1 Introduction 1

Notes

1 Introduction 1. A debate exists whether a ‘Second Cold War’ did in fact break out or whether this merely a changing phase of the ongoing Cold War. This changing situation in East-West relations from the late 1970s onwards will henceforth, be referred to as the Second Cold War. See, for example, Fred Halliday, The Making of the Second Cold War (London: Verso Editions and NLB, second edition, 1986). 2. Private discussions. In 1979 only 2 per cent of the electorate thought defence was a major issue in the election. By 1983 this had risen to 38 per cent. Michael Heseltine, ‘The United Kingdom’s Strategic Interests and Priorities’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 4, December 1983, pp. 3–5, p. 3. The 1983 election campaign was noteworthy for the action of the previous Labour Prime Minister, James Callaghan, who took the unprecedented step of repudiating his own party’s defence policy; Ian Aitken, ‘Callaghan Wrecks Polaris Repairs’, Guardian, 26 May 1983; Peter M. Jones, ‘British Defence Policy: the Breakdown of the Inter-party Consensus’, Review of International Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, April 1987, pp. 111–31; Bruce George and Curt Pawlisch, ‘Defence and 1983 Election’, ADIU Report, vol. 5, no. 4, July/August 1983, p. 2; Michael Heseltine, Life in the Jungle: My Autobiography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2000), p. 250. 3. Peter Calvocoressi, ‘Deterrence, the Costs, the Issues, the Choices’, Sunday Times, 6 April 1980. 4. Nicholas J. Wheeler, ‘Perceptions of the Soviet Threat’, in British Security Policy: the Thatcher Years and the End of the Cold War, edited by Stuart Croft (London: HarperCollins Academic, 1991), p. 162. See also, Margaret Thatcher, Path to Power (London: HarperCollins, 1995), chapter X, ‘Détente and Defeat’, pp. 330–93. 5. Within Britain she was better known at the time for her withdrawal of free school milk from primary school children between the ages of 8 and 11 while she was Secretary of State for Education and Science. Hugo Young, One of Us (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp. 73–4. 6. ‘Thatcher Warning on Soviet Strength’, Daily Telegraph, 20 January 1976, p. 1. 7. Young, p. 171. 8. In her memoirs Thatcher indicated that this was one of the main reasons for her removal of Maudling from his position of shadow Foreign Secretary. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: Harper- Collins, 1993), p. 319. In contrast Maudling stated that he was asked to resign later on that year due to his lack of speech-making. Reginald Maudling, Memoirs (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1978), pp. 225–6. However, Byrd tends to support the Thatcher line and implies that it was the hostility that she felt towards the Soviet Union that led to his resigna-

164 Notes 165

tion. Peter Byrd, ‘Introduction’, in British Defence Policy: Thatcher and beyond, edited by Peter Byrd (Hemel Hempstead: Philip Allen, 1991), p. 6. 9. Michael Clarke, ‘A British View’, in European Détente: a Reappraisal, edited by Richard Davy (London: Sage for the RIIA, 1992), p. 101. It was notable that one of her early advisers on foreign affairs was the historian Robert Conquest, a fellow member of the ‘New Right’. Thatcher, p. 351. For Conquest’s point of view see Robert Conquest, Present Danger: Towards a Foreign Policy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1979). For a background of the evolution of the ‘New Right’ within the Conservative Party see Nicholas Ridley, My Style of Government: the Thatcher Years (London: Fontana, 1992), pp. 1–22. 10. It should be noted that the Conservatives inherited the commitment to NATO of increasing defence spending by 3 per cent per annum in real terms. Nonetheless, the language of the new Conservative government with its apparent vehement support for this increase matched to reduc- tions in other areas of government spending indicated a change in approach, if not necessarily evidenced in subsequent implementation. ‘Spending – the Thatcher Years’, Guardian, 15 January 1987; A.G. Jordan and J.J. Richardson, British Politics and the Policy Process: an Arena Approach (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987), pp. 105–6. 11. Adam Raphael, ‘Nott Fights Rearguard Action in Whitehall Whispering War’, Observer, 20 June 1982; Geoffrey Howe referred to Thatcher’s ambivalent attitude towards defence in Geoffrey Howe, Conﬂict and Loyalty (London: Macmillan, 1994), pp. 144 and 189. 12. Italics in original. Jordan and Richardson, p. 215. Interestingly John Major suggests that the anti-inﬂationary Chancellor was a myth in Thatcher’s latter years as Prime Minister. John Major, John Major: the Autobiography (London: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 141. 13. According to Kenneth Baker this desire for a reduction in governmental spending bordered on obsession. Kenneth Baker, The Turbulent Years: My Life in Politics (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), p. 260. 14. Private discussion; Howe, pp. 144–5. 15. Private discussion; see also Sir Ewen Broadbent, The Military and Government: from Macmillan to Heseltine (London: Macmillan for the RUSI, 1988), pp. 59–60. 16. President Ronald Reagan, ‘Remarks at the Annual Convention of the Evangelicals’, Orlando, Florida, USA, 8 March 1983, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, vol. 19, 14 March 1983, p. 369. 17. Michael M. Harrison, ‘Reagan’s World’, Foreign Policy, vol. 43, Summer 1981, pp. 3–16, p. 6. 18. See John Lehman, ‘Utility of Maritime Power – the Restoration of US Naval Strength’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 3, September 1983, p. 13; Christopher Coker (ed.), US Military Power in the 1980s (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1983); Barry M. Blechman, The Politics of National Security: Congress and US Defense Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 35; Robert P. Haffa (jnr), Rational Methods, Prudent Choices: Planning US Forces (Washington DC: National Defense University Press, 1988). 19. Gwyn Prins (ed.), Defended to Death: a Study of the Nuclear Arms Race (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983), pp. 161–2. 166 Notes

20. Evidenced by his membership of the Committee on the Present Danger which was founded in 1976 by Paul Nitze as a private hawkish lobby group. See, for example, Charles Tyroler II and Max M. Kampleman, Alerting America: the Papers of the Committee on the Present Danger (Washington DC: Pergamon-Brassey’s International Defence Publishers, 1984); Strobe Talbott, Endgame: the Inside Story of SALT II (New York: Harper and Row, 1979). 21. ‘Diary entry 28 October 1981’, Tony Benn, The End of an Era: Diaries 1980–90 (London: Hutchinson, 1992), p. 164; David H. Dunn, ‘Challenges to the Nuclear Orthodoxy’, in British Security Policy: the Thatcher Years and Beyond, edited by Stuart Croft (London: HarperCollins Academic, 1991), p. 12. 22. See Dan Keohane, Labour Defence Policy since 1945 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993), especially chapter 1. 23. Jones, p. 123. 24. Only a select few in Wilson’s and Callaghan’s Cabinets knew of the ongoing Chevaline programme or Callaghan’s decision to initiate studies into a replacement for Polaris. Private discussions; David Owen, Time to Declare, (London: Michael Joseph, 1991), pp. 380–1; Hugo Young, ‘With Trident into the Far Beyond’, Sunday Times, 6 April 1980; Richard Hill, Lewin of Greenwich: the Authorised Biography (London: Cassell, 2000), pp. 307–9. 25. The results of the deputy leadership contest were Healey 50.4 per cent, Benn 49.5 per cent. Benn, p. 154; Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London: W.W. Norton, 1989), p. 483. 26. Private discussions. 27. Ibid. 28. See Felipe Noguera and Peter Willets, ‘Public Attitudes and the Future of the Islands’, International Perspectives on the Falklands Conﬂict, edited by Alex Danchev (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992), particularly pp. 241–2. 29. Nigel Lawson, The View from No.11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (London: Bantam, 1992), p. 32. 30. Ridley, p. 4. 31. John Nott, ‘Speech at the IISS’, 16 November 1981; Howe, p. 144. 32. Monetarists have referred to this as the ‘heroic age’ of monetarism. Peter Byrd, ‘Defence Policy: an Historical Overview and a Regime Analysis’, in Byrd, p. 23. 33. Peter Walker, Staying Power (London: Bloomsbury, 1991), p. 159. 34. Stuart Croft, Andrew Dorman, G. Wyn Rees and Matthew Uttley, Britain and Defence 1945–2000: a Policy Re-evaluation (Harlow: Pearson Group, 2001). 35. John Baylis, Anglo–American Defence Relations, 1939–84 (London: Macmillan, second edition 1984), p. 164. 36. See ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1975’, Cm. 5,976 (London: HMSO, 1975). 37. ‘The Government does not believe that the Warsaw Pact countries would contemplate outright aggression against the West in present circum- stances; but this is a political judgement which neither alone alters the military facts nor holds good forever.’ ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1976’, Cm. 6,432, (London: HMSO, 1976), p. 8. 38. Ibid, p. 1. Notes 167

39. In 1976 the CIA’s annual estimate of Soviet defence spending stated that previous estimates had been low and that the Soviet Union was actually spending 11–13 per cent of GNP on defence and not 6–8 per cent as pre- viously thought. Paul Cockle, ‘Analysing Soviet Defence Spending: the Debate in Perspective’, Survival, vol. 20, no. 5, September/October 1978, p. 209; this was subsequently repeated in the 1977 Statement on the Defence Estimates, ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1977’, Cm. 6,735 (London: HMSO, 1977), p. 5; Jane E. Stromseth, The Origins of Flexible Response (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988), p. 197; see also, IISS, The Military Balance, 1977–78 (London: IISS, 1977), pp. 102–10. 40. Fred Mulley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 946, fifth series, session 1977–78, 13–23 March 1978, Statement on the Defence Estimates, 13 March 1978, col. 47. 41. David Owen, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 982, fifth series, session 1976–77, 16–25 May 1977, Statement 18 May 1977, col. 475. 42. This was the 3 per cent commitment referred to earlier. See David Greenwood, ‘NATO’s Three Per Cent Solution’, Survival, vol. 23, no. 6, November/December 1981, pp. 252–60. There was considerable opposition within the Labour Party to this. See, for example, Frank Allaun’s interruption to David Owen’s speech where he highlighted the incom- patibility of the 3 per cent commitment to NATO with the CSCE process. Frank Allaun, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 932, fifth series, session 1976–77, 16–25 May 1977, 18 May 1977, col. 475. 43. Andrew J. Pierre, ‘Can Europe’s Security be “Decoupled” from America?’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 51, no. 4, July 1973, p. 761; Pierre Lellouche, ‘Europe and her Defense’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 59, no. 4, Spring 1981, p. 815. 44. See Raymond L. Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American–Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 1985), chapter 25, pp. 870–86. 45. Lynn E. Davis, ‘Lessons of the INF Treaty’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 66, no. 4, Spring 1988, p. 720. 46. Steven Canby and Ingemar Dörfer, ‘More Troops, Fewer Missiles’, Foreign Policy, vol. 53, Winter 83–84, pp. 3–17, p. 5; see also, Robert W. Tucker, ‘America in Decline: the Foreign Policy of “Maturity”’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 58, no. 3, 1979, p. 455. 47. See General Alexander Haig, ‘Speech Made 13 October 1976’, Survival, vol. 19, no. 1, January/February 1977, p. 34. 48. Christoph Bertram, ‘The Implications of Theatre Nuclear Weapons in Europe’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 60, no. 2, Winter 1981/82, p. 306; Christopher J. Makins, ‘TNF Modernisation and “Countervailing Strategy”’, Survival, vol. 23, no. 4, July/August 1981, p. 157; Garthoff, pp. 849–86, especially pp. 849–50. 49. Colin McInnes, NATO’s Changing Strategic Agenda: the Conventional Defence of Central Europe (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), pp. 116–62; Robert A. Gessert, ‘The AirLand Battle and NATO’s New Doctrinal Debate’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no.3 , June 1984, pp. 52–60; General Sir Nigel Bagnall, ‘Concepts of Land/Air Operations in the Central Region: I’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 3, September 1984, pp. 59–62; Air Marshal Sir Patrick Hine, ‘Concepts of Land/Air Operations in the Central Region: II’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 3, September 1984, pp. 63–6; Boyd D. Sutton, John R. 168 Notes

Landry, Malcolm B. Armstrong, Howel M. Estes III and Wesley K. Clark, ‘Deep Attack Concepts and the Defence of Central Europe’, Survival, vol. 26, no. 2, March/April 1984, pp. 50–70. 50. See Eric Grove with Graham Thompson, Battle for the Fjords: NATO’s Forward Maritime Strategy in Action (London: Ian Allan, 1991); Geoffrey Till, Modern Sea Power (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1987), p. 64. 51. Samuel P. Huntington, The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), pp. 1–14. 52. For a good introduction into the structure-agency debate see Colin Hay, ‘Structure and Agency’, in Theory and Methods in Political Science, edited by David Marsh and Gerry Stoker (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp. 189–206. 53. John C. Garnett, ‘Some Constraints on Defence Policy Makers’, in The Management of Defence, edited by Lawrence Martin (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976), p. 30. 54. Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A. Gunn, Policy Analysis for the Real World, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 19. 55. Idem. 56. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: the National Security Problem in International Relations (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1983), p. 3; see also Nicholas J. Wheeler and Ken Booth, ‘The Security Dilemma’, in Dilemmas in World Politics: International Issues in a Changing World, edited by John Baylis and N.J. Rengger (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 29–60. For the action-reaction model see Barry Buzan, An Introduction to Strategic Studies: Military Technology and International Relations (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 76–93. 57. Michael D. Hobkirk, The Politics of Defence Budgeting: a Study of Organizations and Resource Allocation in the United Kingdom and the United States (Basingstoke: Macmillan for the RUSI, 1984), p. 10. 58. John Baylis, ‘Introduction’, in British Defence Policy in a Changing World, edited by John Baylis (London: Croom Helm, 1977), p. 12. 59. Harry S. Truman, Public Papers of Presidents of the USA: Harry Truman 1945 (Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, 1962), p. 551. 60. See Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (London: HarperCollins, 1971); C. Wright Mills, The Power Élite, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956). 61. Vice-Admiral Sir Peter Stanford, ‘The Current Position of the Royal Navy’, in Till, p. 25. 62. Peter Hennessy, Cabinet (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 3. 63. Simon James, British Cabinet Government (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 19. 64. Peter Madgwick, British Government: the Central Executive Territory (London: Philip Allen, 1991), p. 15. 65. Idem. 66. James, p. 22. 67. Madgwick, p. 55. 68. Private discussion.

2 British defence policy in May 1979

69. See Michael Dockrill, British Defence Policy since 1945 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988); William Jackson, Britain’s Defence Dilemma: an Inside View Notes 169

(London: B.T. Batsford, 1990); John Baylis (ed.), Britain’s Defence Policy in a Changing World (London: Croom Helm, 1977); Ritchie Ovendale, British Defence Policy since 1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994); Stuart Croft (ed.), British Security Policy: the Thatcher Years and the End of the Cold War (London: HarperCollins, 1991); Peter Byrd (ed.), British Defence Policy: Thatcher and Beyond (Hemel Hempstead: Philip Allen, 1991); Malcolm McIntosh, Managing Britain’s Defence (London: Macmillan, 1990). 70. See Michael Howard, The Continental Commitment: the Dilemma of British Defence Policy in the Era of Two World Wars (London: Temple Smith, 1972); Basil Liddell Hart, The British Way in Warfare (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1942); C.J. Bartlett, Defence and Diplomacy: Britain and the Great Powers, 1815–1914, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993). 71. See Paul Cornish, British Military Planning for the Defence of Germany, 1945–50, (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996); Christoph Bluth, Britain, Germany and Western Nuclear Strategy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 10–30. 72. See Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War Volume VI: Triumph and Tragedy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), pp. 495–507. 73. John Baylis, Anglo-American Defence Relations, 1939–84 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, second edition, 1984), p. 34. 74. C.M. White, The Gotha Summer: the German Daytime Air Raids on England, May–August 1917 (London: Robert Hale, 1986); John Terraine, Business in Great Waters: the U-Boat Wars, 1916–45, (London: Leo Cooper, 1989); Douglas Robinson, The Zeppelin in Combat: a History of the Naval Airship Division, 1912–18 (Henley-on-Thames: G.T. Foulis and Co, third edition, 1971), pp. 95–138, 204–33, 262–83. 75. E.R. Hooton, Eagle in Flames: the Fall of the Luftwaffe (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1997), pp. 13–76. 76. Phillip S. Meilinger, ‘Proselytiser and Prophet: Alexander P. de Seversky and American Airpower’, in Airpower: Theory and Practice, edited by John Gooch (London: Frank Cass, 1995), pp. 22–3; Andrew G.B. Vallance, The Air Weapon: Doctrines of Air Power Strategy and Operational Art (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995), p. 16. 77. This was evident from the necessity to continue rationing after the Second World War well into the 1950s. 78. ‘Statement Relating to Defence, 1948’, Cm. 7,327 (London: HMSO, 1948), reprinted in Brassey’s Naval Annual, edited by Rear Admiral H.G. Thursfield (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1948), p. 528. 79. Clive Ponting, Breach of Power: Labour in Power, 1964–70 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989), pp. 41–2. 80. The issue of Britain’s role was the subject of considerable debate. Interestingly one of the texts published on the subject which argued for a new definition of Britain’s role was co-authored by Geoffrey Pattie, soon to become a junior minister in the MOD in Thatcher’s first government. James Bellini and Geoffrey Pattie, A New World Role for the Medium Power: the British Opportunity (London: The Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1977). 81. Private discussion. 82. Idem. 83. Idem. 170 Notes

84. Idem. 85. Idem; see Broadbent, pp. 15–58. 86. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1975’, Cm. 5,976 (London: HMSO, 1975). 87. Admiral Sir James Eberle, ‘Defending the Atlantic Connection’, in Till, p. 149; ‘NATO’s Sinking Feeling’, New Statesman, 29 May 1981, p. 30. 88. Vice-Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse, Controller of the Navy, ‘House of Commons Defence Committee: Fourth Report – Strategic Nuclear Weapons Policy: Together with the Minutes and Proceedings of the Committee Relating to the Report; and Part of the Minutes of Evidence Taken on 25 June, 9 and 23 July, 29 October, 4, 6, 12, 25 and 26 November, 2, 3 and 17 December 1980, 4 March and 7 April 1981’, HC.36, session 1980–90 (London: HMSO, 1981), Minutes of Evidence 3 December 1980, p. 219. 89. At the time, the Royal Dockyard at Chatham was the principal SSN refit yard and was then working up a second refit stream. Devonport had then just opened its first stream and was in the process of refitting its first submarine. It planned to expand to two streams with possibly a third to follow. The other dockyard involved in nuclear refits, Rosyth, was almost entirely occupied with refitting the ballistic missile submarines of the resolution-class. Vice-Admiral Sir William Pillar, Chief of Fleet Support, Ibid., Minutes of Evidence 4 November 1980, p. 141. 90. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1975’, p. 11. 91. Jane’s Fighting Ships 1979–80 (London: Jane’s, 1979), p. 607; Desmond Wettern, ‘More Dual-Roled Warships’, Daily Telegraph, 31 August 1978. 92. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1966: The Defence Review’, Cm. 2,901 (London: HMSO, 1966), p. 10. 93. Paul Beaver, Modern Combat Ships – 2: Invincible Class (London: Ian Allan, 1984), p. 21. 94. In the six weeks leading up to the 1979 election 3 Type 42 destroyers and 2 Type 22 frigates were ordered. Keith Speed, Sea Change: the Battle of the Falklands and the Future of Britain’s Navy (Bath: Ashgrove Press, 1982), p. 79. 95. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 995, fifth series, session 1980–81, 1–12 December 1980, written answer 5 December, col. 88w. 96. At least 12 Type 22s were envisaged at this stage together with 10 modified Leanders, judging by the orders for Sea Wolf systems. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, Vol. 995, fifth series, session 1980–81, 1–12 December 1980, written answer 5 December 1980, col. 88w; Anthony Preston, ‘So Long Leander’, Warship World, vol. 4, no. 7, Summer 1993, p. 11. 97. Captain John Lippiett, Modern Combat Ships 5: Type 21 (London: Ian Allen, 1990), p. 10. 98. Speed, p. 91. 99. ‘Interview with Commodore Richard Thorn by Kathleen Bunten’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, vol. 21, no. 20, 21 May 1994, p. 32. 100. Private discussion. 101. Idem. 102. Lawrence Freedman, Britain and Nuclear Weapons (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1980), p. 54. Notes 171

103. Private discussions; Hill, pp. 309–10. 104. The strategic reserve division of three air-portable brigades and the 16 Independent Parachute Brigade vanished from the army’s order of battle to be replaced by the newly created 6 Field Force, which contained a parachute battalion group. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1975’, p. 11; Andrew Wilson, ‘The 16th Paras Hit the Deck’, Observer, 27 March 1977; Lieutenant-General Sir William Scotter, ‘The British Army Today’, RUSI Journal, vol. 121, no. 2, June 1976, p. 18. 105. Scotter, pp. 16–22; Major-General Frank Kitson, ‘The New British Armoured Division’, RUSI Journal, vol. 122, no. 1, March 1977, pp. 17–19. 106. Private discussions; Colin J. McInnes, ‘BAOR in the 1980s: Changes in Doctrine and Organisation’, Defense Analysis, vol. 4, no. 4, December 1988, pp. 377–94. 107. Scotter, pp. 16–22. 108. Colin McInnes, NATO’s Changing Strategic Agenda: the Conventional Defence of Central Europe (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), pp. 116–62; Robert A. Gessert, ‘The AirLand Battle and NATO’s New Doctrinal Debate’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 3, June 1984, pp. 52–60; General Sir Nigel Bagnall, ‘Concepts of Land/Air Operations in the Central Region: I’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 3, September 1984, pp. 59–62; Air Marshal Sir Patrick Hine, ‘Concepts of Land/Air Operations in the Central Region: II’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 3, September 1984, pp. 63–6; Boyd D. Sutton, John R. Landry, Malcolm B. Armstrong, Howell M. Estes III and Wesley K. Clark, ‘Deep Attack Concepts and the Defence of Central Europe’, Survival, vol. 26, no. 2, March/April 1984, pp. 50–70. 109. Jon Connell, ‘War in Germany’, Sunday Times, 13 March 1983; McInnes, pp. 377–94; Colin McInnes, ‘Conventional Forces’, in British Security Policy: the Thatcher Years and the End of the Cold War, edited by Stuart Croft (London: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 31; Adrian Hill, ‘Could Napoleon’s Army Win Today?’, RUSI Journal, vol. 122, no. 1, March 1977, p. 21. 110. Boyd, pp. 50–70. 111. ‘The Army’, The Economist, 29 March 1980, p. 45; Henry Stanhope, ‘Army Plans Russian-type AA gun’, The Times, 12 January 1978; Jackson, p. 7. 112. John Erickson, ‘Soviet Military Capabilities in Europe’, RUSI Journal, vol. 120, no. 1, March 1975, pp. 65–9. John Erickson, ‘Soviet Ground Forces and the Conventional Mode of Operations’, RUSI Journal, vol. 121, no. 2, June 1976, pp. 45–9. 113. Barney Hayhoe, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 980, ﬁfth series, session 1979–80, 3–14 March 1980, oral answer 11 March 1980, col. 1128. 114. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1978’, Cm. 7099 (London: HMSO, 1978), p. 34. 115. Private discussion. 116. Idem. 117. Idem. 118. Captain Charles J. Dick, ‘MLRS: Firepower for the 1990s’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 4, December 1983, p. 17. 119. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1978’, p. 35. 172 Notes

120. Private discussion. 121. Michael Lambert and Charles Gilson, ‘Britain Looks forward to the Lynx’, Flight International, vol. 112, no. 3569, 6 August 1977, p. 416. 122. Major Christopher J.T. Davey, ‘Sultan, Clansmen and the Integration of Forward Communications within NATO’, RUSI Journal, vol. 122, no. 1, March 1977, pp. 37–9. 123. Private discussion. 124. Idem. 125. ‘Enter Jaguar, Exit Phantom’, Flight International, vol. 106, no. 3422, 17 October 1974, p. 495; Francis K. Mason, Tornado (Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens, 1986), p. 27. 126. ‘UK Air Defence’, Flight International, vol. 107, no. 3447, 3 April 1975, p. 557; Air Commodore A.G. White, ‘Airpower in the Alliance’, Armed Forces, no. 3, 1979, p. 13. 127. Private discussion; Alfred Price, Panavia Tornado: Spearhead of NATO (London: Ian Allan, 1988), pp. 11–17; Mason, p. 27. 128. Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 974, ﬁfth series, session 1979–80, 19–30 November 1979, oral answer 27 November 1979, col. 1099. 129. Private discussion; Group-Captain V.L. Vallance, ‘The Way Ahead: Future Equipment and Possible Employment’, Armed Forces, no. 3, 1979, p. 34. 130. Warrington, p. 34. 131. Private discussion; Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, edited by Ian Trewin, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000), p. 133. 132. ‘Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Air to Accompany Air Estimates, 1957–8’, Cm. 149 (London: HMSO, 1957), paras 16–25. 133. This emerged out of the 1966 Defence Review, which scrapped the aircraft carrier replacement programme. 134. White, p. 12. 135. Private discussion. 136. Charles Gilson and Bill Sweetman, ‘Air Power for the Pact’, Flight International, vol. 109, no. 3508, 5 June 1976, p. 1507; ‘The Soviet Threat: a UK View’, Flight International, vol. 111, no. 3545, 19 February 1977, p. 411. 137. Air Commodore G.A. White, ‘Air Power in the Alliance’, Armed Forces, no. 3, 1979, pp. 11–13. 138. ‘RAF May Rent Fighter to Fill “Air Defence Gap”’, Guardian, 2 July 1979; ‘RAF Faces the Fighter Gap’, Flight International, vol. 114, no. 3624, 2 September 1978, p. 727. 139. Wing Commander A.G. Hicks, ‘Maritime Air Power’, Armed Forces, no. 3, 1979, p. 14. 140. Tim Laming, Buccaneer: the Story of the last all British Strike Aircraft, (Sparkford: Patrick Stephens, 1998), p. 127. 141. Warrington, p. 34. 142. Private discussion. 143. The eight aircraft withdrawn from Malta as part of the 1975 Defence Review were initially earmarked for conversion together with three aircraft from the general pool. This meant that the actual pool of Nimrod aircraft had decreased by three and the eight spare aircraft could not be Notes 173

used to expand the existing ﬂeet. Private discussion; Paul Jackson, ‘NATO’s Airborne Early Warning Force’, Armed Forces, vol. 4, no. 8, August 1985, p. 307. 144. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1981’, Cm. 8212 (London: HMSO, 1981), p. 32. Warrington, p. 35. 145. Private discussions; ‘Britain to Buy 30 Chinooks’, Flight International, vol. 113, no. 3595, 11 February 1978, p. 346. 146. Farooq Hussain, Ian Kemp and Philip McCarthy, ‘The Future of the Military Helicopter’, Whitehall Papers (London: RUSI, 1986), p. 35. 147. John Marriott, ‘The Industry’, NATO’s Fifteen Nations, April–May 1976, pp. 30–1. 148. Private discussion; John Marriott, ‘Aerospace’, NATO’s Fifteen Nations, April–May 1976, pp. 35–44. 149. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1978’, p. 34. 150. Private discussion. 151. Idem. 152. Bill Gunston, ‘The Multi-Role EH101’, Air International, April 1998, p. 221. 153. Private discussion. 154. Idem. 155. Idem. 156. Warrington, p. 34. 157. Private discussion. 158. Idem.

3 Defence under Pym, May 1979–January 1981

159. Hennessy, p. 629. 160. Private discussion. 161. Young, pp. 198–204. 162. Thatcher, pp. 26–7. 163. Lord Carrington, Reﬂect on Things Past: the Memoirs of Lord Carrington (London: William Collins, 1988), p. 280. 164. John Cole, As It Seemed to Me: Political Memoirs (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995), p. 283. 165. Private discussion; Heseltine, p. 185. 166. Hennessy, pp. 284–6. 167. Private discussion. 168. Wettern, p. 382. 169. ‘Pym Talks of Indian Ocean Role’, Daily Telegraph, 2 April 1980. 170. Private discussion. 171. Idem. 172. Interviewed by David Boren in David K. Boren,’Britain’s 1981 Defence Review’, PhD thesis, Department of War Studies, King’s College, University of London, 1992, p. 229. 173. Private discussion. 174. Idem; Grove, p. 343; Speed, pp. 89–90. 175. Major-General Frank Kitson, ‘The New British Armoured Division’, RUSI Journal, vol. 122, no. 1, March 1977, pp. 17–19. 174 Notes

176. Private discussion; David Hazel, ‘The Sudden Attack Debate: Arguments and Alternatives’, RUSI Journal, vol. 123, no. 4, December 1978, p.37; Mike Gaines, ‘NATO’s Crusader 80’, Flight International, vol. 118, no. 3729, 25 October 1980, p. 1569. 177. Private discussion. 178. Idem. 179. Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 974, fifth series, session 1979–80, 19–30 November 1979, oral answer 27 November 1979, col. 1098; Francis Pym and Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 975, fifth series, session 1979–80, 3–14 December 1979, written answer 10 December 1979, col. 526w. 180. Private discussion. 181. Probert, p. 89. 182. Private discussion. 183. ‘UK Air Defence’, Flight International, vol. 107, no. 3447, 3 April 1975, p. 557; White, p. 13. 184. Private discussion. 185. Idem. 186. Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 974, fifth series, session 1979–80, 19–30 November 1979, written answer 20 November 1979, cols 103–4w; Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 984, fifth series, session 1979–80, 6–16 May 1980, written answer 13 May 1980, cols 413–4w. 187. Private discussion; Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 968, fifth series, session 1979–80, 11–22 June 1979, written answer 11 June 1979, col. 12w. 188. Henry Stanhope, ‘Army Studies NATO Anti-Tank Role for the Red Berets’, The Times, 14 November 1979; McInnes, pp. 100–2. 189. Thatcher, pp. 86–7, p. 162. 190. Idem. 191. Idem. 192. Idem; Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 969, fifth series, session 1979–80, 25 June–6 July 1979, written answer 28 June 1979, col. 298w. 193. Private discussion. 194. Idem. 195. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 973, fifth series, session 1979–80, 5–16 November 1979, written answer 5 November 1979, col. 34w. 196. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 973, fifth series, session 1979–80, 5–16 November 1979, written answer 6 November 1979, col. 134w. 197. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 973, fifth series, session 1979–80, 5–16 November 1979, written answer 5 November 1979, col. 34w. 198. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 980, fifth series, session 1979–80, 3–14 March 1980, written answer 5 March 1980, col. 221w. 199. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 972, fifth series, session 1979–80, 22 October–2 November 1979, oral answer Notes 175

30 October 1979, col. 1010. In discussing the creation of a third Lightning squadron Mr John Peters, then Assistant Under-Secretary of State (Air Staff), informed the House of Commons Defence Committee that the Royal Air Force would have preferred three rather than one additional squadrons, there is, 50 aircraft. John Peters, ‘House of Commons Defence Committee: Second Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1980’, HC. 571, session 1979–80 (London: HMSO, 1980), Minutes of Evidence 15 April 1980, p. 9. 200. Private discussion. 201. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 972, fifth series, session 1979–80, 22 October–2 November 1979, oral answer 30 October 1979, col. 1010w. 202. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 972, fifth series, session 1979–80, 22 October–2 November 1979, written answer 30 October 1979, col. 489w; Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 973, fifth series, session 1979–80, 5–16 November 1979, written answer 5 November 1979, col. 34w. 203. Private discussion. 204. Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 974, fifth series, session 1979–80, 19–30 November 1979, written answer 20 November 1979, cols 103–4w. 205. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1979’, Cm. 7474 (London: HMSO, 1979), p. 32. 206. Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 974, fifth series, session 1979–80, 19–30 November 1979, written answer 27 November 1979, col. 548w. 207. Barney Hayhoe, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 978, fifth series, session 1979–80, 4–15 February 1980, written answer 12 February 1980, cols 561–2w. 208. Probert, p. 89. 209. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 982, fifth series, session 1979–80, 31 March–18 April 1980, written answer 15 April 1980, col. 578w 210. Private discussion. 211. Idem. 212. Speed, pp. 78–9. 213. Private discussion. 214. Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 969, fifth series, session 1979–80, 25 June–6 July 1979, written answer 5 July 1979, col. 676w. 215. ‘Defence in the 1980s – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1980’, Cm. 7826, (London: HMSO, 1980), p. 73. 216. Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 980, fifth series, session 1979–80, 3–14 March 1980, written answer 5 March 1980, col. 222w. 217. ‘Defence in the 1980s – Statement on the Defence Estimates’, p. 25. 218. Gaines, p. 1569. 219. Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 974, fifth series, 19–30 November 1979, session 1979–80, written answer 22 November 1979, col. 304w. 176 Notes

220. Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 970, fifth series, session 1979–80, 9–20 July 1979, written answer 19 July 1979, col. 782w. 221. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1980’, p. 68. 222. Barney Hayhoe, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 980, fifth series, session 1979–80, 3–14 March 1980, oral answer 11 March 1980, col. 1128. 223. Private discussion. 224. Henry Stanhope, ‘Army May Change Shape of Things to Come’, The Times, 23 June 1980. 225. Barney Hayhoe, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 983, fifth series, session 1979–80, 21 April–2 May 1980, Debate on the Defence Estimates, 28 April 1980, col. 1110. 226. Idem. 227. Ibid, col. 1112. 228. Private discussion. 229. House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Fourth Report – Strategic Nuclear Weapons Policy: Together with the Minutes and Proceedings of the Committee Relating to the Report; and Part of the Minutes of Evidence taken on 25 June, 9 and 23 July, 29 October, 4, 6, 12, 25 and 26 November, 2, 3 and 17 December 1980, 4 March and 7 April 1981’, HC.36, session 1980–81 (London: HMSO, 1981), pp. vii–viii. 230. Private discussion. 231. Julian Critchley, ‘Can Britain still Afford a Nuclear Deterrent?’, Daily Telegraph, 29 April 1980. 232. James Callaghan, Time and Chance (London: William Collins, 1987), p. 554; Hill, pp. 307–10. 233. Private discussion. 234. Idem. 235. Ivan Owen, ‘Labour Split over Defence’, Financial Times, 30 April 1980. 236. Howe, p. 144. 237. Leo Pliatzky, Getting and Spending: Public Expenditure, Employment and Inflation (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, revised edition, 1984), pp. 176–7. 238. General Sir William Jackson and Field Marshal Lord Bramall, The Chiefs: the Story of the United Kingdom’s Chiefs of Staff (London: Brassey’s (UK), 1992), p. 392. 239. Private discussion; McIntosh, p. 110. 240. Private discussion. 241. Frank Cooper, ‘Ministry of Defence’, in Reshaping Central Government, edited by John Gretton and Anthony Harrison (Hermitage: Policy Journals, 1987), p. 109; Thatcher, p. 125. 242. Thatcher, p. 123. 243. Cole, p. 205. 244. Private discussion. 245. Idem. 246. Desmond Wettern, ‘£700m Cut for Defence after Overspending’, Daily Telegraph, 21 July 1980. 247. Private discussion; D.K. Brown, A Century of Naval Construction: the History of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1983), pp. 267–70; Grove, p. 343; Speed, p. 90. Notes 177

248. Grove, p. 353 249. Thatcher, p. 123. 250. It consisted of Sir Michael Quinlan, Deputy Under-Secretary (Policy), Air Chief Marshal Joseph Gilbert, Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Policy), and Admiral Stephen Bethon, Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Operational Requirements). 251. Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 983, fifth series, session 1979–80, 21 April–2 May 1980, Second day of the Debate on the Defence Estimates, 29 April 1980, col. 1179w. 252. Boren, p. 229. 253. Admiral Sir Raymond Lygo, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Fourth Report – Strategic Nuclear Weapons Policy: Together with the Minutes and Proceedings of the Committee Relating to the Report; and Part of the Minutes of Evidence taken on 25 June, 9 and 23 July, 29 October, 4, 6, 12, 25 and 26 November, 2, 3 and 17 December 1980, 4 March and 7 April 1981’, Minutes of Evidence 12 December 1980, p. 195. 254. Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 992, fifth series, session 1979–80, 10–13 November 1980, written answer 13 November 1980, col. 398w. 255. Subsequently sold with two sisters to the US. Captain Richard Sharpe (ed.), Jane’s Fighting Ships, 2000–1 (London: Jane’s, 2000), p. 832. 256. Private discussion. 257. Speed, p. 99; Desmond Wettern, ‘Navy Cuts Reduce Estimates’, Daily Telegraph, 3 April 1980; Barney Hayhoe, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 991, session 1980–81, 27 October–7 November 1980, written answer 28 October 1980, col. 256w. 258. ‘Defence in the 1980s – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1980’, p. 73. 259. Speed, pp. 71–2; Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 988, fifth series, session 1979–80, 7–18 July 1980, written answer 15 July 1980, col. 503w. 260. Vice-Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Strategic Nuclear Weapons Policy: Together with the Minutes and Proceedings of the Committee Relating to the Report; and Part of the Minutes of Evidence taken on 25 June, 9 and 23 July, 29 October, 4, 6, 12, 25 and 26 November, 2, 3 and 17 December 1980, 4 March and 7 April 1981’, Minutes of Evidence 3 December 1980, p. 223. 261. Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 988, fifth series, session 1979–80, 7–18 July 1980, Statement to the House 15 July 1980, cols. 1235–6; Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 989, fifth series, session 1979–80, 21 July–1 August 1980, written answer 1 August 1980, col. 858w; ‘US Sale of Trident One Missiles to UK’, US Official Text (London: US Embassy, 17 July 1980), p. 3; Lynton McLain and Richard Evans, ‘Trident Missiles in £5bn UK Deterrent’, Financial Times, 16 July 1980. 262. Private discussion. 263. Idem. 264. Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 988, fifth series, session 1979–80, 7–18 July, written answer 14 July 1980, cols. 420–1w. 178 Notes

265. Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 988, fifth series, session 1979–80, 7–18 July 1980, written answer 14 July 1980, cols. 420–1w. 266. Ibid, col. 421w. 267. Private discussion. 268. David Fairhall, ‘Rhine Army to Get New Carrier in Refit’, Guardian, 15 July 1980. 269. Private discussion; Admiral Sir Raymond Lygo, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Fourth Report – Strategic Nuclear Weapons Policy: Together with the Minutes and Proceedings of the Committee Relating to the Report; and Part of the Minutes of Evidence taken on 25 June, 9 and 23 July, 29 October, 4, 6, 12, 25 and 26 November, 2, 3 and 17 December 1980, 4 March and 7 April 1981’, Minutes of Evidence 12 December 1980, p. 195. 270. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 982, fifth series, session 1979–80, 31 March–18 April 1980, written answer 15 April 1980, col. 581w. 271. Private discussion; Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 989, fifth series, session 1979–80, 21 July–1 August 1980, written answer 22 July 1980, col. 177w. 272. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 982, fifth series, session 1979–80, 31 March–18 April 1980, written answer 31 March 1980, col. 69w. 273. House of Commons Defence Committee ‘First Report – RAF Pilot Training’, HC. 53, session 1980–81, London, HMSO, 1981, p. iv. 274. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 980, fifth series, session 1979–80, 3–14 March 1980, written answer 5 March 1980, col. 220w; Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 989, fifth series, session 1979–80, 21 July–1 August 1980, written answer 28 July 1980, col. 529. 275. Admiral Sir Raymond Lygo, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Fourth Report – Strategic Nuclear Weapons Policy: Together with the Minutes and Proceedings of the Committee Relating to the Report; and Part of the Minutes of Evidence taken on 25 June, 9 and 23 July, 29 October, 4, 6, 12, 25 and 26 November, 2, 3 and 17 December 1980, 4 March and 7 April 1981’, Minutes of Evidence 2 December 1980, p. 195. 276. Bill Sweetman, ‘Jump Jet May Be Dropped’, Observer, 11 December 1980. 277. Private discussion. 278. Francis Pym, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 995, fifth series, session 1980–81, 1–12 December 1980, written answer 12 December 1980, col. 495w. 279. Barney Hayhoe, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 991, fifth series, session 1979–80, 27 October–7 November 1980, oral answer 28 October 1980, col. 192. 280. Maurice Mullard, Politics of Public Expenditure (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 163. 281. Howe, p. 189. 282. Henry Leach, Endure No Makeshifts: Some Naval Recollections (London: Leo Cooper, 1993), pp. 196–7. Notes 179

283. Private discussion. 284. Jordan and Richardson, p. 222. 285. Jock Bruce-Gardyne, Mrs Thatcher’s First Administration: the Prophets Confounded (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1984), p. 89. 286. Howe, p. 189. 287. Julia Langdon, ‘Pym “is Prepared to Quit” over Cuts Demands’, Guardian, 4 November 1980; James Wightman, ‘Defence Cuts “Leak” Row’, Daily Telegraph, 24 October 1980; Clark, pp. 172–3. 288. Private discussion; Bruce-Gardyne, p. 89. 289. Jordan and Richardson, p. 222. 290. Sir Ian Gilmour, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 994, fifth series, session 1980–81, 20–28 November 1980, 24 November 1980, col. 224. 291. Idem. 292. Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 997, fifth series, session 1980–81, 19–30 January 1981, written answer 27 January 1981, col. 375w. 293. Private discussion. 294. Idem. 295. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 991, fifth series, session 1979–80, 27 October–7 November 1980, written answer 7 November 1980, col. 694w; John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 997, fifth series, session 1980–81, 19–30 January 1981, statement 20 January, col. 152. 296. Henry Stanhope, ‘Can the RAF Shut that Open Window’, The Times, 29 March 1982. 297. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 998, fifth series, session 1980–81, 2–13 February 1981, written answer 4 February, col. 127w. 298. Private discussion. 299. Idem. 300. Young, p. 260. 301. Private discussion. 302. Young, p. 260. 303. McIntosh, p. 98. 304. Bruce Headey, British Cabinet Ministers (London: Allen and Unwin, 1974). 305. Hennessy, p. 592.

4 John Nott, January 1981–January 1983

306. Nott ‘was one of a small group of ministers who breakfasted with the new Prime Minister very regularly during our ﬁrst two years in ofﬁce and was regarded throughout the government as a possible future Chancellor of the Exchequer’. Cecil Parkinson, Right at the Centre (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1992), p. 149; Clark, p. 138. 307. Howe, p. 198. 308. Private discussion. 309. Idem. 310. Idem. 180 Notes

311. David Fairhall, ‘The Battle of the Cuts’, Guardian, 7 January 1981. 312. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 997, ﬁfth series, session 1980–81, 19–30 January 1981, statement 20 January 1981, col. 152. 313. Private discussion. 314. Hill, p. 323. 315. ‘John Nott quickly came to the view that he had to set in hand what was somewhat elliptically called the defence review programme – less than a full-scale policy review, more than a mere adjustment to the programme.’ Cooper, p. 112. 316. Private discussion. 317. Idem. 318. Idem. 319. Idem. 320. Idem. 321. ‘The United Kingdom Defence Programme: the Way Forward’, Cm. 8, 288 (London: HMSO, 1981), p. 9; Marriott, p. 114. 322. Private discussion. 323. Idem. 324. Idem. 325. Idem; Hill, p. 327. 326. Private discussion. 327. Leach, p. 198. 328. Private discussion. 329. Idem; Hill, p. 327. 330. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1981’, p. 14. 331. Private discussion. 332. Boren, p. 251. 333. Private discussion. 334. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 7, sixth series, session 1980–81, 22 June–3 July 1981, Defence Statement 25 June 1981, col. 386. 335. David C. Isby and Charles Hamps Jnr, Armies of NATO’s Central Front (London: Jane’s, 1985), p. 241. 336. Private discussion; House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘First Report – Allied Forces in Germany’, HC. 93, session 1981–82 (London: HMSO, 1982), p. vi. 337. Boren, p. 289. 338. Alex Brunner and Ian Aitken, ‘Thatcher Heading for Battles over Gulf Force’, Guardian, 2 March 1981; Thatcher, p. 162. 339. Hill, p. 325. 340. Jackson and Bramall, p. 398. 341. Private discussion. 342. Cooper, p. 112. 343. Boren, pp. 264–5 344. Private discussion. 345. ‘I have always held the view that the main threat to the surface ﬂeet in the future, assuming that land-based air of the Soviet Union could be successfully contained, is increasingly the submarine-launched missiles of the Soviet navy.’ John Nott, House of Commons Defence Committee, Notes 181

‘Report on the Statement on the Defence Estimates 1982’, HC. 428, session 1981–82, London, HMSO, 1982, Minutes of Evidence 23 June 1982, p. 5. 346. Private discussion. 347. Idem. 348. Idem. 349. So-called because the bones of the review were formulated during a stop- over in Bermuda. 350. McIntosh, p. 116; see also Hill, p. 334. 351. Boren, p. 276. 352. Wettern, p. 384. 353. Private discussion. 354. Idem; Hennessy, p. 500. 355. Private discussion. 356. Thatcher, p. 162. 357. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1981’, p. 30. 358. Philip Goodhart, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 2, sixth series, session 1980–81, 30 March–10 April 1981, written answer 1 April 1981, col. 123w; Keith Speed, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 2, sixth series, session 1980–81, 30 March–10 April 1981, written answer 1 April 1981, col. 124w; John Nott, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Second Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1981’, HC. 302, session 1980–81, London, HMSO, Minutes of Evidence 30 April 1981, p. 56. 359. Private discussion. 360. Idem. 361. Thatcher, p. 250; Wettern, p. 384; Heseltine, p. 262. 362. Private discussion. 363. Private discussion; Hill, p. 366. 364. Private discussion. 365. Owen, p. 503. 366. Private discussion. 367. Idem; Hill, p. 324. 368. Private discussion. 369. Leach, p. 210; Thatcher, p. 250. 370. Jackson and Bramall, p. 397. 371. Hill, p. 342. 372. Jackson, p. 162. 373. For a while a ﬁgure of the low 30s and even mid-20s was mentioned. Leach, p. 198. 374. Wettern, p. 386; Pattie announced that the plan to buy ﬁve 909 radars would be reduced to one. Each Type 42 destroyer had two of these radars to guide its Sea Dart system. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 16, sixth series, session 1981–82, 18–29 January 1982, oral answer 26 January 1982, col. 732. 375. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 7, sixth series, session 1980–81, 22 June–3 July 1981, Defence Statement 25 June 1981, col. 394. 376. Grove, p. 352. 377. Private discussion. 182 Notes

378. The reﬁt of HMS Swiftsure was due to begin in February 1979 but did not actually start until April 1980. Philip Goodhart, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 7, sixth series, session 1980–81, 22 June–3 July 1981, written answer 25 June 1981, col. 162; Grove, p. 352. 379. David Fairhall, ‘New “Cut-Price” Frigate Part of Arms Plan for Decade’, Guardian, 17 March 1981. 380. He appended the ‘Bermudagram’ with a note asking what the LPDs were for. Private discussion. 381. Idem. 382. Idem. 383. Idem; Marriott, p. 114. 384. Private discussion. 385. Idem. 386. Boren, pp. 298–9. 387. Carrington, p. 360. 388. Private discussion. 389. Idem. 390. Idem. 391. Idem; Boren, p. 335. 392. Private discussion. 393. Idem. 394. Private discussion. 395. Idem. 396. Isby and Hamps, p. 241. 397. ‘The United Kingdom Defence Programme: the Way Forward’, p. 7. 398. ‘The Poor Men of NATO’, The Economist, 29 March 1980, p. 54. 399. Private discussion. 400. Idem. 401. ‘The United Kingdom Defence Programme: the Way Forward’, p. 6. 402. Idem. 403. Philip Goodhart, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 8, sixth series, session 1980–81, 6–17 July 1981, written answer 7 July 1981, col. 121w. 404. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1981’, p. 16. 405. Private discussion. 406. Idem. 407. Idem. 408. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 7, sixth series, session 1980–81, 22 June–3 July 1981, Defence Statement 25 June 1981, col. 386. 409. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1981’, p. 8. 410. Private discussion. 411. Idem. 412. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 8, sixth series, session 1980–81, 6–17 July 1981, written answer 7 July 1981, col. 119w. 413. Private discussion. 414. Idem. 415. Idem. 416. Idem; ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1981’, p. 6. Notes 183

417. Private discussion. 418. Idem. 419. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 26, sixth series, session 1981–82, 21 June–2 July 1982, oral answer 29 June 1982, col. 737. 420. Private discussion. 421. Idem. 422. Thatcher, p. 148. 423. Idem. 424. Cole, p. 256; Howe, p. 223; Nigel, Lawson The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (London: Bantam, 1992), p. 108; Thatcher, p. 149. 425. Private discussion; Jackson, p. 162. 426. Private discussion. 427. Margaret Thatcher, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 19, sixth series, session 1981–82, 1–12 March 1982, written answer 4 March 1982, col. 195w. 428. Private discussion; Hill, p. 341. 429. Private discussion; John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 19, sixth series, session 1981–82, 1–12 March 1982, written answer 8 March 1982, col. 327w; McIntosh, p. 123. 430. Private discussion. 431. Private discussion; John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 19, sixth series, session 1981–82, 1–12 March 1982, written answer 8 March 1982, col. 327w; McIntosh, p. 123. 432. Marriott, p. 130. 433. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 18, sixth series, session 1981–82, 15–26 February 1982, oral answer 23 February 1982, col. 737; 434. Hill, p. 328. 435. Private discussion. 436. Idem. 437. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 19, sixth series, session 1981–82, 1–12 March 1982, Statement on the Trident Missile Programme 11 March 1982, col. 975. 438. Idem. 439. John Nott, ‘House of Commons: First Special Report from the Defence Committee – Strategic Nuclear Weapons Policy’, HC. 266, session 1981–82 (London: HMSO, 1982), Minutes of Evidence 17 March 1982, p. 7 440. Private discussion. 441. Idem. 442. Idem. 443. Idem. 444. Jerry Wiggin, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 13, sixth series, session 1981–82, 16–27 November 1981, written answer 23 November 1981, col. 311w. 445. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 19, sixth series, session 1981–82, 1–12 March 1982, Statement on Reserve Forces 3 March 1982, col. 273. 184 Notes

446. Private discussion. 447. Idem. 448. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 16, sixth series, session 1981–82, written answer 21 January 1982, col. 160w. 449. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 19, sixth series, session 1981–82, 1–12 March 1982, written answer 8 March 1982, col. 328w. 450. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 24, sixth series, session 1981–82, 17–28 May 1982, written answer 17 May 1982, col. 47w. 451. Private discussion. 452. Lieutenant-General Sir Maurice Johnston, ‘More Power to the Centre: MOD Reorganization’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 1, March 1983, p. 7. 453. Thatcher, p. 186. 454. See David Brown, Royal Navy and the Falklands War: the Epic, True Story (London, Arrow Books, 1989). 455. ‘The Falklands Campaign: the Lessons’, Cm. 8,758 (London: HMSO, 1982), p. 15. 456. Private discussion. 457. Leach, p. 237. 458. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1981’, p. 10. 459. Private discussion. 460. House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Report on the Statement on the Defence Estimates 1982’, HC. 428, session 1981–82 (London: HMSO, 1982), Minutes of Evidence 23 June 1982, p. 2. 461. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 26, sixth series, session 1981–82, 21 June–2 July 1982, Debate on the Defence Estimates 1 July 1982, col. 1063. 462. McIntosh, p. 112. 463. Peter Blaker, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 28, sixth series, session 1981–82, 19–30 July 1982, Debate on the Royal Navy 19 July 1982, cols. 44–5. 464. Private discussion. 465. Idem. 466. Julian Haviland, ‘Nott’s Farewell Present to Services Cheers Tories’, The Times, 15 December 1982. 467. Private discussion. 468. ‘The Falklands Campaign: the Lessons’, p. 33. 469. Idem, p. 34. 470. Private discussion. 471. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 28, sixth series, session 1981–82, 19–30 July 1982, Debate on the Royal Navy 19 July 1982, col. 110. 472. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 26, sixth series, session 1981–82, 21 June–2 July 1982, Debate on the Defence Estimates 1 July 1982, col. 1065. 473. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 34, sixth series, session 1982–83, 13–23 December 1982, Debate on the Falkland Islands White Paper 14 December 1982, col. 128. Notes 185

474. Private discussion. 475. John Nott, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 34, sixth series, session 1982–83, 13–23 December 1982, Debate on the Falkland Islands White Paper 14 December 1982, col. 129. 476. Private discussion. 477. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 28, sixth series, session 1981–82, 19–30 July 1982, written answer 27 July 1982, col. 424w. 478. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 34, sixth series, session 1981–82, 13–23 December 1982, oral answer 14 December 1982, col. 114. 479. Leach, p. 241. 480. Private discussion. 481. See Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, edited by Ion Trewin (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000). 482. Private discussion. 483. Hennessy, p. 501.

5 Michael Heseltine, January 1983–January 1986

484. Thatcher, p. 424. 485. Cole, p. 266. 486. Lawson, p. 673. 487. McIntosh, p. 142; Clark, p. 352. 488. Julian Critchley, Heseltine: the Unauthorised Biography (London: André Deutsch, 1987), p. 91. 489. Thatcher, p. 424. 490. Critchley, p. 91. 491. Private discussion; Clark, p. 354. 492. Critchley, p. 91. 493. Private discussion. 494. Jackson, p. 172. 495. Lawson, pp. 673–4. 496. Trevor Taylor and Keith Hayward, The UK Defence Industrial Base: Development and Future Policy Options (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers for the RUSI, 1989), p. 79. 497. Jackson, p. 170. 498. Private discussion. 499. Idem; Norman Friedman, The US Maritime Strategy (London: Jane’s, 1988). 500. Private discussion. 501. Idem; Robert R. Rodwell, ‘Evolving the Air Mobile Army’, Flight International, vol. 102, no. 3320, 2 November 1972, pp. 618–21. 502. Stanhope, 29 March 1982. 503. Private discussion. 504. See Air Vice-Marshal R. A. Mason (ed.), War in the Third Dimension: Essays in Contemporary Air Power (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1986), especially the chapters by Air Marshal Sir Michael Knight ‘Air Power in the NATO Alliance’, pp. 81–100 and Group Captain Timothy Garden, ‘The AirLand Battle’, pp. 149–68. 186 Notes

505. Private discussion. 506. Bill Gunston, ‘The Muti-Role EH-101’, Air International, April 1998, p. 221. 507. Private discussion. 508. Idem. 509. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 46, sixth series, session 1983–84, 18–29 July 1983, written answer 18 July 1983, col. 38w. 510. Private discussion. 511. Idem. 512. Idem. 513. Heseltine, p. 247. 514. McIntosh, p. 175. 515. Private discussion. 516. Norman Fowler, Ministers Decide: a Memoir of the Thatcher Years (London: Chapmans, 1991), p. 201. 517. Lawson, p. 283. 518. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘First Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1984’, HC. 436, session 1983–84 (London: HMSO, 1984), Minutes of Evidence 22 May 1984, p. 3. 519. Rodney Cowton, ‘Defence Budget £230m Less than White Paper Forecast’, The Times, 8 July 1983. 520. Jackson and Bramall, p. 426. 521. Private discussion. 522. Sir Clive Whitmore, ‘Ministry of Defence Reorganization: the Implementation of Change’, RUSI Journal, vol. 130, no. 1, March 1985, p. 7. 523. Private discussion. 524. Idem. 525. Whitmore, p. 7. 526. Private discussion. 527. Idem. 528. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1984’, Cm. 9227–I (London: HMSO, 1984), p. 12. 529. Private discussion; McIntosh, pp. 142–4. 530. Private discussion. 531. Michael Hobkirk, ‘The Heseltine Reorganization of Defence: Kill or Cure?’, RUSI Journal, vol. 130, no. 1, March 1985, p. 45. 532. House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Third Report – Ministry of Defence Reorganization’, HC. 584, session 1983–84, (London: HMSO, 1984), p. xxi. 533. Heseltine, p. 264. 534. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 56, sixth series, session 1983–84, 12–23 March 1984, Statement on Ministry of Defence (Organisation) 12 March 1984, cols 22, 23 and 25. 535. Private discussion. 536. Michael Heseltine, Where There’s a Will (London: Century Hutchinson, 1987), p. 31; Julia Langdon, ‘Thatcher Rebuffs Defence Chiefs’, Guardian, 9 July 1984. 537. Private discussion. 538. Idem. 539. Idem. Notes 187

540. ‘Value for Money in Defence Equipment Procurement’, Defence Open Government Document 83/01 (London: MOD, 1983). 541. Private discussion. 542. Idem; Heseltine, p. 269. 543. Idem. 544. Idem. 545. Idem. 546. Hennessy, p. 501. 547. Private discussion. 548. Idem. 549. Idem. 550. J. Moray Stewart, ‘Defence Procurement in Britain’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 4, December 1988, p. 46. 551. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 62, sixth series, session 1983–84, 18–29 June 1984, Debate on the Defence Estimates 18 June 1984, col. 43. 552. Private discussion. 553. Bruce George and Jonathan Marcus, ‘Change and Continuity in French Defence Policy’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 2, June 1984, p. 17. 554. E. Asa Bates, ‘The Rapid Deployment Force – Fact or Friction’, RUSI Journal, vol. 126, no. 2, June 1981, pp. 23–33. 555. Major-General Edward Fursdon, ‘Airborne Role for Brigade’, Daily Telegraph, 15 November 1983. 556. Private discussion. 557. Friedman, p. 1. 558. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 49, sixth series, session 1983–84, 21 November–2 December 1983, Debate on the Royal Navy 28 November 1983, col. 662. 559. Private discussion; Desmond Wettern, ‘Corvettes Squeezed out of Defence Budget’, Daily Telegraph, 15 April 1985. 560. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 63, sixth series, session 1983–84, 2–13 July 1984, written answer 4 July 1984, col. 148w. 561. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 49, sixth series, session 1983–84, 21 November–2 December 1983, Debate on the Royal Navy 28 November 1983, col. 668. 562. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 62, sixth series, session 1983–84, 18–29 June 1984, Debate on the Defence Estimates 18 June 1984, col. 39. 563. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘First Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1984’, p. 29. 564. Private discussion. 565. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘First Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1984’, p. 10. 566. Ian Stewart, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 39, sixth series, session 1982–83, 14–25 March 1983, written answer 22 March 1983, col. 359w. 567. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 68, sixth series, session 1982–83, 19–30 November 1984, Debate on the Royal Navy 28 November 1984, col. 664. 188 Notes

568. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 68, sixth series, session 1982–83, 19–30 November 1984, Debate on the Royal Navy 29 November 1984, col. 1125. 569. Jerry Lee, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 47, sixth series, session 1983–84, 24 October–4 November 1983, written answer 2 November 1983, col. 373w. 570. Grove, p. 395. 571. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 68, sixth series, session 1982–83, 19–30 November 1984, Debate on the Royal Navy 29 November 1984, col. 1124. 572. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 68, sixth series, session 1984–85, 19–30 November 1984, Debate on the Royal Navy 29 November 1984, col. 1123. 573. Desmond Wettern, ‘Commando Carrier Plan Veto’, Daily Telegraph, 27 November 1984. 574. Private discussion. 575. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 90, session 1985–86, 20–31 January 1986, Debate on the Army 30 January 1986, col. 1116. 576. Bagnall, p. 60. 577. Private discussion. 578. Idem. 579. Idem. 580. Idem. 581. Idem. 582. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 62, sixth series, session 1983–84, 18–29 June 1984, Debate on the Defence Estimates 18 June 1984, col. 39. 583. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 48, sixth series, session 1983–84, 7–18 November 1983, Debate on the Army 17 November 1983, col. 1019. 584. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 65, sixth series, session 1983–84, 30 July–31 October 1984, Debate on the Army 22 October 1984, col. 468. 585. To equip each regiment with two batteries of tracked Rapier required 72 units excluding those earmarked for training and war reserves and only 70 units had been ordered at this stage. 586. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates 1984’, p. 15. 587. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 48, sixth series, session 1983–84, 7–18 November 1983, Debate on the Army 17 November 1983, col. 1019. 588. To maximize the supply of ammunition during bombardments self- propelled guns ideally want the engine in the front of the vehicle to allow access to the rear of the gun by additional loaders. In the Leopard tank the engine was in the rear of the vehicle so the manufacturers were forced to design a complicated framework to lift the shells over the engine. This gantry not only reduced the rate of ﬁre below that which might otherwise have been achieved but it was also extremely vulnerable to battle damage since it was mounted externally. Private discussion. 589. Idem. Notes 189

590. This featured the raising of six new infantry battalions, an armoured reconnaissance regiment and an air defence regiment. In addition, the existing air defence regiments would be expanded and equipped with Javelin and the ﬁrst TA Army Air Corps squadron created. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 57, sixth series, session 1983–84, 16–27 July 1984, written answer 25 July 1985, col. 710w. 591. C.T. McDonnell, Assistant Under-Secretary of State (General Staff), House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘First Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1984’, Minutes of Evidence 23 May 1984, p. 48. 592. Private discussion. 593. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates 1984’, p. 15. 594. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 46, sixth series, session 1983–84, 18–29 July 1983, Statement on ALARM 28 July 1983, col. 1338; ‘RAF Will Get Alarm’, Flight International, vol. 124, no. 3874, 6 August 1983, p. 294. 595. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 67, sixth series, session 1984–85, 6–16 November 1984, oral answer 13 November 1984, col. 528. 596. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 46, sixth series, session 1983–84, 18–29 July 1983, Debate on the Defence Estimates 19 July 1983, col. 181. 597. Peter Butler, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 65, sixth series, session 1983–84, 30 July–31 October 1984, written answer 29 October 1984, col. 852w. 598. Mike Gaines, ‘The RAF’s EFA’, Flight International, vol. 131, no. 4054, 21 March 1987, p. 22. 599. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 51, sixth series, session 1983–84, 19–22 December 1983, written answer 19 December 1983, col. 40w. 600. Geoffrey Pattie, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 64, sixth series, session 1983–84, 16–27 July 1984, written answer 24 July 1984, col. 595w; Heseltine, p. 274. 601. Jon Lake, ‘Killed by Kindness: the VC-10’, Air International, June 1998, p. 366. 602. ‘RAF buys Pan Am TriStars’, Flight International, vol. 126, no. 3922, w/e 25 August 1984, p. 163. 603. ‘RAuxAF to have Wessex’, Flight International, vol. 124, no. 3894, w/e 24 December 1983, p. 1664. 604. Critchley, p. 5. 605. Jerry Lee, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 79, sixth series, session 1984–85, 13–24 May 1985, written answer 24 May 1985, col. 596w. 606. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 80, sixth series, session 1984–85, 3–14 June 1985, Debate on the Defence Estimates 12 June 1985, col. 904. 607. Private discussion. 608. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates 1985’, Cm. 9430 (London: HMSO, 1985), p. 10. 609. Jackson, p. 178. 190 Notes

610. Jerry Lee, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 69, sixth series, session 1984–85, 3–14 December 1984, written answers 11 December 1984, col. 428w. 611. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 72, sixth series, session 1984–85, 28 January–8 February 1985, Statement on Frigates (Orders) 28 January 1985, col. 21. 612. Critchley, p. 129. 613. Heseltine, p. 278. 614. Wettern, 27 November 1984. 615. Bridget Bloom, ‘Navy Has No Plans to Replace Landing Craft’, Financial Times, 9 September 1985. 616. House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘First Special Report – Defence Commitments and Resources and the Defence Estimates – Government Observations on the Committee’s Third Report of Session 1984–85’, HC. 151, session 1985–85 (London: HMSO, 1985), p. v. 617. Peter Butler, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 78, sixth series, session 1984–85, 29 April–10 May 1985, written answer 10 May 1985, col. 510w. 618. Desmond Wettern, ‘Corvettes Squeezed out of Defence Budget’, Daily Telegraph, 15 April 1985. 619. M. Gainsborough, Assistant Under-Secretary (Programmes), House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Third Report – Defence Commitments and Resources and the Defence Estimates’, HC. 37-I, session 1985–86 (London: HMSO, 1985), Minutes of Evidence 22 January 1985, p. 86. 620. Major-General L.A.W. New, Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Operational Requirements, Land), Ibid., p. 88. 621. Michael Heseltine, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 80, sixth series, session 1984–85, 3–14 June 1985, Debate on the Defence Estimates 12 June 1985, col. 904. 622. Peter Butler, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 80, sixth series, session 1984–85, 3–14 June 1985, Debate on the Defence Estimates 13 June 1985, col. 1039. 623. Peter Butler, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 75, sixth series, session 1984–85, 11–22 March 1985, written answer 21 March 1985, col. 578w. 624. Peter Butler, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 78, sixth series, session 1984–85, 29 April–10 May 1985, written answer 2 May 1985, col. 232w. 625. Private discussion. 626. Idem. 627. Peter Butler, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 70, sixth series, session 1984–85, 17 December 1984–11 January 1985, written answers 9 January 1985, col. 460w. 628. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 73, sixth series, session 1984–85, 11–22 February 1985, Debate on the Royal Air Force 21 February 1985, col. 1243; Laming, p. 154. 629. The arms deal involved the supply of 48 Tornado IDS, 24 Tornado ADVs, 30 Hawk trainers and 30 PC-9s. ‘UK Wins £4,000m Saudi Deal’, Flight International, vol. 128, no. 3980, 5 October 1985, p. 8; Heseltine, pp. 286–7. 630. Private discussion. Notes 191

631. Peter Butler, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 76, sixth series, session 1984–85, 25 March–4 April 1985, written answer 4 April 1985, col. 702w. 632. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 73, sixth series, session 1984–85, 11–22 February 1985, Debate on the Royal Air Force 21 February 1985, cols 1244–5. 633. Private discussion. 634. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 73, sixth series, session 1984–85, 11–22 February 1985, Debate on the Royal Air Force 21 February 1985, col. 1243. 635. Private discussion; Kevin McNamara, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 75, sixth series, session 1984–85, 11–22 March 1985, Statement on the RAF (Basic Trainer Aircraft) 21 March 1985, col. 994. 636. Peter Butler, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 72, sixth series, session 1984–85, 28 January–8 February 1985, written answers 31 January 1985, col. 297w. 637. ‘Cash Shortages Hits Plans for RAuxAF Helicopter Squadron’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 14 December 1985. 638. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 83, sixth series, session 1984–85, 15–26 July 1985, written answer 16 July 1985, col. 306w. 639. Jerry Lee, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 75, sixth series, session 1984–85, 11–22 March 1985, written answer 22 March 1985, col. 621w. 640. Lawson, pp. 674–5; Howe, pp. 461–2. 641. Lawson, p. 674. 642. Air Marshal Sir Donald Hall, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Systems), House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘The Defence Implications of the Future of Westland plc’, HC.169 (London: HMSO, 1986), Minutes of Evidence 21 January 1986, p. 18. 643. Norman Lamont, ibid., Minutes of Evidence 16 April 1986, p. 291; Heseltine, p. 329. 644. Owen, p. 637. 645. Thatcher, p. 424. 646. Lawson, p. 678. 647. McIntosh, p. 137. 648. See, for example, John Small, Alan Thompson and Gavin Kennedy, ‘Is There a Defence Spending Crisis?’, Defence Finance Report No.1 (Edinburgh: Herriot-Watt University, 1984). 649. Critchley, p. 107.

6 George Younger, January 1986–July 1989

650. Private discussion. 651. Idem; Fowler, p. 84. 652. Private discussion. 653. Howe, p. 544. 654. Private discussion. 655. Idem. 192 Notes

656. Idem. 657. Idem. 658. Idem. 659. Idem. 660. Archie Hamilton, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 107, sixth series, session 1986–87, 8–19 December 1986, written answer 9 December 1986, col. 146w. 661. Keohane, p. 65; Private discussion. 662. Private discussion. 663. Owen, p. 665. 664. Private discussion. 665. Peter Riddell, ‘Younger Signals Start of Drive to Promote Tory Defence Policy’, Financial Times, 28 January 1987. 666. Jerry Lee, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 89, sixth series, session 1985–86, 16 December 1985–17 January 1986, oral answer 14 January 1986, col. 911; Norman Lamont, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 96, sixth series, session 1985–86, 21 April– 2 May 1986, written answer 30 April 1986, col. 419w. 667. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 90, sixth series, session 1985–86, 20–31 January 1986, written answer 30 January 1986, col. 625w. 668. George Younger, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Second Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1986’, HC.399, session 1985–86 (London: HMSO, 1986), Minutes of Evidence 14 May 1986, pp. 9–10. 669. Private discussion. 670. Idem; Major, pp. 105 and 109. 671. Desmond Wettern and John Petty, ‘State Yard Wins Navy Ship Battle’, Daily Telegraph, 25 April 1986. 672. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 96, sixth series, session 1985–86, 21 April–2 May 1986, Statement to the House 24 April 1986, col. 434. 673. M. Gainsborough (Assistant Under Secretary (Programmes)), House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Second Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1986’, Minutes of Evidence 20 May 1986, p. 65. 674. Private discussion. 675. Taylor and Hayward, p. 20. 676. Private discussion. 677. Idem. 678. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 102, sixth series, session 1985–86, 22 July–2 October 1986, statement to the House 24 July 1986, col. 853; David Buchan, ‘Vickers to Buy State Tank Factory’, Financial Times, 25 July 1986. 679. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1987’, Cm.101 (London: HMSO, 1987), p. 36; Mike Wells, ‘Purple Warrior: Most Ambitious Joint Exercise since 1945’, Navy International, February 1988, pp. 77–81. 680. Private discussion. 681. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1987’, p. 25. 682. House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Sixth Report – the Future Size and Role of the Royal Navy’s Surface Fleet’, HC.309, session 1987–88 (HMSO: London, 1988), p. x. Notes 193

683. Private discussion. 684. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 100, sixth series, session 1985–86, 23 June–4 July 1986, Second Day of the Debate on the Defence Estimates 1 July 1986, col. 920. 685. ‘Ministry of Defence: Implementing the Lessons of the Falklands Campaign – Government Response to the Fourth Report From the Defence Committee, HC.345-I’, Cm.228, session 1986–87 (London: HMSO, 1987), p. 2. 686. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1987’, p. 25. 687. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 109, sixth series, session 1986–87, 26 January 1987–6 February 1987, written answer 5 February 1987, col. 799w. 688. Jerry Lee, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 101, sixth series, session 1985–86, 7–18 July 1986, written answer 8 July 1986, col. 165w. 689. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 100, sixth series, session 1985–86, 23 June–4 July 1986, Debate on the Defence Estimates 30 June 1986, cols 715–6. 690. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 114, sixth series, session 1986–87, 6–24 April 1987, Statement on Helicopter Orders, 9 April 1987, col. 471. 691. Mike Critchley, British Warships and Auxiliaries, 1987–88 (Liskeard: Maritime Books, 1987), p. 6. 692. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 91, sixth series, session 1985–86, 3–14 February 1986, written answer 5 February 1986, cols 183–4w. 693. Private discussion. 694. Idem. 695. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 108, sixth series, session 1986–87, 12–23 January 1987, written answer 20 January 1987, col. 547w. 696. Private discussion. 697. The UK Mobile Force consisted of an air-portable brigade of four infantry battalions, an armoured reconnaissance regiment, an armoured squadron, one-plus SAM battery and a logistical support group. IISS, The Military Balance, 1987–88 (London: IISS, 1987), p. 79. 698. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 108, sixth series, session 1986–87, 12–23 January 1987, written answer 23 January 1987, col. 822–3w. 699. Private discussion. 700. Hilary Barnes and David Buchan, ‘Danes Worried by UK Review of Defence Force’s Role’, Financial Times, 22 January 1987. 701. Archie Hamilton, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 108, sixth series, session 1986–87, 12–23 January 1987, Debate on the Army 22 January 1987, col. 230. 702. Jane’s Armour and Artillery, 88–89 (London: Jane’s, 1988), p. 498. 703. ‘New Air Defence Regiment for BAOR’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 27 December 1986. 704. Archie Hamilton, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 104, sixth series, session 1985–86, 12–21 November 1986, written answer 13 November, col. 6w. 194 Notes

705. Archie Hamilton, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 106, sixth series, session 1985–86, 24 November–5 December 1986, written answer 5 December, col. 842w. 706. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 103, sixth series, session 1985–86, 27 October–7 November 1986, Debate on Westland plc, 29 October 1986, col. 340. 707. Private discussion. 708. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1986’, p. 31. 709. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 107, sixth series, session 1986–87, 8–19 December 1986, Statement on Airborne Early Warning Aircraft 18 December 1986, col. 1352. 710. Private discussion. 711. Idem. 712. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 107, sixth series, session 1986–87, 8–19 December 1986, Statement on Airborne Early Warning Aircraft 18 December 1986, col. 1416. 713. Archie Hamilton, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 108, sixth series, session 1986–87, 12–23 January 1987, written answer 22 January 1987, col. 729w. 714. ‘RAF Orders More Harrier IIs’, Flight International, vol. 133, no. 4111, 30 April 1986, p. 15. 715. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 100, sixth series, session 1985–86, 23 June–4 July 1986, First Day of the Debate on the Defence Estimates 30 June 1986, col. 715. 716. Archie Hamilton, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 108, sixth series, session 1986–87, 12–23 January 1987, Debate on the Royal Air Force 22 January 1987, col. 1050. 717. Jerry Lee, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 92, sixth series, session 1985–86, 17–28 February 1986, Debate on the Royal Air Force 26 February 1986, col. 1037. 718. John Stanley, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 114, sixth series, session 1986–87, 6–24 April 1987, written answer 22 April 1987, col. 590w. 719. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 114, sixth series, session 1986–87, 6–24 April 1987, Statement on Helicopter Orders 9 April 1987, col. 470. 720. Private discussion. 721. Idem. 722. Idem. 723. Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher (London: Bodley Head, 1990), p. 220. 724. Taylor and Hayward, p. 20. 725. Mark Urban, ‘Shipyards Fight over Shrinking Navy Orders’, Independent, 8 October 1987, p. 1. 726. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 132, sixth series, session 1987–88, 25 April–6 May 1988, written answer 4 May 1988, col. 476w. 727. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 155, sixth series, session 1988–89, 19–30 June 1989, written answer 26 June 1989, col. 373w. 728. Nigel Nicholls, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Eighth Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1990’, HC.388, session 1989–90 (London: HMSO, 1990), Minutes of Evidence 2 May 1990, p. 29. Notes 195

729. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 132, sixth series, session 1987–88, 25 April–6 May 1988, written answer 4 May 1988, col. 476w. 730. Private discussion. 731. Smith, pp. 235–8. 732. Private discussion. 733. Idem. 734. Major, p. 109. 735. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 142, sixth series, session 1988–89, 22 November–2 December 1988, Debate on the Address 25 November 1988, col. 403. 736. Private discussion. 737. Idem. 738. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 156, sixth series, session 1988–89, 3–14 July 1989, written answer 12 July 1989, col. 505w. 739. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 154, sixth series, session 1988–89, 6–16 June 1989, written answer 13 June 1989, col. 406w. 740. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 137, sixth series, session 1987–88, 11–22 July 1988, Statement on Type 23 Frigates (Orders), 11 July 1988, col. 30. 741. Adele Gooch, ‘Services Face Battle over Spending Cuts’, Daily Telegraph, 21 January 1988. 742. Ian Stewart, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 121, sixth series, session 1987–88, 26 October–6 November 1987, Debate on Defence Estimates 27 October 1987, col. 206. 743. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 130, sixth series, session 1987–88, 21–31 March 1988, written answer 22 March 1988, col. 99w. 744. House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Ninth Report – the Progress of the Trident Programme’, HC.237, session 1989–90 (London: HMSO, 1990), p. xiv. 745. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 146, sixth series, session 1988–89, 30 January–10 February 1989, written answer 30 January 1989, col. 31w. 746. Nicholls, p. 29. 747. Margaret Thatcher, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 120, sixth series, session 1987–88, 20 July–23 October 1987, written answer 21 July 1987, col. 110w. 748. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1988’, Cm.344 (London: HMSO, 1988), p. 26. 749. Desmond Wettern, ‘Changing the Options’, Navy International, September 1990, pp. 294–6. 750. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 139, sixth series, session 1987–88, 24 October–4 November 1988, written answer 24 October 1988, col. 62w. 751. Richard Mottram, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Fourth Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1989’, HC.383, session 1988–89 (London: HMSO, 1989), Minutes of Evidence 18 May 1989, p. 23. 196 Notes

752. Ian Stewart, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 124, sixth series, session 1987–88, 7–18 December 1987, written answer 7 December 1987, col. 87w. 753. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 122, sixth series, session 1987–88, 9–20 November 1987, written answer 10 November, col. 165w. 754. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 146, sixth series, session 1988–89, 30 January–10 February 1989, written answer 30 January 1989, col. 31w. 755. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 128, sixth series, session 1987–88, 22 February–4 March 1988, Debate on the Royal Navy 3 March 1988, col. 1245. 756. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 124, sixth series, session 1987–88, 7–18 December 1987, written answer 18 December 1987, col. 751w. 757. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 144, sixth series, session 1988–89, 19 December 1988–13 January 1989, oral answer 10 January 1989, col. 675w. 758. Edgar Buckley, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Sixth Report – the Royal Navy’s Surface Fleet: Current Issues’, HC.419, session 1988–89 (London: HMSO, 1989), Minutes of Evidence 7 June 1989, p. 10. 759. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 120, sixth series, session 1987–88, 20 July–23 October 1987, written answer 23 July 1987, col. 393w. 760. Ian Stewart, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 130, sixth series, session 1987–88, 21–31 March 1988, oral answer 22 March 1988, col. 186. 761. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 133, sixth series, session 1987–88, 9–20 May 1988, written answer 13 May 1988, col. 261w. 762. George Younger, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Seventh Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1988’, HC.395, session 1987–88 (London: HMSO, 1988), Minutes of Evidence 18 May 1988, p. 15. 763. Private discussion. 764. Ian Stewart, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 121, sixth series, session 1987–88, 26 October–6 November 1987, Debate on Defence Estimates 27 October 1987, col. 213. 765. Bill Prince, ‘Helicopters on the Battleﬁeld: 24 Brigade’, Armed Forces, April 1988, pp. 170–5. 766. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1989’, Cm.675 (London: HMSO, 1989), p. 25. 767. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 144, sixth series, session 1988–89, 19 December 1988–13 January 1989, Statement on the Chieftain Tank (Replacement) 20 December 1988, col. 283. 768. Ibid., col. 287. 769. Ibid., col. 283. 770. Private discussion. Notes 197

771. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 153, sixth series, session 1988–89, 15–26 May 1989, Statement on the Brigade of Gurkhas 22 May 1989, col. 683. 772. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 132, sixth series, session 1987–88, 25 April–6 May 1988, Statement on the European Fighter Aircraft 25 April 1988, col. 21. 773. ‘House of Commons Defence Committee: Fifth Report – The Procurement of Major Defence Equipment’, HC.431, session 1987–88 (London: HMSO, 1988), p. 1. 774. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 153, sixth series, session 1988–89, 15–26 May 1989, written answers 23 May 1989, col. 462w. 775. Tom King, ‘House of Commons Defence Committee: Eighth Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1990’, HC.388 (London: HMSO, 1990), Minutes of Evidence 1 May 1990, p. 13. 776. Private discussion. 777. George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 122, sixth series, session 1987–88, 9–20 November 1987, oral answer 10 November 1987, col. 145. 778. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 152, sixth series, session 1988–89, 2–12 May 1989, written answer 3 May 1989, col. 420w. 779. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 131, sixth series, session 1987–88, 12–22 April 1988, written answer 19 April 1988, col. 427w. 780. Michael Quinlan, House of Commons Defence Committee, ‘Seventh Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1988’, Minutes of Evidence 25 May 1988, p. 44; George Younger, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 152, sixth series, session 1987–88, 25 April–6 May 1988, written answer 27 April 1988, col. 202w. 781. Private discussion. 782. Mark Urban, ‘Britain to Replace its Nuclear Bombs’, Independent, 16 May 1988; private discussion. 783. Timothy Sainsbury, House of Commons Parliamentary Debates, vol. 132, sixth series, session 1987–88, 25 April–6 May 1988, written answer 25 April 1988, col. 72w. 784. Private discussion. 785. Idem. 786. Idem.

7 Conclusions

787. Private discussion. 788. Idem. 789. Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (London: HarperCollins, 1971). Select Bibliography

Ofﬁcial publications, HMSO, London

General Hansard Annual Statements on the Defence Estimates Ministry of Defence Press Releases

House of Commons Defence Committee papers ‘First Report – Ammunition Storage Sites for British Forces Germany’, HC.556, session 1979–80, 1980. ‘Second Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1980’, HC.571, session 1979–80, 1980. ‘Fourth Report – Strategic Nuclear Weapons Policy: Together with the Minutes and Proceedings of the Committee Relating to the Report; and Part of the Minutes of Evidence Taken on 25 June, 9 and 23 July, 29 October, 4, 6, 12, 25 and 26 November, 2, 3 and 17 December 1980, 4 March and 7 April 1981’, HC.36, session 1980–81, 1981. ‘First Report – RAF Pilot Training’, HC.53, session 1980–81, 1981. ‘Third Report – the Sting Ray Lightweight Torpedo’, HC.218, session 1980–81, 1981. ‘Defence Cuts and Defence Estimates: Minutes of Evidence taken by the Committee on 11 and 18 March 1981, and Appendix’, HC.223, session 1980–81, 1981. ‘Second Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1981,’ HC.302, session 1980–81, 1981. ‘Second Report – Ministry of Defence Organisation and Procurement’, HC.22, session 1981–82, 1981. ‘First Report – Allied Forces in Germany’, HC.93, session 1981–82, 1981. ‘First Special Report – Strategic Nuclear Weapons Policy’, HC.266, session 1981–82, 1982. ‘Statement on the Defence Estimates 1982: Minutes of Evidence 23 June 1982’, HC.428, session 1981–82, 1982. ‘Fourth Report – Previous Recommendations of the Committee’, HC.35, session 1982–83, 1983. ‘Third Report – the Future Defence of the Falklands Islands’, HC.154, session 1982–83, 1983. ‘First Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1984’, HC.436, session 1983–84, 1984. ‘Third Report – Ministry of Defence Reorganisation’, HC.584, session 1983–84, 1984. ‘Third Report – Defence Commitments and Resources and the Defence Estimates’, HC.37, session 1984–85, 1985. ‘First Report – the Use of Merchant Shipping for Defence Purposes’, HC.114, session 1984–85, 1985. 198 Select Bibliography 199

‘Fifth Report – the Appointment and Objectives of the Chief of Defence Procurement’, HC.430, session 1984–85, 1985. ‘Fourth Report – the Future of the Royal Dockyards’, HC.453, session 1984–85, 1985. ‘Sixth Report – the Trident Programme’, HC.479, session 1984–85, 1985. ‘The Defence Implications of the Future of Westlands plc’, HC.169, session 1985–86, 1986. ‘Second Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1986’, HC.399, session 1985–86, 1986. ‘Third Report – the Defence Implications of the Future of Westlands plc’, HC.518, session 1985–86, 1986. ‘Fourth Report – Westland plc: the Government’s Decision Making’, HC.519, session 1985–86, 1986. ‘First Special Report – the Royal Dockyards’, HC.15, session 1986–87, 1986. ‘First Report – Expenditure on Major Defence Projects: Accountability to the House of Commons’, HC.340, session 1986–87, 1987. ‘Fourth Report – Implementing the Lessons of the Falklands Campaign’, HC.345, session 1986–87, 1987. ‘Third Report – the Progress of the Trident Programme’, HC.356, session 1986–87, 1987. ‘Fifth Report – Defence Commitments in the South Atlantic’, HC.408, session 1986–87, 1987. ‘Third Special Report – the Protection of British Merchant Shipping in the Gulf’, HC.409, session 1986–87, 1987. ‘Sixth Report – the Future Size and Role of the Royal Navy’s Surface Fleet’, HC.309, session 1987–88, 1988. ‘Second Report – Business Appointments’, HC.392, session 1987–88, 1988. ‘Third Report – the Progress of the Trident Programme’, HC.422, session 1987–88, 1988. ‘Fifth Report – the Procurement of Major Defence Equipment’, HC.431, session 1987–88, 1988. ‘Fourth Report – the Defence Requirement for Merchant Shipping and Civil Aircraft’, HC.476, session 1987–88, 1988. ‘Seventh Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates 1988’, HC.495, session 1987–88, 1988. ‘Eighth Report – British Forces in Belize’, HC.624, session 1987–88, 1988. ‘First Report – the Future of the Brigade of Gurkhas’, HC.68, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘Third Report – the Working of the AWACS offset agreement’, HC.286, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘Seventh Report – Decommissioning of Nuclear Submarines’, HC.316, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘Fourteenth Report – Ministry of Defence Procurement of Demountable Ofﬂoading and Pickup System (DROPS)’, HC.332, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘Eleventh Report – the Procurement of the Light Anti Tank Weapon – LAW 80’, HC.350, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘Eighth Report – the Procurement of the Tucano Trainer Aircraft’, HC.372, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘Fifth Report – the Progress of the Trident Programme’, HC.374, session 1988–89, 1989. 200 Select Bibliography

‘Fourth Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1989’, HC.383, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘Tenth Report – the Vertical Launch Sea Wolf Missile System and the Type 23 Frigate Command System’, HC.409, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘Sixth Report – the Royal Navy’s Surface Fleet: Current Issues’, HC.419, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘The Government’s Announcement on the Future of the Brigade of Gurkhas: Minutes of Evidence 26 June 1989’, HC.460, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘Ninth Report – the Availability of Merchant Shipping for Defence Purposes: July 1989’, HC.495, session 1988–89, 1989. ‘First Report – the Appointment of the Head of Defence Export Services’, HC.14, session 1989–90, 1989. ‘Fourth Report – the Reliability and Maintainability of Defence Equipment’, HC.40, session 1989–90, 1990. ‘Second Report – Supplementary Estimate Class I, Vote 2: Payments to Harland and Wolff plc’, HC.41, session 1989–90, 1990. ‘Third Report – the Procurement of the EH-101 Helicopter and the Light Attack Helicopter’, HC.145, session 1989–90, 1990. ‘Ninth Report – the Progress of the Trident Programme’, HC.237, session 1989–90, 1990. ‘Eighth Report – Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1990’, HC.388, session 1989–90, 1990. ‘Ninth Report – Procurement of Upholder Class Submarines’, HC.455, session 1990–91, 1991. ‘Thirteenth Report – Improved United Kingdom Air Defence Ground Environment’, HC.591, session 1989–90, 1990.

Government responses to select committee reports ‘Ammunition Storage Sites for British Forces Germany: Government Response to the First Report from the Defence Committee, 1979–80, HC.556’, Cm.8,021, 1980. ‘The Procurement of Major Defence Equipment: Government Response to the Fifth Report from the Defence Committee, 1987–88, HC.431’, Cm.501, 1988. ‘Allied Forces in Germany: Government Response to the First Report from the Defence Committee, 1981–82, HC.93’, Cm.8,571, 1982. ‘The Future Defence of the Falklands Islands: Government Response to the Third Report from the Defence Committee, 1982–83, HC.154’, Cm.9,070, 1983. ‘Implementing the Lessons of the Falklands Campaign: Government Response to the Fourth Report from the Defence Committee, 1986–87, HC.345’, Cm.228, 1987. ‘The Future Size and Role of the Royal Navy’s Surface Fleet: Government Response to the Sixth Report from the Defence Committee, 1987–88, HC.309’, Cm.443, 1988. ‘The Future of the Brigade of Gurkhas: Government Response to the First Report from the Defence Committee, 1988–89, HC.68’, Cm.700, 1989. Select Bibliography 201

Other Command Papers ‘The Government’s Expenditure Plans, 1978–79 to 1981–82’, Cm.7,049, 1978. ‘The British Strategic Nuclear Force: Texts of Letters Exchanged between the Prime Minister and the President of the United States and between the Secretary of State for Defence and the United States Secretary of Defense’, Cm.7,979, 1980 ‘The British Strategic Nuclear Force March 1982: Texts of Letters Exchanged between the Prime Minister and the President of the United States and between the Secretary of State for Defence and the United States Secretary of Defense’, Cm.8,517, 1982 ‘Falkland Islands Review – Report of a Committee of Privy Councillors’, Cm.8,787, 1983. ‘The Central Organisation for Defence’, Cm.9,315, 1984.

Other MOD reports ‘Value for Money in Defence Equipment Procurement’, Defence Open Government Document 83/01 (London: HMSO, 1983).

Books

Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (London: HarperCollins, 1971). Kenneth Baker, The Turbulent Years: My Life in Politics (London: Faber and Faber, 1993). John Baylis, Anglo-American Defence Relations 1939–84: the Special Relationship (London: Macmillan, second edition, 1984). John Baylis (ed.), Britain’s Defence Policy in a Changing World (London: Croom Helm, 1977). John Baylis, Ken Booth, John Garnett and Phil Williams, Contemporary Strategy: Theories and Policies (London: Croom Helm, 1985). John Baylis and Nick Rengger (eds), Dilemmas of World Politics: International Issues in a Changing World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). James Bellini and Geoffrey Pattie, A New World Role for the Medium Power: the British Opportunity (London: RUSI, 1977). Tony Benn, Conﬂicts of Interest: Diaries 1977–80 (London: Arrow Books, 1991). Tony Benn, The End of an Era: Diaries 1980–90 (London: Random House, 1992). Anthony H. Birch, The British System of Government (London: Routledge, ninth edition, 1993). Mike Bowker and Phil Williams, Superpower Deténte: a Reappraisal (London: Sage, 1988). Christoph Bluth, Britain, Germany and Western Nuclear Strategy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995). Ken Booth and John Baylis, Britain, NATO and Nuclear Weapons: Alternative Defence Versus Alliance Reform (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989). 202 Select Bibliography

Yves Boyer, Pierre Lellouche and John Roper (eds), Franco-British Defence Co- operation: a New Entente Cordiale? (London: Routledge for the RIIA & L’Institute Français des Relations Internationales, 1989). Sir Ewen Broadbent, The Military and Government: from Macmillan to Heseltine (London: Macmillan for the RUSI, 1988). Jock Bruce-Gardyne, Mrs Thatcher’s First Administration: the Prophets Confounded (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1984). Barry Buzan, An Introduction to Strategic Studies: Military Technology and International Relations (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987). Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: an Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, second edition, 1991). Peter Byrd (ed.), British Defence Policy: Thatcher and Beyond (Hemel Hempstead: Philip Allen, 1991). Lord Carrington, Reﬂect on Things Past: the Memoirs of Lord Carrington (London: William Collins, 1988). Michael Chichester and John Wilkinson, The Uncertain Ally: British Defence Policy, 1960–82 (Aldershot: Gower, 1982). Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War VI: Triumph and Tragedy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974). Alan Clark, Diaries (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1993). Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, edited by Ion Trewin (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000). Christopher Coker, A Nation in Retreat? Britain’s Defence Commitment (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1986). John Cole, As It Seemed to Me: Political Memoirs (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995). John Cole, The Thatcher Years: a Decade of Revolution in British Politics (London: BBC Books, 1987). Robert Conquest, Present Danger: Towards a Foreign Policy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1979). Paul Cornish, British Military Planning for the Defence of Germany, 1945–50 (London: Macmillan, 1995). Patrick Cosgrave, Carrington: a Life and a Policy (London: J.M. Dent, 1985). Julian Critchley, Heseltine: an Unauthorised Biography (London: André Deutsch, 1987). Stuart Croft (ed.), British Security Policy: the Thatcher Years and the End of the Cold War (London: HarperCollins, 1991). Alex Danchev, International Perspectives on the Falklands Conﬂict (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992). Richard Davy (ed.), European Détente: a Reappraisal (London: Sage for the RIIA, 1992). Michael Dewar, Defence of the Nation (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1989). Michael Dockrill, British Defence Policy since 1945 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988). Alan G. Draper, European Defence Equipment Collaboration: Britain’s Involvement 1957–87 (Basingstoke: Macmillan for the RUSI Defence Studies Series, 1990). Martin Edmonds (ed.), The Defence Equation: British Military Systems – Policy, Planning and Performance since 1945 (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1986). Eric J. Evans, Thatcher and Thatcherism (London: Routledge, 1997). Norman Fowler, Ministers Decide: a Memoir of the Thatcher Years (London: Chapmans, 1991). Select Bibliography 203

Lawrence Freedman, Britain and Nuclear Weapons (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1980). Lawrence Freedman, The Politics of British Defence, 1979–98 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999). Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 1985). John Gooch (ed.), Airpower: Theory and Practice (London: Frank Cass, 1995). John Greenway, Steve Smith and John Street, Deciding Factors in British Politics: a Case Study Approach (London: Routledge, 1992). John Gretton and John Harrison (eds), Reshaping Central Government (Hermitage: Policy Journals, 1987). Eric Grove, Vanguard to Trident: British Naval Policy since World War 2 (London: The Bodley Head, 1987). Eric Grove, Battle of the Fjords: NATO’s Forward Maritime Strategy in Action (London: Ian Allan, 1991). Fred Halliday, The Making of the Second Cold War (London: Verso Editions and NLB, second edition, 1986). B. Headey, British Cabinet Ministers (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1974). Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London: W.W. Norton, 1989). Hugh Heclo and Aaron Wildavsky, The Private Government of Public Money: Community and Policy inside British Politics (London: Macmillan, second edition, 1981). Peter Hennessy, Cabinet (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986). Peter Hennessy, Whitehall (London: Fontana, 1990). Peter Hennessy and Anthony Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance: British Governments from Attlee to Thatcher (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987). Peter Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring (London: Victor Gollancz, 1995).

Michael Heseltine, Where There’s a Will (London: Century Hutchinson, 1987). Michael D. Hobkirk, The Politics of Defence Budgeting: a Study of Organisation and Resource Allocation in the United Kingdom and the United States (Basingstoke: Macmillan for the RUSI, 1984). Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A. Gunn, Policy Analysis for the Real World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984). Michael Howard, The Continental Commitment: the Dilemmas of British Defence Policy in the Era of Two World Wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). Geoffrey Howe, Conﬂict of Loyalty (London: Macmillan, 1994). Samuel P. Huntington, the Common Defense: Strategic Programmes in National Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961). Bernard Ingham, Kill the Messenger (London: HarperCollins 1991). David C. Isby and Charles Kamps Jnr, Armies of NATO’s Central Front (London: Jane’s, 1983). William Jackson, Britain’s Defence Dilemma: an Inside View (London: B.T. Batsford, 1990). General Sir William Jackson and Field Marshal Lord Brammall, The Chiefs: the Story of the United Kingdom’s Chiefs of Staff (London: Brassey’s, 1992). Simon James, British Cabinet Government (London: Routledge, 1992). A.G. Jordan and J.J. Richardson, British Politics and the Policy Process: an Arena Approach (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987). Simon Jones, British Cabinet Government (London: Routledge, 1992). Dan Keohane, Labour Party Defence Policy since 1945 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993). 204 Select Bibliography

Anthony King, The British Prime Minister (Basingstoke: Macmillan, second edition, 1992). Nigel Lawson, The View from No.11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (London: Bantam, 1992). Henry Leach, Endure No Makeshifts: some Naval Recollections (London: Leo Cooper, 1993).Colin McInnes, Trident: the Only Option? (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1986). Colin McInnes, Trident: the Only Option? (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1986). Colin McInnes, NATO’s Changing Strategic Agenda: the Conventional Defence of Western Europe (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990). Malcolm McIntosh, Managing Britain’s Defence (London: Macmillan 1990). John P. MacKintosh, The British Cabinet (London: Stevens, third edition, 1977). Peter Madgwick, British Government: the Central Executive Territory (London: Philip Allen, 1991). Peter Malone, The British Nuclear Deterrent (London: Croom Helm, 1984). Leo Marriott, Royal Navy Destroyers since 1945 (London: Ian Allan, 1989). Leo Marriott, Royal Navy Frigates since 1945 (London: Ian Allan, second edition 1990). David Marsh and Gerry Stoker (eds), Theory and Methods in Political Science (London: Macmillan,1995). Laurence Martin, The Management of Defence (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976). Reginald Maudling, Memoirs, (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1978). C. Wright Mills, The Power Élite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956). Maurice Mullard, The Politics of Public Expenditure (London: Routledge, 1993). Francis Pym, The Politics of Consent, (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984). Ritchie Ovendale, British Defence Policy since 1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994). David Owen, Time to Declare (London: Michael Joseph, 1991). Cecil Parkinson, Right at the Centre (London: George Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1992). Geraint Parry, Political Elites (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1969). Andrew J. Pierre, Nuclear Politics: the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force, 1939–70 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972). Leo Pliatzky, Getting and Spending: Public Expenditure, Employment and Inﬂation (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, revised edition 1984). Air Commodore Henry Probert, High Commanders of the Royal Air Force (London: HMSO for the Air Historical Branch (RAF), 1991). Nicholas Ridley, My Style of Government: the Thatcher Years (London: Harper Collins, 1992). David N. Schwartz, NATO’s Nuclear Dilemmas (Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 1983). Peter Self, Administrative Theories and Politics (London: George Allen and Unwin), second edition, 1977). Herbert A. Simon, Administrative Behavior: a Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organisation (New York: The Free Press, third edition 1976). John Simpson, The Independent Nuclear State: the United States, Britain and the Military Atom (Basingstoke: Macmillan second edition 1986. Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher, (London: Bodley Head, 1990). Steve Smith and Michael Clarke, Foreign Policy Implementation (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1985). Select Bibliography 205

Keith Speed, Sea Change: the Battle for the Falklands and the Future of the Royal Navy (Bath: Ashgrove Press, 1982). Jane E. Stromseth, The Origins of Flexible Response (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988). Trevor Taylor and Keith Hayward, The UK Defence Industrial Base: Development and Future Policy Options (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers for the RUSI, 1989). John Terraine, Business in Great Waters: the U-Boat Wars 1916–45 (London: Leo Cooper, 1989). Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: HarperCollins, 1993). Margaret Thatcher, Path to Power (London: HarperCollins, 1995). Geoffrey Till, Modern Sea Power (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1987). Geoffrey Till (ed.), The Future of British Sea Power (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1984). Andrew G.B. Vallance, The Air Weapon: Doctrines of Air Power Strategy and Operational Art (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995). Desmond Wettern, The Decline of British Seapower (London: Jane’s, 1982). Brian White, Britain, Détente and Changing East-West Relations (London: Routledge, 1992). William Whitelaw, The Whitelaw Memoirs (London: Headline, 1990). Admiral Sandy Woodward, One Hundred Days (London: HarperCollins, 1992). James H. Wylie, The Inﬂuence of British Arms: an Analysis of British Military Intervention since 1956 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1984). Humphrey Wynn, RAF Nuclear Deterrent Forces (London: HMSO, 1994). Hugo Young, One of Us: a Biography of Margaret Thatcher (London: Macmillan London, 1989).

Journal articles

V. Adams, ‘Logistical Support for the Falklands Campaign’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 3, September 1984, pp. 43–9. General Sir John Akehurst, ‘NATO and Europe: Practical Issues and Military Interests’, RUSI Journal, vol. 134, no. 1, Spring 1989, pp. 9–14. Air Vice-Marshal M.J. Armitage, ‘Air Power in the Central Region’, RUSI Journal, vol. 124, no. 4, December 1979, pp. 33–8. M. Asteris, ‘British Arms Procurement: Protection Versus Freer Trade’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 1, March 1984, pp. 30–6. General Sir Nigel Bagnall, ‘Concepts of Land/Air Operations in the Central Region I’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 3, September 1984, pp. 59–62. Major B.W. Barry (leading a Camberley team),‘Future Airmobile Forces’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 3, Autumn 1988, pp. 33–40. John Baylis, ‘Defence Decision-Making in Britain and the Determinants of Foreign Policy’, RUSI Journal, vol. 120, no. 1, March 1975, pp. 42–8. Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Beetham, ‘Air Power and the Royal Air Force: Today and the Future’, RUSI Journal, vol. 127, no. 4, December 1982, pp. 21–5. Chris Bellamy, ‘Antecedents of the Modern Soviet Operational Manoeuvre Group’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 3, September 1984, pp. 50–8. James Bellini, ‘BAOR: the Next Test for NATO?’, RUSI Journal, vol. 122, no. 2, June 1977. Christoph Bertram, ‘The Implications of Theatre Nuclear Weapons in Europe’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 60, no. 2, Winter 1981–82, pp. 305–26. 206 Select Bibliography

Richard K. Betts, ‘Hedging against Surprise Attack’, Survival, vol. 23, no. 4, July/August 1981, pp. 146–56. Richard K. Betts, ‘Conventional Forces: What Price Readiness?’, Survival, vol. 25, no. 1, January/February 1983, pp. 25–34. Richard K. Betts, ‘NATO’s Mid-Life Crisis’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 68, no. 2, Spring 1989, pp. 37–52. Stephen D. Biddle, ‘The European Conventional Balance: a Reinterpretation of the Debate’, Survival, vol. 30, no. 2, March/April 1988, pp. 99–121. Paul Bracken, ‘The NATO Defence Problem’, Orbis, vol. 27, no. 1, Spring 1983, pp. 83–105. General Sir Edwin Bramall, ‘British Land Forces: the Future’, RUSI Journal, vol. 127, no. 2, June 1982, pp. 17–22. Abbott A. Brayton, ‘American Mobilisation Policies for the 1980s’, RUSI Journal, vol. 126, no. 1, March 1981, pp. 26–33. Abbott A. Brayton, ‘US Mobilisation Policies under Reagan’, RUSI Journal, vol. 134, no. 3, Autumn 1989, pp. 45–52. Michael J. Brenner, ‘Tactical Nuclear Strategy and European Defense: a Critical Appraisal’, International Affairs, vol. 51, no. 1, January 1975, pp. 23–42. Hedley Bull, ‘European Self-Reliance and the Reform of NATO’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 61, no. 4, Spring 1983, pp. 874–92. McGeorge Bundy, ‘America in the 1980s: Reframing Our Relations with Our Friends and among Our Allies’, Survival, vol. 24, no. 1, January/February 1982, pp. 24–8. McGeorge Bundy, George F. Kennan, Robert S. McNamara and Gerard Smith, ‘Nuclear Weapons and the Atlantic Alliance’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 60, no. 4, Spring 1982, pp. 753–68. Richard Burt, ‘New Weapons Technologies and European Security’, Orbis, vol. 19, no. 2, Summer 1975, pp. 514–32. Steven L. Canby, ‘Damping Nuclear Counterforce Incentives: Correcting NATO’s Inferiority in Conventional Military Strength’, Orbis, vol. 19, no. 1, Spring 1975, pp. 47–71. Steven Canby, ‘NATO: Reassessing the Conventional Wisdom’, Survival, vol. 19, no. 4, July/August 1977, pp. 164–8. Raymond W. Capson and Richard P. Cronin, ‘The “Reagan Doctrine” and its Prospects’, Survival, vol. 29, no. 1, January/February 1987, pp. 40–55. Sir Michael Carey, ‘Britain’s Armed Forces after the Defence Cuts’, RUSI Journal, vol. 121, no. 1, March 1976, pp. 1–6. Lord Carrington, ‘The Atlantic Alliance and European Security’, RUSI Journal, vol. 130, no. 3, September 1985, pp. 3–6. Lord Carrington, ‘NATO and the Warsaw Pact: Future Relationships and Strategies’, RUSI Journal, vol. 132, no. 4, December 1987, pp. 3–7. Field Marshal Lord Carver, ‘Conventional Defence of Europe’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 2, June 1983, pp. 7–11. Lord Chalfont, ‘SALT II and America’s European Allies’, International Affairs, vol. 55, no. 4, October 1979, pp. 559–64. General Leopold Cheloupa, ‘The Defence of Central Europe: Implications of Change’, RUSI Journal, vol. 130, no. 1, March 1985, pp. 13–17. Michael Clarke, ‘Foreign Policy Implementation: Problems and Approaches’, Review of International Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, July 1989, pp. 112–28. Select Bibliography 207

Paul Cockle, ‘Analysing Soviet Defence Spending: the Debate in Perspective’, Survival, vol. 20, no. 5, September/October 1978, pp. 209–19. Eliot A. Cohen, ‘The Long-Term Crisis of the Alliance’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 61, no. 2, Winter 1982–83, pp. 325–43. Sir Frank Cooper, ‘Perhaps, Minister: Political and Military Relations Today and in the Future’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 1, March 1983, pp. 3–6. Neil Cooper, ‘British Defence Exports: Trends, Policy and Security Implications’, Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 16, no. 2, August 1995, pp. 219–39. Admiral William J. Crowe Jnr, ‘US Military Power and Global Security’, RUSI Journal, vol. 131, no. 4, December 1986, pp. 9–12. Major Christopher J.T. Davey, ‘Sultan, Clansman and the Integrations of Forward Communications within NATO’, RUSI Journal, vol. 122, no. 1, March 1977 pp. 37–9. Lynn E. Davis, ‘Lessons of the INF Treaty’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 66, no. 4, Spring 1988, pp. 720–34. François De Rose, ‘European Concerns and SALT II’, Survival, vol. 21, no. 5, September/October 1979, pp. 206–8. François De Rose, ‘Updating Deterrence in Europe: Inﬂexible Response?’, Survival, vol. 24, no. 1, January/February 1982, pp. 19–23. Charles Dick, ‘The Growing Soviet Artillery Threat’, RUSI Journal, vol. 124, no. 2, June 1979, pp. 66–73. Captain Charles Dick, ‘MLRS: Firepower for the 1990s’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 4, December 1983, pp. 17–22. Keith A. Dunn and William O. Staudenmaier, ‘The Retaliatory Offensive and Operational Realities in NATO’, Survival, vol. 27, no. 3, May/June 1985, pp. 108–18. James Eberle, John Toper, William Wallace and Phil Williams, ‘European Security Co-operation and British Interests’, International Affairs, vol. 60, no. 4, Autumn 1984, pp. 545–60. Martin Edmonds, ‘United Kingdom National Security and Defence Dependence: the Technological Dimension’, Government and Opposition, vol. 26, no. 4, Autumn 1991, pp. 427–48. Joshua M. Epstein, ‘On Conventional Deterrence in Europe: Questions of Soviet Conﬁdence’, Orbis, vol. 26, no. 1, Spring 1982, pp. 71–88. Major R.S. Evans, ‘The Need for Offensive Operations on Land’, RUSI Journal, vol. 121, no. 3, September 1976, pp. 28–33. Ori Even-Tou, ‘The NATO Conventional Defense: Back to Reality’, Orbis, vol. 23, no. 1, Spring 1979, pp. 35–49. General Sir Martin Farndale, ‘Counter Stroke: Future Requirements’, RUSI Journal, vol. 130, no. 4, December 1985, pp. 6–9. General Sir Martin Farndale, ‘The Operational Level of Command’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 3, Autumn 1988, pp. 23–9. General Sir Martin Farndale, ‘The Role of Helicopters in the Central Region to the Year 2000’, RUSI Journal, vol. 134, no. 4, Winter 1989, pp. 2–6. General Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley, ‘Dynamic Defence: the Northern Flank’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 4, December 1983, pp. 5–11. Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Fieldhouse, ‘Flexible Response: a Credible Defence Posture?’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 2, Summer 1988, pp. 3–4. Gregory A. Flynn, ‘The Content of European Détente’, Orbis, vol. 20, no. 2, Summer 1976, pp. 401–16. 208 Select Bibliography

Lawrence Freedman. ‘Britain’s Contribution to NATO’, International Affairs, vol. 54, no. 1, January 1978, pp. 30–47. Lawrence Freedman, ‘Limited War, Unlimited Protest’, Orbis, vol. 26, no. 1, Spring 1982, pp. 89–103. Lawrence Freedman. ‘The Atlantic Crisis’, International Affairs, vol. 58, no. 3, Summer 1982, pp. 395–412. Lawrence Freedman, ‘The Case of Westland and the Bias to Europe’, International Affairs, vol. 63, no. 1, January 1987, pp. 1–19. Lawrence Freedman, ‘Time for a Reappraisal’, Survival, vol. 21, no. 5, September/October 1979, pp. 198–201. Walter Freedman, ‘The Falklands War: Lessons Learned and Unlearned’, Orbis, vol. 26, no. 4, Winter 1983, pp. 907–40. Sir Kenneth Freeman, ‘Defence Procurement Policy in Europe: Competition, Industrial Policy and Restructuring’, RUSI Journal, vol. 132, no. 4, December 1987, pp. 23–32. Alton Frye, ‘Nuclear Weapons in Europe: No Exit from Ambivalence’, Survival, vol. 22, no. 3, May/June 1980, pp. 98–106. John R. Galvin, ‘The Continuing Validity of Flexible Response and Forward Defence’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 2, Summer 1988, pp. 5–9. General John R. Galvin, ‘Some Thoughts on Conventional Arms Control’, Survival, vol. 31, no. 2, March/April 1989, pp. 99–107. Raymond L. Garthoff, ‘The Soviet SS-20 Decision’, Survival, vol. 25, no. 3, May/June 1983, pp. 110–19. Bruce George and Michael Coughlin, ‘British Defence Policy after the Falklands’, Survival, vol. 24, no. 5, September/October 1982, pp. 201–10. Bruce George and Jonathan Marcus, ‘Change and Continuity in French Defence Policy: Growing Signs of European Dimension in French Thinking’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 2, June 1984, pp. 13–19. Robert A. Gessert, ‘The Airland Battle and NATO’s New Doctrinal Debate’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 2, June 1984, pp. 52–60. Daniel Gouré, and Gordon McCormick, ‘PGM: No Panacea’, Survival, vol. 22, no. 1, January/February 1980, pp. 15–19. G.H. Green, ‘British Policy for Defence Procurement’, RUSI Journal, vol. 121, no. 3, September 1976, pp. 20–8. David Greenwood, ‘Constraints and Choices in the Transformation of Britain’s Defence Effort since 1945’, Review of International Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, April 1976, pp. 5–26. David Greenwood, ‘NATO’s Three Per Cent Solution’, Survival, vol. 23, no. 6, November/December 1981, pp. 252–60. Brigadier R.D. Grist, ‘Airmobile Forces in Central Europe’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 1, Spring 1988, pp. 41–8. General F.H. Zeiner Gundersen, ‘NATO – a Military Appraisal’, RUSI Journal, vol. 123, no. 3, September 1978, pp. 17–22. General Alexander M. Haig, ‘Allied Command Europe’, RUSI Journal, vol. 122, no. 3, September 1977, pp. 18–22. Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Harding, ‘Prospects for Air Power’, RUSI Journal, vol. 132, no. 3, September 1987, pp. 3–8. Michael M. Harrison, ‘Reagan’s World’, Foreign Policy, no. 43, Summer 1981, pp. 3–16. Select Bibliography 209

Keith Hartley and Edward Lynk, ‘The Political Economy of UK Defence Expenditure’, RUSI Journal, vol. 125, no. 1, March 1980, pp. 29–34. David Hazel, ‘The Sudden Attack Debate: Arguments and Alternatives’, RUSI Journal, vol. 123, no. 4, December 1978, pp. 37–43. Michael Heseltine, ‘The United Kingdom’s Strategic Interests and Priorities’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 4, December 1983, pp. 3–5. Michael Heseltine, ‘The Defence of Europe: Europe’s Interests, Europe’s Choices’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 4, December 1984, pp. 3–9. Air Marshal Sir Patrick Hine, ‘Concepts of Land/Air Operations in the Central Region II’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 3, September 1984, pp. 63–6. Michael Hobkirk, ‘The Heseltine Reorganisation of Defence: Kill or Cure?’, RUSI Journal, vol. 130, no. 1, March 1985, pp. 45–50. Michael Hobkirk, ‘Reform across the Sea: a Comparison of Defence Policy Making in the UK and the USA’, RUSI Journal, vol. 132, no. 3, September 1987, pp. 55–60. Arthur Hockaday, ‘Budgeting for Defence’, RUSI Journal, vol. 124, no. 4, December 1979, pp. 3–10. Stanley Hoffman, ‘NATO and Nuclear Weapons: Reasons and Unreason’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 60, no. 2, Winter 1981–82, pp. 327–46. Stanley Hoffman, ‘The US and Western Europe: Wait and Worry’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 63, no. 3, 1984, pp. 631–52. F. Hogarth, ‘Dynamic Density: a Deterrent for the OMG’, RUSI Journal, vol. 132, no. 2, June 1987, pp. 29–34. Michael Howard, ‘A European Perspective on the Reagan Years’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 66, no. 3, 1987, pp. 478–93. Michael Howard, ‘Return to the Cold War?’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 59, no. 3, 1980, pp. 459–73. Geoffrey Howe, ‘The European Pillar’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 63, no. 2, Winter 1984–85, pp. 330–43. Geoffrey Howe, ‘Europe’s Role in NATO’s Fifth Decade’, RUSI Journal, vol. 134, no. 2, Summer 1989, pp. 1–6. Sir G. Howlett, ‘Concepts and Future Capabilities in NATO’s Northern Region’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 3, Autumn 1988, pp. 13–18. Douglas Hurd, ‘Political Co-operation’, International Affairs, vol. 57, no. 3, Summer 1981, pp. 383–93. Faroq Hussain, Ian Kemp and Philip McCarty ‘The Future of the Military Helicopter’, Whitehall Papers, London, RUSI, 1986. William G. Hyland, ‘Soviet Theatre Forces and Arms Control Policy’, Survival, vol. 23, no. 5, September/October 1981, pp. 194–9. Peter M. Jones, ‘British Defence Policy: the Breakdown of Inter-Party Consensus’, Review of International Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, April 1987, pp. 111–31. Lieutenant-General Sir Maurice Johnston, ‘More Power to the Centre: MOD Reorganisation’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 1, March 1983, pp. 7–10. Gavin Kennedy, ‘Strains and Prospects in Defence Procurement’, RUSI Journal, vol. 134, no. 2, Summer 1989, pp. 45–50. Robert Kennedy, ‘Precision ATGMs and NATO Defense’, Orbis, vol. 22, no. 4, Winter 1979, pp. 897–928. Robert Kennedy, ‘Soviet Theatre-Nuclear Forces: Implications for NATO Defense’, Orbis, vol. 25, no. 2, Summer 1981, pp. 331–50. 210 Select Bibliography

Henry A. Kissinger, ‘Strategy and the Atlantic Alliance’, Survival, vol. 24, no. 5, September/October 1982, pp. 194–200. Major-General Frank Kitson, ‘The New British Armoured Division’, RUSI Journal, vol. 122, no. 1, March 1977, pp. 17–19. Stanley Kober, ‘Can NATO Survive?’, International Affairs, vol. 59, no. 3, Summer 1983, pp. 339–49. Robert W. Komer, ‘Maritime Strategy vs Coalition Defense’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 60, no. 5, Summer 1982, pp. 1124–44. Lawrence J. Korb, ‘US Military Power: Manpower and Logistics’, RUSI Journal, vol. 127, no. 4, December 1982, pp. 7–10. Robbin Laird and David Robertson, ‘Grenades from the Candy Store: British Defence Policy in the 1990s’, Orbis, vol. 31, no. 2, Summer 1987, pp. 193–205. Admiral Sir Henry Leach, ‘British Maritime Forces: the Future’, RUSI Journal, vol. 127, no. 3, September 1982, pp. 10–15. Robert Legvold, ‘The Nature of Soviet Power’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 56, no. 1, October 1977, pp. 49–71. John Lehman, ‘Utility of Military Power: the Restoration of US Naval Strength’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 3, September 1983, pp. 13–18. Pierre Lellouche, ‘SALT and European Security: the French Dilemma’, Survival, vol. 22, no. 1, January/February 1980, pp. 2–6. Pierre Lellouche, ‘Europe and Her Defense’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 59, no. 4, Spring 1981, pp. 813–34. Peter Levene, ‘Competition and Collaboration: UK Defence Procurement Policy’, RUSI Journal, vol. 132, no. 2, June 1987, pp. 3–6. Evan Luard, ‘Western Europe and the Reagan Doctrine’, International Affairs, vol. 63, no. 4, August 1987, pp. 563–74. Christopher J. Makins, ‘Bringing in the Allies’, Foreign Policy, no. 35, Summer 1979, pp. 91–108. Christopher J. Makins, ‘TNF Modernisation and “Countervailing Strategy”’, Survival, vol. 23, no. 4, July/August 1981, pp. 157–64. John Marriott, ‘Aerospace’, NATO’s Fifteen Nations, April–May 1976, pp. 35–44. John Marriott, ‘The Industry’, NATO’s Fifteen Nations, April–May 1976, pp. 29–31. J.J. Martin, ‘Nuclear Weapons in NATO’s Deterrent Strategy’, Orbis, vol. 22, no. 4, Winter 1979, pp. 875–95. Air Commodore R.A. Mason, ‘“Hay and the Hobby Horses”: Reﬂections on the Air War in the South Atlantic 1982’, RUSI Journal, vol. 127, no. 4, December 1982, pp. 34–41. Professor Sir Ronald Mason, ‘Emerging Technology in Defence: Real Gain or False Economy?’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 2, June 1984, pp. 6–9. John H. Maurer and Gordon H. McCormick, ‘Surprise Attack and Conventional Defence in Europe’, Orbis, vol. 27, no. 1, Spring 1983, pp. 107–26. Catherine McArdle Kelleher, ‘Managing NATO’s Tactical Nuclear Options’, Survival, vol. 30, no. 1, January/February 1988, pp. 59–78. Michael MccGwire, ‘Soviet Military Doctrine: Contingency Planning and the Reality of World War’, Survival, vol. 22, no. 3, May/June 1980, pp. 107–13. Colin J. McInnes, ‘BAOR in the 1980s: Changes in Doctrine and Organisation’, Defense Analysis, vol. 4, no. 4, December 1988, pp. 377–94. John J. Mearsheimer, ‘Precision-Guided Munitions and Conventional Deterrence’, Survival, vol. 21, no. 2, March/April 1979, pp. 68–76. Select Bibliography 211

Air Vice-Marshal Stewart Menaul, ‘British Defence Perspectives after the Falklands War’, Strategic Review, vol. XII, no. 1, Winter 1984, pp. 43–50. Dominique Moisi, ‘French Foreign Policy: the Challenge of Adaption’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 67, no. 1, 1987–88, pp. 151–64. Major General Sir Jeremy Moore and Rear Admiral Sir John Woodward, ‘The Falklands Experience’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 1, March 1983, pp. 25–32. Douglas W. Nelms, ‘HCMk1: New Chinook Helicopter for the RAF’, RUSI Journal, vol. 125, no. 2, June 1980, pp. 65–9. Paul H. Nitze, ‘Strategy in the Decade of the 1980s’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 59, no. 1, Fall 1980, pp. 82–101. Brigadier C.R.S. Notley and Group Captain J.J.R. Cohn, ‘Armour/Anti-Armour: the Future’, RUSI Journal, vol. 132, no. 1, March 1987, pp. 17–22. Admiral Sir Julian Oswald, ‘Maritime Concepts of Operations: New Thinking’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 2, Summer 1988, pp. 10–14. General Glenn K. Otis, ‘Future Concepts and Capabilities in NATO’s Central Region’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 4, Winter 1988, pp. 17–19. Dr David Owen, ‘A New Realism in East-West Relations’, RUSI Journal, vol. 129, no. 1, March 1984, pp. 3–8. Air Marshal Sir R. Palin, ‘An Airman’s Thoughts about the Future’, RUSI Journal, vol. 135, no. 3, Autumn 1990, pp. 7–12. Lieutenant-Colonel John E. Peters, ‘Evaluating FOFA as a Deterrent’, RUSI Journal, vol. 132, no. 4, December 1987, pp. 39–44. Elizabeth Pond, ‘The Security Debate in West Germany’, Survival, vol. 28, no. 4, July/August 1986, pp. 322–36. Stephen Pullinger, ‘Modernisation of Sub-Strategic Nuclear Weapons in Europe’, International Security Information Service Brieﬁng no. 5, London, 1989. Francis Pym, ‘The Nuclear Element for British Defence Policy’, RUSI Journal, vol. 126, no. 2, June 1981, pp. 3–9. Francis Pym, ‘British Foreign Policy: Constraints and Opportunities’, International Affairs, vol. 59, no. 1, Winter 1982–83, pp. 1–6. Jeffrey Record and David B. Rovkin Jnr, ‘Defending Post-INF Europe’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 66, no. 4, Spring 1988, pp. 735–54. Lieutenant-General Clifford H. Rees Jnr, ‘Air Power and the Central Region: New Challenges and New Thinking’, RUSI Journal, vol. 134, no. 2, Summer 1989, pp. 28–32. David Reynolds, ‘A “Special Relationship”: America, Britain and International Order since the Second Cold War’, International Affairs, vol. 62, no. 1, Winter 1985–86, pp. 1–20. Brigadier J.F. Rickett, ‘Employment of Non-Mechanised Infantry in 1 (Br) Corps’, RUSI Journal, vol. 131, no. 2, June 1986, pp. 29–32. General Bernard W. Rogers, ‘NATO: the Next Decade’, RUSI Journal, vol. 127, no. 4, December 1982, pp. 3–6. Robert S. Rudney, ‘Mitterand’s New Atlanticism: Evolving French Attitudes toward NATO’, Orbis, vol. 28, no. 1, Spring 1984, pp. 83–101. Alan Ned Sabrosky, ‘America in NATO: the Conventional Delusion’, Orbis, vol. 25, no. 2, Summer 1981, pp. 293–306. David M. Schilling, ‘Europe’s Conventional Defence: Solid Progress but Challenges Remain’, Survival, vol. 30, no. 2, March/April 1988, pp. 122–33. Helmut Schmidt, ‘The 1977 Alastair Buchan Memorial Lecture’, Survival, vol. 20, no. 1, January/February 1978, pp. 2–10. 212 Select Bibliography

Helmut Schmidt, ‘A Policy of Reliable Partnership’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 59, no. 4, Spring 1981, pp. 743–55. Lieutenant-General Sir William Scotter, ‘The British Army Today’, RUSI Journal, vol. 121, no. 2, June 1976, pp. 16–22. Stanley R. Sloan, ‘European Co-operation and the Future of NATO’, Survival, vol. 26, no. 6, November/December 1984, pp. 242–61. Ian Smart, ‘British Defence Policy Part 1: an International View’, RUSI Journal, vol. 122, no. 4, December 1977, pp. 8–14. Theo Sommer, ‘The Neutron Bomb: Nuclear War without Tears?’, Survival, vol. 19, no. 6, November/December 1977, pp. 263–6. Keith Speed, ‘Decision-Making’, RUSI Journal, vol. 126, no. 2, June 1981, pp. 10–14. Dr Edward Spiers, ‘Conventional Defence: No Alternative to Trident’, RUSI Journal, vol. 127, no. 3, September 1982, pp. 21–7. J. Moray Stewart, ‘The Development of Anglo-French Relations in Defence Equipment’, RUSI Journal, vol. 134, no. 4, Winter 1989, pp. 55–8. Richard Stubbing, ‘The Defense Program: Build up or Binge?’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 63, no. 4, Spring 1985, pp. 848–72. Boyd D. Sutton, John R. Landry, Malcolm B. Armstrong, Howell M. Estes III and Wesley K. Clark, ‘Deep Attack Concepts and the Defence of Central Europe’, Survival, vol. 26, no. 2, March/April 1984, pp. 50–70. Strobe Talbott, ‘US-Soviet Relations: from Bad to Worse’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 58, no. 3, 1979, pp. 515–39. James A. Thomson, ‘Planning for NATO’s Nuclear Deterrent in the 1980s and 1990s’, Survival, vol. 25, no. 3, May/June 1983, pp. 98–109. Robert W. Tucker, ‘America in Decline: the Foreign Policy of “Maturity”’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 58, no. 3, 1979, pp. 449–84. Robert W. Tucker, ‘Reagan’s Foreign Policy’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 68, no. 1, 1988–89, pp. 1–27. General Sir Harry Tuzo, ‘Northern Army Group and its British Component’, RUSI Journal, vol. 120, no. 2, June 1975, pp. 9–17. Peter Unwin, ‘British Foreign Policy Opportunities Part 1 – the Global Context’, International Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, Spring 1981, pp. 225–35. General Von Senger und Etterlin, ‘The Air-Mobile Divisions: Operational Reserves for NATO’, RUSI Journal, vol. 132, no. 1, March 1987, pp. 23–30. Air Vice-Marshal J.R. Walker, ‘Air Power: Present and Future’, RUSI Journal, vol. 131, no. 2, June 1986, pp. 15–20. Air Vice-Marshal J.R. Walker, ‘The Conundrum of Air-Land Warfare’, RUSI Journal, vol. 133, no. 2, Summer 1988, pp. 15–22. Peter Walker, ‘The Opposition’s View of British Defence Policy’, RUSI Journal, vol. 120, no. 2, June 1975, pp. 3–8. Casper Weinberger, ‘US Defense Strategy’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 64, no. 4, Spring 1986, pp. 675–97. Cliff White, ‘Reinforcing Reassurance and Deterrence’, RUSI Journal, vol. 128, no. 3, September 1983, pp. 32–5. Sir Clive Whitmore, ‘Ministry of Defence Reorganisation: the Implementation of Change’, RUSI Journal, vol. 130, no. 1, March 1985, pp. 7–12. Phil Williams, ‘Puzzles, Paradoxes and Ambiguities: the US Commitment to Western Europe’, RUSI Journal, vol. 125, no. 4, December 1980, pp. 29–34. Phil Williams, ‘The Nunn Amendment, Burden-Sharing and US Troops in Europe’, Survival, vol. 27, no. 1, January/February 1985, pp. 2–6. Select Bibliography 213

Phil Williams, ‘Détente and US Domestic Politics’, International Affairs, vol. 61, no. 3, Summer 1985, pp. 431–47. Phil Williams, ‘The Limits of American Power: from Nixon to Reagan’, International Affairs, vol. 63, no. 4, August 1987, pp. 575–87. Phil Williams and William Wallace, ‘Emerging Technologies and European Security’, Survival, vol. 26, no. 2, March/April 1984, pp. 70–8. Manfred Wöerner, ‘Managing European Security’, Survival, vol. 31, no. 1, January/February 1989, pp. 3–12. Wing Commander G.A. Woolley, ‘The RAF’s Helicopter Forces’, RUSI Journal, vol. 134, no. 1, Spring 1989, pp. 27–32. David S. Yost, ‘French Defence Budgeting: Executive Dominance and Resource Constraints’, Orbis, vol. 23, no. 3, Fall 1979, pp. 579–608. David S. Yost, ‘Beyond SALT II: European Security and the Prospects for SALT III’, Orbis, vol. 24, no. 3, Fall 1980, pp. 625–55. David S. Yost, ‘The French Defence Debate’, Survival, vol. 23, no. 1, January/February 1981, pp. 19–28. David S. Yost, ‘Radical Change in French Defence Policy?’, Survival, vol. 28, no. 1, January/February 1986, pp. 53–68. David S. Yost, ‘Beyond MBFR: the Atlantic to the Urals Gambit’, Orbis, vol. 31, no. 1, Spring 1987, pp. 99–134. George Younger, ‘British Defence Policy: a Critical Analysis’, RUSI Journal, vol. 121, no. 1, March 1976, pp. 15–22. Index

Action–reaction cycle 8 Lightning 27, 39, 52, 57, 59, 175 Afghanistan 37 Lynx 24, 43, 84, 118, 123, 138, Aircraft, helicopters and equipment 146–7 A-129 120–1, 125, 138 Martel 27 ALARM 52, 115 Merlin 131 Apache 120–1, 125, 138 Midget 103 ASRAAM 118 Naval, Ground and Air Staff Target AST-403 29, 36, 40, 53, 66, 79, 80, 1236 131 84, 88, 91, 95, 118 Nimrod 1, 27–8, 44, 56, 65, 70–1, AST-404 123 76, 80, 94, 103–4, 115, 117–19, AST-411 53, 66, 80 121, 122, 125, 127, 131–2, AST-414 115 138–40, 149, 152, 160, 172 AV-8B 26, 53, 80 P.110 84, 88, 94 Backﬁre 26–7 PC-9 122, 190 Bloodhound 39, 46, 57, 103, 139 Phantom 26–7, 36, 79, 83, 91, 94, Buccaneer 25, 27, 40, 52–3, 65, 115–16, 149 80, 82–3, 103, 121, 149 Puma 28, 123, 147 Canberra 40, 56, 80, 88 Scout 24 Chinook 28, 123, 140, 147 Sea Eagle 27, 103, 121 DC-10 94, 99 Sea Harrier 20, 50, 76, 84, 131, E-3A 27, 122, 138–40, 149 146 EH-101 103, 111, 123, 135, 140, Sea King 29, 76, 85, 91 147 Shackleton 121–2 European Fighter Aircraft (EFA) Sioux 24 123, 125, 131, 148–9, 151 Tornado 26–7, 40, 43–4, 48–9, F-4 39–40 52–3, 56–7, 79–80, 82, 84, F-15 39–40 88–9, 91, 102–4, 114–15, F-18 122 117–18, 121–2, 125, 131, 135, Fencer 26 139, 149–51, 190 Foxhunter 131, 139, 152 TriStar 94, 99, 115, 139 Future Large Aircraft 104 Tucano 122, 125, 127–8 Gazelle 24 VC-10 26, 37, 94, 104, 115, 122, HARM 115 139, 149 Harpoon 103, Victor 26, 115, 139, 149 Harrier 26, 29, 36, 53, 66, 80, 118, Vulcan 25–7, 35, 40, 44, 56, 65, 121, 131, 139, 149 80, 88, 150 Hawk 28, 39–40, 46, 52, 79, 190 WE-177 118, 149–50 Hercules 28, 73, 94, 104 Wessex 28, 116, 122–3 Jaguar 25–6, 29, 36, 53, 66, 79–80, Westland 30 123 82, 94, 115–16, 149 Air-land battle 6 Jet Provost 28 Anti-submarine warfare 20–1 Jetstream 52 Argentina 89 JP-233 88, 94 Armstrong, R. 119

214 Index 215

Armilla Patrol 37 British Shipbuilders 119, 133 Arms sales 28, 61 Burden-sharing 143, 146 Augusta 103, 138 Australia 85, 89 Cabinet 5, 10–12, 21, 32–3, 38, 53–4, 59, 63, 68, 84, 89, 109, Bagnall, N. 56, 68, 78–9, 87, 102, 116–17, 122, 124, 126, 129, 155 112–13, 120, 126–7, 133, 136, Cabinet Secretary 119 146, 159–61 Callaghan, J. 3, 44, 164, 166 Baker, K. 165 Cammell Laird 50, 75, 118–19, 145 Barrow-in-Furness 50, 111, 145 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Beetham, M. 69 1, 3, 6, 86, 100, 125–7 Belize 87 Capabilities Group 70–2, 75, 79, Benn, T. 4 81–2, 96–7 Berlin Wall vi, x, 1, 151 Carrington, P. 64, 74, 89, 97, 137 Bermudagram 71, 74, 78, 81, 89, 97, Carter, J. 3, 6 181–2 Central Front 22–3, 35, 37, 55, Bramall, E. 69, 101, 126 67–70, 80–1, 84, 87, 89, 102, Brazil 122 112–13, 120, 127, 131, 136–7, British Aerospace 52, 66, 79–80, 82, 140, 144, 146 84, 115, 121–2, 133 Central Intelligence Agency 5, 167 British Airways 94 Central Staff 12, 19, 49, 54, 57, 60, British Army and units 22–5, 35 72, 88, 95–7, 106–7, 126, 128, 5 Airborne Brigade 147 150–1 3rd Armoured Division 87, 112–13 Chatham Dockyard 73, 75, 170 Army Air Corps 24 Chevaline 3, 21, 44, 47 Bounty Scheme 41 Chief of Defence Procurement 107, 1 (Br) Corps 22, 35, 43, 48, 51, 56, 127, 162 67–9, 82–3, 87–9, 95, 98, 102, Chief of the Air Staff 36, 41, 69, 79 126, 147, 159–60 Chief of the Defence Staff 13, 66, 6 Brigade 113, 123, 131, 137, 141, 69–70, 74, 81, 83, 88, 95–8, 146–7 101–2, 106–7, 114, 128, 146, 159 British Army of the Rhine 22, 51, Chief of the General Staff 51, 67, 56, 68, 78, 98, 114, 116, 120, 69, 101, 120, 133, 136, 159 137, 146–7, 151 Chief of the Naval Staff 67, 69, 78, Exercise Crusader 80 42, 51, 55–6 85, 95, 135, 141, 144, 159 6 Field Force 37, 171 Chief Scientiﬁc Adviser 13, 51, 55, Gurkhas 148 70, 72–3, 88, 107, 127–8, 162 Home Service Force 87–8, 114 Churchill, W. 17 16 Independent Parachute Brigade Civil Service ix, 3, 10, 13, 61, 71, 171 96, 102, 106 1 Infantry Brigade 136–7, 147 Cold War vi, viii, 2, 3, 5, 7, 164 5 Infantry Brigade 93, 110, 114 Coltishall 80 24 Infantry Brigade 147 3 Commando Brigade 20, 93, 110 2 Infantry Division 147 Conservatives 2, 4, 12, 15, 26, 30, Parachute Regiment 37, 46, 113 32–3, 38–9, 41, 44, 46–7, 54–5, Territorial Army 41, 79, 87, 114, 58, 61, 63, 67, 73, 77, 81, 85, 147, 189 89–93, 96–8, 100, 104, 106, 108, United Kingdom Mobile Force 22, 116–18, 122, 128–32, 139–40, 136–7, 147, 193 144, 152–3, 156, 160–2, 165 216 Index

Containment vi France 16, 109–10, 115, 130, 142–3, Contractualization 93, 108, 110 150, 153

Defence Arms Control Unit 104 General Elections Defence Intelligence 13 1983 4, 7, 127, 164 Defence Operational Analysis 1987 4, 7, 15, 153, 161, 164 Establishment 70 Germany vii, 16, 23, 24, 26, 33, 39, Defence Programme Working Party 41–2, 68–9, 79–82, 87, 91, 93–4, 49, 53–4, 56–7, 60, 65, 67, 84, 102, 112–15, 137–9, 142, 147, 152, 157, 162 149 Defence reviews Gibraltar 75 1957 26 Gorbachev, M. 141 1966 36, 172 Greenham Common 1, 104 1975 19, 22, 28, 35 Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom 1981 15, 128, 152, 156, 161 gap 34, 70–1, 74, 110 Options for Change 162 Greenwich 66–7, 70, 157 Defence White Papers/Estimates Ground-launched cruise missile 6, 1948 17 80, 104, 150 1975 5, 67, 172 1976 5 Hall Russell 42 1981 72 Harland and Wolff 133 1982 91 Healey, D. 106 1987 134 Heath, E. 4 Denmark 136–7 Heseltine, M. viii, ix, 15, 32, Détente 2–3, 143 100–30, 138, 140, 152–4, 156–7, Devonport 75, 170 160, 162 Home defence 22, 65 East of Suez 5, 14, 19, 30, 33, 36–7, Hong Kong 5, 148 45–7, 55, 57, 60–1, 63, 69, 72, 81, House of Commons Defence 156 Committee 106, 132, 148 Electronic warfare 93 Howe 54, 58, 63, 78, 109, 130, European Union vii 142–3 Exercise Purple Warrior 134, 145 Exercise Swift Sword 134 Independent European Planning Group 109, 126 Falklands viii, 1, 4, 15, 83, 88, Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces 89–91, 93–6, 99, 102–3, 105, 107, 6, 141–3 110–12, 115, 122–3, 156, 161 Iran 24, 29, 37, 43, 48, 57, 62, 79, ‘Falklands factor’ 90–1 142, 159, 161 Fieldhouse, J. 146 Italy 16, 24, 111, 115, 131, 138 Fighter gap 27, 39 First Sea Lord see Chief of the Naval Johnston, M. 70, 75 Staff Fleet Air Arm 20–1 King’s Bay 119, 127 Follow-on Forces Attack 6 Foot, M. 3 Labour 3–5, 44–5, 47, 58, 68, 74, 81, Force d’action rapide 110 92, 98, 104, 108, 119–20, 124, Foreign and Commonwealth Ofﬁce 127, 131–2, 134, 139, 140, 161, 32, 37, 64, 77 167 Index 217

Lawson, N. 4, 104, 123 Nott, J. viii, ix, 14–15, 45, 55, 58, Leach, H. 70, 78, 90 63–99, 100, 102, 105, 110–11, Levene, P. 107–8 115–16, 126, 128, 134, 136, 141, Lewin, T. 69, 70 144, 150–2, 156–7, 159–62, 179 Liberals 4, 104, 132, 140, 161 Long-term Defence Programme 6 Oman 134 Long-term costings 12–13, 18–20, Operational Manoeuvre Group 37, 22, 28, 30–1, 40, 45–51, 53, 64–6, 102 72, 79, 81–2, 85–6, 89, 117–20, Overseas and Defence Committee 131–2, 135–6, 138–41, 146–7, 12, 45, 63–4, 118, 122, 126 155, 159 Owen, D. 5, 123

Major, J. 165 Pan Am 115 Malta 172 Pattie, G. 32, 169 Management Information System for Peace Movement see Campaign for Ministers 106, 126, 154 Nuclear Disarmament. Manoeuvre warfare 6, 87 Portsmouth 75, 85 Mason, R. 55, 70, 128 Port Stanley 94 Maudling, R. 164 Prime Minister 2, 11–13, 17, 33, 44, Ministry of Defence 2–3, 9–13, 15, 54, 57–8, 63–4, 69, 72, 74, 78, 81, 18–19, 28, 30, 32–3, 38, 41, 44–5, 89–90, 95, 97–9, 101, 104, 106–7, 47–9, 53–4, 58–61, 63–4, 66, 117, 122, 124, 129, 141, 143, 156, 68–9, 71–4, 77, 81, 83, 85–6, 160, 165 89–90, 94–101, 104–9, 116–17, Privatization ix, 1, 2, 43, 51, 62, 94, 122–4, 126–7, 130, 132–3, 99, 108–9, 116–17, 119, 122, 124, 138–41, 143, 146, 148–50, 152, 126, 128, 130, 133, 144, 151, 153, 154–7, 159–62 161–3 Moratorium 53, 64 Public Expenditure Survey 18 Moscow criteria 21, 44, 55 Pym, F. viii, ix, 14, 32–62, 64, 66, Molesworth 1 89, 96, 126, 130, 151–2, 156–7, Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction 160, 162 talks 5 Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force Netherlands 138 37, 46, 72, 110 New Right 2 Reagan, R. 1, 3, 7, 86, 110, 141, 143 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Reykjavik 141–2 vii, ix, 2, 5–7, 18–19, 22–3, 30, Rosyth 75, 170 34, 36–7, 39, 45–7, 52, 58, 65, Royal Air Force and units 25–8, 30, 68–9, 73–4, 76–8, 80, 82, 90–1, 35–6, 40, 46, 52, 56, 65, 67, 69, 98, 102, 110, 115, 117, 119, 130, 76, 80, 94, 102, 113, 115, 121–3, 134, 136–7, 143, 146, 150, 153, 128, 139–40, 149, 151 161, 165 18 Group 21, 27 Flexible Response 26 216 Squadron 27 NATO’s Northern Army Group Lightning Training Flight 52 22, 102, 112–13, 126–7, 147, Reserves 36, 116 159 Royal Auxiliary Air Force 41, 46, Physical Protection Programme 39 52, 57, 79, 122 Northern Ireland 22, 35, 68, 93, 151 Tornado Operational Evaluation Norway 20, 75, 110, 136, 145 Unit 107 218 Index

Royal Dockyards 20, 71, 75 Polaris 3, 20, 21, 33, 44, 47, 60, Royal Fleet Auxiliary 20, 21, 42, 146 67, 69, 75, 86, 89 Royal Marines 77, 90, 135, 145 Roebuck, HMS 135 Royal Naval Air Service 27 Resolution, HMS 170 Royal Navy 17, 19–22, 27, 33–4, 37, Sea Dart 50, 135 45–6, 52, 96–7 Sea Skua 50 Reserve Air Branch 41 Sea Wolf 85 Reserve Divisions 41 Seabed operations vessel 42 Standby squadron 38, 55, 57, 59, Shefﬁeld, HMS 92 78, 93, 98, 110, 136 Single-role minehunter 111, 118, Reserve forces 33, 35–6, 40–1 146 Royal Ordnance 43, 51, 60, 62, 120, Sir Galahad, RFA 92, 110 133, 148, 161 Sir Tristram, RFA 92, 110 Southampton, HMS 144 Saudi Arabia 121 SSBN 20, 21, 50, 118–19, 145 Schmidt, H. 6 SSK 20, 34, 49, 61, 75, 103, 108, Scott Lithgow 42, 75, 119, 133, 145 111, 118–19, 144–5 Security dilemma 8 SSN 20, 27, 42, 50, 55, 70, 74–5, Selsdon Park 4 93, 103, 111, 117–19, 131, 142, Service pay 33, 38, 46, 49 145 Ships, submarines and equipment Stingray 45, 54, 61 Abdiel, HMS 146 Survey Ships 50 AOR 21, 66, 76, 103, 118–19, 133, Swiftsure, HMS 182 141, 145 Tarbatness, RFA 50 Argus, RFA 119, 135, 145 Trafalgar, HMS 20, 34, 42, 50 Aviation Support Ship 112, 135, Trident 1, 6, 44, 50, 52, 55–8, 145 63–4, 67, 72, 75, 77, 82, 85–7, Bristol, HMS 144 89, 93, 98, 111, 118–19, 132, Britannia, HMY 77 141, 145, 161 Bulwark, HMS 55 Triumph, HMS 55, 57 Chevaline 166 Type 14 34 Contender Ardent, SS 119 Type 21 21, 92 Dreadnought, HMS 75 Type 22 21, 34, 74, 85, 89, 92, Endurance, HMS 77, 92, 97 118–19, 124, 127–8, 135, 170 Exocet 66 Type 23 49, 66, 71, 74, 76, 83, 85, Hecate, HMS 135 89, 91–2, 95, 103, 110–11, Hecla, HMS 135 117–20, 133, 141, 144, 146, Hermes, HMS 20, 75, 112, 119, 151 135 Type 42 21, 34, 66, 91, 92, 103, Hunt, HMS 34, 111 117, 131, 142, 144, 170, 181 Hydra, HMS 135 Type 44 34, 66, 74 Invincible, HMS 20, 75, 85, 135 Type 81 35 Leander, HMS 21, 35, 78 Type 2400 34, 75, 111 LPD 20, 50, 75, 77, 83, 85, 87, 89, Shorts 122, 138 90, 112, 119, 135, 145, 182, Sikorsky 123 LSL 75, 92, 110, 145 Social Democratic Party 2, 3, 4, 7, MCMVs 34, 41, 57, 118, 141 74, 81, 98, 104, 123, 132, 140, NFR-90 135, 142 156, 161 Offshore patrol vessels 42 Sound Surveillance System 70–1 Index 219

Soviet Union vi, vii, ix, 1–3, 5–6, Chieftain 23, 43, 51, 91, 103, 120, 16–17, 23–4, 26, 30–1, 33, 55–6, 131, 133, 147 67, 71, 141, 143, 150 Clansman 25 Spain 115, 138 DROPS 138 Special relationship 5, 16, 141 FH-70 24, 29, 114 Speed, K. 59, 60, 73, 81, 83, 97 FV-432 51–2 Spetsnatz 35 Light gun 24 Staveley, W. 78, 136, 159–60, 162 Javelin 24, 118 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 6 Le Clerc 147 Strategic Defence Review vii Leopard 114, 147, 188 Structure and agency 7, 14, 159 M-107 114 Swan Hunter 118–19, 133, 135, M-109 43, 137–8, 148 146 M1A1 147 MBT-80 23–4, 42, 51, 103 Thatcher, M. viii, ix, x, 1–3, 7, 9, 12, MLRS 24, 29, 43, 79, 114, 32–3, 37, 45, 54, 58, 60–1, 63, MCV-80 24 72–3, 75, 78, 85, 89, 91–2, 96, Ptarmigan 25 100, 104, 108–10, 117–19, 122–5, Rapier 24, 79, 87, 94, 114, 135, 141–3, 146, 151, 153–4, 160, 138 162–5 Saxon 114, 120 Thatcherism see Thatcher Shir-1 43 Trade and Industry 109, 116 Shir-2 43, 51, 62 Train, H. 34 SP-70 24, 29, 43, 79, 114, 120, Treasury 2, 12–13, 18, 38, 44–5, 51, 125, 131, 137–8, 152 53–4, 58, 60, 67, 69, 84, 90–2, 95, Starstreak 138 105, 110, 132, 143, 148, 156 Stormer 138 Sultan 25 UK/NL Amphibious Force 75, 134, Tracked Rapier 24, 79, 82, 94, 99, 135 114, 161, 188 United States of America 1, 3, 5–6, Trigat 142 16–17, 27, 33, 68–9, 72, 76–7, 82, Warrior 24, 52, 57, 60 85–7, 89, 98, 100, 109–10, 115, Wavell 25 120, 122–4, 134, 142–3, 146, Vickers Ltd 133, 147–8 149–51, 153, 161 United States Navy 102, 110, 119 Western European Union 109, 126, 130, 142–3, 161 Value for money 107 Westland viii, 1, 15, 91, 103, 116, Vehicles and equipment 123–5, 129, 132, 140, 147, 157, Abbot 24, 137–8, 148 160 Abrams 147 Whitmore 102 AS-90 148 Wilson, H. 3, 166 BATES 25 Blowpipe 24, 41 Yarrow 133 Bradley IFV 24, 51 Yom Kippur War 23 Challenger 51–2, 57, 68, 78–9, Younger viii, ix, 15, 129–54, 156–7, 103, 113–14, 120, 125, 133, 160 147–8, 161 Yugoslavia vi, viii