns:

с um with ex, e from pro for in in

Conjunctions in prescriptions

et and ut as seu or (for synonyms) aut or (for antonyms )

73 Chapter 18 . NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 11 A. Pharmaceutical Forms and other pharmaceutical terms: ampulla, ae f - amp ulla herba,ae f - herb; grass, aqua, ae f - water mixtura, ae f - mixture bacca, ae f - berry pasta, ae f - paste c apsula, ae f - capsule pilula, ae f - pill; pilu le C amphora, ae f - Camphor tabuletta, ae f - tablet, troche, charta, ae f - paper tinctura, ae f - tincture gutta, ae f - drop

B. Medicinal Herbs:

Althaea, ae f - marsh mallow Valeriana, ae f - valerian Belladonna, ae f - belladonna Aloe, ё s f - aloe Convallaria, ae f - lily of the valley Hippophae, ё s f - seabuckthorn Glycyrrhiza, ae f - sweet - root Amygdala, ae f - almond Liquiritia, ae f - liquorice Frangula, ae f - rhamnus; bu ckthorn Ipecacuanh a, ae f - ipecacuanha Tormentilla, ae f - web foot; tormentil Mentha piperita (Mentae piperitae) - Urtica, ae f - nettle mint Chamomilla, ae f - chamomile; Schizandra, ae f - schizandra matricaria Terebinthina, ae f - turpentine Salvia, ae f - sage

The names of medicinal herbs are written from the capital letter. In pharmaceutical terminology the uncoordinated attribute (the Genetive from of the Latin noun) is used frequently. In Latin it is placed after attributed word. In English this attribute corresponds to the word combination with ‘ of ’ :

E.g.: Tinctura Menth ae - tincture of mint pasta Zinc i - paste of Zincum

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate into Latin :

E.g.: tincture of mint - tinctūra Menth ae

1. tincture of belladonne 2. tincture of valerian

74 3. herb of lily of valley 4. Tincture of ipecacuanhe 5. water of pippermint 6. tincture of aloe 7. berry of seabuckt horn

Exercise 2. Translate prescriptions in Latin:

E.g.: Rx: Valerian tincture 5 ml Lily of the valley tincture 10 ml Mix. Give. Label: 20 - 30 drops 2 – 3 times a day

Recipe: Tinctur ae Val erian ae 5 ml Tinctur ae Convallari ae 10ml Misce. Da. Signa: 20 - 30 drops 2 – 3 times a day

1) Rx: Tincture of Lily of valley15 ml Give. Label: 15 drops pro dosi 2) Rx: Tincture of peppermint 10 ml Give. Lab el: 20 drops pro dosi 3) Rx: Triturated camphor 2,0 Tincture of valerian 20 ml Mix. Give. Label: 20 drops three times a day

Exercise 3 . Translate into English :

E.g.: tabulett ae ole i Menth ae – tablets of mint oil

1. tinctura simplex 2. tinctur a composita 3. tinctura amara 4. Camphora trita 5. aquae aromaticae 6. guttae ophthalmicae

Memorize ! aqua destillata distilled water charta cerata cerated paper capsulae gelatinosae gelatinous capsule 75 capsulae amylaceae seu oblatae starchy capsules tabulettae obductae coated tablets

Memorize the expressions with prepositions used in prescriptions: in tabulettis in tablets in ampullis in ampoules in capsulis amylaceis (in oblatis) in starchy capsules in capsulis gelatinosis in gelatinous caps ules in charta cerata in waxed paper

Exercise 4. Translate into Latin:

E.g.: Give of such doses number 50 – Da tales doses numero 50

1. Give in tablets . 2. Give in cerated paper. 3. Destilled water in ampules . 4. Take 200 ml of valeria n root tinсture. 5. Mix 10 ml of lily of the valley tincture and 15 ml of valerian tincture. 6. Add 3 ml of peppermint oil.

Exercise 5. Translate the prescription s into Latin:

E.g.: Rx: Tincture of lily of the valley Tincture of valeri an of each 10 ml Mix. Give. Label: 10 drops pro dosi

Recipe: Tinctur ae Convallari ae Tinctur ae Valerian ae ana 10 ml Misce. Da. Signa: 10 drops pro dosi

1. Rx: Tincture of belladonne 50 ml Give. Label: 15 - 20 drops pro dosi

2. Rx: Herb of marsh mallow 50,0 Give in waxed paper Label: 1 table spoon of dry herb is to be run with boiled water, infuse 20 min., 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

76 Chapter 19 . NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 12

A. Medic inal forms and other pharmaceutical names: amylum, i n – starch globulus, i m – globule, corpuscle decoctum, i n – decoction linimentum, i n – liniment emulsum, i n – emulsion oleum, i n – oil extractum, i n – extract saccharum, i n – sugar emplastrum, i n – plaster sirupus, i n – syrup folium, i n – leaf unguentum, i n – ointment; unguent infusum, i n – infusion suppositorium, i n – suppository

Exception: bolus, i f – kaolin, china clay B. Names of medicinal plants: Polygonum, i n – water pepper Absinthium, i n – wormwood; absinth Rham nus, i m – buckthorn Chelidonium, i n – celandine; Rheum, i n – rhubarb bloodworm Ricinus, i m – castor bean ; castor - oil Equisetum, i n – horse - tail; shave - plant grass Rubus idaeus, i m – raspberry Foeniculum, i n – fennel Strophanthus, i m – strophanthus Helianthus, i m – sunflower Strychnos, i f (Nux vomica; nux, nucis, Hypericum, i n – St. John ’ s wort f; vomicus, a, um) – strychnos seed; Millefolium, i n – milfoil poison nut Oxycoccus, i n – c ranberry Uva (ae) ursi – b earberry

MEMORIZE EXPRESSIONS USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS: liquid (fluid) extract - extractum fluidum ( Gen. Sing. extracti fluidi) thickened (dense) extract - extractum spissum ( Gen. Sing. extracti spissi) dry extract - extractum siccum ( Gen. Sing. extracti sicci) simpl e syrup - sirupus Sacchari ( Gen. Sing. sirupi Sacchari)

77 PHARMACEUTICAL TERM PATTERN:

1) kinds of raw material is pointed out in the names of infusions and decoctions: infusum foliorum - leaves infusion infusum herbae - herbal infusion infusum gemmarum - bud infusion decoctum corticis - bark decoction decoctum radicis - root decoction decoctum florum - flower decoction

2) consistencies pointed out in the names of extracts: siccus, a, um – dry spissus, a, um – thickene (dense) fluidus, a, um – fluid (liquid)

NB! Strict words sequence is obligatory in all pharmaceutical terms: Primarily - name of medicinal form, Second ly - a noun in Gen. ( name of plant, drug, chemical element or substance) Thirdly - adjective agreed with the name of medicinal form

E.g.: Extractum Rhei siccum - dry extract of Rhubarb Extractum Aloes fluidum - liquid extract of Aloe Linimentum Streptocidi compositum – composed linim ent of Streptocidum

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate into Latin:

E.g.: extract of buckthorn – extractum Rhamn i

1. Strophantus tincture 2. Sunflower oil 3. Infusion of Valerian root 4. Aloe emulsion 5. Decoction of Bear berry leaves 6. Marsh mallow syru p

Exercise 2. Translate the names of extracts: 1. Dense (thickened) extract of Licorice 2. Liquid extract of Milfoil 3. Dry extract of Strychnine

78 Exercise 3. Translate into English:

E.g.: f olium Farfărae – coltsfoot leaf 1. Sirupus Aloes cum Ferro 2. Folium Rubi idaei 3. Extractum Equiseti fluidum 4. Decoctum radicis Althaeae 5. Tinctura Hyperici

Exercise 4. Translate the following prescriptions: 1. Rx: Liquid extract of Aloe 1ml Give 15 such doses in ampoules Label: 2. Rx: Tritu rated camphor 0,1 Sugar 0,3 Mix to get some powder. Give 10 such doses Label: 3. Rx: Strychnine tincture 5ml Lily of the valley tincture 15ml Mix. Give. Label:

MEMORIZE NAMES OF OILS: Oleum Ricini - Castor oil Oleum Olivarum - olive oil Oleum Amygdalarum - almond - oil Oleum Persicorum - peachy oil Oleum Terbinthinae - turpentine oil Oleum Cacao - cocoa butter

Exercise 5. Translate the following prescriptions: 1. Rx: Castor oil 1ml Give such 10 doses in gelatinous capsules Label: 2. Rx: Emulsion of peachy oil 200ml Give. Label: 3. Rx: Ointment of turpentine oil 5,0 Give in dark bottle Label:

MEMORIZE PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS WITH PREPOSITIONS : In vitro nigro - in black bottle Per rectum - through rectum 79 Chapter 20 . LATIN NAMES OF DRUGS

All the Latin names of drugs are neuter nouns, ending in - um :

E.g.: Promedolum, i n Reserpinum, i n

English equivalents are the tra nscription of Latin names without ending - um, very often they have ending - e, or other trivial names adopted in the English speaking countries . They may be identical to the Latin names as well.

E.g.: Streptocidum (lat.) – streptocid (engl.) Valid olum (lat.) – validol (engl.) Dimedrolum (lat.) – dimedrol (engl.)

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate into English: 1. Linimentum Synthomycini 2. Emulsum Olei Vaselini 3. Pituitrinum in ampullis 4. Tabulettae Chinocidi obductae 5. Unguentum Tetracy cl ini ophthalm ĭcum 6. Tabulettae Mycoheptini 7. Extractum Leonūri flu ĭdum

Exercise 2. Translate into Latin: 1. O intment of streptocidum 2. T ablet of codeine 3. L iniment of synthomycinum 4. T ablet of analgin 5. L iniment of streptocid 6. O intment of heparin 7 . T ablets of baralgin

Exercise 3 . Translate the following prescriptions into Latin: 1. Rx: Novocain 0,5 Distilled water 200 ml Mix. Give. Label: 2. Rx: Butadione

80 Analgin so much of each 15 ml Mix. Give 20 such doses in tablets. Label: 3. Rx: Valocormide 30 ml Give. Label: 4. Rx: Prednisolone ointment 20,0 Give. Label:

MEMORIZE GREEK STEMS IN THE NOMENCLATURE OF DRUG PREPARATIONS :

1) Denoting the chemical structure: - phen - the presence of phenyl group

- meth - the presence of methyl group

- aeth - the presence of ethyl group - t hio - the presence of sulfur - c hlor - the presence of chlorine - z in - , - zid - , - zon - , - zol - t he presence of nitrogen

2) Denoting antibiotics: - mycin - antibiotics derived from the fungus streptomyces - cillin - antibiotics - penicillins - cyclin - antibiotics - tetracyclines

3) Stems with other meanings: p yr - fever h ydr - water o xy - sour, acid g lyc - sugar, sweet p hyll - leaf m orph - shape t he(o) - 1) tea; 2) God a esthes - sensibility

Exercise 4 . Write in Latin the following names of drug preparations, underline Greek stems:

E.g.: Pyr amidonum – the drug against fever

81 Methionine, meth yluracil, pyroxamine, diprophylline, metacyclin, phenobolinum, oxythyramine, glycine, oxytocin, ethanol, trimethylamine, bicillin,vitacycline, streptomycin, sulfamethopyridazine

Exercise 5 . Translate into Latin: 1. T ablets of anesthesin 2. S uppository wi th glycerin 3. O intment of tetracycline in tube 4. D ragee of phenoxymethylpenicillin

Exercise 6 . Write the following prescriptions in Latin: 1) Rx: Oxacillin 0,25 Give 10 such doses in gelatinous capsules Label: 2) Rx: Phenol 0,5 Glycerin 10ml Mix. Give. Label: 3) Rx: Euphylline 0,1 Diphenylhydramine hydrochloride 0,025 Sugar 0,2 Mix to get a powder Give 12 such doses Label: 4) Rx: Dry extract of Lic orice 0,015 Anesthesin 0,2 Cocoa butter as much as possible to make a suppository Give such 10 doses Label: 5) Rx: Trichomonacid 0,25 Vaseline oil up to 50ml Mix to get a suspension Give. Label:

MEMORIZE THE NAMES OF DRUG PREPARATIONS:

Coffeinum, i n - caffeine (alkaloid obtained from coffee beans) Glucosum, i n - glucose (grape sugar) Ephedrinum, i n - ephedrine (alkaloid from ephedra) Ichthyolum, i n - ichthyol (oily liquid obtained from slates. Ichthyos in Greek means ‘ fish ’ , because the slates contain fossilfishes) Methylenum coeruleum - methylene blue (aseptic)

82 Exercise 7 . Write the following prescriptions in Latin: 1) Rx: Analgin 0,25 Caffeine 0,03 Phenobarbital 0,02 Give 10 such doses in tablets Label: 2) Rx: Ichthyol 5,0 Vaseline Lanolin so much of each 25,0 Mix, let there be made ointment Label: 3) Rx: Glucose 50 ml Methylene blue 0,5 Mix. Give such 9 doses in ampules Label: 4) Rx: Diphenylhydramine hydrochloride 0,15 Euphyllin 0,5 Distilled water 10ml Mix. Give. Label:

83 Chapter 21 . NOUNS OF THIRD, FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS

LEXICAL MINIMUM # 13

A. The third declension of nouns . Medicinal forms and other pharmaceutical names: a ether, eris m - ether f los, oris m - flower c ortex, icis m - bark; cortex i njectio, onis f - injection g argarisma, atis f - gargle l iquor, oris m - Liquid, fluid a uctor , oris m - author m ucilago, inis f - mucilage s uhalatio, onis - inhalation p ul vis, eris m - powder t uber, eris n - tuber r adix, icis f - root a spersio, onis f - powder r hizoma , atis n - rhizome ; root - stock s tigma, atis n - stigma s uspensio , onis f - suspension e lixir, iris n - elixir s emen, inis n - seed

B. The third declension nouns . Names of medicinal plants : Adonis vernalis (Adonidis vernalis) - pheasant’s eye Bursa past oris (Bursae pastoris) - shepherd’s purse Digitalis, is f - foxglove Filix (f) mas (Filicis maris ) - male tern Nuphar, aris n - nenuphar Secale cornutum ( Secalis cornuti ) - ergot , n ; spur of rye Thermopsis, idis f - thermopsis Plantago, inis f - plantain, n; ribwort, n; goose - grass Ribes, is n - currants

MEMORIZE THE NAMES OF DRUG PREPARATIONS:

L iquid anise ammonia – liquor Ammonii anisatus ( Gen.Sing. l iquoris Ammonii anisati) Strong a mmonium solution – solutio caustici liquid ammonia ( Gen.Sing. s olutionis Ammonii caustici) B rilliant green – viride nitens ( Gen.Sing. v iridis nitent is)

Adje ctives in the names of solutions.

Solutio isotonica - isotonic solution (solutionis isotonicae) Solutio oleosa - oily solution (solutionis oleosae) Solutio spirituosa - spirituous solution (solutionis spirituosae)

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Tran slate from Latin into English: 1) S olutio Iodi spirituosa 2) T abuletta radicis Rhei 3) E xtractum Thermopsidis siccum cum Codeino in tabulettis 4) D ecoctum rhizomatis Nupharis lutei 5) Aether in vitro nigro

Exercise 2. Translate from English into Latin: 1. A nalgin powder with sugar 2. S olution of nitro glycerin ( nitroglycerine solution) 3. O ily solution of vitamin A 4. Decoction of marsh mallow root ( marsh mallow root decoction) 5. S uspension of dexamethasone

Exercise 3 . Translate the prescriptions int o English: 1) Recipe : Extracti Filicis maris spissi 0,5 Da tales doses numero 10 incapsulis gelatinosis Signa : 1 capsule 15 minutes 2) Recipe : Solutionis Novoimanini spirituosae 30% 50 ml Detur . Signetur : 3 ) Recipe : Aetherispro narcosi 100 ml Da tales doses numero 6 in vitro nigro Signa : 4) Recipe : Narcolani 5,0 Aquae destillatae Mucilaginis Amyli ana 100ml Misce. Da. Signa:

85 Exercise 4. Translate the prescriptions from English into Latin:

1) Rx: Solution of oxylidine 2 % 1ml Give 20 such doses in ampoules Label: 2) Rx: Infusion of marsh ma llow root 6,0 - 180 ml Licorice syrup up to 200ml Mix. Give. Label: 3) Rx: Powder of foxglove leaves 0,5 - 150 ml Simple syrup 20ml Mix. Give. Label: 4) Rx: Liquid anise ammonia50 ml Marsh mallow syrup 30 ml Distilled water up to 200 ml Mix. Give. Label:

C. The fourth and fifth declensions nouns . Names of medicinal forms and other pharmaceutical names : fr uctus, us m - fruit r es, rei f - matter s piritus, us f - spirit, alcohol s pecies, erum f - species; collection Quercus, us f - oak

N.B. ! The Latin noun ‘ species, ei ’ is used in medical terminology only in plural form Species diureticae – diuretic species, diuretic tea fructus, us m - fr uit Quercus, us f - oak spiritus, us m - alcohol species, erum f - species, tea

MEMORIZE: spiritus aethylicus - ethyl spirit, ethyl alcohol ( Gen. Sing. spiritus aethylici) spiritus camphoratus - camphoric spirit, camphoric alcohol (Gen. Sing. spiritu s camphorati)

The Latin noun ‘ fructus, us m ’ is used in prescriptions only in Gen. Plur. - ‘ fructuum ’ decoctum fructuum - fruit decoction infusum fructuum - fruit infusion

86 Exercise 5. Write the following prescriptions in Latin:

1) Rx: Peppermint leave s 10,0 Ethyl alcohol 90% 5ml Distilled water 50ml Sugar 60,0 Mix. Give. Label: 2) Rx: Herb of pheasant’s eye 8,0 Peppermint leaves 1,0 Mix, to get a species. Give 6 such doses Label: 3) Rx: Decoction of oak cortex 20,0 - 200ml Give. Label: 4) Rx: Castor - bean oil 10ml Ethyl alcohol 95% 100ml Mix. Give Label: 4) Rx: Brilliant green 2,0 Ethyl alcohol 70% 100ml Mix. Give. Label: 5) Rx: Dry extract of aloe 160,0 Ethyl alcohol 40% up to 1000ml Mix. Give. Label: 6) Rx: Wild - rose fruits 50,0 Give. Label:

MEMORIZE expressions with prepositions used in prescriptions:

pro injectionibus - for injections pro narcosi - for narcosis (anesthesia) pro auctore - for author pro me - for me per os - through mouth ad usum externu m - for external use (pro usu externo) ad usum internum - for internal use (pro usuinterno)

87 Chapter 22 . CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE

Names of the Most Important Chemical Elements

Aluminium, i n – aluminium Argentum, i n – silver Bismut hum, i n – bismuth Calcium, i n – calcium Chlorum, i n – chlorine Cuprum, i n – copper Ferrum, i n – iron Iodum, i n – iodine Hydrargyrum, i n – mercury Hydrogenium, i n – hydrogen Kalium, i n – potassium Lithium, i n – lithium Magnesium, i n – magnesium Natrium, i n – sodium Nitrogenium, i n – nitrogen Plumbum, i n – lead Thallium, i n – thallium Zincum, i n – zinc

All Latin names of chemical elements are neuter gender nouns with the ending - um. Exceptions : Sulfur, uris n - sulfur Phosphorus, i n - phosphorus

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate from English into Latin:

1. A qua Plumbi 2. U nguentum Zinci 3. Sulfur depuratum 4. Sulfur praecipitatum 5. U nguentum Hydrargyri album 6. E mplastrum Plumbi compositum 7. Emplastrum Plumbi simplex 8. Ferrum reductum

88 Exercise 2. Translate form English into Latin:

1. Rx: Reduced iron 1,0 Give 15 such doses in gelatin capsules. Label: 1 caps. 3 times a day 2. Rx: Purified sulphur 0,3 Peach - ke rnel oil 30 ml Mix. Sterilize!Give. Label: for intramuscular injections 3. Rx : Lead water 200 ml Give. Label: for washing

Names of Acids

English names of acids consist of two words: Acid is on the first place - acidum, i n; An adjective denoting the name of of the acid is on the second place. acidum nitricum - nitric acid acidum nitrosum - nitrous acid

An adjective denoting the name of the acid is formed on the model: The stem of the acid forming - icum element + - osum English suffixes in the names of oxygenous acids correspond to English ones: English – ic to Latin - icum English – ous to Latin – osum

E.g. : Boric acid - acidum boricum Phosphorous acid - acidum phosphorosum

In the names of non - oxygenous acids an adjective is formed on a model:

prefix hydro - + The stem of the acid forming element + - icum

E.g. : Hydroiodic acid - acidum hydroiodicum

MEMORIZE THE MOST IMPORTANT NAMES OF ACIDS

acidum acetylsalicylicum - acetylsalicylic acid acidumbenzoicum - benzoic acid acidum salycilycum - salicylic acid acidum hydrochloricum - hydrochloric (muriatic) acid 89 Exercise 3. Translate from English into Latin:

1. A scorbic acid 2. G lutaminic acid 3 . P hosphoric acid 4. P hosphorous acid 5. C arbolic acid

Exercise 4. Translate into English :

1. S olutio Acidi borici spirituosa 2. T abuletta Acidi glutaminici obducta 3. T abuletta Acidi dehydrocholici seu tabuletta Chologoni 4. S olutio Acidi ascorbinici p ro injectionibus

Exercise 5. Translate the prescriptions into Latin:

1. Rx.: Benzoic acid 0,6 Salicylic acid 0,3 Petrolatum10,0 Mix to get an ointment. Give. Label: to salve the affected sites of skin in mycosis 2. Rx.: Hydrochloric acid Pepsin 1 ml Distilled water up to 100 ml мл Mix. Give. Label: 1 spoon 3 times a day 3. Rx.: Boric acid 3,0 Glycerin 10,0 Ethanol 70%100ml Mix.Give. Label: for external use

Names of Oxides and Salts

The Latin names of oxides and salts are formed in the same rule: The name of the chemical element or the name of the salt foundation inthe Genetive is on the first place. The oxide name or an anion name is on the second place. E.g. : Calcii chloridum - Calcium chloride Magnii oxydum - Magnesium oxide The word o rder Latin names of oxides and salts is similar to English one.

90 MEMORIZE LATIN NAMES OF OXIDES

oxydum, i n - oxide peroxydum, i n - peroxide hydroxydum, i n - hydroxide

Exercise 6. Translate into English :

1. Linimentum Zinci oxydi 2. Hydrargyri o xydum flavum 3. Unguentum Hydrargyri oxydi flavi 4. S olutio Hydrogenii peroxydi diluta 5. S olutio Hydrogeniiperoxydi concentrata

Exercise 7. Translate the following prescriptions into Russian:

1. Rx.: Magnesium peroxide 0,25 Give 12 such doses. Label: 1 powder 3 times a day 2. Rx.: Purified sulphur Magnesium oxide Sugar equal to 10, 0 Mi x let there be made some powder Give. Label: 1 table spoon pro dosi 3. Rx.: Zinc oxide 5,0 Talk 15,0 Mix. Give. Lab el: powder

Comparison of Latin and English suffixes in the anion names of salts

English suffix Latin Suffix Ending in prescriptions - ate - as - atis - ite - is - itis - ide - idum - idi

E.g. : Nitrate →nitras - → nitratis Sulphate →sulfis - → sulfitis Hydr ochloride →hydrochloridum - →hydrochloridi

E.g. Some examples of the salts names in the Nominative : Zinc sulphate → Zinci sulfas Potassium arsenite → Kalii arsenis

91 Calcium chloride → Calcii chloridum

MEMORIZE LATIN NAMES OF ESTERS

Methylii salicyl as - methylsalicilate (Methylii salicylatis) Phenylii salicylas - phenylsalicylate (Phenylii salicylatis)

Exercise 8. Translate into Latin:

1. Codeine phosphate 2. streptomycine sulphate 3. rivano lactatel 4. calcium glycerophosphate 5. ox ytetracycline hydrochloride

Exercise 9. Translate the following prescriptions into Latin:

1. Rx.: Calcium chloride solution 10 % 10 мл Give 6 such doses in ampules Label: 5 - 10 ml intravenously 2. Rx.: Oleandomycine phosphate 0,1 Give 20 such doses in tablets Label: 1 tablet 3 times a day 3. Rx.: Dry belladonna extract 0,01 Phenylsalicylate 0,3 Mix. Give. Label: 1 powder 2 - 3 times a day 4. Rx.: Sulphure nitrate solution 2 % 5 мл Give in dark bottle. Label: eye drops 5. Rx.: Sodium tetraborate Sodium hydrocarbonate equal to 20,0 Minth oil III drops Mix to get a powder. Give. Label: 1 tablespoon 3 ti mes a day

92 Chapter 23 . PREPARING FOR TEST

I. Prescription expressions with prepositions:

in ampullis - in ampules in tabulettis (obductis) - in tablets (coated) in charta cerata - in cerated paper in capsul is gelatinosis - in gelatinous capsules in capsulis amylaceis - in starchy capsules in oblatis - in capsules(paper seal ) in vitro nigro - in black bottle ex tempore - as required per os - by mouth per rectum - throug h rectum pro auctore (pro me) - for the author of prescription (for me) pro die - daily dose pro dosi - to be taken only once pro narcosi - for narcosis pro injectionibus - for injections pro infantibus - for children contra t ussim - against cough

II. Abbreviations in prescriptions:

Abbreviation Full form Translation `aa Ana So much of each Ac., acid. Acidum Acid Aq. Aqa Water Aq.purify. Aqua purificata Purified water Bol. Bolus White bole, kaolin But. Butyrum Butter Comp., cps. Composit6us,a,7um Composed, compound Concentr. Concentratus,a,um Concentrated Cort. Cortex Cortex , bark D. Da.detur. Dentur. Give. Let it be given/ Let them be given. Dec. dct. Decoctum Decoction Depur. Depuratus,a,um Depurated Dil. Di lutus,a,um Diluted D.t.d.N Da (dentur) tales doses Give…such doses numero Div. in oart. Divide in partes Divide into equal parts aeq. aequales Empl. Emplastrum Plaster 93 Emuls. Emulsum Emulsion Extr. Extractumj Extract f. fiat, fiant Let there be made Fl., flor. Flos Flower Fluid. Fluidus,a,um Fluid Fol. Folium Leaf Fr., fruct. Fructus Fruit Glod.vagin. Globules vaginalis Vaginal globule Gran. Granulum Granule Gtt., gtts. Gutta Drop, drops Hb., herb. Herba Herb Inf. Infusum Infusion In amp. I n ampullis In ampules In caps. Gel. In capsulis gelatinosis In gelatinous capsules In caps. In capsules operculatis In lidden capsules Operc. In ch. Cer. In charta cerata Inh cerated paper In oll. In olla In wide mouthed bottle In lag. In lagena In a flask, bottle In scat. In scatula In a box In sacc.chart. In sacculo chartaceo In paper saccule In sacculis chartaceis In paper saccules In tab. Obd. In tabulettis obductis In coated tablets In vitr.fusc. In vitro fusco In dark bottle In vitr. Nigr. In vitro nigro In black bottle Linim. Linimentum Liniment Liq. Liquor Liquid, fluid M. Misce. Misceatur. Mix. Let it be mixed m.pil. Massa pilularum Mass of pills Mucil. Mucilage Mucilage Ol. Oleum Oil Oll. Olla Wide mothed bottle Past. Pasta P aste Pct., praec. Praecipitatus,a,um Precipitade Pil. Pilula Pill ero infant. Pro infantibus For children q.s. Quantum satis As much as required, as much as suffices R., rad. Radix Root Rec. Rectificatus,a,um Rectified Rhiz., rh. Rhizoma Rhizome Rp.: Recipe: Take(Rx) S.: Sigan.Signetur. Label. Le it be labeled. Sem. Semen Seed 94 Sicc. Siccus,a,um Dry Simpl. Simplex Simple Sir. Sirupus Syrup Sol. Solution Solution Spec. Species Species, tea Spir. Spiritus Spirit Spiss. Spissus Thick, spis sated Steril. Sterilsa! Steruilisetur! Sterilize! Let it be sterilized. Succ. Succus Juice Supp. Suppositorium Suppository Supp.vagin. Suppositorium Vaginal suppository vaginale Susp. Suspensio Suspension Tab. Tabuletta Tablet t - ra,tinct.,tct. Tinct ura Tincture Tr. Tritus, a, um Triturated Tub. Tuba Tuibe Ung Unguentum Ointment V. Verte! Turn over! Vitr. Vitrum. Bottle.

III. Names of drug forms in prescriptions:

Latin English Recipe: Tincturae... Rx. Tincture... Infusi... Infusion .. . Infusifoliorum... Leaves (foliage) infusion ... Infusi herbae... Herb infusion... Infusi florum... Flower infusion... Decocti ... Decoction... Decocti radicis... Root decoction ... Decocti corticis... Bark decoction... Decocti fructuum... Fruit decoction... Decocti seminum... Seed decoction ... Extracti ... sicci Dry extract of… Extracti ... fluidi Fluid extract of… Extracti ... spissi Thick extract of… Sirupi ... Syrup... Linimenti... Liniment… Unguenti... Ointment ... Unguenti ... ophth almici Ophthalmologic ointment of… Solutionis... Solution of ... Solutionis ... oleosae Oil solution of… 95 Solutionis ... spirituosae Alcoholic solution of… Solutionis ... dilutae Diluted solution of… Solutionis .. concentratae Concentrated solution of… Solutionis ... isotonicae Isotonic solution of… Pastae ... Paste… Emplastri... Plaster of… Emplastri ... simplicis Simple plaster of… Emplastri ... compositi Composite plaster of… Recipe: Tabulettam ... Take :Tablet ... Tabulettas... Tablets ... Su ppositorium... Suppository. .. Suppositoria... Suppositories... Dragee... Dragee... (Sing.) Dragees... Dragees... (Plur.)

N .B.! : Sign ... – is omitted name of a medicine, plant or chemical element.

IV. Greek roots in the drug names

Greek root Engli sh phen fen meth met thio thio chlor chlor aeth et mycin mycin cillin cillin cycl(in) cyclin theo theo phyll Phyll(fill) morph morf glyc glyc benz benz oxy oxy pyr pyr hydr hydr azol; azin azol, а zin

96 MEMORIZE the following words and expressions used in prescriptions :

1. Massa pilularum – mass of pills 2. Oleum Ricini – castor oil 3. In capsulis amylaceis – in starchy capsules 4. In capsulis gelatinosis duris – in solid gelatinous capsul es 5. In tabulettis – in tablets 6. Oleum Menthae piperitae – peppermint oil 7. Oleum Terebinthinae rectificatum – rectified turpentine 8. Extractum Frangulae – extract of alder bucktorn 9. Extractum Viburni fluidum – liquid extract of guilder rose 10. Ext ractum Crataegi siccum – dry extract of hawthorn 11. Acidum hydrochloricum dilutum – diluted hydrochloric acid 12. D a tales doses numero… – Give … such doses 13. Herba Thymi – mother - of thyme herb 14. Chloroformium,i n – Chloroform 15. Sirupus Cerasi – che rry syrup 16. Infusum foliorum Rhei – infusion of the rhubarb leaves 17. Consperge – powder 18. Tere – triturate 19. Camphora trita – t riturated camphor 20. Saccharum, i n – sugar 21. Misce, ut fiat pulvis – mix, let there be made some powder 22. Tinctura Convallariae (Valerianae) – lily of the valley ( valerian) tincture 23. Decoctum foliorum Sambuci – decoction of the elder leaves 24. Quantum satis – sufficient quantity 25. Sirupus Aloe – Aloe syrup 26. Oleum Terebinthinae – turpentine oil 27. Oleum Cam phorae – camphorated oil, camphor liniment 28. Frangula,ae f – alder bucktorn, black alder 29. Crataegus, i m – Crathaegus, hawthorn 30. Thymus,i m – thyme

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Translate the following prescriptions into Latin:

1) Rx.: Dibazole 0,05 Sugar 0,3 Mix let there be made some powder Give 20 such doses Label: 1 powder 3 times a day 2) Rx.: Sodium thiosulphate 10,0 Distilled water 100 ml 97 Mix. Give. Label: 1 table spoon pro dosi 3) Rx.: Sodium hydr ocarbonate 0,45 Sodium chloride Calcium chloride Potassium chloride Glucose 500 ml Mix. Sterilize! Give. Label: Intravenous. 4) Rx.: Yellow mercury oxide 0,6 Ichthyole 0,8 Ointment of Zinc 20,0 Mix to get an ointment. Give. Label: ointment 5) Rx.: Blue Methylene 0,5 Ethyl alcohol 70 % 50 ml Mix. Give. Label: To salve skin 6) Rx.: Infusion of thermopsis herb 0,1 - 100 ml Ammonium chloride - anisic drops 1ml Syrup of Marshmallow 20 ml Mix. Give. Label: 1 tea spoon 3 times a day 7) Rx.: Decoction of buckthorn bark20,0 - 200 ml Give. Label: 1 tea spoon 3 times a day 8) Rx.: Eye hydrocortisone ointment0,5 % 10,0 Give. Label: put behind the lower eyelid 2 times a day 9) Rx.: Fluid aloe extract 1ml Give 10 such doses in amp ules. Label: 1 ml intramuscular 10) Rx.: Oil retinol acetate solution10 ml Give. Label: 5 drops on a piece of bread

Exercise 2 . Translate into English (orally) :

1. Massa pilularum 2. Oleum Ricini 7. Extractum Viburni fluidum 3. In capsulis gelatinosis 8. Extractum Frangulae 4 . Infusum foli orum Cerasi 9. Recipe: Ol ei Menthae piperitae 5. In tabulettis guttas III 6. In capsules amylaceis 10. Aci dum hydrochloricum dilutum

98 11. O leum Terebinthinae 12. Extractum Crataegi flu idum rectificatum

Exercise 3. Translate the prescriptions into English:

1. Rp: Choles medicatae conservatae 250,0 Da. Signa: 2. Rp: Olei Terebinthinae Olei Camphorae Chloroformii ana 100,0 Misce. Da. Signa: 3. Rp: Extracti Frangulae fluidi 0,15 Extracti Viburni fluidi Herbae Thymi ana 20 ml Misce. Da. Signa: 4. Rp: Olei Ricini 1,0 Da tales doses numero 15 in capsul i s gelatinosis. Signa : 5. Rp : Acidi hydrochlorici diluti 5 ml Pepsini 2ml Aquae purificatae 180 ml Sirupi Cerasi 200 ml Misce. Da. Signa :

Exercise 4 . Translate into Latin (in written form):

1. In gelatinous capsules 2. In starchy capsules 3. The tincture of valerian (lily of the valley) 4. T he infusion of birch leaves 5. Take: the tinct ure of peppermint, five drops 6. Rectified turpentine: 10 ml 7 . Dry extract of alder bucktorn 8. Analginum in tablets 9. Powder. Triturate 10. Mass of the pill as much as required

Exercise 5 . Translate t he prescriptions into Latin:

1. Rx: Liquid extract of alder bucktorn 0,15 The infusion of rhubarb leaves The infusion of birch buds (gemmas ) 50 ml

99 The decoction of elder leaves Aloe syrup 100ml Mix. Give. Label: 2. Rx: Triturated camphor o,1 Sugar 0,3 Mix to get some powder Give 10 such doses Label:

100 APPENDIX I

LATIN AND GREEK PREF IXES IN ANATOMICAL T ERMINOLOGY

Latin Greek Meaning Examples In - (im - , ir - ) E n - (em - ) In Inhalatio, onis f Irrigatio, onis f Enchondorma Ex - (e - ) Ec - (ex - before Out of Exspiratio, onis f vowell) Ectopia, ae f Intra - Endo - (entro - ) Inside Intrauterinus, a , um Entoderma, atis n Endogenes, is Extra - (extro - ) Ecto - (exo - ) Outside E xtracardialis, e Ectoderma, atis n Exogenes, is Ad - (ag - , ac - , al - , ap - , Together Adaptatio, onis, f as, - at - , af - ) Adsorptio, onis f Ab - (abs - , a - , apo - , From Ablatio, onis f ap - , se - ) Secretio, onis f Ante - , pro - Prae - , (pre - ) pro - Before Anteversi o, onis f Praesenilis, e Prognosis, is f Post - Meta - (met - ) Afther Postnecroticus, a, um Metencephalon, I n Infra - sub - (sup - , sug - , Hypo - less than Infrascapularis, e suc - ) normal Sublingualis, e below, u n der Hypogastrium, i n Subacutus, a, um Hypofunc tio, onis f Supra - Epi - Above, on Supraclavicularis, e Epicranialis, e Super - Hyper - Over, more Hypertonia, a e f than no r mal Circum - Peri - Around Pericardium, i n Circumvolutio, onis f Perephlebitis, itidis f Periodontitis, itidis f Juxta - Para - 1.near Juxtapositio, onis f 2.likeness Paranephritis, itidis f Paratyphus, i m Inter - Meso - (mes - ) dia - Between Interosseus, a, um (di - ) Mesogastralgia, ae f Mesosigmoiditis, 101 itidis f Mesophlebitis, it i dis f Dis - (dif - , di - ) Dia - Division Disseminatio, onis f Diffusus, a um Diagnosis, is f Displasia, ae f Trans - dia Across Transsudatio, onis f Transfusio, onis f Transmissio, onis f Ana - Up - Anacrota, ae f Anatoxinum, i n De - Cata - Down Catacrota, ae f Depressor, oris m Retro - Behing Retroversio, onis f R etropharyngealis, e Re - Repetition Recurrens, ntis Reinfectio, onis f Contra - Anti - Against Antitoxinum, i n Com - ( cor - ,col - , con - , Syn - (sym - ) Together Commissura, ae f co - ) Symbiosis, is f In - (im - , il - , ir - ) a - (an - ) Absence Inoperabilis, e Atonia , ae f Dys - Bad, abnormal Dyspnoe, es f Eu - Normal Eupnoe, es f fun c tion

102 APPENDIX II

COMPONENTS IMPLYING QUANTITY, MEASURE

Unicellularis, e Uni - Mono - one Monoplegia, ae f Du - Di - two Duplex, icis Bifidus, a, um Bi - Diplo - twice Diple gia, ae f diplopia, ae f Trigeminus, a, um Tri - Tri - three Triplegia, ae f Quadriplegia, ae f Quadri - Tetra - four Tetraplegia, ae f half Hemiplegia, ae f Semi - Hemi - Semimotuus, a, um Omnivorus,a, um Omni - Pan - everything Panplegia, ae f Multiformis, e Multi - Poly - many Polyarthritis, it i dis f Oligo - Microinfarctus, us, m little Micro - Oligopnoe, es f Macro - Macrodactylia, ae f big Mega - (1) - Megalosplenia, ae f

103 APPENDIX III

LATIN NOUN SUFFIXES IN ANATOMICAL TERMIN OLOGY

Latin s uffix Meaning Latin term English translation - ura The result of action Sutura,ae f Suture - ia State Substantia,ae f Substance Cuticle, small Cuticula,ae f skin - ul - , - ol - , - cul - Diminutives Bronchiolus,i m little bronch Ventriculus,i m little belly,vent ricle - arium Place of keeping Ovarium,i n Ovary One that lifts - or State or an agent Levator,oris m (levare - to lift) Bifurcation, a forking, division - io Action or function Bifurcatio,onis f into branches (furca – fork) Quality or abstract - itas, itudo Tuberositas,atis f Tuberosity meaning Hole, foramen - men The result of action Foramen,inis n (foro – to drill) Tissue (texere – - tus, - sus, - xus Sense, state, action Textus,us m weave)

104 APPENDIX IV

LATIN ADJECTIVE SUFF IXES IN ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

Latin suffix Meaning Latin term English translation Rich in scales (squama - Osus, a, um Rich in Squamosus, a, um scale) Similar to schield (thyr – Ideus, a, um Similar to Thyroideus, a, um schield) Having teeth (dent – - atus, a, um Having something Dentatus, a , um tooth) - icus, a, um Hepaticus, a, um Belonging to liver Belonging to (hepat – liver) Relating to - inus, a, um Uterinus, a, um Belonging to womb Similar to worm, worm - - formis, e Similar to Vermiformis, e shaped (vermis – worm ) Belonging to Relating to the mouth - alis, e; - aris, e Oralis, e Relating to (or – mouth)

105 APPENDIX V

BASIC MEDICAL TERMIN OLOGY GREEK OR LATIN ENGLISH (English example in parenthesis) Abdominal wall laparo (laparotomy) Above, over hyper (hypertensi on) super (superego) supra (suprarenal) Across dia (diathermy) trans (transection) After meta (metatarsal) post (posterior) Against anti (antibiotic) contra (contraindication) Age geras (geriatrics) senio (senility) Air aer (aerobic) aethere (ether) Alike homo (homograft) Anus procto (proctology) Arm brachion (biceps brachii) Around peri (perimysium) circum (circumcise) Away from a or ab (abduct) Axis axon (axon) Backward, behind retro (retro – peritoneal) Bad dys(dyspnea) mal (malaise) Bag, bellows folliculo (follicle) Basin pelvis Beam trabe (trabecula) Belly gaster (gastric) ventre (ventral) Below, under hypo (hypotension) sub (subnormal) Beside, near para (parathyroid) roxime (proximal) Between inter (interorbital) Beyond hyper (hypertonic) Big toe hallex (hallex valgus) Bile chole (cholecystectomy) Birth genete (genital) genere (generate) Black melas (melanin) Bladder cysto (cystitis)

106 Blood haema (hematoma) sanguino (consanguinity) Blue cyaneos (cyanosis) Body corpus ( corpus callosum) Bone osteo (osteoma) Bone marrow myel (myelocyte) Both sides ambi (ambidextrous) Brain encephalo (encephalopathy) Breast mamma (mammary) Breath pneuma (pneumonia) pnoe (hyperpnea) spiritu (respiration) Breast plate thorax Bridge p ons Bubble, Bladder bulla (bulla ossea) Burst rhegnymi (hemorrhage) Calf (of leg) gastrocneme (gastrocnemius) Care therapeia (therapy) cura (cure) Cartilage chondro (chondrocyte) Cause aetia (etiology) causa (cause) Cave antrum (mastoid antrum) c averna (cavernous sinus) Cheek bucca (buccal) gena (genal) Cheese caseo (caseous) Chest stethos (stethoscope) Cleft schisme (schism) chasma (chasm) fisso (fissure) hiatus (hiatus semilunaris) Cloak pallium (globus pallidus) Clot thrombo (thrombu s) Cold cryos (cryotherapy) Color chromos (chromolysis) Comb pectine (pectinate) Condition osis (leucocytosis) Copper cupro (cuprous) Covering tegmen (tegmentum) involucrum Crushing trips (neurotripsy) Cut ectomo (lobotomy) Dead necros (necropsy) Death thanatos (euthanasia) 107 morte (post mortem) letho (lethal) Deceive pseudo (pseudoparesis) Deficiency penia (leucopenia) Different hetero (heteromorphic) Digestion pepsis (peptic ulcer) Dilatation ectasia (phlebectasia) Disease pathy (neuropathy ) Dissolution lysis (erythrolysis) Ditch fossa Door thyra (thyroid) ostium Down cata (catabolism) de (deposit) Drop gutta Drug pharmacon (pharmacology) Drum tympanum (tympanic membrane) Dry siccus (dessicate) Ear oto (otology) aure (auri cle) Eat phagia (bradyphagia) Egg oon (oocyte) ovo (ovary) Enlargement megaly (hepatomegaly) Equal isos (isometric) evening vespere (vespers) Excision ectomy (gastrectomy) Eye ops (opthalmology) oculo (ocular) Eyelid palpebra (levator pal pebra) Eyelid blephar (blepharoptosis) Fast tachy (tachycardia) Fat lipos (lipase) steat (steatorrhea) adipe (adipose) sebum Feeling aesthesis (anaesthesia) Fever pyreto (pyretic) Fiber neuron fibra (fibrous) Finger, toe dactylo (syndactyl y) digito (digit) Flesh sarco (sarcolemma) Flow, discharge orrheo (diarrhea)

108 Flute tibia Food trophe (trophic) alimento (alimentary) Foot pede (pedal) Form morphe (morphology) Formation plasis (hyperplasia) Frighten phobeo (phobia) Fungu s myc (mycosis) Funnel choane (choana) infundibulo (infundibulum) Gate pyle (pylorus) Generation gon (gonad) Glands aden (adenopathy) Goad stimulus Green chloros (chlorine) glauco (glaucoma) Grey polio (poliomyelitis) cineraceo ( tuber cinereum) Gullet larynx Gum gingiva (gingivitis) Gut enteron (enteric) Half semi (semisphere) hemi (hemiplegia) harmful nocuus(nocuous) hard scleros (sclerosis) durus (dura mater) head cephal (cephalad) healthy hygies (hygiene) sanus (sanit ary) hear acuo (acoustics) audio (audible) heart cardio (cardiac) heat, fever pyro (pyrexia) thermo (thermometer) hedge, fence phragma (diaphragm) septum tecto (tectum) height fastigium hemorrhage orrhagia (gastrorrhagia) hernia, tumor kele (enc ephalocele) hidden crypt (cryptorchidism) hip coxa (coxa valga) hole foramen lacuna hook hamo (hamate) uncus (uncinate)

109 hour hora I Ego imitation mimesis (mimetic) in en, em (endemic) in, im (insert, impress) incision otomy (gastrotomy) infecti on Sepsis increase osis (lymphocytosis) inflammation itis (myositis) inside endon (endoderm) intra (intravenous) irrigation clysis (enteroclysis) joint arthron (arthroscopy) juice chylos (chyle) chymos (chyme) key cleis, cleido (cleido – mastoid) cl ave (clavicle) kidney nephros (nephron) rene (renal) knee genu (genu valgus) knot nodo (node) knowledge gnosis (diagnosis) large mega (hepatomogaly) layer lamina corium lean macer (emaciated) left laevus (levocardia) sinister (sinistropedal) less than normal hypo (hypotension) life bios (biology) vita (vitality lip labium labrum (glenoid labrum) cheil (cheilosis) liver hepato (hepatic) look at scopeo (microscope) lump, callus Callus lungs pneumon (pneumonia) pulmone (pulmonary) many poly s (polysaccharide) multi (multipara) mark Stigma marvel teras (teratoma) monstro (monostrosity) membrane Hymen memory mneme (mnemonic) middle mesos (mesoderm)

110 milk gala (galactic) lacte (lactic) mind psych (psyche) animus mente (mental) month m ense (menstruation) more than normal hyper (hyper active) morning Matutino mouth os (osteum) stomato (stomatitis) movement kines (kinesiology) muscle myo (myositis) neck Cervix needle acu (acupuncture) nerve neuro (neuron) net rete (reticulum) n ew neos (neopallium) night nyctos (nyctophobia) nocte (nocturnal) none nulli (nulliparous) nose rhino (rhinalgia) naso (nasal) not moveable ankylo (ankylosis) on epi (epidermis) origin genesis (agenesis) origine (aboriginal) out of ex (exudate) ec (eccentric) outside ectos (ectomorph) extra (extravasation) pain odyne (anodyne) algia (neuralgia) paralysis plego (hemiplegia) pauper penes (leukopenia) pebble calculus (renal calculus) pelvis pyelo (pyelitis) pink roseo (roseola) pit, cavity coeloma (coelom) foramen phlegm Mucus physician iatros (iatrogenic) medico plough vomere (vomer) prolapse ptosis (hysteroptosis) pulley Trochlea pulse sphygmo (sphygmomanometer)

111 puncture centesis (troracocentesis) putrify sepo, sepso (sepsis) pu rple porphyreos (porphyrin) purpureo (purpura) pus pyos (pyogenic) quick tachy (tachycardia) race, running dromo (syndrome) red erthros (erthema) rubro (rubor) release lysis (dialysis) rib costo (costal) ring annulus right dextro (ambidextrous) roof tecto (tectum) rudder gubernaculum rupture orrhexis (hysterorrhexis) saddle sella (sella turcica) same homo (homosexual) ipse (ipselateral) scale lamina squama (squamous) seam raphe self auto (autoimmunization) sheath vagina sickle falx (fal x cerebri) side latero (lateral) sieve ethmos (ethmoid) cribro (cribriform) skin derma (dermatitis) sleep hypnos (hypnosis) sopore (soporific) somno (somnolent) narco (narcolepsy) slow brady (bradycardia) small intestine entero (enteroscope) sof tening malacia (encephalomalacia) speech phasis (aphasia) spinal cord myelo (myelocele) spine, vertebra spondylo (spondylosis) rachi (rachiotomy) star aster (asterion) stella (stellate) stopping stasis (bacteriostatic) straight ortho (orthopedics) recto (rectum) 112 surgical correction plasty (orthoplasty) suffering pathos (pathology) suture orrhaphy (myorrhaphy) sweat sudor (sudoriferous) sweet glyco (glycogen) swelling edema sword, blade xiphos (xiphoid) table trapeza (trapezium) tail caudo (caudal) tavern hospitio (hospital) tear lacrima (lacrimal) thirst dips (polydipsia) thread mitos (mitosis) filo (filament) capilo (capillary) through dia (diarrhea) per (percutaneous) thumb pollex tile imbrex (imbricate) together with syn, sym (symphysis) tongue glossa (glossopharyngeal) lingua (lingual) tooth odontos (dental) touch tacto (tactile) trumpet salpinx tube tubulo (tubular) fistula canale (canula) tube tubo (tubiform) salpingo (salpinx) tumor oma (astrocytoma) up ana (anabo lism) uterus hystero (hysterectomy) vagina colpo (colpitis) vessel, bowl cytos (leucocyte) vas (vascular) angio (angiography) veil integumento (integument) vein phlebs (phlebitis) veno (venous) vertebra spondylos (spondylitis) violet iodes (iodine ) vomit emetos (emetic) wall pariete (parietal) water hydro (hydrotherapy) 113 web histos (histology) tela (tela subcutanea) wedge sphen (sphenoid) embolos (embolism) cuneo (cuneiform) window fenestra (fenestrated) without a, an (apnea) white leucos (leucocyte) albo (albino) wind flatu (flatus) women gyneco (gynecology) wreath corona wrist carpos

114 APPENDIX V I

LATIN - GREEK DUPLICATES

English Latin Greek 1.White Albus, a, um Leuc – 2. Pain Dolor, oris m Alg – , odyn – 3. Disease Morbus, i m Nos (o) – , path – 4. Fast Frequence, tis Tachy 5. Eyelid Palpebra, ae f Blephar – 6. Vien Vena, ae f Phleb – 7. Upper jaw Maxilla, ae f Gnath – 8. Top Apex, icis m Acr – 9. Taste Gustus, us m Geus – 10. Vagine Vagina, ae f Colp – 11. Viscera V iscera, um n Splanchn – 12. Water Aqua, ae f Hydr – 13. Eye Oculus, i m Opthalm – 14. Pharynx ––– Pharyng – 15. Pus, matter Pus, ris n Py (o) – 16. Head Caput, itis n Cephal – 17. Brain Cerebrum, i n Encephal – 18. Larynx –––––– Laryng – 19. Hernia Hernia, ae f Cele 20. Breast Mamma, ae f Mast – 21. Chest ––––– Thorac – 22. Lip Labium, i n Cheil – 23. Gum Gingiva, ae f Ul (o) 24. Unsimilar ––– Heter (o) – 25. Another ––– All (o) – 26. Heat Calor, oris m Pyr – , therm – 27. Gland Glandula, ae f Aden – 28. St omach Ventriculus, i m Gastr – 29. Yellow Flavus, a um Xanth – 30. Gall Fel, fe l l is n Chol (e) 31. Gallblader Vesica fellea Cholecyst – 32. Belly Abdomen, inis n Lapar – 33. Life Vita, ae f Bi (o) – 34. Fat Adeps, ipis m/f Lip – 35. Vision Visus, us m Op (s) 36. Tooth Dens, den tis m Odont – 37. Stone Calculus, i m Lith – 38. Intestine Intestinum, i n Enter – 39. Cell Cellula, ae f Cyt – 40. Skin Cutis, is f Derm (at) –

115 41. Knee Genu, us n Gon – 42. Bone Os, ossis n Oste – 43. Red Ruber, bra, brum Erythr – 44. Blood Sanguis, inis m Haem – , haemat – 45. Lung Pulmo, onis m Pneum – 46. Drug Medicamentum, i n Pharmac – 47. Treatment Curatio, onis f Therapia – , iatria 48. False Spurius, a, um Pseudo – 49. Little ––– Olig – 50. Uterus Uterus, i m Hyster – ., metr – 5 1. Place Locus, i m Top – 52. Slow Tardus, a um Brady – 53. Meninx Mater, tris f Mening – 54. Milk Lac, lac tis n Galact – 55. Urine Urina, ae f Ur (o) – 56.Urinary bladder Vesica urinaria Cyst – 57. Muscle Musculus, i f My (o), myos – 58. Science Doctrina , ae f Log (ia) 59. Unequal Impar, imparis Aniso – 60. Nerve Nervus, i m Neur – 61. New Novus, a, um Ne (o) – 62. Foot Pes, pe dis m Pod – 63. Nail Unguis, us m Onych – 64. Nose Nasus, i m Rhin 65. Smell Olfactus, us m Osm – 66. Tumour Tumor, oris m Onc – 67. Finger Digitus, i m Dactyl – 68. Liver Jecur, oris n Hepat – 69. Pancreas ––––– Pancreat – 70. Vertebra Vertebra, ae f Spondyl – 71. Perspiration Sudor, oris m Hidr – 72. Kidney Ren, r enis m Nephr – 73. Rectum Rectum, i n Proct – 74. Straight Rectus, a, um Ortho – 75. Pulse Pulsus, us m Sphygm – 76. Navel Umbilicus, i m Omphal – 77. Equal Aequalis, e Iso – 78. Child Infans, inf antis m/f Paed – 79. Horn Cornu, usn Kerat – 80. Mouth Os, oris n Stomat – 81.Ligament ligamentum, i n Desm – , syndesm – 82. Sp leen Lien, li enis m Splen – 83. Heart Cor, cor dis, n Cardi – 84. Grey Cinereus, a, um Poli (o) – 85. Sweet Dulcis, e Glyc – 86. Tear Lacrima, ae f Dacry – 116 87. Calcum Cecum, i n Typhl – 88. Mucilage Mucilago, inis f Myx – , blenn (o) – 89. Saliva Saliva, ae f Sial 90. Latent Latens, entis Crypto – 91. Vessel Vas, vas is n Angi 92. Narrow Medulla, ae f Myel 93. Articulation articulatio, onis f – arthr – 94. Tendon Tendo, inis m Ten 95. Dry Siccus, a, um Xer (o) – 96. Similar –––– Homo – 97. Hard Durus, a, u m Scler – , pachy – , Skirrh – 98. Tissue Tela, ae f Hist – 99. Slender Tenuis,e Lepto – 100. Tube Tuba, ae f Salping – 101. Mind Mens, men tis f Phren – 102. Ear Auris, is f Ot – 103. Form Forma, ae f Morph – 104. Cold Frigidus, a, um Cry (o) – 105. Cartilage Cartilago, inis f Chondr – 106. Colour Color, oris m Chromat 107. Man Homo, inis m Anthrop – 108. Black Niger, gra, grum Melan 109. Feeling Sensus, us m Easthes – 110. Tongue Lingua, a e f Gloss

117

English – Latin Vocabulary Anatomical Terminology A a a bdomen, belly abdomen, inis n a rticulation, joint articulat io, ōnis f a bdominal abdominalis, e a tlas atlas, antis m a bductor (muscle) m. abductor, oris m atrium atrium, i n a ccessory accessorius, a, um a uditory , auditive auditorius, a, um acoustic acusticus, a, um a xis axis, is m a dductor (muscle) m. adductor, oris m a dipose adiposus, a, um B b a fferent affrens, ntis b ack dorsum, i n a ggre gate aggregatus, a, um b asic , basal basalis, e a limentary alimentarius, a, um b asilar , basal, basic basilaris, e a lveolar alveolaris, e b asis , base, foundation basis, is f a lveolus alveolus, i m b iceps biceps, ipītis a mpulla, ampule ampulla, ae f b ilaminar bilamin aris, e a nastomosis anastomosis, is f b ile chole, es f; fel, fellis n; bilis, is f a natomic anatomicus, a, um b iliary biliaris, e; felelleus, a, um angle angulus, i m b iventral biventer, tra, trum a nterior anterior, ius b lack niger, gra, grum a orta aorta, ae f b ladde r vesica, ae f a pex apex , icis m b lood sanguis, inis m a pical apicalis, e b ody corpus, oris n apparatus, system apparatus, us m b one os, ossis n appendix, appendage appendix, icis f b reast pectus, oris n a rch arcus, us m b road, wid e latus, a, um a rterial arteriosus, a, um b ronchus bronchus , i m a rteriovenous arteriovenosus, a, um b ulb bulbus , i m a rtery arteria, ae f b ursa , pouch, sac bursa, ae f a rticular articularis, e

118 C c convolute , convoluted convolutes, a, um c adaver, corpse, dead body cadaver, cornea , cornea, ae f ĕris n cornified c ornificatus, a, um c alvaria calvaria, ae f coronary coronarius, a , um c alyx (anat.) calyx, icis m cortex cortex, icis m c amera camera, ae f cranial cranialis, e canal canalis, is m cranium cranium, i n cavity cavitas, ātis f crest crista, ae f cecum cecum, i m crucial cruciatus, a, um cell cellula, ae f crus, pedicle crus, cruris n cellular cellularis, e cutaneous cutaneus, a, um central centralis , e centre centrum, i n D d cerebellar cerebellaris, e d ecubitus , bedsore decubitus, us m cerebe llum cerebellum, i n d eep, p rofound profundus, a, um cerebral cerebraris, e d enta l dentalis, e cerebrum cerebrum, i n d epressive depressivus, a, um cervical cervicalis, e d epressor (muscle) m. depressor, oris m cheek bucca, ae f d iaphragm diaphragma, ātis n chest , thorax thorax, acis m d igastrics digastricus, a, um chiasm chiasma, ātis n d igit digitus, i m cicatrix cicatrix, icis f dilator (muscle) m. dilatator, oris m cilium cilium , i n d isc discus, i m circle circulus, i m d isjoine d disjunctus, a, um circumflex circumflexus, a, um d istal distalis, e clavicle , clavicula clavicula, ae f dorsal dorsalis, e clavus , corn, horn clavus, i m duct ductus, us m coccygeal bone , coccyx coccyx, ygis m d uodenum duodenum, i n coccygeal coccygeus, a, um ura mater dura mater complex complexus, us m compound compositus, a, um

119 E e G g e ar auris, is f g allbladder ves ica ( ae f) fellea ( ae) e namelous enameleus, a, um ganglion ganglion, i n e ncephalon encephalon, i n girdle cingulum, i n e sophageal oesophageus, a, um g land glandula, ae f e sophagus, oesophageus i m land , lymphatic node aden, adenis m e xte nsor (muscle ) m. extensor, oris m (Greek) e xterna l externus, a, um gl omus glomus, ĕris n e xtremity , limb membrum, i n g reat toe, hallux, hallus hallux, ucis m e ye oculus, i m g rey cinereus, a, um e yeball bulbus oculi H h Ff hand manus, us f face facies, ei f h ard , firm durus, a, um f acial facialis, e head caput, capītis n ; capitulum, i n f ascia fascia, ae f h eart cor, cordis n fasciculus, fascicle, bundle fascilus, i m h epatic hepaticus, a, um f emoral femoralis, e h ole fossa, ae f f emur femur, oris n h ollow cavus, a, um f iber fibra, ae f h orn cornu, us n f ibrious fibrosus, a, um h u merus humerus, i m f lexor (muscle) flexor, oris m h yoid hyoideus, a, um follicular follicularis, e h ypoglossa l hypoglossus, a, um foot pes, pedis m h ypophysis , pituitary gland forearm antebrachium , i n h ypophysis, is f f ossa fossa, ae f f ovea fovea, ae f I i f rontal frontalis, e i leum ileum, i n f undus fundus, i m i ncisive incisivus, a, um i ncisure incisura, ae f i ncus, anvil incus, udis f

120 i ndex index , icis m m axillary , supremaxillary maxillaris, e i nner organ , viscus viscus, ĕris n m aximum maximus, a, um i ntercellular intercellularis , e medium , middle medius, a, um i ntercostal intercostalis, e m embrane membrana, ae f i nterlobular interloburalis, e membranous membranaceus, a, um i nternal internus, a, um m eninx meninx, ngis f intestine intestinum, i n m outh os, oris n intramuscula r intramuscularis, e m ucilage mucilago, i nis f mucous muco sus, a, um J j muscle musculus, i m j unction junctio, ōnis f m usculotendinous myotendineus, a, us

K k Nn k idney ren, renis m n asal nasalis, e k nee genu, us n neck collum , i n n eck , cervix cervix, icis f L l nerve nervus, i m n ervous nervosus, a, um l amina lamina, ae f l arynx larynx, ngis m n etwork , rete rete is n node nodus, i m l eft, sinistrous sinister , tra, trum n odose , nodous, nodular nodosus, a, um l eg crus, cruris n nodule nodulus, i m l igament ligamentum, i n nose nasus, i m l ine linea, ae f l iver hepar, ātis n lobe lobus, i m O o l ong longus, a, um o blique obliquus, a ,um l ung pulmo, ōnis m o blong oblongatus, a ,um o ccipital occipitalis, e M m o cular ocularis , e m argin , border, edge margo, inis m o ptic , optical opticus, a, um o ral oralis, e m axilla , upper jaw maxilla , ae f

121 o s, bone os, ossis n R r o sseous, bony, osteal osseus, a, um radius radius , i m r adix , root radix, icis f P p ramus , branch ramus, i m palate palatum, i n r aphe , seam rhaphe, es f p alatine , palatal palatinus, a, um r ectal rectalis, e p alpebra palpebra, ae f rectum rectum, i n p ancreas pancreas, ātis n red ruber, bra, brum p art pars, rtis f region , area regio, ōnis f p ectin , comb pecten, pectinis m r enal renalis, e p elvic pelvinus, a, um r espiratory respiratorium, a, um p elvis pelvis, is f r etina retina , ae f perineural perineuralis, e rib costa, ae f p etrous, petrosal petrosus, a, um r ight dexter, tra, trum p halanx phalanx, ngis f r ima, slit, fissure, cleft, crack rima, ae f p leura , pleural membrane pleura, ae f ring, annulus , circle annulus , i m p lexus plexus, us m r otund rotundus, a, um plica plica, ae f p olar polaris,e S s pore porus, i m s ac bursa, ae f posterio r posterior, ius s anguineous bl oody (aboumding in p rocess , projection, outgrowth blood, pertaining to the blood) processus, us m sanguineus, a, um p ubic pubicus, a, um s capula scapula, ae f p ubis pubes, is f s ecretory secretorius, a, um p ulp pulpa, ae f segment segmentum , i n pulvinar pulvinar, aris n s ense sensus, us m p ylorus pylorus, i m septum septum, i n p yramidal pyramidalis, e s igmoid sigmoideus , a, um s imple simplex, icis s inus, cavity sinus, us m

122 s keleton skeleton, i n t horacic , thoracicus, a, um s kin cutis, is f t ransversal tran sversalis, e s kull cranium, i n t ransverse transversus, a, um s lit rima, ae f triangle , trigone trigonum, i n space spatium, i n t riceps (muscle) triceps, cipītis m spinous, spinose spinosus, a, um t rue , real verus,a , um s pongy spongiosus, a, um tube tuba, ae f s pur calcar, aris n t uber tuber, ĕris n s purious , simulated spurious, a, u m t ubercle tuberculosis, is f s quama, scale squamma, ae f t unic , coat tunica, ae f s quamous squamosus, a , um sternum sternum , i n U u s tigma (pl. stigmata) stigma, ātis n u mbilical umbilicalis, e s tomach gaster, gastris f (Greek) up perarm brachium, i n straight rectus, a, um uterus uterus, i m stratum stratum, i n stroma (the supporting tissue or matrix of V v an organ) stroma, ātis n v agina vagina, ae f s ulcus sulcus, i m v alve valvula, ae f s uperior superior, ius v ascular vascularis, e s urfa ce superficies, ei f v aul t, fornix, arch fornix, icis m suture sutura, ae f v ein vena, ae а s ystem systema, ātis n v enous venosus, a, um

v ermiform vermiformis, e T t v ertebra vertebra , ae f t aste gustus, us m vertex, crown of the head, highest t emporal temporalis, e point, top, vertex, icis m t endon tendo, inis m v essel vas, vasis n t ermination terminatio, ōnis f vestibular vestibularis, e t exture, tissue textus, us m vestibule vestibulum, i n t hick crassus, a, um vome r vomer, eris m

123 W w wing ala, ae f wal l paries, etis m wrist carpus, i m white albus, a, um

124 Latin – English Vocabulary Anatomical Terminology A a apparatus , us m a pparatus, system abdomen, inis n ; v enter, ntris m a bdomen, appendix, icis f appendix, belly arcus , us m a rch abdominalis, e a bdominal arteria , ae f a rtery abductor , oris m (muscle) abductor arteriovenosus , a,um a rteriovenous accessorius , a, um accessory artesiosus , a, um a rterial acusticus, a, um acoustic articularis , e a rticular adductor , oris m (muscle) adductor articulatio , onis f joint aden, adenis m (Greek) gland, lymphatic atlas , ntis m antlas node atrium , i n a trium adiposus , a, um a dipose audito rius , a, um a uditory, auditive affrens , ntis a fferent auris , is f e ar aggregatus , a, um a ggregate axis , is m a xis ala, ae f w ing albus , a, um w hite B b alimentarius , a, um a limentary basalis , e b asic, basal alveolaris , e a lveolar basilaris , e b asilar, basal, basic alveolus , i m a lveolus basis , is f b asis, base, foundation ampull a, ae f a mpulla biceps , ipitis b iceps anastomosis, is f a nastomosis bilaminaris , e b ilaminar anatomicus , a, um a natomic biliaris , e; felelleus, a, um b iliary angulus , i m a ngle b iventer , tra, trum b iventral annulus , i m r ing, annulus, circle brachium , i n upperarm antebrachium , i n f orearm bronchus , i m bronchus anterior , ius a nterior bucca, ae f cheek aorta , ae f a orta bulbus , i m b ulb apex , icis m a pex bulbus oculi e yeball apicalis , e a pical bursa , ae f s ac

C c clavus , i m clavus, corn, horn cadaver , eris n c adaver, corpse, dead body coccygeus , a, um coccygeal calvaria , ae f c alvaria collum , i n n eck calyx , icis m c alyx (anat.) complexus , us m complex c amera , ae f c amera compos itus , a, um compound canalis , is m canal convolutus , a, um convolute, convoluted caput, capitis n ; capitulum, i n head cor , cordis n h eart carpus , i m w rist cornea , ae f cornea cavitas , atis f cavity cornificatus , a, um cornified cavus , a, um h ollow cornu , us n h orn cecum , i m cecum coronarius , a, um coronary cellula , ae f cell corpus , oris n b ody cellularis , e cellular cortex , icis m cortex centralis , e central costa , ae f r ib centrum , i n centre cranialis , e cranial cerebe llaris , e cerebellar cranium , i n skull cerebellum , i n cerebellum crassus , a, um t hick cerebraris , e cerebral crista , ae f crest cerebrum , i n cerebrum cruciatus , a, um crossed, cruciate, cervicalis , e cervical cruciform, crucial cervix , icis f n eck, cervix crus , cruris n crus, pedicle chiasma , atis n chiasm cutaneus , a, um cutaneous chole , es f; fel, fellis n ; bilis, is f b ile cutis , is f s kin cicatrix , icis f cicatrix D d cilium , i n cilium decubitus , us m d ecubitus, bedsore cinereus , a, um g rey dentalis , e d e ntal cingulum , i n g irdle depressivus , a, um d epressive circulus , i m circle depressor , oris m d epressor (muscle) circumflexus , a, um circumflex dexter , tra, trum r ight clavicula , ae f clavicle, clavicula diaphragma , atis n d iaphragm

digastricus , a, um d igastrics fornix , icis m v ault, ornix, arch digitus , i m d igit fossa , ae f f ossa dilatators , oris m dilator (muscle) fovea , ae f f ovea discus , i m d isc frontalis , e frontal disjunctus , a, um d i sjoined fundus , i m fundus distalis , e d istal dorsalis , e d orsal G g dorsum , i n b ack ganglion, i n ganglion ductus , us m d uct gaster , gastris f (Greek) s tomach duodenum , i n duodenum genu , us n k nee dura mater d ura mater glandula , ae f g land durus , a, um hard, firm glomus , eris n g lomus gustus , us m t aste E e enameleus , a, um e namelous H h encephalon , i n e ncephalon hallux , ucis m g reat toe, hallux, hallus extensor , oris m e xtensor (muscle) hepar , atis n l iver ex ternus , a, um e xternal hepaticus , a, um h epatic humerus , i m h umerus F f hyoideus , a, um h yoid facialis , e f acial hypoglossus , a, um h ypoglossal facies, ei f f ace fascia , ae f f ascia I i fascilus , i m fasciculus, fascicle, bundle ileum , i n i leum femoralis , e f emoral incisivus , a, um i ncisive femur , oris n f emur incisura , ae f i ncisure fibra , ae f f iber index , icis m i ndex fibrosus , a, um f ibrious intercellularis , e i ntercellular flexor , oris m f lexor (muscle) intercostalis , e i ntercostal fol licularis , e f ollicular interloburalis , e i nterlobular,

internus , a, um i nternal musculus , i m m uscle intestinum , i n intestine myotendineus , a, us m usculotendinous intramuscularis , e i untramuscular N n J j nasalis , e n asal junctio, onis f j unction nasus , i m n ose nervosus , a, um n ervous L l nervus , i m n erve lamina , a e f lamina niger , gra, grum b lack larynx , ngis m larynx nodosus , a, um n odose, nodous, nodular latus, a, um b road nodulus , i m nodule ligamentum , i n ligament nodus , i m node levator , oris m elevator, levator, raiser (muscle) O o linea , ae f line obliquus , a, um o blique lobus , i m lobe oblongatus , a, um o blong longus , a, um l ong occipitalis , e o ccipital oculus , i m e ye M m oesophageus , a, um e sophageal manus , us f h and oesophageus, i m e sophagus margo , inis m m argin, border, edge opticus , a, um o ptic, optical m axilla, ae f m axilla, upper jaw optomeninx , ae f r etina maximus , a, um m aximum oralis , e o ral medius , a, um m edium, middle os , oris n m outh membranaceus , a, um m embranous os , ossis n b one membrane , ae f m embrane osseus , a, um o sseous, bony, osteal membrum , i n e xtremity, limb meninx , ngis f m eninx P p mucilago , inis f m ucilage palatin u s , a, um p alatine, palatal mucosus , a, um m ucous palatum , i n palate

palpebra , ae f p alpebra R r pancreas , atis n p ancreas radius , i m radius pars , partis f p art ramus , i m r amus, branch pcularis , e o cular rectalis , e r ectal pecten , pectinis m p ectin, comb rectum , i n r ectum pectus , oris n b reast rectus , a, um s traight pelvinus , a, um p elv ic regio , onis f r egion, area pelvis , is f p elvis ren , renis m k idney peries, etis m w all renalis , e r enal perineuralis , e p erineural respiratorius , a, um r espiratory pes, pedis m foot rete, is n n etwork, rete phalanx , ngis f p halanx rha phe , es f r aphe, seam pleura , ae f p leura, pleural membrane rima , ae f r ima, slit, fissure, cleft, crack plexus , us m p lexus radix, icis f root r adix, plica , ae f p lica rotundus , a, um r otund p olaris, e p olar ruber , bra, brum r ed porus , i m pore posterior , ius p osterior S s bursa, ae f pouch, sac, b ursa sanguineus , a, um bloody (abounding in processus , us m p rocess, projection, blood, pertaining to the blood) outgrowth sanguis , inis m b lood profundus , a, um d eep, profound scapula , ae f s capula pubes , is f p ubis secretorius , a, um s ecretory pubicus , a, um p ubic segmentum , i n segment pulmo , onis m l ung sensus , us m s ense pulpa , ae f p ulp septum , i n septum pulvinar , aris n p ulvinar sigmoideus , a, um sigmoid pylorus , i m p ylorus simplex , icis s imple pyramidalis , e pyramidal sinister, tra, trum l eft, sinistrous sinus , us m s inus, cavity

skeleton , i n skeleton tuba , ae f t ube spatium, i n sp ace tuber , eris n t uber spinosus, a, um s pinous, spinose tuber culosis , is f t ubercle spongious, a, um s pongy tunica , ae f t unic, coat spurious, a, um s purious, simulated squamma, ae f s quama, scale U u squamosus, a, um s quamous umbilicalis , e u mbilical sternum , i n s ternum uterus , i m u terus stigma, atis n s tigma (pl. stigmata) stratum, i n s tratum V v stroma, atis n s tr oma (the supporting tissue vagina , ae f v agina or matrix of an organ) valvula, ae f v alve sulcus, i m s ulcus vas, vasis n v essel superficies, ei f s urface vascularis , e v ascular superior , ius s uperior vena , ae f v ein maxillaris, e supremaxillary m axillary, venosus , a, um v enous sutura , ae f s uture ventriculus , i m v entricl e systema , atis n s ystem vernifirmis , e v ermiform vertebra , ae f v ertebra T t vertex , icis m v ertex, crown of the head, temporalis , e t emporal highest point, top tendo , inis m t endon verus , a, um t rue, real terminatio , onis f t ermination vesica ( ae f ) fellea ( ae) g allbladder textus , us m t exture, tissue vesica , ae f b ladder thoracicus, a, um t horacic vestibularis , e v estibular thorax , acis m chest, thorax vestibulum, i n v estibule transversalis, e t ransversal viscus, eris n i nner organ transversus , a, um t ransverse vomer , us m v omer trigonum, i n triangle, trigone viscera , um n pl v iscera

English – Latin Vocabulary . Pharmaceutical Terminology

Aa orthophosphor ĭcum according to the rule lege artis ~ perchloric ac ĭdum perchlorĭcum acetate acētas, ātis m ~ phosphoric ac ĭdum phos - phor ĭcum acid ac ĭdum, i n ~ salicylic ac ĭdum salicylĭcum ~ acetic ac ĭdum acetĭcum act ivated activātus, a, um ~ acetylsalicylic ac ĭdum adjuvant adjuvans, ntis acetylsalicyl ĭcum Aloe syrup sir ŭpus Aloës ~ arsenic ac ĭdum arsenĭcum aloes tincture tinctūra Alo ës ~ arsenous ac ĭdum arsenic ōsum ammonia spirit spirit of hartshorn ~ ascorbinic ac ĭdum ascorbinĭcum solutio Ammonii caust ĭci ~ boric ac ĭdum borĭcum amylaceous, starchy amylaceus, a, um ~ carbonic ac ĭdum carbonĭcum amylum,starch amylum, i n ~ chloric ac ĭdum chlorĭcum an(a)esthetic a naesthet ĭcus, a, um ~ chlorous ac ĭdum chlor ōsum anhydrous anhydr ĭcus, a, um ~ citric ac ĭdum citrĭcum antidote antid ŏtum, i n ~ formic ac ĭdum formĭcum antipyretic antipyret ĭcus, a, um ~ hydrochloric ac ĭdum hydro - antirabic antirab ĭcus, a, am chlor ĭcum antiseptic antisept ĭcs, a, um ~ hydrocyanic ac ĭdum hydrocyanĭcum application applicatio, ōnis f ~ hydrosulfuric ac ĭdum aromatic aromat ĭcus, a, um hydrosulfur ĭcum arsenite arsēnis, ītis m ~ lactic ac ĭdum lactĭcum a s much as is desired quantum libet ~ metaphosphori c ac ĭdum as much as suffices quantum satis metaphosphor ĭcum as much as you like quantum vis ~ nicotinic ac ĭdum nicotinĭcum astrigent adstringens, ntis ~ nitric ac ĭdum nitrĭcum author auctor, ōris m ~ nitrous ac ĭdum nitr ōsum

~ orthophosphoric ac ĭdum

Bb diluted dilūtus, a, um bactericidal bactericīdus, a, um distilled destillātus, a,um benzoate benzoas, ātis m diuretic diuret ĭcus, a, um berry bacca, ae f dose dosis, is f bitter am ārus, a , um dragée dragee n bole bolus, us f or bolus, i f dried exiccātus, a, um box scat ŭla, ae f drop gutta, ae f briquette brikētum, i n dry siccus, a , um brown, dusky, dark fuscus, a, um butter butyrum, i n Ee emulsion emulsio, ōnis f Cc erysipelas, rose erysip ĕlas, ătis n calcium lactate Calcii lactas ( - ātis) ergot (of rye), ergota (the dried carbon, charcoal Carbo, ōnis m sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea, chemist’s (shop ) officīna, ae f which is developed on rye plants) Secāle chloride c hlor ĭdum, i n ( - is) cornūtum ( - i) Chloroform Chloroformium, i n ether Aether, ĕris m cholagogue,cholagogic cholagōgus, a, um euphylline Euphyllīnum, i n citrate citras, ātis m extract extractum, i n coated obductus, a, um codeine phosphate Codeini Ff phosphas ( - ātis) fat, lard adeps, ĭpis m cotton wool gossypium, i n flower flos, floris m cough,tussis tussis, is f fluid flu ĭdus, a, um cyanide cyan ĭdu m, i n for one day pro die form forma, ae f Dd fruit fructus, us m day dies, ēi m, f decoction decoctum, i n Gg depurated depurātus, a, um gargle gargarisma, ătis n gelatinous gelatinōsus, a, um Jj gemma gemma, ae f juice succus, i m Give…such doses Da (Dentur) tales doses numero… Ll glass vitrum, i n laxative laxans, ntis globule glob ŭlus, i m leaf folium, i n glycerin,glycerinum glycerīnum, i n golden yellow,yellow flavus, a, um Mm gram gramma, atis n (pl grammăta); mass of the pills massa pilulārum grammum, i n (pl gramma) medicated, medicinal me dicātus, a, um granule gran ŭlum, i n medication medicamentum, i n gum arabic Gummi arab ĭcu m medicinal medicinālis, e

menthol Menthōlum, i n Hh mercury Hydrargyrum, i n hemostasis haemostāsis, is f milk lac,lactis n herb herba, ae f mint Mentha, ae f hypnotic hypnot ĭcus, a,um mix misceo, mixtum, ēre mix let there be made a powder Ii (paste) misce,ut fiat pulvi impalpable subtiliss ĭmus, a, um mixtur e mixtūra, ae f in aseptic conditions asept ĭce in neither big nor small parts mod ĭce Nn in tablets in tabulettis nitrate nitras, ātis m in tiny(subtlest) parts nitrite nitris, ītis m subtiliss ĭmus, a, um nitrofurazone, furacin Furacillīnum, i n infusion infūsum, i n number num ĕrus, i m injection injectio, ōnis f nutrient,nutritive nutriens, ntis intravenous intravenōsus, a, um iodine iodium, i n Oo iron ferrum, i n oil oleum, i n

~ camphorated, camphor liniment purgative purgatīvus, a, um oleum Camph ŏrae purified (vaccine,serum) purificātus, a, um ~ c astor oleum Ric ĭni ~ cod - liver oleum jec ŏris Aselli Qq ~ paech oleum Persicōrum quickly cito ~ peppermint oleum Mentae piperītae qui nine hydrochloride Chinīni ~ rectified turpentine oleum hydrochlor ĭdum ( - i) Terebinth ĭnae rectific ātum oily oleōsus, a, um Rr ointment,unguentum unguentum, i n rectified rectificātus, a, um ophthalmic,ocular ophthalm ĭcus, a, um remedy remedium, i n ox ide oxydum, i n repeat twice rep ĕte bis, bis repet ātur resorcin Resorcīnum, i n Pp rhizome ( the subt erraneous rootstock of a paste pasta, ae f plant) pepper piperītus, a, um rootstock rhizōma, ătis n peppermint Mentha piperīta rice Oryz a, ae f pepsin Pepsīnum, i n peroxide peroxydum, i n Ss pharmacist pharmacopōla, ae m salicylate salicylas, ātis m phosphate phosphas, ātis m salt sal, salis m (n) pill pil ŭla, ae f sedative sedatīvus, a, um plant planta, ae f seed semen, ĭnis n plaster emplast rum, i n serum serum, i n poison, venom, toxin venēnum,i n slowly lente powder pulvis, ĕris m sodium bromide Natrii brom ĭdum powder consperge sodium chloride Natrii chlor ĭdum powdery pulverātus, a, um solution solutio,ōnis f precipitated paecipitātus, a, um somniferous somn ĭfer , f ĕra, fĕrum pure purus, a, um species,tea species, ēi f

~ antiasthmatic species antiasthmat ĭcae tree, arbor arbor, ŏris f ~ aromatic species aromat ĭcae triturated tritus, a, um ~ cholagogue species cholagōgae tuber tuber, ěris n ~ laxative species laxantes twice bis ~ nervine species nervīnae ~ pectoral species pectorāles Vv spirit, alcohol spir ĭ tus, us m vaccine vaccīnum, i n spirituous, alcoholic spirituōsus, a,um vaseline Vaselīnum, i n spissated, thickened spissus,a, um vegetable vegetab ĭlis, e strychine Strychnīnum, i n vernal vernālis, e subcutaneous subcutaneus, a, um virus;poison virus, i n substance substantia, ae f vitreous, glasslike vitreus, a, um sugar sacchărum, i n volatile volat ĭlis, e sulfate sulfas, ātis m sulfide sulf ĭdum, i n Ww sulfite s ulfis, ītis m water aqua, ae f sulfur, sulphur Sulfur, ŭris n watery, aqueous aquōsus, a, um sulphanilamide Streptocīdum, i n wax cera, ae f wax ed cerātus, a, um Tt waxed paper charta (ae f) cerāta tablet tabuletta, ae f well bene three times ter white albus, a, um tincture tinctūra, ae f wine vinum, i n toxic tox ĭcus, a, um

Latin – English Vocabulary . Pharmaceutical Terminology

Aa ~ orthophosphor ĭcum acid acētas, ātis m acetate orthophosphoric ac ĭdum , i n acid ~ perchlor ĭcum acid perchloric ~ acet ĭcum acid acetic ~ salicyl ĭcum acid salicylic ~ acetylsalicyl ĭ cum acid acetyl - activātus , a, um activated salicylic adeps, ĭpis m fat, lard ~ arsen ĭcum acid arsenic adjuvans, ntis adjuvant ~ arsenicōsum acid arsenous adstringens , ntis astrigent ~ ascorbin ĭcum acid ascorbinic aether , ĕris m ether ~ bor ĭcum acid boric amārus , a, um bitter ~ carbon ĭcum acid carbonic albus , a, um white ~ chlor ĭcum acid chloric amylaceus, a, um amylaceous, ~ chlorōsum acid chlorous starchy ~ citr ĭcum acid citric amylum, i n amylum, starch ~ form ĭcum acid formic anaesthet ĭcus , a, um an(a)esthetic ~ hydrochlor ĭcum acid hydro - anhydr ĭcus, a, um anhydrous chloric antid ŏtum, i n antidote ~ hydrocyan ĭcum acid hydro - antipyret ĭcus, a, um antipyretic cyanic antir ab ĭcus , a, um antirabic ~ hydrosulfur ĭcum acid hydro - antisept ĭcus , a, um antiseptic sulfuric applicatio , ōnis f application ~ lact ĭcum acid lactic arbor , ŏris f tree, arbor ~ metaphosphor ĭcum acid meta - aromat ĭcus , a, um aromatic phosphoric arsēnis, ītis m arsenite ~ nicotin ĭcum acid nicotinic asept ĭce in aseptic conditions ~ nitr ĭcum acid nitric auctor, ōris m author ~ nitrōsum acid nitrous

Bb cyan ĭdum, i n cyanide bacca, ae f berry bacter icīdus, a, um bactericidal Dd bene well Da (Dentur) tales doses num ĕro… benzoas, ātis m benzoate Give…such doses bis twice decoctum, i n decoction bis repetātur, rep ĕte bis repeat depurātus , a, um depurated twice destillātus, a, um distilled bolus , us f ( bolus, i f) bole dies , ēi m, f day brikētum , i n briquette dilūtus, a, um diluted butyrum, i n butter diuret ĭcus, a, um diuretic dosis , is f dose Cc dragee n dragée Calcii lactas ( - ātis) calcium lactate Carbo , ōnis m carbon, charcoal Ee cera , ae f wax emplastrum , i n plaster cerātus , a, um waxed emulsio, ōnis f emulsion charta (ae f ) cerāta waxed euphyllīnum, i n euphylline paper exsiccātus, a, um dried Chinīni hydrochlor ĭdum ( - i) quinine extractum, i n extract hydrochloride chlor ĭdum , i n chloride Ff chloroformium, i n Chloroform fe rrum, i n iron cholagōgus, a, um cholagogue, flavus , a, um yellow cholagogic flos, floris m flower cito quickly flu ĭdus, a, um fluid citras, ātis m citrate forma, ae f form codeini phosphas ( - ātis) codeine fructus, us m fruit phosphate Furacillīnum , i n nitrofurazone, consperge powder Furacin fuscus, a, um brown, dark Ll lac, lactis n milk Gg laxans, ntis laxative gargarisma, ătis n gargle lege artis according to the rule gelatinōsus , a, um gelat inous lente slowly gemma, ae f gemma longe subtiliss ĭmus , a, um in tiny glob ŭlus , i m globule (subtlest) parts glycerīnum, i n glycerin gossypium, i n cotton wool Mm gramma, atis n (pl grammăta); massa pilulārum mass of the pills grammum, i n (pl gramma) gram medicātus, a, um medicated, grosse roughly medicinal gran ŭlum, i n granule medicamentum, i n medication gummi arab ĭcum gum arabic medicinālis, e medicinal gutta , ae f drop menthōlum , i n menthol mentha , ae f mint Hh misceo, mixtum, ēre mix haemo stāsis , is f hemostasis misce, ut fiat pulvi mix let there be herba, ae f herb made a powder hydrargyrum, i n mercury mixtūra, ae f mixture hydroxydum , i n hydroxides mod ĭce in neither big nor small hypnot ĭcus, a, um hypnotic parts

Ii Nn in tabulettis in tablets Natrii brom ĭdum sodium bromide infūsum, i n infusion Natrii chlor ĭdum sodium chloride injectio , ōnis f injection nitras , ātis m nitrate intravenōsus , a, um intravenous nitris, ītis m nitrite iodum, i n iodin e num ĕrus, i m number nutriens, ntis nutrient,nutritive

Oo Qq obductus , a, um coated quantum libet as much as is desired officīna, ae f chemist’s (shop) quantum satis as much as suffices oleōs us, a, um oily quantum vis as much as you like oleum , i n oil ~ Cam ph ŏrae oil camphorated Rr ~ Ric ĭni oil castor rectificātus , a, um rectified ~ jec ŏris Aselli oil cod - liver remedium, i n remedy ~ Persicōrum oil peach resorcīnum, i n res orcin ~ Menthae piperītae oil peppermint rhizōma , ătis n rhizome (the ~ Terebinth ĭnae rectific ātum oil subterraneous rootstock of a plant) rectified turpentine ophthalm ĭcus, a, um ophthalmic, Ss ocular sacchărum, i n sugar oryza, ae f rice sal, salis m (n ) salt oxydum , i n oxide salicylas, ātis m salicylate sedatīvus, a, um sedative Pp Secāle ( - is) cornūtum ( - i) ergot (of pasta, ae f paste rye),ergota (the dried sclerotium of pepsīnum, i n pepsin Cl aviceps purpurea,which is developed peroxydum, i n peroxide on rye plants) pharmacopōla , ae m pharmacist semen , ĭnis n seed phosphas , ātis m phosphate serum, i n serum pil ŭla, ae f pill siccus, a, um dry planta, ae f plant sir ŭpus Aloës Aloe syrup pulverātus, a, um powdery solutio, ōnis f solution pro die for one day solutio Ammonii caust ĭci ammonia pulvis , ĕris m powd er spirit, spirit of hartshorn purgatīvus, a, um purgative somn ĭfer, f ĕra, fĕrum s omniferous purificātus, a, um purified (vaccine) species, ēi f species, tea

~ antiasthmat ĭcae species antiasthmatic Vv ~ aromat ĭcae species aromatic vaccīnum, i n vaccine ~ cholagōgae species cholagogue vaselīnum, i n vaseline ~ laxantes species laxative vegetab ĭlis, e vegetable ~ nervīnae species nervine venēnum, i n poison,venom, ~ pectorāles species pectoral toxin spinōsus , a, um spinous , spinose vernālis, e vernal spirituōsus , a, um spirituous, vinum , i n wine alcoholic virus, i n virus;poison spir ĭtus, us m spirit, alcohol vitreus, a, u m vitreous, spissus, a, um spissated, thickened glasslike Streptocīdum, i n sulphanilamide volat ĭlis, e volatile Strychnīnum , i n strychine subcutaneus , a, um subcutaneous substantia, ae f substance subtili ss ĭmus, a, um impalpable succus, i m juice sulfas, ātis m sulfate sulfidum, i n sulfide sulfis, ītis m sulfite sulfur, ŭris n sulfur, sulphur

Tt tabuletta, is f tablet ter three times tinctūra, ae f tincture tinctūra Alo ës aloes tincture tox ĭc us, a, um toxic tritus, a, um triturated tuber, ĕris n tuber

REFERENCES

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