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The Spatial Agency of the Catacombs: an Analysis of the Interventions of Damasus I (305-384)

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The Spatial Agency of the Catacombs: an Analysis of the Interventions of Damasus I (305-384) University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2018 The pS atial Agency of the Catacombs: An Analysis of the Interventions of Damasus I (305-384) Natalie A. Hall University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons, Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Hall, Natalie A., "The pS atial Agency of the Catacombs: An Analysis of the Interventions of Damasus I (305-384)" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 2913. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2913 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Spatial Agency of the Catacombs: An Analysis of the Interventions of Damasus I (305-384) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Natalie Annette Hall University of Arkansas Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, 1985 University of Arkansas Bachelor of Science in History, 2005 August 2018 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. Lynda L. Coon, PhD Dissertation Director Kim Sexton, PhD Committee Member Lynn Jacobs, PhD Committee Member Abstract Damasus I (305-384) ascended to the office of the Bishop of Rome after a bitter and bloody battle with Ursinus in 366 CE. The violence was a culmination of doctrinal squabbles and power contests which erupted in the Roman church over the course of the fourth century. Damasus engaged in a substantial program of physical renovation and enlargement of martyr sites and personally penned numerous epigrams both extolling the virtue of the honored dead and the patronage of the bishopric. Scholarship related to Damasus and his works is typically narrowly focused, considering motive(s) for his actions, his use of specific architecture and/or materials, the content of his epigrams, etc. This dissertation expands the analysis to synthesize elements of space and architectural theory, sensory theory, and anthropological issues to fully explore the impact of his works related to martyr sites on the minds and bodies of pilgrims visiting such sites during martyr festival. The bishop’s interventions at the catacomb of Callistus serve as a prime example of his use of architectural features, materials, decoration, and rhetoric to forge a distinct collective memory for visitors to the space – memory that was both manifestly Christian and manifestly Roman. Damasus’ use of materials and architectural features redefined the catacomb as monumental space. His proscription of physical movement and the stunning impact of the performance of his epigrams, combined with the sights, sounds, and smells within the space engaged the visitors’ senses to incite synesthesia and visceral seeing toward an encounter with the divine. These elements--catacomb-as-monument and synesthesia--provided visitors a shared visceral experience, which cemented a message of unity and a distinct collective identity for the fracturing Roman Christian community. Acknowledgements Thank you to the University of Arkansas and the Graduate School for the financial assistance that made this endeavor possible. Also, to the Department of History for your continued support and the opportunity to hone my teaching skills. Words cannot express my deep appreciation for Dr. Lynda Coon’s unflagging encouragement throughout my career at Arkansas. Dr. Coon always believed in me and persistently pushed me to my absolute limit. She is an impeccable scholar and a visionary whose wise instruction will forever make me a better scholar. Many thanks to my committee members Dr. Kim Sexton and Dr. Lynn Jacobs for inaugurating in me a love of architecture and art, for their encouragement, and the knowledge they have imparted to me. To Dr. JoAnn D’Alisera, thank you for exposing me to the fascinating field of Anthropology. There are many other scholars who have helped me along the way. Thanks to Dr. Beth Juhl for always having the answers and for going the extra mile on many occasions. Much appreciation to Dr. Aneilya Barnes who went out of her way to show me the ropes in the early stages of research and has proved to be a great travel buddy. My Latin skills are much stronger due to the patience of Dr. Charles Muntz. And, thanks to Dr. Michael McCoy, who endured several drafts of this work and challenged me to keep me honest. Last but certainly not least, to Kevin Hall, my husband of thirty-two years; you always believe in me and are always ready with a wise and encouraging word. You are my most stalwart defender and cheerleader. Without your support I would never have cultivated new skills or sought new horizons. Finally, to all my friends and family members, thank you for your patience, encouragement and prayers throughout this long process. I am blessed to have all of you in my life. Dedication This work is dedicated to all my boys—human and canine—who always bring out the best in me. Table of Contents Introduction The Spatial Agency of the Catacombs: An Analysis of the Interventions of Damasus I (305-384 CE) ........................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 The Life and Works of Damasus I ............................................................................................... 33 Chapter 2 Human Sensing and Spatial Awareness: Bodies in the Catacombs ............................................. 92 Prelude Martyr Festival of Sixtus: VII IDES AUG, In the Third Consulate of Gratian ......................... 149 (August 6, 374) Chapter 3 Engagement: Martyr Festival and Monument ........................................................................... 189 Epilogue ..................................................................................................................................... 259 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 267 Figures........................................................................................................................................ 307 Appendix: Epigrams of Damasus .............................................................................................. 341 1 INTRODUCTION THE SPATIAL AGENCY OF THE CATACOMBS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERVENTIONS OF DAMASUS I (305-384 CE) The fourth century represents a defining moment in the evolution of the Christian movement. The century began with Roman state persecutions of the Christian cult under Diocletian (284-305) but the emergence of Constantine, who assumed control over the city of Rome in 312, effected a complete reversal of fortunes. Christian adherents were suddenly free to practice, to organize, and even to build lavish basilicas under the patronage of the emperor himself. Despite or perhaps because of these freedoms, doctrinal squabbles and contests for power erupted and threatened to overwhelm the Christian body politic, coming to a head in the episcopal election of 366: [Damasus] used bribes to rile up all the charioteers and ignorant rabble, and armed with weapons he broke into the Basilica of Julius, and a great slaughter of the faithful raged for three days. Seven days later, in the company of all the perjurers and gladiators whom he had corrupted by paying huge sums of money, he took possession of the Lateran Basilica and was there ordained bishop. By paying off a city judge named Viventius and the Praefectus Annonae Julianus, he arranged for the respectable Ursinus, who had previously been ordained as bishop, to be sent off into exile…Once that had been accomplished, Damasus began to oppress the Romans who were not willing to go along with him, using various types of beatings and bloodshed.1 Although the ancient historians disagree over the success of his tenure as bishop, they agree that Damasus I (r. 366-384) wrested the episcopacy from Ursinus and held sway over the Roman church for eighteen years. 1 Collectio Avellana: Epistulae imperatorum pontificum aliorum inde ab a. ccclxvii usque ad a. dliii datae Avellana quae dicitur collectio. Pars I. Otto Günther, ed. Vienna, 1895, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL) vol I 35, Parts 1-2 (hereafter, CA). Quoted here: CSEL 35:5-7. Selected translation by Aaron J. West, online at http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/avellana-1-english, accessed 7/6/2018. 2 The controversial nature of Damasus’ appointment to the bishopric is illustrative of a Christian population torn apart by dissensions at home and abroad, a community whose mistrust of one another had reached catastrophic proportions, and whose common past was fragmented in the distractions of the present. Rome’s Christians also suffered from what classicist Dennis Trout calls an “acute identity crisis” as they wrestled with reconciling their monotheistic beliefs to a highly-valued Roman heritage underpinned by polytheism.2 Despite the drama that surrounded Damasus’ ascension, the Christian pontiff set to work to address these issues in a productive manner by establishing monuments of Christian history at the graves of Rome’s many martyrs to make them well-known and accessible
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