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11 LISBOA FOLHA OFFICIAL DO GOVERNO PORTUGUEZ Lijjjoa Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Civilizing the Police(man): Police Reform, Culture and Practice in Lisbon, c. 1860-1910 Thesis How to cite: Gonçalves, Cândido Gonçalo Rocha (2013). Civilizing the Police(man): Police Reform, Culture and Practice in Lisbon, c. 1860-1910. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2013 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000f121 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk UHRE5TP-IC l £P Candido Gon^alo Rocha Gonsalves Bsc Modem and Contemporary History (ISCTE-University Institute Lisbon), Msc Sociology (ISCTE-University Institute Lisbon) Civilizing the police(man): Police reform, culture and practice in Lisbon, c.1860-1910 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosphy Faculty of Arts, History Department The Open University September of 2012 D<xic toj ScLbnwS5ioi\2> October Doutc /Wccrct • 3t> 7-pj 3 ProQuest Number: 13835959 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13835959 Published by ProQuest LLC(2019). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 To my father 1 Acknowledgements This research was supported with a doctoral grant from the Fundagao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) of the Ministry of Education and Science of Portugal (SFRH/BD/43217/2008). This thesis is also an outcome of the ongoing collective project ‘Unveiling police(men) histories. NUrban policing in Portugal, 1860-1960’ (PTDC/HIS-HIS/115531/2009). I would like to begin by thanking my supervisors Dr Paul Lawrence and Prof Clive Emsley. Embarking on a PhD thesis in a foreign country always has its risks, for the student and for the supervisors. More than just scientific supervision, it is the whole adaptation to different academic customs and to a foreign language that is involved. Their encouragement, continuous support and trust were vital to the successful conclusion of this research. Equally, I would like to express my gratitude to the whole Open University community, especially in the International Centre for the History of Crime, Policing and Justice. In Portugal, I would like to begin by thanking Nuno Madureira who has accompanied me since my undergraduate years. His support and scientific rigour have been central in the pre-history of this research (the masters thesis) and in the pursuing of the adventure of doing the PhD abroad. Back in 2004, Susana Durao helped me discover the police as a research subject. Our ongoing conversations were central to the interrogations that guided this work. I am also grateful to Gra?a Indias Cordeiro, coordinator of the projects where this research was initiated. The freedom she allowed me is something that I will always be extremely grateful for. Friends and family have helped much more than they probably realise. Thanks to Panayiota Sutcliffe and Jonathan Fine for their friendship. In Portugal, thanks are due to Joao Pedro Nunes for the endless talks, to Ligia Ferro for the enthusiasm, to Ines Pereira for her undisturbing coolness, to Rita d’Avila Cachado for her permanent smile, to Patricia Pereira for her carefulness with even the smallest thing, to Vera Hemiques for being an ever present friend (even when I am not), to Ines Versos for the support, especially during the hard August days at Biblioteca Nacional, and to Madalena Soares dos Reis for being here ever since I can remember. The support of Frederic Vidal, Diego Palacios Cerezales, Maria Joao Vaz, Bruno Cordeiro and Flavio Borda d’Agua helped me conducting this research. I am also grateful to Daniel Alves for the help with the police stations maps. My family provided an essential support throughout the whole period. This thesis was completed during my father’s struggle against cancer. His serenity and perseverance in face of illness helped me realise that, when putting one foot in front of the other is suddenly transformed in such a painful act, writing a thesis is certainly an easy, minor task. 2 Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................................................... p.2 Contents........................................................................................................................... p.3 List of Maps, Tables, Graphics andlllustrations.................................. p.5 Abbreviations.................................................................................................................. p.6 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ p. 7 1.1. Lisbon: Portugal’s largest city or an average town in Europe? ............................. p. 10 1.2. Between the ‘old’ and the ‘new’: The police in nineteenth-century Europe ........ p. 19 1.3. A relational approach to the police: research questions, sources and methods.... p.32 1.4. Thesis structure ........................................................................................................ p.42 2. The creation of the Policia Civil and the liberal transformation of the Portuguese police system in the 1860s ............................................................................................p.44 2.1 The police of public safety in the Portuguese political agenda during the 1860s..p.49 2.2. Between the urban and the rural, the civil and the military: discussing police institutions and the new policeman................................................................................p.58 2.3. Defining the ‘public safety’ sphere of action ......................................................... p.65 2.4. Rationales of policing: prevention and emergency................................................p.76 3. Nodes in a ‘bureaucratic landscape’: The historical development of the Esquadra de Policia....................................................................................................... p.82 3.1. From old Guarda Municipal stations to new Policia Civil stations?....................p.86 3.2. Mapping the city, territorializing police authority.................................................p.95 3.3. The station: a place in the making........................................................................p. 115 4. Unity and diversity: from the unskilled worker to the ‘expert’...................... p.133 4.1. Lisbon’s Policemen: social profile and working conditions ...............................p. 135 4.2. Police leaderships: cosmopolitanism, military culture and court experience p. 151 4.3. The police detective between scientific criminology and political surveillance.p.166 5. Shaping the Policeman: the emergence of an organizational culture p.184 5.1. Uniforms: Layers of meaning .............................................................................. p. 185 5.2. Bodily appearances: The hair, the moustache and the cigarette.........................p. 199 5.3. Training the policeman: between political reforms and station socialization....p.207 5.4. The rise and circulation of a professional identity .............................................. p.216 6. Patrolling the streets, performing authority...................................................... p.227 6.1. Will the police come? Beat patrol and the dynamics of the police mandate.....p.230 6.2. Adjusting performances: negotiating, arresting and fining.................................p.246 6.3. Returning results: policing, representation and practice..................................... p.264 7. Conclusion ...............................................................................................................p.283 Bibliography............................................................................................................... p .291 4 List of Maps, Tables, Graphics and Illustrations Maps Map 1 - Lisbon and its surroundings in 1879 ..............................................................p.l 1 Map 2 - Policia Civil stations houses location in 1875 ............................................... p.98 Map 3 - Policia Civil station houses location in 1887 ................................................p.98 Map 4 - Policia Civil station houses location in 1895 ................................................p.99 Map 5 -Policia Civil station houses location in 1909 ..................................................p.99 Tables Table 1 - Population and Growth Rate in Lisbon (1801-1930) ...................................p. 14 Table 2 - Manpower by branch in Policia Civil .........................................................p. 142 Table 3 - Arrests Registered by Policia Civil............................................................
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