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A Comparison Between Natural and Planned Languages
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Gobbo, F. Publication date 2011 Document Version Final published version Published in Journal of Universal Language Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Gobbo, F. (2011). The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages. Journal of Universal Language, 12(2), 45-79. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Federico Gobbo 45 Journal of Universal Language 12-2 September 2011, 45-79 The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Federico Gobbo University of Insubria 1 Abstract Since the publication of Volapük, the most important functional and deictic words present in grammar—interrogative, relative and demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives among others—have been described in planned grammars in a series or a table, namely “correlatives,” showing a considerable level of regularity. -
The International Language Esperanto a Course Ĉi Tiu Kurso Estis Adaptita El La Iama 10-Leciona Esperanto-Kurso Aǔ Free Esperanto Course
The International Language Esperanto A Course Ĉi tiu kurso estis adaptita el la iama 10-leciona Esperanto-kurso aǔ Free Esperanto Course. La materialo estis rearanĝata, por ke ĝi funkciu kaj rete kaj por poŝta, papera koresponda kurso kaj kiel kurso-libro en ĉeestaj kursoj. Grafike ĝin prilaboris Nino Vessella, Harnyos Ferenc kaj João Vicente. Kunordigis Renato Corsetti. Introduction WHAT IS ESPERANTO? Esperanto, the international language, is a language developed to make it easier for people of different cultures to communicate. Its author, Dr. L. L. Zamenhof (1859-1917), published his "Lingvo Internacia" in 1887 under the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto". It is now spoken by at least two million people, in over 100 countries. There are thousands of books and over 100 periodicals published currently. But what makes it any more international than French, English or Russian? Incorrectly termed ’artificial’ (the right word is ’planned’), Esperanto is specifically intended for international/intercultural use, so those who use it meet each other on an equal footing, since neither is using his or her native language. With national languages, the average person isn’t able to express himself as well as a native speaker or the gifted linguist. Thanks to its simple, logical, regular design, anyone can learn Esperanto fairly rapidly. A LIVING LANGUAGE Esperanto is a living language, used for everything people use any other language for. But it’s much easier to learn than a national language. Even people who can’t remember a word of a language they studied for years in high school or college need only months of intensive study to become fluent in Esperanto. -
Why Esperanto?
Fiat Lingua Title: The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community Author: Adelina Solis MS Date: 01-12-2013 FL Date: 01-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000010-01 Citation: Solis, Adelina. 2013. “The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community.” FL-000010-01, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Adelina Solis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community by Adelina Mariflor Solís Montúfar 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Political support for a universal language 5 1.3 A brief history of language invention 9 1.4 A brief history of Esperanto 14 1.5 The construction, structure, and dissemination of Esperanto 17 1.6 Esperanto and the culture question 24 1.7 Research Methods 29 Chapter 2: Who Speaks Esperanto? 34 2.1 Number and distribution of speakers 34 2.2 Gender distribution 47 Chapter 3: The Esperanto Speech Community 58 3.1 Terminology and definitions 58 3.2 Norms and Ideologies 65 3.3 Approach to language 70 Chapter 4: Why Esperanto? 81 4.1 Ideology-based reasons to speak Esperanto 83 4.2 Practical attractions to Esperanto 86 4.3 More than friendship 94 4.4 The congress effect 95 4.5 Esperanto for the blind 100 4.6 Unexpected benefits 102 Chapter 5: Esperantist Objectives 103 5.1 Attracting new speakers 103 5.2 Teaching Esperanto 107 Chapter 6: Conclusion 116 Works Cited 121 2 Chapter 1: Introduction When we think about invented languages, we may think of childhood games. -
The History of the Kingdom of Talossa
i THE HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM OF TALOSSA Volume I: The First Decade Copyright © 1992 Robert Madison All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Toct i drepts reservats. Aucün pärts d'aceastâ püblicaziun non pût estarë reproduçat eda útvarpat dîn iñen formâ eda par iñen aválità, electronic eda mec'hänic, compris la fotocopiâ, la recordaziun, eda par iñen süstém da metrar és retaqar dallas înformaziuns, sânc el permiçál în escribînd del scriutéir. Robert Madison 2963 N. Prospect Avenue Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3345 Edited by Sir Iustì Canun, UrGP. ii À va Bäps, sânc qi toct d'acest tenadra estescù ualvieçâ likmente. To my Father, without whom all this would have been even more unlikely. iii Letter of Dedication from the Author The 9th of February 1994/XV This work is a history of the Kingdom of Talossa. Talossa is a community of people, most of whom live in or around Milwaukee's East Side, and who are engaged in what can only be described as fabled exploits--building an independent country (although we do reluctantly concede that we may not have attained very effective sovereignty). Talossans are having fun as Talossans by doing things which are reasonably similar to what other ("real") countries do, whether for reasons of tourist nostalgia, out of a lust for power, in pursuit of parody, or--yes--as nationbuilding. The hilarious pretence (or incipient subversion?) of having our own sovereign state on Milwaukee's East Side began on 26 December 1979, while I was in high school. -
Master Reference
Master Quelle image pour l'espéranto? : Regard sur l'image à travers les principales positions idéologiques du mouvement en Europe ZAKI, Eva Neferte Abstract Le présent travail étudie l'image publique de l'espéranto en Europe, à travers les principales positions idéologiques choisies par les branches importantes du mouvement au cours de son histoire. Le terme "image" est utilisé ici dans le sens de la communication au sujet de la langue par les représentants des organisations espérantistes. Afin de dessiner les contours de l'image, l'étude s'appuie sur des dates-clés de l'histoire du mouvement espérantiste, ayant marqué des choix idéologiques importants. Des conclusion et recommandations sont proposées en vue de l'élaboration d'une stratégie de communication positive et efficace. L'objectif plus large de l'étude est de proposer que l'image de l'espéranto soit étudiée dans la perspective d'une politique de communication au sujet de la langue pouvant accompagner une politique linguistique la concernant. Reference ZAKI, Eva Neferte. Quelle image pour l'espéranto? : Regard sur l'image à travers les principales positions idéologiques du mouvement en Europe. Master : Univ. Genève, 2015 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:75452 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Eva Zaki – Mémoire de MA Traduction Quelle image pour l’espéranto ? Regard sur l’image à travers les principales positions idéologiques du mouvement en Europe EVA ZAKI Quelle image pour l’espéranto ? Regard sur l’image à travers les principales positions idéologiques du mouvement en Europe Directeur : Monsieur François Grin Jurée : Madame Véronique Sauron Mémoire présenté à la Faculté de traduction et d’interprétation (Unité de français) pour l’obtention de la Maîtrise universitaire en traduction, mention traduction spécialisée. -
Update/No.34, 2006
UpdateEAB www.esperanto-gb.org ✩ Gisdateˆ An organ of the Esperanto Association of Britain Organo de Esperanto-Asocio de Britio No. 34, July–September 2006 ★ N-ro 34, julio–septembro 2006 ISSN 1741-4679 International communication without discrimination ★ Respect for all cultures Internacia komunikado sen diskriminacio ★ Respekto por ˆiujc kulturoj Reports on the British Congress in Scarborough – a ‘many-sided’ and packed programme This year we have received two hotelo Green Gables – kaj povis por la junuloj en la kongresa reports on the Association’s lively tuj ekbabili Esperante. BaldaΩ hotelo. and interesting 87th Congress: post mia alveno, mi renkontis one in Esperanto, one in English. alian junan kongresanon, Daniel Dek gejunuloj White, kiun mi antaΩe konis Entute estis dek gejunuloj en la Rakonto de novulo: ‘mult- nur interrete. Li tre sa¸e estis kongreso. LaΩ tio, kion mi aΩdis flanka kaj interesa kongreso’ organizinta apartamenton pri antaΩaj kongresoj, tio estas a çi-jara Brita Kongreso de LEsperanto en Scarborough estis la unua, kiun mi çeestis. Mi do rakontos pri ¸i el la vidpunkto de novulo, kiu verßajne estas iom alia ol la vidpunkto de regulaj kongresanoj. Post naΩhora busa voja¸o dum la tuta vendredo, mi tre ¸ojis, kiam mi vespere finfine alvenis al la kongresejo – la sufiçe alta nombro por britaj kongresoj. Mi do ¸ojis pri la junulara etoso, kiu ekestis, ne nur inter la junuloj mem, sed parte ankaΩ inter aliaj kongresanoj. Varia prelegaro kaj teatra√o La kongresa programo estis tre varia kaj interesa. Tamen estis tiom multaj prelegoj unu post la alia tiel, ke verßajne neniu sukcesis çeesti çiujn. -
Neutrality of International Languages*
Haitao Liu 37 Journal of Universal Language 7 September 2006, 37-64 Neutrality of International Languages* Haitao Liu Communication University of China Abstract This paper focuses on the neutrality of international languages. First, a derivation of the concept of “neutral language” from “inter- national communicative act” is provided; it is argued that an acceptable neutral language for international communication can only be an artificial language. Certain characterizations of consciously created languages are discussed. The paper distinguishes two types of neutrality: communicative neutrality and linguistic neutrality. All planned languages are communicatively neutral, but their linguistic neutrality varies, reflecting the diversity of language design principles. Given that absolute linguistic neutrality unattainable, it becomes reasonable to construct a language based on certain control languages plus linguistic universals. We introduce the term “deneutralization” to designate a process whereby a neutral language changes into an ordinary language. The paper also shows that Esperanto has not become deneutralized. Keywords: international language, neutrality, deneutralization, artificial language, planned language, universal language, Esperanto * I am grateful to Detlev Blanke for insightful discussion. I’d also like to thank Probal Dasgupta for providing detailed comments and correcting my English. 38 Neutrality of International Languages 1. Introduction Today English is already a global language (Crystal 1997), but many people still consider that it is not an ideal solution for international communication. Wright (2000: 246-247) mentions one reason for this in her book on the role of language in nation-state building and European integration: “They [artificial languages] are ideally suited to the role [of lingua franca] since they are not the languages of European nations of states. -
English-Only Europe?
English-Only Europe? ‘Globalization and EU enlargement mean that languages from the whole of Europe are coming into even closer contact. This percep- tive book makes a sweeping Grand Tour of the political, cultural and economic issues that we all consequently face, and I hope that those who frame language policy will be influenced by it.’ Neil Kinnock, Vice-President of the European Commission ‘An important and timely book, containing a rich and wide- ranging set of ideas about the “on the ground” reality of language policy in Europe. The book is very engaging, and will appeal to a wide range of readers.’ Joseph Lo Bianco, Director, Language Australia, The National Languages and Literacy Institute of Australia ‘Absolutely essential reading if we are to prevent a linguistic cata- strophe in a rapidly anglicizing Europe.’ Dafydd ap Fergus, Secretary General of the European Esperanto Union Languages are central to the development of an integrated Europe. The way in which the European Union deals with multilingualism has serious implications for both individual member countries and international relations. In this timely and provocative book, Robert Phillipson considers whether the cur- rent expansion of English represents a serious threat to other European languages. The book explores the role of languages in the process of European integration. After looking at the implications of current policies, Phillipson argues the case for more active language policies to safeguard a multilingual Europe. Drawing on examples of countries with explicit language policies, such as Canada and South Africa, the book sets out Phillipson’s vision of an inclusive language policy for Europe, and describes how it can be attained. -
1 Constructed Language and Linguistic Theory Marc Van Oostendorp To
Constructed language and linguistic theory Marc van Oostendorp To appear in: Klaus Schubert (ed.) Planned language: From plan to reality. Association Belgique de Linguistique Appliquée, 2000. 0. Introduction ‘Natural language’ is arguably the most central concept within linguistic theory —it defines its object of study —, but it is hardly ever discussed outside the first pages of introductory textbooks. It is usually taken for granted that everybody knows what the label means, and that it can be applied to American English, Yidiny and Eastern Javanese, but not to tonal music, the programming language Prolog, or the languages of the Elves in the novels of J.R.R. Tolkien. Many interlinguists — those scholars concerned with the study of consciously planned languages meant for international communication — follow this line of reasoning to some extent, if they defend the validity of their interest in Esperanto (cf. Schubert 1989, Tonkin and Fettes 1996 for fairly recent overviews). They argue that Esperanto is markedly different from other planned languages, because it has been used in a much wider range of communicative situations, because it has become associated with a separate ‘Esperantist culture’, or because it is learnt by children as one of their native languages. For this reason, Esperanto would have started to differ from its competitors: it would be the only ‘language project’ that has succeeded in becoming a ‘real (natural) language’. This line of argumentation is examined in this article. I study the relevance of some planned or constructed languages other than Esperanto, viz. Interlingua, Ido, Europanto and Spocanian. These have been made up in slightly different ways, all serve different goals and different philosophies have guided the construction of their respective grammars. -
Cubierta NEOLOGISMOS 14/2/07 10:57 P Gina 1
Cubierta NEOLOGISMOS 14/2/07 10:57 P gina 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K COLECCIÓN COLECCIÓN Fundación Telefónica Fundación Telefónica Fundación Coord. RAMÓN SARMIENTO Y FERNANDO VILCHES Bajo el denominador común de Neologismos y sociedad del conocimiento, se recogen en este volumen análisis CONOCIMIENTO de muy distinta índole y desde diversas vertientes sobre CONOCIMIENTO las transformaciones que sufre la lengua española como DEL consecuencia de la evolución de las nuevas tecnologías. DEL Se constata que el español pugna, como el resto de las otras lenguas de primera línea, por asentarse dentro del fenómeno de la globalización, tendiendo, por una SOCIEDAD parte, hacia la extraterritorialidad (pérdida del dominio SOCIEDAD Y y control por parte del hablante nativo) y, por otra, hacia Y la internacionalización (afluencia de neologismos innecesarios). NEOLOGISMOS NEOLOGISMOS NEOLOGISMOS Y SOCIEDAD DEL CONOCIMIENTO Funciones de la lengua en 492708 Cuaderno la era de la globalización 3 Composici n Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 1 Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 2 Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 3 NEOLOGISMOS Y SOCIEDAD DEL CONOCIMIENTO FUNCIONES DE LA LENGUA EN LA ERA DE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 4 Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 5 NEOLOGISMOS Y SOCIEDAD DEL CONOCIMIENTO FUNCIONES DE LA LENGUA EN LA ERA DE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN Ramón Sarmiento y Fernando Vilches (coordinadores) COLECCIÓN Fundación Telefónica Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 6 Esta obra ha sido editada por Ariel y Fundación Telefónica y en colaboración con Editorial Planeta,que no comparten necesariamente los contenidos expresados en ella.Dichos contenidos son responsabilidad exclusiva de sus autores. -
I, a Language Inventor
I, a Language Inventor Viktor Medrano Index I, a Language Inventor..........................................................................................................................1 It All Started on a Pacific Island......................................................................................................2 Was It Finland or Canada?..............................................................................................................3 Esperanto Was Really My Hobby Catalyst......................................................................................4 I Was a Teenager Once Again.........................................................................................................6 How an Esperantist Became a Heretic............................................................................................7 My Hobby Started to Explode.........................................................................................................7 Was I Somewhere in Africa?...........................................................................................................9 Was I an Eskimo, Amerindian, or Aborigine?..............................................................................10 Iom per Esperanto...........................................................................................................................11 Back to English...............................................................................................................................13 Da Oktogrok Viu ov Laif................................................................................................................14 -
Chapter Two Planned Languages And
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Research Information System University of Turin CHAPTER TWO PLANNED LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE PLANNING: THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERLINGUISTICS TO CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION FEDERICO GOBBO A new science is developing, Interlinguistics–that branch of the science of language which deals with the structure and basic ideas of all languages with the view to the establishing of a norm for interlanguages, i.e. auxiliary languages destined for oral and written use between people who cannot make themselves understood by means of their mother tongues. —Otto Jespersen (1931) Since the end of the 19th century up to the first half of the 20th century, the quest for “a norm for interlanguages” was a hotly debated issue among linguistic scholars and amateurs. In fact, about 1,000 language projects were proposed in that period, especially in Europe: the strongest effort for cross-cultural connection ever made (Albani-Buonarroti 1994). What can be inferred from it, in terms of language planning? Is there any relation or analogy between the issues encountered in natural language planning contexts (e.g. officialization, language revitalization, standardization) and interlanguage planning? Are there any general rules that can be deduced from the main historical developments of the above mentioned “quest”? Although Tauli (1968) considered interlinguistics as “the science of international language planning” (i.e. a branch of the science of language planning) very few linguists involved in language planning paid attention to interlinguistics until now. In this analysis of planned international language, the role of language amateurs will not be underestimated.