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Philippine Studies Ateneo De Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines The Burgos Manifiesto: The Authentic Text and Its Genuine Author John N. Schumacher, S.J. Philippine Studies vol. 54, no. 2 (2006): 153–304 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 30 13:30:20 2008 The Burgos Manifiesto: The Authentic Text and Its Genuine Author John N. Schumacher, S.J. The struggle of the Filipino clergy against the attempts taken to deprive them of any parish of significance in favor of thefriar orders reached its culmination in the decree of 1861, leaving them almost none in the Ma- nila archdiocese. Fr. Pedro Pelhez led the struggle in Manila and Madrid until his death in the earthquake of 1863. Rumors circulated in Manila that he had planned a conspiracy to overthrow Spanish rule that very day. When the Madrid newspaper, La Verdad, repeated that calumny, the Filipino clergy issued a manifesto defending their rights and vindi- cating Pelaez's name. Republished in Hong Kong in 1889, the manifesto has been attributed to Fr. Jose Burgos. Thefirst part of this article es- tablishes the genuine text of the original, provides an English transla- tion, and identifies the 1889 interpolations. The second part investigates whether, and to what extent, the original was written by Burgos. Its con- clusions trace the factual basis for the interrelationships traditionally postulated among Pelaez, Burgos, and Rizal. KEYWORDS: Burgos; Pelaez, Manifiesto, Recollects, Rizal PART ONE THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE 1864 DOCUMENT Among the many articles, pamphlets, and even books published in the latter half of the nineteenth century on both sides of the struggle of the Filipino clergy to defend their parishes against their appropriation by the friar orders, the one most cited in Philippine historiography is a mani- festo first identified by ha1in hls letter to Mariano Ponce as having its PHILIPPINE STUDIES 54, no. 2 (2006): 153-304 1 54 PHILIPPINE STUDIES 54, no. 2 (2006) origin with Fr. Jost Burgos.' Ths manifesto, defending Fihpino clergy rights, has been generally accepted by hstorians as a Burgos document, bepning with Manuel Artigas y Cuerva in the early twentieth century. Because the original text was unknown, or rather ignored, all have made use of the text found in a rare antifriar pamphlet published in Hong Kong by Jost Maria Basa in 1889. This text I first published in full with an English translation. While expressing lingering doubts as to whether it had been interpolated in places by another hand, I relied on Rizal's passing mention that it was genuinely from Burgos. Not only did I publish it in a collection of primary documents con- cerning Fathers PelLez, Mariano Gbmez, Burgos, and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 (Schumacher 1972a, 58-115), but I republished it in my more systematic and enlarged edition, which is more centered on Burgos (1999, 56-105), with minor revisions of translation and notes and a more extensive introduction. With these publications the work was generally accepted as a genuine Burgos document. However, the doubts as to its total integrity that I expressed more strongly in the second edition of the document led me to look further for the original work. In the course of research for a larger study on the Cavite Mutiny, I chanced upon a reference that alerted me to the fact that the original had been an article published in a Madrid newspaper (Uy 1984, 228-30). This led, with the aid of two Spanish historian friends, to the recovery of the original text, presented here with a trans- 1. Since nineteenth-century Filipinos wrote their names of Spanish origin ac- cording to the rules of accentuation for the Spanish language, I have retained the accents as the individuals of that time would have written their names. Thus, for example, I have written Pelaez and Gbrnez, and Jose Rizal, though these names are no longer accented in modern Filipino English. Similarly, though the rules for alphabetization for Spanish differ from those of Filipinos, I have fol- lowed Filipino alphabetization. This is particularly true of surnames preceded by the particle "de," which in Spanish is ignored for alphabetization. Twentieth- century Filipinos generally incorporate those particles as an integral part of their surname, though different ones do it in different ways. I have followed the way that Filipinos today individually deal with those particles in the signatures of their surnames, and alphabetized the references accordingly. All translations from languages other than English, unless specifically indi- cated, are my own. For the list of abbreviations, please see pages 297-98. SCHUMACHER ITHE BURGOS MANlFlESTO 155 lation, as well as the discovery of archlval documents that, while circum- scribing the role of Burgos in its composition, revealed the further im- portance of the manifesto. The examination of the genuine 1864 document in connection with other documentary evidence has enabled me to make a more exact explanation of the role of Burgos in its com- position, and a clarification of his stance as a nationalist. Moreover, the identification of what precisely were the interpolations in the 1889 version, through comparison with the original, has led to concrete evi- dence of the generally assumed but never clearly established, direct links from Peliez to Burgos, and from Burgos to Jost Rizal, mediated by hs brother Paciano. Although the original document is not the work of Burgos alone, it was through him that it came to hal. Hence, the 1889 version that I had published previously appears as ultimately the work of Rizal, building on the foundation of Pelaez and Burgos. In the process of showing thls, we may delineate more clearly the stages of the nine- teenth-century nationalist movement, finally transmitted in quite altered, but still recognizable, form to Bonifacio and Jachto. The Nature of the Document This document, the most substantial published text attributed to Father Burgos-if we except the collective series of letters he wrote to the Madrid newspaper La Discusidn in 1870 (Schumacher 1999, 125-82), whch in fact evidence a dependence on it-was first published in Span- ish with an English translation in my two major books on Burgos (Schumacher 1972a, 58-1 13; 1999, 56-105), as ouhed above. A partial English translation had appeared in the 1920s in a collection of essays by Fihpinos, Thinkingfor Ourselves, published by two professors of English (Hilario and Quirino 1928/1985, 47-63). The latter compilers, however, did not indicate the source from which they translated, and simply omit- ted, with a brief note, many paragraphs dealing with technical ecclesias- tical matters. Nonetheless, the paragraphs actually published in full are sufficient to be certain that they translated from the same source used by Schumacher (1972a; 1999), which, as we hope to show, although almost certainly connected with Burgos, is not his genuine text as he wrote it. The interpolated and abbreviated English text of Hilario and 156 PHILIPPINE STUDIES 54, no. 2 (2006) Quirino seems clearly to be the source of the English version printed in Manuel (1955-1986, 2:82-92), though it is not listed as a reference. The ultimate source of all these publications used unal now was an antifik propaganda pamphlet of 1889, published in Hong Kong by Jost Ma. Basa. This publication was actually composed of two sections, con- nected only by their common attacks on the friars in the Pfippines. The pamphlet as a whole bears the title of the presumed Burgos pamphlet, ManiJiesto que a la noble Nacidn Eqanbla derigen [sic] los leales Filipinos en d$nsa de su honra, [sic] y jidelidad grauemente udneradas spoor elpe&co, "2a Verdad" de Madrida2In fact, however, the text of the supposed 1864 document occupies only the first twenty-four out of forty-one pages in the pamphlet, finishing with the signature, "LOS FILIPINOS" and the date of 27 June 1864. 1 had published this part from the Basa pamphlet in my two Burgos books, in spite of my awareness of some interpola- tions. The rest of the pamphlet is a series of ephemeral antifriar writ- ings in continuous pagination with the ManiJiesto itself, based on alleged anti friar incidents in Manila of 1887-1 888. Pamphlets and leaflets (proclamas) of a sdar nature were widely distributed in Manila during this period in connection with the demonstration against the friars and Archbishop Pedro Payo, O.P., by Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Doroteo Cortes, Jost Ramos, and their associates, who formed the clandestine Cornitt de 2. The Basa pamphlet is itself undated and without publisher, though the added documents on pp. 25 to 41 are from 1888, which is the date Retana (1906, 3:1109, no. 2625) conjectures for the whole parnphlet Pardo de Tavera (1903, 246, nos. 1597, 1598, 1599), who was in frequent contact with Rizal and other Filipi- nos of the Propaganda Movement in Paris at this time, and thus in a much bet- ter position to know, straightforwardly says that it was published in Hong Kong in 1889. As will be seen below, thls is the correct date. Although in the past I myself have dated it to 1888, all the evidence points to early 1889, as Pardo says.
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