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BA Part-II History DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU JAMMU SELF LEARNING MATERIAL B.A. SEMESTER - II SUBJECT : HISTORY UNIT : I TO IV COURSE CODE: HT - 201 Lesson : 1-16 Dr. Rajber Singh Sodhi COURSE CO-ORDINATOR http:/www.distanceeducationju.in Printed and published on behalf of the Directorate of Distance Educa- tion, University of Jammu, Jammu by the Director, D.D.E., University of Jammu, Jammu 1 HISTORY COURSE NO. : HT -201 MEDIEVAL INDIA UNIT : I-IV COURSE CONTRIBUTORS : CONTENT EDITING Dr. Hina S. Abrol AND PROOF READING : Dr. Hina S. Abrol Prof. Neelu Gupta Dr. Ranjodh Jamwal Prof. Surinder Singh © Directorate of Distance Education, Univeristy of Jammu, Jammu, 2021 * All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the DDE, University of Jammu. * The Script writer shall be responsible for the lesson / script submitted to the DDE and any plagiarism shall be his/her entire responsibility. Printed by : DTP Print-o-Pack / 2021 / 100 2 SYLLABUS HISTORY B.A. SEMESTER - II Course No. HT -201 Title : Medieval India Duration of Exam : 3 Hrs Total Marks : 100 Theory Examination : 80 Internal Assessment : 20 UNIT-I i Political Conditions of Northern India on the eve of Ghoridian Invasion. Establishment of Turkish Sultanate with reference to Qutub-ud-din Aibak. ii Iltutumish : Conquest & Consolidation. iii Razia Sultan : Accession & Role of Nobility. iv Ghiyas-ud-din Balban : Theory of Kingship and Achievements. UNIT-II i Jalal-ud-din Khilji-Conquests. ii Ala-ud-din Khilji-Conquest of North India. iii Ala-ud-din’s Deccan Policy. iv Revenue Adminstration & Market Control Policy of Ala-ud-din UNIT -III i Works of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq. ii Mohammed Tughlaq: Transfer of Capital, Token Currency, Taxation in Doab. iii Conquest of Khurasan and Quarachil under Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. iv Feroz Shah Tughlaq : Public Welfare Activities and Religious Policy. 3 UNIT -IV i Timur’s Invasion of India. ii Conquests of Sikander Lodhi and Ibrahim Lodhi. iii Administration of the Sultanate ( 1206-1526 A.D.) iv Architecture during Sultanate period (1206-1526 A.D.) NOTE FOR PAPER SETTING:- The question paper will contain two questions from each Unit (total eight questions) and the candidates will be requried to answer one question from each Unit (total questions to be attempted, will be four) i.e., there will be internal choice within the Unit. Internal Assessment ( Total Marks : 20) 20 marks for the theory paper in a subject reserved for internal assessments shall be distributed as under :- (i) Class Test : 10 marks (ii) Two Written Assignments/ : 10 marks project reports (05 marks each) BIBLIOGRAPHY : 1. Muhammad Habib and : Comprehensive History of India, Vol Khaliq Ahmad N. Zahid -V, the Delhi Sultanate 2. ABM Habibullah : Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. 3. Ishwari Prasad : History of the Qurannah Turks. 4. K.S.Lal : History of the Khiljis. 5. A.B Pandey : Early Medieval India. 6. R.C Jawhari : Firoz Shah Tughluq. 7. A.M Hussain : Tughluq Dynasty. 8. A.L Srivastava : The Sultanate of Delhi. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit Name of the Lesson Name of the Author Page No. I. Establishment 1. Political Conditions of Northern Dr. Hina S. Abrol 5 of Delhi India on the eve of Ghoridian Sultanate invasion. Establishment of Turkish Sultanate with reference to Qutub-ud-din Aibak 2. Iltutmish : Conquest and Dr. Hina S. Abrol 13 Consolidation 3. Razia Sultan : Accession and role Dr. Hina S. Abrol 22 of nobility 4. Ghiyas-ud-din-Balban - Theory Dr. Hina S. Abrol 28 of Kingship and achievements II. Khiljis 5. Jalal-ud-din-Khilji : Conquests Prof. Neelu Gupta 38 6. Ala-ud-din Khilji Conquest of Prof. Neelu Gupta 48 North India 7. Ala-ud-din’s Deccan Policy Prof. Neelu Gupta 59 8. Revenue Administration of Dr. Hina S. Abrol 70 Ala-ud-din. Market Control Policy Prof. Neelu Gupta of Ala-ud-din 5 III. Tughlaqs 9. Works of Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq Dr. Ranjodh Jamwal 83 10. Muhammad Tughlaq : Transfer Dr. Ranjodh Jamwal 93 of Capital ; Token Currency ; Taxation in Doab 11. Conquest of Khurasan and Dr. Ranjodh Jamwal 104 Quarchil under Mohammad bin Tughlaq 12. Feroz ShahTughlaq : Dr. Ranjodh Jamwal 112 Public Welfare activities and Religious Policy Unit 13. Timur’s invasion of India Dr. Ranjodh Jamwal 122 IV 14. Conquests of Sikander Lodhi Prof. Surinder Singh 131 and Ibrahim Lodhi 15. Administration of the Prof. Surinder Singh 150 Sultanate (1206-1526 AD) 16. Architecture during Sultanate Prof. Surinder Singh 159 Period (1206-1526 AD) 6 B. A. SEMESTER - II Unit - I History Lesson - 1 POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF NORTHERN INDIA ON THE EVE OF GHORIDIAN INVASION ESTABLISHMENT OF TURKISH SULTANATE WITH REFERENCE TO QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBAK Dr. Hina S. Abrol 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Political condition of northern India on the eve of Ghoridian Invasion 1.4 Qutub-ud-din Aibak and the establishment of the Turkish Sultanate 1.5 Problems faced by Qutub-ud-din and how he overcame these problems 1.6 Estimate of his personality 1.7 Conclusion 1.8 Glossary 1.9 Self Assessment Questions 1.10 Suggested Readings 1.1 INTRODUCTION The founding of the Delhi Sultanate was the result of the conquests made by Shihabuddin Muizuddin Mohammad Ghori in India towards the end of the 12th century AD. The time period allotted to the Delhi Sultanate is from AD 1206 when Qutub-ud-din Aibak ascended on the throne of Delhi, upto AD 1526 when Ibrahim Lodi, the last Sultan 7 of the Lodi dynasty was defeated and killed in the first battle of Panipat by Babur. Babur laid the foundation of the Mughal dynasty. The above mentioned period is known in medieval Indian history as the Sultanate period because all the Turko-Afghan rulers who sat on the throne at Delhi assumed the title of Sultan. 1.2 OBJECTIVES The objective of this lesson is to enable the student to understand • the political condition of northern India on the eve of the Ghoridian invasions. • the active military role played by Qutub-ud-din Aibak, the most trusted and loyal lieutenants of Mohammad Ghori. • the challenges faced by Aibak, who laid the foundation of the Sultanate in AD 1206 and the means he resorted to, in order to overcome the challenges. The importance of his brief reign (AD 1206-1210) will be emphasized . 1.3 POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF NORTHERN INDIA ON THE EVE OF THE GHORIDIAN INVASION Mohammad Ghori first invaded northern India in AD 1175 and he continued to wage war in the region till AD 1205 either for the extension of his territory or for the consolidation of the conquests that had been made earlier. The political conditions prevailing at that time in northern India were not at all happy. The paramountcy of the Gurjar Pratihars was now over and there was no real or nominal sovereign of the whole of northern India. The Indus Valley constituted the gateway of India. There were two muslim principalities ruling over it. Towards the north lay the Ghaznavid kingdom of the Punjab with headquarters at Lahore while the southern portion was dominated by the Ismailian Shias of Multan. If these regions were conquered by a Muslim ruler, not much resistance would have been offered by the masses. Moreover, their resources were poor and limited. To the east and south of these border states there were numerous Rajput principalities. Four out of these were more powerful than the others. They were - The first of these was the kingdom of the Chauhans of Delhi and Ajmer. The contemporary ruler was Prithviraja and he was brave and had won praise for his successful wars against his neighbours. He had to devise special measures for counter-acting the 8 hostile moves of the Ghaznavids. Hansi, Pakpattan and Bhatinda were the main frontier outposts of this kingdom. Their commanders were always vigilant to neutralise any hostile move of the Turks. Prithviraja was a courageous and valiant Commander and had considerably weakened the Chandela Rajputs. The second were the Rathor Ghadwals with Kanauj as its capital. The contemporary ruler was Jayachandra. Personal and political considerations had made him a determined rival to Prithviraja Chauhan. The third important kingdom was that of the Senas who ruled over eastern India. Their power was declining rapidly. The Solankis of Gujarat was the fourth powerful house. Their capital Anhilwara was a large and populous city and they had established their paramountcy over Western Rajputana and Madhya Bharat. The point worthy to note is that there was no love lost between these Big Four of Northern India. Each Power was concerned only with the extension of his territory. And this was so despite the continuance of Turkish raids. They could never sink their differences in the face of the common danger - i.e. the Turks. Infact, the mutual rivalry and enmity was so deep rooted that they were utterly incapable of devising a permanent strategy for securing their frontiers and driving the Turks outside the country. They exhibited little political wisdom. They had no diplomatic relations with the Turks. Their espionage system was defunct. It may be said that utter neglect of the proper organization of the foreign department proved to be a fatal mistake, a glaring administrative fault on the part of the Rajput Rulers. Their infighting and mutual rivalry made the task of conquest further easy for the Turks. 1.4 QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBAK AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TURKISH SULTANATE Qutub-ud-din Aibak was the most powerful among the lieutenants of Mohammad Ghori.
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