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3404 Bony Fishes

Anampses caeruleopunctatus Rüppell, 1829 (Plate I, 1 and 2) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: Anampses diadematus Rüppell, 1835 / Anampses cuvier Quoy and Gaimard, 1824. FAO names: En - Bluespotted wrasse.

initial phase terminal phase

Diagnostic characters: Body slightly to moderately deep and compressed, its depth 2.3 to 3 times in standard length, its width 2.3 to 2.7 times in its depth; head length 2.6 to 3 times in standard length; caudal peduncle deeper than long. Mouth small, terminal; moderately fleshy; a single pair of incisiform forward-projecting teeth at front of each , the uppers broader (usually with upcurved pointed tips), the lowers downcurved and nearly conical; remaining teeth in minute or imperceptible; no teeth at corner of mouth or on roof of mouth. Nostrils small, the anterior in a short tube, the posterior with a small flap at front. Preopercle entire. Branchiostegal rays 6. Gill rakers short, 18 to 25 on first gill arch. Dorsal fin with IX spines and 12 (rarely 11 or 13) soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 12 (rarely 11 or 13) soft rays; pectoral-fin rays 13 (rarely 12 or 14); principal caudal-fin rays 14 (uppermost and lowermost unbranched); caudal fin short, varying from truncated to rounded. Lateral line continuous, deflected downward below base of ninth dorsal-fin ray to a horizontal section midlaterally on caudal peduncle; lateral-line scales 27. Head naked except for small scales on nape which reach nearly to a vertical at upper preopercular margin; body with thin cycloid scales; no scales on fins, except basally on caudal fin. Colour: initial phase body brown, shading to reddish brown ventrally, with a dark-edged light blue spot on each scale; head reddish brown with dark-edged narrow blue bands; dorsal fin brown with small dark-edged blue spots, a narrow blue margin and black submarginal line; anal fin brownish red to red with 2 or 3 rows of small dark-edged blue spots, a narrow blue margin, and black submarginal line; caudal fin brown with small dark-edged blue spots and blue margins; a dusky orange-red bar, edged in blue at pectoral-fin base, the upper portion blackish. Male olive with a dark-edged blue vertical line on each scale of body (except on , , and nape where the blue segments are shorter and variously oriented); head with irregular, narrow, dark-edged, blue bands and a broad blue band across anterior interorbital space; many individuals with a broad light green bar on side centred on sixth dorsal-fin spine; dorsal and anal fins reddish with broad margins and basal stripes of bright blue, the dorsal fin with a median band of small dark-edged blue spots and the anal fin with 1 or 2 blue stripes in middle of fin; caudal fin reddish with prominent blue margins and blue stripes along rays, but with an upper and lower zone of fin largely free of blue; an orangish to dusky blue-edged bar at pectoral-fin base, the upper portion of which is blackish. Size: Maximum total length about 35 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Anampses caeruleopunctatus generally occupies an inshore habitat, found on shallow coral reefs, although it has been collected at depths of down to 20 m. Feeds on small benthic invertebrates. Occasionally seen in fish markets and in the aquarium trade. Distribution: A. caeruleopunctatus has the broadest range of all the species of the genus: Red Sea to Easter Island including New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan Province of China, Japan, Palau Islands, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Samoa Islands, Phoenix Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago, Line Islands, Baker Island, Howland Island, Rarotonga, Society Islands, Easter Island. It is absent from Hawaii, being replaced there by the closely related A. cuvier. Perciformes: Labroidei: Labridae 3405

Anampses geographicus (Valenciennes, 1840) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: Anampses pterophthalmus Bleeker, 1857 / None. FAO names: En - Geographic wrasse.

initial phase

Diagnostic characters: Body slightly to moderately deep and compressed, its depth 2.7 to 3.1 times in standard length, its width 2.5 to 2.8 times in its depth; head length 2.6 to 2.8 times in standard length; caudal pedun- cle deeper than long. Mouth small, terminal; lips moderately fleshy; a single pair of in- terminal phase cisiform forward-projecting teeth at front of each jaw, the uppers broader (usually with upcurved pointed tips), the lowers downcurved and nearly conical; remaining teeth in jaws minute or imperceptible; no teeth at corner of mouth or on roof of mouth. Nostrils small, the anterior in a short tube, the posterior with a small flap at front. Preopercle entire. Branchiostegal rays 6. Gill rakers short, 17 to 20 on first gill arch. Dorsal fin with IX spines and 12 (rarely 11 or 13) soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 12 (rarely 11 or 13) soft rays; pectoral-fin rays 13 (rarely 12 or 14); principal caudal-fin rays 14 (uppermost and lowermost unbranched); caudal fin emarginate, rounded in juveniles. Lateral line continuous, deflected downward below base of ninth dorsal-fin ray to a horizontal section midlaterally on caudal peduncle; lateral-line scales 48 to 50. Head naked except for small scales on nape which reach nearly to a vertical at upper preopercular margin; body with thin cycloid scales; no scales on fins, except basally on caudal fin. Colour: initial phase dark olive brown; scale margins somewhat reddish on fading but no spots or bars; head similar but of more purplish shade; large black centred tawny rimmed ocellus on last 3 or 4 rays of dorsal and anal fins; caudal fin plain except hyaline pinkish tips; pelvic fins coloured as body; pectoral fins olive yellow; membranes more or less hyaline. Terminal-phase male reddish brown, scales of body with a vertical blue line on each scale; head and thorax with very irregular blue bands; lips whitish; dorsal and anal fins reddish brown with blue dots and short lines, a yellowish border, and a blue submarginal line; caudal fin reddish brown with irregular horizontal blue lines and a bluish white posterior margin which is broader at central part of fin; pectoral fins clear with brownish yellow rays and 2 transverse blue bands at base; pelvic fins with broad blue-edged brown zone laterally, rest of fin yellow with a single blue spot. Size: Maximum total length about 25 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisher- ies: Generally occupies an in- shore habitat, found on shallow coral reefs. Feeds on small ben- thic invertebrates. Not common in fish markets or aquarium trade. Distribution: This species is known from Indonesia, Philip- pines, Taiwan Province of China, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, Palau Islands, Caroline Islands, Fiji, Western Australia, Great Barrier Reef, and Mauritius. 3406 Bony Fishes

Anampses neoguinaicus Bleeker, 1878 Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - New Guinea wrasse. Diagnostic charac- ters: Body slightly to moderately deep and compressed, its depth 2.9 to 3.3 times in stand- ard length, its width 2.3 to 2.7 times in its depth; head length 2.6 to 3 timesinstandard length; caudal peduncle deeper than long. Mouth small, terminal; lips moderately fleshy; a single pair of incisi- form forward-project- ing teeth at front of each jaw, the uppers broader (usually with upcurved pointed tips), the lowers downcurved and nearly conical; remaining teeth in jaws minute or imperceptible; no teeth at corner of mouth or on roof of mouth. Nostrils small, the anterior in a short tube, the posterior with a small flap at front. Preopercle entire. Branchiostegal rays 6. Gill rakers short, 14 to 25 on first gill arch. Dorsal fin with IX spines and 12 (rarely 11 or 13) soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 12 (rarely 11 or 13) soft rays; pectoral-fin rays 13 (rarely 12 or 14); principal caudal-fin rays 14 (uppermost and lowermost unbranched); caudal fin short, varying from truncate to rounded. Lateral line continuous, deflected downward below base of ninth dorsal-fin ray to a horizontal section midlaterally on caudal peduncle; lateral-line scales 26. Head naked except for small scales on nape which reach nearly to a vertical at upper preopercular margin; body with thin cycloid scales; no scales on fins, except basally on caudal fin. Colour: female black dorsally with blue dots, becoming yellowish white on sides below a line of demarcation from front of snout through lower edge of eye to rear base of dorsal fin, and white ventrally; a large black ocellus posteriorly on opercle at level of eye; dorsal fin purplish black with a large black spot between ninth and eleventh rays which is broadly rimmed in blue on lower two-thirds and in yellow on outer third; anal fin light blue, with a broad band of black in outer part of fin near margin, this band interrupted by an ocellated spot similar to but smaller than the one in dorsal fin; caudal fin white with a hyaline posterior border (broader at corners); paired fins with white rays. Male blackish dorsally with light blue dots, with a vertical light blue line on each scale below a demarcation running from level of opercular flap to rear base of dorsal fin; upper thorax and abdomen with small light blue spots instead of lines on scales; lower thorax and abdomen bright salmon without blue markings; upper half of head dark reddish with dark-edged blue spots on nape and dark-edged blue bands radiating from eye; posterior end of opercular flap black; an area of red-orange anterior and slightly above black opercular spot; dorsal fin blackish green near base, becoming blackish red over most of fin; numerous tiny blue dots over all of fin except blue margin; a large black spot basally on each of first 2 interspinous membranes of dorsal fin; pectoral fins clear with no dark markings at base; pelvic fins with a broad zone of bright orange. Size: Maximum total length about 20 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisher- ies: Anampses neoguinaicus generally occupies an inshore habitat, found on shallow coral reefs. Feeds on benthic inverte- brates. Not common in fish mar- kets, but frequently seen in the aquarium trade. Distribution: New Caledonia, New Guinea, Great Barrier Reef, Taiwan Province of China, west- ern Pacific islands, such as Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, and the Philippines. Perciformes: Labroidei: Labridae 3407

Anampses twistii Bleeker, 1856 (Plate I, 3) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Yellowbreasted wrasse.

Diagnostic characters: Body slightly to moderately deep and compressed, its depth 3 to 3.3 times in standard length, its width 2.3 to 2.6 times in its depth; head length 2.7 to 3.1 times in standard length; caudal peduncle deeper than long. Mouth small, terminal; lips moderately fleshy; a single pair of incisiform forward-projecting teeth at front of each jaw, the uppers broader (usually with upcurved pointed tips), the lowers downcurved and nearly conical; remaining teeth in jaws minute or imperceptible; no teeth at corner of mouth or on roof of mouth. Nostrils small, the anterior in a short tube, the posterior with a small flap at front. Preopercle entire. Branchiostegal rays 6. Gill rakers short, 16 to 19 on first gill arch. Dorsal fin with IX spines and 12 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 12 (rarely 11 or 13) rays; pectoral-fin rays 13 (rarely 12 or 14); principal caudal-fin rays 14 (uppermost and lowermost unbranched); caudal fin short, varying from truncated to rounded. Lateral line continuous, deflected downward below base of ninth dorsal-fin ray to a horizontal section midlaterally on caudal peduncle; lateral-line scales 26. Head naked except for small scales on nape which reach nearly to a vertical at upper preopercular margin; body with thin cycloid scales; no scales on fins, except basally on caudal fin. Colour: no obvious differences in colour between male and female; body brown, with scattered dark-edged blue dots, shading to yellow on abdomen, thorax, and lower head, and to reddish posteriorly; lips reddish; a large black spot posteriorly on operculum; a green spot above and adjacent to black spot, and above this a red spot (the latter at upper end of gill opening); dorsal and anal fins reddish brown with a basal and a middle row of black-edged small blue spots, the margin blue with an adjacent black line; a large black spot rimmed in blue and black posteriorly in dorsal and anal fins; caudal fin light red with small dark-edged blue spots and a blue posterior margin; pectoral fins with yellow rays and a dark brown bar at base; pelvic fins yellow. Size: Maximum total length about 15 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Anampses twistii inhabits a broad range of reef habitats, occurring at depths of 5 to 30 m. Not common in fish markets, but occasionally seen in the aquarium trade. Distribution: Ambon, Mauri- tius, Ryukyus, Marshall Islands, Philippines, Aldabra, Sey- chelles, Red Sea, Society Is- lands, Austral Islands, Fiji, Palau, and Taiwan Province of China. 3408 Bony Fishes

Bodianus axillaris (Bennett, 1831) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Axilspot hogfish.

adult

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately deep, its depth 2.8 to 3.1 times in standard length. Dorsal profile of head nearly straight; snout pointed; jaws prominent, 4 strong canines situated anteriorly in each jaw, anterior larger than second pair; a large, curved canine present on each side of rear of upper jaw; roof of mouth toothless. Dorsal fin continuous, with XII spines and 10 soft rays; anal fin with juvenile III spines and 12 soft rays; pectoral fins with ii unbranched and 13 to 15 branched rays; caudal fin slightly rounded to double emarginate in adults. Lateral line smoothly curved, uninter- rupted, with 30 or 31 pored scales. Scales reaching onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; scales in front of dorsal fin extending anterior to eye; and opercle scaly; scales on lower jaw reaching forward only slightly anterior to corner of mouth. Colour: adults dark reddish brown, shading to white posteriorly on a diagonal line from middle of abdomen to soft portion of dorsal fin; a large black spot at base of pectoral fins and in outer anterior part of soft portion of both dorsal and anal fins; a black spot at front of dorsal fin; juveniles black with 2 rows of large white spots, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral. Size: Maximum total length about 20 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Inhabits coral reefs at depths of 5 to 100 m. Feeds primarily on benthic, hard-shelled invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans. Juveniles live in coral caves and occasionally clean other fishes. This species is not commonly marketed for food, but is occasionally seen in the aquarium trade. Distribution: Samoa and Mar- shall islands to East Africa and Red Sea. Perciformes: Labroidei: Labridae 3409

Bodianus bilunulatus (Lacepède, 1801) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Tarry hogfish.

adult

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately deep, its depth 2.8 to 3.1 times in standard length. Dorsal profile of head gently curved, the anterior tip of head forming an acute angle; jaws prominent, 4 strong canines situated anteriorly in each jaw; alarge, curved canine present on each side of rear of juvenile upper jaw; roof of mouth toothless. Dorsal fin con- tinuous, with XII spines and 10 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 12 soft rays; pectoral fins with ii unbranched and 14 (rarely 15) branched rays; upper and lower corners of caudal fin forming pointed lobes in adults. Lateral line smoothly curved, uninterrupted, with 30 to 32 pored scales. Scales reaching onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; scales in front of dorsal fin extending forward no farther than above posterior extent of eye; cheek and opercle scaly; lower jaw without scales. Colour: females white anteriorly, grading to light yellow posteriorly, with longitudinal brown lines which shade to yellow as they pass backward on body; a dark band from snout through lower eye to edge of gill cover with a broad white zone beneath; a large, black saddle-shaped spot below posterior end of dorsal fin, extending onto upper side of caudal peduncle; head with a red stripe before eye and 2 similar stripes radiating from orbit posteriorly; dorsal fin transparent to pink with a prominent black spot between the first 4 or 5 spines; anal fin mostly white; caudal fin pink to reddish; pectoral fins transparent to pinkish; pelvic fins white or pinkish white. Males reddish brown, with the saddle-shaped black spot below posterior end of dorsal fin reduced to a grey area. Juveniles white with numerous narrow red horizontal stripes on sides and a broad, vertical black band on the posterior part of body, extending from dorsal edge of dorsal fin to ventral edge of anal fin. Size: Maximum standard length about 50 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisher- ies: Inhabits coral reefs at depths of 8 to 160 m. Feeds primarily on benthic, hard- shelled, invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans. This species is occasionally marketed for food and is often seen in the aquarium trade. Distribution: Hawaii, South- east Oceania, and the western Pacific and Indian oceans. 3410 Bony Fishes

Bodianus diana (Lacepède, 1801) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: Lepidaplois diana (Lacepède, 1801) / None. FAO names: En - Diana’s hogfish.

adult

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately deep, its depth 3 to 3.2 times in standard length. Dorsal profile of head nearly straight; snout pointed; jaws prominent, 4 strong ca- nines situated anteriorly in each jaw, the an- terior larger than second pair; a large, curved canine present on each side of rear of upper jaw; roof of mouth toothless. Dorsal fin juvenile continuous, with XII spines and 10 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 12 soft rays; pectoral fins with ii unbranched and 14 (rarely 13 or 15) branched rays; pelvic fins short, not reaching anus; caudal fin slightly rounded to truncate, the posterior corners not lobed. Lateral line smoothly curved, uninterrupted, with 30 or 31 pored scales. Scales reaching onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; scales in front of dorsal fin extending to above centre of eye; cheek and opercle scaly; scales on lower jaw reaching forward only slightly anterior of corner of mouth. Colour: red above, creamy white with occasional tinges of red on sides and below; numerous small black spots posteriorly on back and on upper sides of caudal peduncle; 3 or 4 small white spots on sides just below dorsal fin. Unpaired fins red or pink, dorsal fin with a black spot anteriorly; 3 additional black spots variably present or absent, 1 posteriorly on dorsal fin and 2 on anal fin; a small black spot present on centre of scaly caudal-fin base; pelvic fins white with a prominent black spot in small individuals. Juveniles reticulated with brown and white, head with a prominent brown stripe directed posteriorly from corner of mouth; dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins with large, prominent black spots. Size: Maximum standard length about 25 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisher- ies: Inhabits coral reefs at depths of 5 to 100 m. Feeds pri- marily on benthic, hard-shelled, invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans. This species is not commonly marketed for food, but is occasionally seen in the aquarium trade. Distribution: Samoa and Mar- shall Islands to East Africa and Red Sea. Perciformes: Labroidei: Labridae 3411

Bodianus loxozonus (Snyder, 1908) (Plate I, 4) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / Bodianus hirsutus (Lacepède, 1801). FAO names: En - Blackfin hogfish.

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately deep, its depth 2.6 to 3 times in standard length. Dorsal profile of head gently curved; jaws prominent, 4 strong canines situated anteriorly in each jaw; a large, curved canine present on each side of rear of upper jaw; roof of mouth toothless. Dorsal fin continuous, with XII spines and 10 or 11 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 11 or 12 soft rays; pectoral fins with ii unbranched and 15 branched rays; caudal fin truncate with prolonged lobes at corners. Lateral line smoothly curved, uninterrupted, with 28 to 36 pored scales. Scales reaching onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; scales in front of dorsal fin extending forward no farther than above posterior extent of eye; cheek and opercle scaly; lower jaw without scales. Colour: ground colour of body red and yellow dorsally, with rows of pale blue broken lines; ventral section pale with a series of broken orange longitudinal stripes; a large black spot basally in soft portion of posterior dorsal fin, continuing as a broad diagonal black band to lower base and edge of caudal fin, often with a white spot on back anterior and posterior to band; head orange with irregular horizontal blue lines; a black spot at front of dorsal fin and a broad black border on anal fin; pelvic fins black. Size: Maximum total length about 40 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Inhabits coral reefs at depths of 5 to 100 m. Feeds primarily on benthic, hard-shelled, invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans. This species is occasionally marketed for food; it is rarely seen in the aquarium trade. Distribution: French Polynesia to western Pacific.

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