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Joint Force Quarterly a PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Joint Operations in the Civil War 92 by Scott W 0206Prelims 3/3/04 11:09 AM Page ii We have got to be of one family, and it is more important today than it ever has been. — General Dwight D. Eisenhower National War College October 20, 1950 Cover 2 0206Prelims 3/3/04 11:09 AM Page iii JFQ Page 1—no folio 0206Prelims 3/3/04 11:09 AM Page 2 CONTENTS A Word from the Chairman 4 by John M. Shalikashvili Assessing U.S. Strategic Priorities 10 by Hans Binnendijk and Patrick Clawson Building a New Defense Consensus 18 by Michael B. Donley Mission-Pull and Long-Range Planning 28 by Clark A. Murdock JFQ JFQ FORUM Service Identities and Joint Culture 36 by Paul G. Cerjan America’s Two Armies 38 by Richard D. Hooker, Jr. Once and Future Marines 47 by Thomas W. Linn and C.P. Neimeyer The Limits of Seapower: Joint 52 Warfare and Unity of Conflict PHOTO CREDITS by Colin S. Gray The cover photo captures a C–17 Globemaster over Fort Sumter (U.S. Air Force/Dave McLeod); the cover insets (from top) show farewell tatoo Why We Need an Air Force in honor of Allied troops at the Brandeburg by Charles M. Westenhoff Gate (DOD/Helene C. Stikkel); Marine security 62 post in Cap Haitien (U.S. Marine Corps/C.S. Fowler); Army Blackhawk helicopters practicing take offs from USS Eisenhower (U.S. Navy/ Roles, Missions, and JTFs: Martin Maddock); President Clinton on board 68 Unintended Consequences USS Theodore Roosevelt (U.S.Navy/Bob McRoy); a tactical satellite dish (Combat Cam- by Steven L. Canby era Imagery/ Marvin Krause); and Union guns engaging fortifications along the Mississippi as depicted by C. Parsons and engraved by W. Ridgway (Naval Historical Center). The front inside cover and cross-over page photo features USS Carl Vinson and ships in OUT OF JOINT its battlegroup (U.S. Navy/David C. Lloyd). The background photo on these pages The State of Civil-Military Relations: Two Views shows M1A1 Abrams tanks laying smoke (U.S. Army Recruiting Command). The insets (from top left) show silhouetted infantryman (DOD); Civilian Control: USS Nassau preparing to launch amphibious 76 A Useful Fiction? assault vehicles (Navy Combat Camera/ Robert N. Scoggin); F–15 in flight (DOD); and by A. J. Bacevich President Clinton leaving the Pentagon (DOD/R.D. Ward). The back inside cover shows soldiers during Civilian Control: Exercise Roaring Lion (U.S. Air Force/Efrain A National Crisis? Gonzalez). 80 The back cover is an artist’s rendering of by Mackubin Thomas Owens the FS–X fighter (Mitsubishi Heavy Industry). Page 2 - no folio 0206Prelims 3/3/04 11:09 AM Page 3 AUTUMN/WINTER 1994–95 / NUMBER 6 Shaping Arms Export Policy 84 by Sumner Benson Joint Force Quarterly A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Joint Operations in the Civil War 92 by Scott W. Stucky Hans Binnendijk Editor-in-Chief Patrick M. Cronin OF CHIEFS AND CHAIRMEN Executive Editor Robert A. Silano 106 Omar Nelson Bradley Editor Martin J. Peters, Jr. Production Coordinator IN BRIEF Calvin B. Kelley Senior Copy Editor 107 Joint C2 Through Unity of Command by K. Scott Lawrence The Typography and Design Division of the U.S. Government Printing Office is responsible for layout and art direction. 111 Standing Down a Joint Task Force Joint Force Quarterly is published for the by Scott M. Hines Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by the Institute for National Strategic Stud- ies, National Defense University, to pro- 114 Implications of Information-Based Warfare mote understanding of the integrated by Donald E. Ryan, Jr. employment of land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces. The journal fo- cuses on joint doctrine, coalition warfare, contingency planning, combat opera- THE JOINT WORLD tions conducted by the unified com- mands, and joint force development. 117 Doctrine, Lessons Learned, The editors invite articles and other and Education contributions on joint warfighting, inter- service issues that support jointness, and topics of common interest to the Armed 120 A Quarterly Survey Forces (see page 128 for details). Please of Joint Literature direct editorial communications to: Editor Joint Force Quarterly OFF THE SHELF ATTN: NDU–NSS–JFQ Washington, D.C. 20319–6000 121 Joint Task Forces: A Bibliography Telephone: (202) 475–1013 / Compiled by Gail Nicula and John R. Ballard DSN: 335–1013 FAX: (202) 475–1012 / DSN 335–1012 127 Operation Downfall: A Book Review Internet: [email protected] by H.P. Willmott The opinions, conclusions, and recom- mendations expressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do not POSTSCRIPT necessarily reflect the views of the De- partment of Defense or any other agency 128 A Note to Readers and Contributors of the Federal Government. Copyrighted portions of this journal may not be re- produced or extracted without permis- sion of copyright proprietors. An ac- knowledgment to Joint Force Quarterly should be made whenever material is quoted from or based on its contents. NOTICE: This issue is designated number 6 (Autumn/Winter 1994–95) and the next will be number 7 (Spring 1995). Resequencing the seasonal designation compensates for the lag in This publication has been approved by production that resulted in past issues arriving toward the end rather than the start of each the Secretary of Defense. quarter. Accordingly, number 7 will appear approximately three months after this issue with subsequent ones published at a similar interval. This does not mean the loss of an issue; November 1994 regular readers and subscribers will receive four issues over the coming year. JFQ ISSN 1070–0692 Page 3 - no folio 0306Shali 3/3/04 11:10 AM Page 4 Joint Force Quarterly A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Publisher GEN John M. Shalikashvili, USA Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff AWordfrom th Chairman of the Advisory Committee Lt Gen Ervin J. Rokke, USAF National Defense University Members of the Advisory Committee BG David A. Armstrong, USA (Ret.) Office of the Chairman Brig Gen David E. Baker, USAF The Joint Staff MG Richard A. Chilcoat, USA U.S. Army War College Brig Gen Marvin R. Esmond, USAF evolutions fall into two cate- Armed Forces Staff College Maj Gen John C. Fryer, Jr., USAF gories. Some are abrupt, rau- National War College cous, chaotic. They wreak great Col Paul V. Kelly, USMC Marine Corp War College havoc and cannot be ignored. Lt Gen Walter Kross, USAF The Joint Staff Political revolutions are fre- Col Andrew Pratt, USMC Rquently of this sort. Others are steady, subtle, Marine Corps Command and Staff College BG Randall L. Rigby, USA hard to discern. Often the damage of these U. S. Army Command and General Staff College silent revolutions is only felt afterward and Maj Gen Peter D. Robinson, USAF Air War College causes grief for those who failed to see them RADM Jerome F. Smith, Jr., USN Industrial College of the Armed Forces coming. When the American auto industry RADM Joseph C. Strasser, USN was caught off guard by the Japanese revolu- Naval War College Col John A. Warden III, USAF tion in production techniques, the penalty Air Command and Staff College was two decades of marketshare losses and Chairman of the Editorial Board declining profits before Detroit recovered. Hans Binnendijk Institute for National Strategic Studies When the French underestimated the revolu- Members of the Editorial Board tion in military affairs set in motion by the Richard K. Betts advent of the airplane, radio, and tank—a Columbia University COL William D. Bristow, Jr., USA revolution that the Germans fully grasped— U. S. Army Command and General Staff College the result was swift, humiliating defeat. Eliot A. Cohen The Johns Hopkins University Today, those of us who serve in the COL Robert A. Doughty, USA Joint Combat Camera Center (Heather M. McMurry) U.S. Military Academy Armed Forces are caught up in the coinci- LtCol Robert C. Figlock, USMC dence of three revolutions. One is noisy and Marine Corps War College Aaron L. Friedberg obvious while two are Princeton University silent and far more Alan L. Gropman Industrial College of the Armed Forces as we move into an uncertain future subtle. The first began COL Peter F. Herrly, USA National War College with Mikhail Gorba- Col Douglas N. Hime, USAF we must get better as we get smaller chev and accelerated Naval War College William T. Hodson when Boris Yeltsin Information Resources Management College stood on a tank in COL Richard L. Irby, Jr., USA U.S. Army War College front of the Soviet White House. The ramifi- Mark H. Jacobsen Marine Corps Command and Staff College cations of the end of the Cold War and col- Thomas L. McNaugher lapse of the Soviet Union still reverberate Brookings Institution Col Charles H. Mead, USAF through the international system. They are Armed Forces Staff College sparking conflicts in regions formerly at John J. Mearsheimer University of Chicago peace, even as peace breaks out in areas long Col Philip S. Meilinger, USAF Air Command and Staff College at war. Among the direct influences on this LTG William E. Odom, USA (Ret.) Nation are the changing role of long-stand- Hudson Institute Stephen Peter Rosen ing alliances and a range of situations in Harvard University which we are called on to use military force. James H. Toner Air War College LtGen Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.) Harvard University LTG C.A.H. Waller, USA (Ret.) RKK, Limited 4 JFQ / Autumn/Winter 1994–95 0306Shali 3/3/04 11:10 AM Page 5 mtheChairman ends, defense budgets will shrink to less than half of their 1988 Cold War apogee. A drop of this magnitude will inevitably change how we think about, plan, and build our defenses.
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