Modernity in Cao Hanmei's the Golden Lotus
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Modernity in Cao Hanmei’s The Golden Lotus Inaugural dissertation for attaining a doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy of Heidelberg University Submitted by: Xiutang Li First Evaluator: Prof. Dr. Sarah E. Fraser Second Evaluator: Prof. Dr. Melanie Trede Matriculation No.: 3112362 Email: [email protected] 31 July 2020 iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iv List of Illustrations ..................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I Shanghai Print Media Culture and Republican Modern Life .................................... 12 1. Reproduction of Books and Painting Manuals ................................................................. 13 2. The Appeal of Newspapers, Periodicals, and Commercial Art ......................................... 16 3. Establishing Newspapers and Pictorials, Production of Beauty Calendar Posters and Cartoons ............................................................................................................................... 28 4. Dance Halls and Cinemas ................................................................................................. 43 Chapter II Cao Hanmei’s Circle and the Immediate Cause for Creating The Golden Lotus ...... 46 1. The Editorial Team of Shanghai Manhua ......................................................................... 48 2. Shao Xunmei and his Circle .............................................................................................. 57 3. The Literary Trend of Nostalgia for the Late Ming and its Influence ................................ 70 Chapter III Singular Innovation without Boundaries ................................................................ 83 1. Cao Hanmei’s Artistic Activities during his Stay in Hong Kong and Kunming ................... 84 2. The Publications of the Wang Puppet Government Edited by Cao Hanmei and his Works ............................................................................................................................................. 97 3. The Relationship between Cao Hanmei’s Works and the Propaganda Ministry of the Wang Puppet Government ................................................................................................ 103 4. Representation of Women ............................................................................................. 110 Chapter IV The Cross-Media Approach in Practice ................................................................ 126 1. The Publication of Cao Hanmei’s The Golden Lotus and the Public Response .............. 127 2. Analysis of The Golden Lotus of the 1940s .................................................................... 137 a. Appropriation of Composition from Rubbings of Han Period Stone Reliefs and Utagawa Hiroshige ......................................................................................................... 145 b. Filmmaking language ................................................................................................. 160 c. The Scene at Night: Woodcut Technique and Photography ....................................... 165 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 170 Glossary .................................................................................................................................. 175 Selected Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 188 Periodicals, Journals and Newspapers ............................................................................... 198 iv Acknowledgements Many institutions and individuals contributed to this dissertation. I am particularly grateful to my supervisors, above all Professor Dr. Sarah E. Fraser, not only for encouraging my interest, but also for discussions that helped me structure my dissertation. I also want to thank Professor Dr. Melanie Trede and Professor Dr. Gotelind Müller-Saini for their valuable advice. For instructive conversations and information, I am particularly grateful to Professor Chen Tong, who patiently discussed the Chinese art circle with me, and Huang Dade, whose guidance has been invaluable throughout this research. My special appreciation goes to Anna Larsson who helped me improve my writing skills in English and gave me advice on the structure of my dissertation. I gratefully acknowledge the funding received to support my PhD from the China Scholarship Council (CSC) PhD fellowship from 2016 to 2019. My special thanks go to the Institute of East Asian Art History at Heidelberg University, which supported my research trip to Shanghai in 2016. This grant enabled me to investigate in the Shanghai Museum and conduct an interview with Shao Xunmei’s daughter, Shao Xiaohong. Additionally, the Graduate Academy at Heidelberg University supported my research trip to Shanghai and Wuxi in 2017. With this grant I was able to visit the Shanghai Library, the Wuxi Municipal Archives, and the Wuxi Library, and acquire important research material. v Many thanks to the students, faculty, and staff at the Institute for East Asian Art History of the Heidelberg University, for their inspiration and constant support during my work. I would like to thank the following people for their help with this research project: Cao Zhenyun, Cao Hanmei’s daughter and her husband Wu Shuliang; Shao Xiaohong, Shao Xunmei’s daughter; Xu Jicong; Professor Rudolf G. Wagner; and Wan Yue, who works for Wuxi Radio and TV Station, and wrote and directed a documentary film on Cao Hanmei. I am also grateful to Ye Huixian, Tang Wei, Huang Dagang, Professor Fan Lin, Guo Tutu, Vita Grimm and Gerhard Grimm. Last but not least, I wish to express my deep thanks to my family: my parents, my aunt, my uncle, and my sister. The completion of this dissertation would have been impossible without their consistent support. Thank you all tremendously. I express my sincerest thanks to all who contributed in many ways to the success of this research. Xiutang Li Heidelberg, 2020 vi List of Illustrations Figure 1: Cao Hanmei 曹涵美, Looking Peep Box, in Shanghai manhua 上海漫 畫, no. 43 (1929) Figure 2: Cao Hanmei, Peep Box, in Shanghai manhua, no. 43 (1929) Figure 3: Wu Youru 吳友如, An Illustration from Fleeting Shadow Pavilion Pictorial, reprinted in Series of Paintings from Fleeting Shadow Pavilion 飛 影閣叢畫, vol. 1 (Tianjin: Tianjin renmin meishu chubanshe, 2003): 5 Figure 4: Cao Hanmei, Baimei yaji 百美雅集 (Gathering of One Hundred Beauties), in Shanghai huabao 上海畫報, no. 329 (1928) Figure 5: Xu Beihong, Naliang tu 納涼圖 (Enjoy the Cool), ca. 1914, photo provided by Huang Dade Figure 6: Xu Beihong, Ningxiang tu 凝香圖 (Condensed Fragrance), ca. 1914, photo provided by Huang Dade Figure 7: Pirate Cigarette Card, Portrait of Sun Wuzi 孫武子, photo provided by Huang Dade Figure 8: Chen Shizeng 陈师曾, Illustration for Part One, Chapter One of The Lonely Swan by Su Manshu 断鸿零雁记, in Pacific Times (16 May 1912): 2 Figure 9: Katsushika Hokusai 葛飾北斎: Kameido tenjin 亀戸天神社, in Hokusai Manga 北斎漫画 (Catalogue of the Manga of Hokusai) (Tokyo: Unsodo 芸艸堂, 2001): no page number Figure 10: Takehisa Yumeji 竹九梦二, reprinted in Zhao Wei, “Hua Zhong you hua, yi zhong you yi,” Mei yu shidai no. 8 (2015): 26-29 Figure 11: Chen Shizeng, Untitled, in Pacific Times (6 May 1912) Figure 12: Feng Zikai, The Spring River Flows East 一江春水向東流, reprinted in Zhao Wei, “Hua Zhong you hua, yi zhong you yi,” Mei yu shidai no. 8 (2015): 26-29 Figure 13: Cao Hanmei’s first illustrated header, in the supplement of the newspaper Xi Bao 錫報 (19 September 1923) vii Figure 14: Cao Hanmei, Bingzai huayao 兵災畫謠 (Scourge of War), in Xi Bao (25 May 1925) Figure 15: Cao Hanmei, Baituo Zhong Jinshi 拜托鐘進士 (Request Zhong Kui), in Xi Bao (25 June 1926) Figure 16: Cao Hanmei, Zhonghua minguo: neizheng, waijiao, xuechao 中華民 國: 內爭、外交、學潮 (Republic of China: Civil War, Diplomacy, and Student Strike), in Xi Bao (21 March 1926) Figure 17: Cao Hanmei, Junquan 軍權 (Military Sovereignty), in Xi Bao (25 March 1926) Figure 18: Cao Hanmei, Biographies of Strange Persons from Liangxi 梁溪十二 奇人小傳, in Three Days Pictorial, no. 34 (9 November 1925) Figure 19: Cao Hanmei, Xin honglou shi’er jinchai 新紅樓十二金釵 (New Version of Jinling Twelve Beauties in The Dream of the Red Chamber), in Three Days Pictorial 三日畫報, no. 18 (22 September 1925) Figure 20: Cao Hanmei, Meiren baitai 美人百態 (Series of Varieties of Beauty), in Xi Bao (18 February 1926) Figure 21: Cao Hanmei, Shinü hua 仕女畫 (from Series of Beautiful Women), in Shanghai huabao, no. 283 (1927) Figure 22: Kefeng 可風, Baimei tu 百美圖 (from Series of Hundred Beautiful Women), in Three Days Pictorial, no. 123 (6 September 1926) Figure 23: Front cover of Minquan su 民權素, no. 1 (Shanghai: Shenmei Shenmei Bookstore, 1914) Figure 24: Cao Hanmei, Female Occupations: The Model 女子三百六十行之十: 模特兒, in Pei-Yang Pictorial News 北洋畫報, no. 79 (16 April 1927) Figure 25: Cao Hanmei, Exhibition 展覽會, in Shanghai manhua, no. 58 (1928) Figure 26: Cao Hanmei, Most Fashionable Necessities of Life in the Future 將來 最摩登的衣食住, in Xingqi huabao, no. 5 (1932) viii Figure 27: Cao Hanmei, The Background of A Pair of Dancers 一對舞侶的背景, in Shanghai manhua, no. 38 (1928)