THE WORKING-CLASS HOUSES AND ITS INSERTION IN URBAN AREAS

THE 33 MUNICIPAL CASE STUDIES OF THE CITY OF ______

José Miguel Moreira Correia

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to analyze the insertion of 33 municipality working-class houses of in the urban fabric of the city of Lisbon. The methodology adopted was based on the Spatial Syntax theory by using the measurements of choice and integration in a Geographic Information Systems environment. The first step was the analysis of 33 cases studies with normalized angular measures of integration and choice, from the global scale to the local scale with radii of 400 m, 800 m, 1200 m and 2000 m respectively. The second step was a detailed analysis based on the adjacency of the spaces from the public street to the dwellings for a subset of 4 working-class houses, selected due to their type-morphological diversity. From the first analysis (the 33 study cases), it was possible to conclude that the patios and the workers' villages have high insertion values in the neighborhood, highlighting the idea that this type of construction intended to promote the proximity of the dwellings to the factories. At the global level the insertion value is weaker, however with a positive growth trend in the period analyzed (1871 - 2005). For all study cases it was verified that the courtyard acts as an aggregating element of the collective space, although it can be accessed in very different ways, which in translates into a proper identity for each patio/village worker.

Keywords:

Workforce housing Space Syntax analysis Urban morphology Housing GIS

November 2018

INTRODUCTION

This work is part of a protocol established between the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) – CERIS research center and the Municipality of Lisbon to study the 33 municipal working-class houses. The main purpose of the project was ranking their rehabilitation taking into account the building characteristics and the urban environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution of 33 working-class houses of municipality in the urban fabric of the city of Lisbon, from its construction to the present, and to explore its capacity to adapt to the current urban dynamics. The followed methodology was based on Space Syntax (SS) analysis, with normalized measures of choice and integration. The 33 case studies were analyzed from the global scale to the local scale with radii distances of 400, 800, 1200 and 2000 meters. For a more detailed analysis was chosen 4 case studies were chosen, in order to understand the adjacency of the spaces from the public street to the houses using justified graphs. This work is divided into three parts: the first one gives a wider analyses about the distribution of the municipal 33 working-class houses with global measures of NACH and NAIN based on cartography of 2005; the second one is the analysis of the 33 workforce housing, at a local scale, with radii distances 400, 800, 1200 and 2000; and the third part is a detailed analysis, considering the accessibility to the dwellings and its relationship with the urban environment, of a subset of 4 working- class houses - Vila Bela Vista, Vila no.19 in Sítio do Calhau, Pátio Beirão and Vila Elvira.

CONTEXT

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the city of Lisbon received a large number of people mainly due to the development of the industrial sector, however the city was not fully prepared to accommodate the number of workers that the factories recruited. Due to low wages, the workers were forced to inhabit courtyards at the rear of the buildings, in cellars and abandoned convents. The sub-standard conditions of the houses and the high mortality rate, promoted the construction of the first sets of housing for low-income families, mostly built due to the initiative of factory owners or philanthropists, but also by private developers. As in the whole Europe, factory owners and philanthropists had a significant role in this type of construction, in the vicinity of workplaces. In this context the old "courtyards" are replaced by "workers' villages". According to Teixeira (1992) this houses are more evolved forms of collective housing, presenting significant improvements in their conditions, as well as their urban insertion. Its construction adopts cheap materials and is based on a modular structure, offering the largest number of dwellings, using minimum areas, which resulted in a relatively high occupancy density and easy extension. Their shape, most of the time, are around a common area, courtyard or street, which are classified as private and may have public access. According to the characterization proposed by Teotónio Pereira and Buarque (1978-79), the following typologies are identified: 1) Villages that accompanies the public street; 2) Villages forming a courtyard; 3) Villages built behind buildings; 4) Villages forming streets; 5) Villages of urban scale and 6) Villages directly linked to production

METHODOLOGY

The methodology applied in the syntactic analysis is organized in 2 phases. In the first phase the 33 case studies were analyzed using the segment maps (Turner, 2001, 2007), made from an 2005 axial map (Heitor and Pinelo 2005). The NACH (Normalised Angular Choice Measure) and NAIN (Normalised Angular Integration Measure) measures, from Space Syntax theory, were considered as the basis of analysis. The analyzes carried out took into account the global scale of the city (radius n) and local scales with radii distances 400, 800, 1200 and 2000 meters. These distances were chosen

because they correspond approximately to the walkable distance in 5, 10, 15 and 25 minutes (Cannas da Silva, 2018). In the second phase a deeper analysis based on justified graphs was done (Hillier and Hanson, 1984), for the selected four case studies.

The case studies were classified based on 3 classes: 1. Central - when the case studies are located in the urban center, establishing a strong connection with the areas with varied types of uses. 2. Peripheral – when the case studies are located in a displaced area of the urban center, that is, in a limit of the urban area, losing morphological connections with the urban fabric. 3. Isolated - in cases that the case studies is isolated from the urban fabric, in other words, when are located in a nucleus of buildings, such as inside the blocks losing the connection with the streets. This factor substantially influences its classification, even if its location is adjacent to routes with high values of integration and choice.

33 CASE STUDIES AND ITS ACESSESSIBILITIES IN FABRIC URBAN

Global Normalising Angular Choice

NACH

Rua 102-106 - (12) Pátio do Bento - (31) Pátio Rita Murteira - (1) Vila Romão da Silva - (18) Pátio do Paulino - (3) Pátio do Talhadão - (11) Pátio Beirão - (22) Rua do Açucar Pátio 3 - (24) Vila Alegre - (26) Pátio do Ministro - (27) Pátio do Gaspar - (14) Pátio Maria Bernardina Carvalho - (15) Vila Elvira - (17) Pátio Cachaneta - (13) Vila Travessa de Paulo Jorge - (9) Pátio Daniel - (33) Pátio do Fogueteiro - (10) Rua 144 - (25) Pátio Picadeiro - (23) Vila Marques - (2) Pátio Figueiras - (4) Pátio de Dom Fradique - (29) Vila Bela Vista - (6) Pátio do Moca - (5) Pátio Magalhães Coutinho - (7) Pátio dos Quintalinhos - (20) Pátio Esc. São Cristovão - (30) Pátio da Pascácia - (28) Vila Dias à Cascalheira - (16) Travessa do Pé de Ferro 12 - (21) Sítio do Calhau 19 - (32) Pátio do Bastos - (19) Vila Ribeira Seabra - (8) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Média

Fig. 1 - The distribution of 33 case studies and its classification with Global NACH analysis.

Following the global NACH analysis (radius n), the working-class house with highest average values is located at Rua Campo de Ourique. This street is inserted not only in a central part of the city, but also in the triangle created by the connections between Largo do Rato, Amoreiras and Praça da . Furthermore, this house is located near the Avenida Engenheiro Duarte Pacheco, that is considered one of the most important axes in the city, due the intersection of 2 fundamental axes, the A5 highway to Cascais and the Eixo Norte/Sul. The closennes to these two axes increases the values of its classification, since they are the main accesses for the entrance and exit in the city of Lisbon.

Secondly, the Pátio do Bento, in São Bento street, which links Largo do Rato to Rua Dom Carlos I until Avenida 24 de Julho and railway line to Cascais. hereinafter, the Pátio Rita Murteira in the route that links the Avenue of India, from the Garden Afonso de Albuquerque in Belém until the A5 highway. Similar to the Pátio do Bento, this is located on a perpendicular path to the river, which connects directly to the marginal with the most central zone of the city. It is interesting to compare the Vila Romão da Silva and the Vila Dias à Cascalheira for its discrepancy in the classification of NACH, since they are part of the parish of , and both are close to Avenida Engenheiro Duarte Pacheco. Spatially, the Vila Dias à Cascalheira is closer to the Avenue that has one of the highest values of NACH, however, the value of its classification is half of the classification of Vila Romão da Silva. Looking at figure 1, in spite of the proximity, it is realized that Vila Dias to Cascalheira is classified as isolated, which has a local scale access, that is roam for the destination arrival and not as passage. The Vila Romão da Silva, is located in an important and central access between the Amoreiras and Campolide areas.

Global Normalising Angular Integration

NAIN

Rua Campo de Ourique 102-106 - (12) Pátio do Talhadão - (11) Pátio do Bento - (31) Pátio Cachaneta - (13) Pátio do Gaspar - (14) Vila Elvira - (17) Pátio do Paulino - (3) Vila Alegre - (26) Pátio Maria Bernardina Carvalho - (15) Pátio do Fogueteiro - (10) Pátio do Moca - (5) Vila Romão da Silva - (18) Pátio do Ministro - (27) Vila Dias à Cascalheira - (16) Pátio Beirão - (22) Rua do Açucar Pátio 3 - (24) Pátio Figueiras - (4) Pátio Rita Murteira - (1) Pátio Esc. São Cristovão - (30) Pátio Daniel - (33) Pátio dos Quintalinhos - (20) Pátio do Bastos - (19) Travessa do Pé de Ferro 12 - (21) Pátio Magalhães Coutinho - (7) Pátio de Dom Fradique - (29) Vila Marques - (2) Vila Ribeira Seabra - (8) Vila Travessa de Paulo Jorge - (9) Sítio do Calhau 19 - (32) Rua Marvila 144 - (25) Pátio Picadeiro - (23) Vila Bela Vista - (6) Pátio da Pascácia - (28) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Média

Fig. 2 - The distribution of 33 case studies and its classification with Global NAIN analysis.

It is particularly interesting to realize the low values of NAIN, since they are the main consequence of the growth and development of the city to the north. Looking at Figure 2, the low integration in the east and west zones of the city is easily perceptible. The idea behind construction of the working-class was the proximity to the industries, which were often part of the industrial building. The difference of the integration values from Baixa- to east and west is very visible. Once again, can be concluded that the east zone, where there are still a large number of industries, means a barrier between the city and the river. To the west zone, the privileged and direct relation with the river, has a great influence in the adaptation of the industrial buildings for new uses. Another factor that influences the integration between these two orientations is the topography, although it is not a variable considered in the syntactic analysis. To this, the very morphology of the territory influences

the way how the city of Lisbon was developed, where the hills and the valleys represent barriers, diminishing their integration in the city. Thus, by evaluating the less integrated working-class houses the pátio Magalhães Coutinho, Vila Marques and Vila Ribeira Seabra are located in the Belém and area, which are already considered remote areas of the city center and peripherals, wich were planned for more local connections. The pátio de Dom Fradique has a low average value of NAIN because is located on the edge of the hill of the Castelo de São Jorge. The topography was once again the reason why it resulted in a radial pathway, in an attempt to adapt to the terrain. The workeforce house Sítio do Calhau 19, located in the green lung of Lisbon, Monsanto, has a low average value of integration because was not planned to have important accesses to the city. Finally, reinforcing the comparison previously made on the east and west zones of Lisbon, the pátio Picadeira, the workeforce house located on Marvila 144 street and the Vila Bela Vista are the proof that the east zone has a low integration classification, where the empty industrial buildings is very present.

Local Normalising Angular Choice

NACH 400m NACH 800m

Vila Romão da Silva Pátio do Paulino 1.6 1.6 Rua do Açucar Pátio do Bastos 1.2 Vila Elvira Pátio do Bastos 1.2 Pátio 3 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 Vila Ribeira Vila Ribeira 0.0 Pátio Picadeiro 0 Pátio Beirão Seabra Seabra

Travessa do Pé Pátio Rita Rua Marvila 144 Pátio da Pascácia de Ferro 12 Murteira

Pátio da Pascácia Travessa do Pé de Ferro 12

NACH 1200m NACH 2000m

Pátio Rita Pátio Rita Murteira Murteira 1.6 1.6 Vila Ribeira Vila Romão da Pátio do Bastos 1.2 Pátio do Paulino 1.2 Seabra Silva 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 Vila Ribeira Rua Campo de 0 Seabra Ourique 102-106 Pátio do Bastos 0 Pátio do Bento

Vila Romão da Pátio da Pascácia Sítio do Calhau Rua Campo de Silva 19 Ourique 102-106 Sítio do Calhau Pátio da Pascácia 19

Fig. 3 - Ranking of the most and less integrated case studies in the local analysis of NACH.

Looking at figure 3, it can be observed that Vila Romão da Silva is the working-class house with the highest values of NACH, both at local and global distances, except for the local analysis of 800 meters. Once again, the access to the Vila Romão da Silva is located in one of the most important routes for the connection of the Amoreiras and Campolide zones. Pátio Paulino is accessed through Rua Cascais, which is one of the streets with higher values of NACH, due to its high accessibility at the neighborhood scale and the absence of angular distance.

Pátio Beirão and "Rua do Açúcar Pátio 3" are located on the same street, which has a high rating for a radii distance of 800 meters ride. These two cases, such as the Vila do Paulino case, are located in linear pathways, without any angular changes and without any effort, which justifies their high NACH values. The Patio Rita Murteira from the distance of 800 meters, begins to increase its classification, being at the top of the ranking in the distances of 1200 and 2000 meters. In this case, as in Vila Romão da Silva and Vila No. 102-106 located at Rua Campo de Ourique, their rankings are the highest in both global and local analysis. The local analysis with a radii distance of 400 meters can be fallacious because it is a very short distance, resulting in very different classifications from the other local and global analyzes. Vila Elvira, for example, ranks 2nd in the local analysis ranking of 400 meters, but going down in the analysis of 800 meters to 11th place, 17th place in the analysis of 1200 and 2000 meters and 21st place in the global analysis. The Patio Picadeiro and Rua Marvila no.144 are another example of the same case.

Local Normalising Angular Integration

NAIN 400m NAIN 800m

Pátio Rita Pátio Rita Murteira Murteira 2.5 2 Rua do Açucar Rua Campo de Pátio da Pascácia 2 Pátio da Pascácia 1.5 1.5 Pátio 3 Ourique 102-106 1 1 0.5 0.5 Pátio Esc. São Rua do Açucar 0 Pátio Beirão Rua Marvila 144 0 Cristovão Pátio 3

Pátio Magalhães Pátio do Talhadão Pátio Picadeiro Pátio Beirão Coutinho Vila Elvira Pátio Esc. São Cristovão

NAIN 1200m NAIN 2000m

Pátio Rita Pátio Rita Murteira Murteira 2 1.5 Rua Campo de Pátio da Pascácia 1.5 Pátio da Pascácia Pátio do Bento Ourique 102-106 1 1 0.5 0.5 Sítio do Calhau Rua Marvila 144 0 Pátio do Bento Pátio do Talhadão 19 0

Rua Campo de Pátio Picadeiro Vila Alegre Rua Marvila 144 Ourique 102-106 Sítio do Calhau Pátio Picadeiro 19

Fig. 4 - Ranking of the most and less integrated case studies in the local analysis of NACH.

The patio Rita Murteira is at the top of the ranking of the most integrated working-class houses. Its insertion in Calçada da Ajuda corresponds to an important link in the city of Lisbon, perpendicular to the Tejo River, from the Marginal, Alto da Ajuda, Estrada de Queluz and the A5 highway.

The pátio Beirão and the patio 3, located on Rua do Açúcar, have a high classification in the local analyzes with smaller radii distances. This classification is due to the fact that the zone contains two limits, the river and the railway line. Thus, Rua do Açúcar represents the main access for the distribution of the various routes. The pátio Talhadão is only included in the ranking of the most integrated working-class houses in the local analysis with 400 and 2000 meters. This classification is due to the location of the courtyard being located at the intersection of two important streets, Rua Maria Pia and Rua Campo de Ourique. The Rua Maria Pia increases its classification in the analyzes of smaller radii distances, since it corresponds to the limit street that connects the zone of Maria Pia and Campolide. The Rua Campo de Ourique is a boundary of the orthogonal grid of Campo de Ourique, which corresponds to the most direct link to Campolide. The working-class house number 102-106 in the Rua Campo de Ourique, increases its ranks with larger radii distances. As in this case, the pátio Bento tanking place in the ranking of the most integrated workforce houses. Curiously, the Vila Alegre is only placed in a top position in the local analysis with radius of 1200 meters. The Rua Barão Sabrosa represents an important link between and Penha de França and has a high number of connections.

THE ACCESSIBILITY OF 4 CASE STUDIES

For a more detailed study of the accessibilities of the working-class houses from the public street and the dwellings, the Vila Bela Vista, Vila Sitío do Calhau 19, Vila Elvira and the Pátio Beirão were selected. It was adopted as standard for choosing these 4 case studies their importance as a housing complex, dedicated to the working class, the functions/uses that still remain today and its typology. Based on the morphological classification of Teotónio Pereira and Buarque, the typology of "village forming a courtyard" has a greater relevance for this study. Thus, the courtyard is analyzed to understand the importance as a collective space and as a transition space to access the dwellings. In order to analyze the accessibility to the dwellings, justified graphs were used in order to simplify schematically the relations of contiguity, namely, the number of connections that each space has with the others.

1. Vila Bela Vista 5

4 4

3 3

2 2 1

1 Houses Private backyard 0 Courtyard Public street 0

Fig. 5 - Vila Bela Vista and its acessibilies by justified graphs

The Vila Bela Vista, located in the street Alves Paiva Fragoso 65, in the parish of , although it corresponds to the typology of "village forming courtyard", by its layout, is characterized as

a street. The access to the courtyard of the village is public, not presenting any type of physical barrier. The courtyard is classified as the main element for the distribution of access to housing. However, based on in loco analysis, nowadays it is used for parking, losing the meaning of collective space. As can be analyzed in figure 5, the accesses to the houses are made directly from the courtyard, except for a house with private backyard. The village was ranked low in overall reviews because of its isolated character and low number of connections with the rest of the city.

2. Vila Sítio do Calhau 19 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1 Houses private stairs Courtyard 0 Public street 0

Fig. 6 - Vila Sítio do Calhau 19 and its acessibilies by justified graphs

The Vila number 19, in Sítio do Calhau, is located in Monsanto. The access to the courtyard is made by passing under the building and does not have any type of barrier. This working-class house has 4 municipal dwellings, and only one is accessed by the courtyard and the remaining 3 by the main street. Today, the residents' association is located in the courtyard, allowing them to live in the common space. Looking at figure 6, 3 houses are accessed from the main street, in which two of them are on the 1st floor and have a common staircase. Sítio do Calhau, as mentioned above, has one of the worst classifications in global analyzes. Its location is considered isolated due to the low number of connections in Monsanto and the presence of the Avenida General Correia Barreto as a barrier.

3. Pátio Beirão

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1 Houses/cofee shop Stairs set Houses/cofee shop Courtyard Stairs set 0 Courtyard 0 Public street Public street Fig. 7 - Pátio Beirão and its acessibilies by justified graphs

The pátio Beirão is a distinguished case study from those previously analyzed because it had a spontaneous occupation and was not designed for a housing complex aimed at the working class. This housing complex corresponded to a farm that suffered, around 1890, changes in the interior to

acquire the function of housing for the working class. In a perspective of typological characterization based on Teotónio Pereira's study, the pátio Beirão, although does not representing a “village”, may be inserted in the typologies of "village forming courtyard", "village that accompanies the public street" since its a marginal building of Rua do Açúcar, and "village built behind the buildings" due to the existence of the courtyard at the rear. The courtyard is accessed by a gate to the axis of the plot under the building. Looking at figure 7, the layout and accessibilities of the dwellings has a difficult reading, 8 dwellings and a coffee shop are accessed from the main street, and 8 other dwellings are accessed through the courtyard. In terms of layout, there are dwellings that cross the building from the main street to the courtyard, and there are others that are only facing one side.

4. Vila Elvira 5

4

3

2

1

Houses Exterior gallery 0 Courtyard Public street

Fig. 8 - Vila Elvira and its acessibilies by justified graphs

The Vila Elvira is inserted in the typology "village forming courtyard" such as the Vila Bela Vista and the Vila no. 19 in Sítio do Calhau, despite having a different houses layout and accessibility. In the Vila Elvira, looking at figure 8, the houses on the ground floor are accessed by the courtyard, and the first floor is accessed by an exterior gallery at the rear. The access to the exterior gallery and courtyard does not have any kind of barrier. The courtyard, such as Vila Bela Vista, is used to park the vehicles of the residents. The location of Vila Elvira in a global scale is central, where are important crossings of axes of the city, namely Avenida Calouste Gulbenkian and Rua de Campolide, resulting in high ratings in the global analyzes.

CONCLUSION

In a first stage, with the global analysis, we conclude that the working-class houses have different patterns of values due to their location in the east, west and center areas. More than half of the 33 study cases are located in the city center, such as Campolide, Campo de Ourique and Estrela parishes, which is reflected directly in classifications. The area, although not classified as a peripheral zone, has the peculiarity of having very low values of choice and integration for the absence of direct links, being classified as a labyrinthine mesh. The parishes located in the peripheral areas in the East, such as Marvila, and in the west, such as Ajuda and Belém, has low values in a global analysis of the city. In a second stage, it was possible to conclude with local analysis with radius of 400, 800, 1200 and 2000 meters, the existence of some differences in the classifications of the working-class houses due to idealization of its building, namely, their construction was designed for a local experience, between the village and the corresponding industries. The objective was always to bring the workers closer to the factories where they worked, in order to be walkable. As an example, there is

the pátio Beirão and the pátio no. 3 located in Rua do Açúcar, which have a high classification in the local analysis and are located in the middle of the global analyzes ranking. In a more detailed analysis, it can be concluded that the four study cases that today still constitute housing complexes, as in their origin, have differences in the way that they are accessed, although they are inserted in the typology of "village forming a courtyard". From the comparative analysis of the 4 case studies, it was possible to conclude that Vila Elvira is the one with the highest values of NAIN and Vila Bela Vista with the lowest values. Taking into account the different cartographic bases (1948, 1997 and 2005) all the cases present a positive evolution, which allows to conclude that their insertion in the urban network has been improving.

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