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Article Sternaspis chilensis n. sp., a new species from austral Chilean channels and fjords (Annelida, Sternaspidae)

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Oscar Díaz-Díaz Nicolas Rozbaczylo Universidad de Oriente (Venezuela) Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

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The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Zootaxa 4254 (2): 269–276 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4254.2.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:67F6AACE-3649-4ED7-9A7C-617D5A0A98B4 Sternaspis chilensis n. sp., a new species from austral Chilean channels and fjords (Annelida, Sternaspidae)

OSCAR DÍAZ-DÍAZ1 & NICOLÁS ROZBACZYLO2 1Laboratorio de Biología de Poliquetos, Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela, Universidad de Oriente, Cumaná, Venezuela. E-mail: [email protected] 2FAUNAMAR Ltda., Consultorías Medio Ambientales e Investigación Marina, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Sternaspis chilensis n. sp. is described based on specimens collected in channels and fjords of southern Chile and previ- ously identified as Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, 1817), originally described from the Meditarrean Sea. Sternaspis chilensis n. sp. is described based on the features of the shield with anterior margins rounded and anterior depression shallow; mar- ginal shield chaetal fascicles arranged with an inverted C-shaped pattern; and distribution of the integument papillae. Ster- naspis chilensis is widely distributed in the Magellan Province from Estero Reloncaví (41°32’54”S, 72°19’48”W) to Strait of Magellan (53°34’S, 70°04’W), between 50 and 515 m depth.

Key words: polychaete, benthic species, biodiversity, Chile

Introduction

Family Sternaspidae Carus 1863, consists of three genera: Caulleryaspis Sendall and Salazar-Vallejo, 2013, Petersenaspis Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 and Sternaspis Otto, 1821, and 33 nominal species (Salazar-Vallejo, 2014b; Salazar-Vallejo & Buzhinskaja, 2013; Wu et al., 2015). The genus Sternaspis has the highest number of species for the group (23), and nine species are registered from the American continent. These numbers will surely increase after examining the material of the Caribbean region or other tropical localities (Salazar-Vallejo, pers. comm.). In South America only two species have been recorded: Sternaspis maureri Salazar-Vallejo & Buzhinskaja, 2013, off Trujillo, Peru, in 1296-6489 m depth, and Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, 1817), but the presence of the latter has been considered questionable. After the revision by Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo (2013), they established that this species was restricted to the Mediterranean Sea. Two other species inhabit the Southern Ocean south of South America, Sternaspis monroi Salazar-Vallejo 2014, from the South Orkneys and South Georgia islands, in 238–344 m depth, and Sternaspis sendalli Salazar-Vallejo 2014, from the Antarctic Ocean: Palmer Peninsula and Archipelago, South Georgia, South Orkneys, South Shetland Islands, Weddell Sea, in 160–567 m depth (Salazar-Vallejo 2014b). Sternaspids are easily recognized by their short and swollen bodies bearing posteriorly a characteristic stiff ventral shield which has different shapes and patterns of pigmentation, bearing radiating bundles of capillary chaetae on its margin (Hutchings 2000; Petersen 2000). The diagnostic characters of sternaspids were assessed by Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo (2013), clarifying the status of the group and increasing the number of known species. Sternaspid species are typically marine, except those specimens recorded as Sternaspis costata von Marenzeller, 1879, from India, which probably belong to an undescribed species because they tolerate salinities as low as 0–1‰ (Southern 1921); most species are sub-littoral with few abyssal species, infaunal, and direct non-selective deposit- feeders. Sternaspids have been reported from all oceans around the world, and although Fauchald (1977) lists them as mainly shallow water species (less than 200 m) there are records of specimens collected in depths as great as 4418 m (Kirkegaard 1983). They have been found associated to variety of substrates such as rocky sand (Hartman, 1963), coarse sand, broken shell, soft mud (Treadwell 1914), and clays and muds (Rouse & Pleijel 2001).

Accepted by H. Wiklund: 3 Feb. 2017; published: 13 Apr. 2017 269 The first record of Sternaspis from Chile was by Dahl (1955) from specimens collected in the Seno Reloncaví area (41°42′00″S, 72°50′00″W) during the Swedish expedition “Lund University Chile Expedition”, 1948-1949, but he did not assign the specimens to any particular species. In this paper we describe a new species of Sternaspis (S. chilensis n. sp.) based on specimens from Chile identified previously as the nominally cosmopolitan species S. scutata that were collected in several channels and fjords of southern Chile during several research cruises CIMAR Fiordos. Sternaspis chilensis n. sp. is described based on the features of the shield, distribution of the integument papillae and marginal chaetae of the shield. Sternaspis chilensis n. sp. is widely distributed in the Magellan biogeographical Province from Estero Reloncaví (41°32’S) to Strait of Magellan (53°34’S, 70°04’W), between 50 and 515 m depth. Specimens recorded as S. scutata by Montiel et al. (2004) and Rozbaczylo et al. (2006a, 2006b) were re-examined and confirmed as conspecific and belonging to the new species Sternaspis chilensis n. sp. The records by Gambi & Mariani (1999) and Bremec, Elías & Gambi (2000) as S. scutata from the Strait of Magellan could correspond to S. chilensis n. sp.

Materials and methods

Specimens were collected during six CIMAR Fiordos cruises. CIMAR (Cruceros de Investigación Marina en Áreas Remotas; Marine Research Cruises in Remote Areas) is the name of a research program that began in 1995 developed by the Comité Oceanográfico Nacional (CONA; National Oceanographic Committee) for the oceanographic study of the austral channels and fjords located in Chile from Puerto Montt (42°S) to Cabo de Hornos (56°S). During the CIMAR 7 and 8 Fiordos cruises, specimens were collected using as sampling platform R/V AGOR-60 "Vidal Gormaz", from Boca del Guafo (43°45.29'S, 74°36.78’W) to Estero Elefantes (46°05.01'S, 73°37.82’W), between 56 to 444 m depth; CIMAR 13 Fiordos cruise, using as sampling platform R/V AGOR-60 "Vidal Gormaz"; CIMAR 17 and 18 Fiordos cruise, using as sampling platform R/V “Abate Molina” and CIMAR 20 Fiordos cruise, using as sampling platform AGS 61 “Cabo de Hornos”. CIMAR 13, 17, 18 and 20 Fiordos cruises were made from Estero Reloncaví (41°32.54'S, 72°19.48’W) to Estero Quitralco (45°40’S, 73°16’W), between 66 and 324 m depth. Samples of the CIMAR 13 Fiordos cruise were obtained between July 27 and August 7, 2007, with a modified Agassiz trawl 1.4 m mouth opening and 0.5 m high; and for the CIMAR 17 and 18 Fiordos cruises, samples were obtained between 15 and 31 October 2011, and from 16 June to 7 July 2012, respectively, using a Boxcorer 30 x 30 x 30 cm. Samples of CIMAR 20 Fiordos cruise were obtained in October 2014, with a Boxcorer 30 x 30 x 30. All samples were sieved through a 0.5 mm mesh size; organisms were sorted and preserved in 10% formalin solution in sea water neutralized with borax, and were taken to the laboratory of the Departamento de Ecología at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in Santiago, where they were subsequently transferred and preserved separately in 70% ethanol. Holotype and ten paratypes were deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile (MNHNCL ANN) Catalog number MNHNCL ANN-15024 for Holotype and MNHNCL ANN-15025 to MNHNCL ANN-15034 for paratypes. Other specimens were deposited in the “Colección de Flora y Fauna Profesor Patricio Sánchez Reyes” (SSUC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Non-type specimens were deposited in the reference collection of FAUNAMAR Ltda., Santiago. A map with the global distribution of all valid Sternaspis species is provided (Fig. 4).

Results and discusssion

Family Sternaspidae Carus, 1863

Type genus Sternaspis Otto, 1821

Type species. Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1821.

270 · Zootaxa 4254 (2) © 2017 Magnolia Press DÍAZ-DÍAZ & ROZBACZYLO Sternaspis chilensis n. sp. (Figures 2A–I, 3A–B; 4)

Sternaspis scutata: Montiel et al., 2004: 62; Rozbaczylo et al., 2006a: 85–86, figs. 5 l–o; Rozbaczylo et al., 2006b: 98 (non Ranzani, 1817).

Type material. Chile, Magellan Province, Moraleda Channel: Holotype (MNNCH-ANN 15024) 28.5 mm long, 12.0 mm wide, with 23 segments (Fig. 2A); ten paratypes (MNNCH-ANN 15025–15034), 15.5–35.0 mm long, 10– 15.0 mm wide (45°06’S, 73°38’W, 250 m). Additonal material. One hundred fifty-three specimens: CIMAR 7 Fiordos cruise: Moraleda Channel, St-6 (43º59,19´S, 73º21,87´W, 179 m), 2 specimens (SSUC 7223); fjord Aysén St-21 (45º24,69´S, 72º51,64´W, 156 m), 2 specimens (SSUC 7224); Costa Channel, St-22 (45º29,56´S, 73º31,03´W, 304 m), 2 specimens (SSUC 7225); Estero Elefantes, St-24 (45°51,50’S, 73°35,41’W, 110 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7226); Estero Elefantes, St-25 (46º05,01´S, 73º37,82´W, 56 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7227); Jacaf Channel, St-32 (44º17,76´ S, 73º10,78´W, 444 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7228); seno Ventisquero St-37 (44º31,85´S, 72º40,09´W, 258 m), 19 specimens (SSUC 7229); Puyuhuapi Channel, St-41 (44º53,69´S, 73º02,60´W, 238 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7230); CIMAR 8 Fiordos cruise: Boca del Guafo, St-1 (43º45,29´S, 74º36,78´W, 240 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7231); Moraleda Channel, St-8 (44º26,11´S, 73º27,54´W, 380 m), 2 specimens; Moraleda Channel, St-9 (44º41,37´S, 73º30,10´W, 322 m), 3 specimens (SSUC 7232). CIMAR 13 Fiordos cruise: Estero Quitralco, St-31 (45°41’S 73°16’W, 263 m), 5 specimen (SSUC 7549); Moraleda Channel, St-40 (44°49´S, 73°30’W, 192 m), 1 specimen; Moraleda Channel, St- 41 (45°06’S, 73°38’W, 250 m), 6 specimens (SSUC 7550); SW Churrecue Island, St-45 (45°21’S, 73°39’W, 120 m), 7 specimens (SSUC 7551); Costa Channel St-46 (45°31’S, 73°32’W, 300 m), 2 specimens (SSUC 7552); Estero Elefantes St-50 (46°12’S, 73°40’W, 66 m), 1 specimen; Costa Channel, St-76 (45°23’S, 73°30’W, 297 m), 11 specimens (SSUC 7553); fjord Aysén St-79 (45°21’S, 73°05’W, 324 m), 51 specimens (SSUC 7554); fjord Aysén St-80 (45°25’S, 73°01’W, 200 m), 2 specimens (SSUC 7555); fjord Aysén St-81 (45°26’S, 72°53’W, 150 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7556); Puyuhuapi ChannelSt-87 (44°39’S, 72°44’W, 260 m), 2 specimens (SSUC 7557). CIMAR 17: Estero Reloncaví, St-7C (41°32’54”W, 72°19’48”W, 199 m), 2 specimens (SSUC 7791); Gulf of Ancud, St-20 (42°20’06”S, 72°56’00”W, 249 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7792); Gulf of Ancud, St-14 (41°59’24”W, 73°00’00”W, 257 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7793). CIMAR 18 Fiordos cruise: Peligroso Island, St-34 (43°47,8’S, 73°37,7’W, 192 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7794); Paso del Medio St-76 (45°22,9’S, 73°31,9’W, 315 m), 1 specimen (SSUC 7795). CIMAR 20: St-20 (1 specimen), St-93 (1 specimen). Description. Holotype (MNNCH-ANN 15024) 28.5 mm long, 12.0 mm wide, with 23 segments (Fig. 2A); ten paratypes (MNNCH-ANN 15025–15034), mm long, 15 mm wide (10 specimens). Prostomium hemispherical, opalescent, translucent, eyespots absent (Fig. 2B). Peristomium oval, extended as a wide band over the prostomium, with filiform papillae. Mouth oval, surface densely covered with thick filiform papillae (Fig. 2C), extending from the base of prostomium to anterior edge of second segment. Integument of segments 1–6 densely covered by cuticular filiform papillae (Fig. 2A´), papillae less numerous on ventral surface. Genital papillae protrude ventrolaterally from intersegmental groove between segments 7 and 8. Surface of segments seven and eight with many stout cuticular papillae especially near genital papillae; some cuticular papillae with small grains of sediment adhered to bases, genital papillae with long papillae on proximal end and few rounded papillae in middle region (Fig. 2D, right genital papilla). First three chaetigers with 15–19 light bronze, widely separated, slightly falcate introvert hooks per bundle (Fig. 2E). The base and subdistal falcate chaetae end with dark areas. The integument closer to falcate chaetae with dark spots. Pre-shield region with 7 segments, without fine capillary chaetae but with abundant minute papillae, both dorsally and ventrally, and rows of clusters of short filaments closer to ventro-caudal shield, especially on dorsal surface. Many thin filiform papillae in the inferior margin of the ventro-caudal shield, with capillary chaetae protruding laterally from body wall, with long papillae surrounding the base of the bundle. Ventro-caudal shield violaceous-gray, with radial ribs and concentric lines distinct (Fig. 2F), outer margin blue. Fan continuous, with crenulated margin; median notch indistinct. Anterior margins rounded; anterior depression shallow; anterior keels not exposed. Lateral margins medially expanded, reduced posteriorly. Marginal shield chaetal fascicles include: 11 lateral ones, with 10–14 hirsute capillary chaetae arranged with an inverted C-shaped pattern (Fig. 2G), pubescence less obvious basally; pubescence fragile, brittle sheath covering

NEW STERNASPIS CHILENSIS Zootaxa 4254 (2) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 271 chaetal axis (Fig. 2H). Posterior most fascicle, in the corner of the shield, with long, delicate capillaries between peg chaetae and first bundle of posterior chaetae; posterior shield margin with six fascicles, with 8–10 chaetae arranged in lineal pattern. Peg chaetae short, with a broad base in cross section, emerge from cuticle on a slightly raised mound. Two subtriangular branchial plates diverging (Fig. 2I). Branchiae abundant; interbranchial papillae long, filamentous (Fig. 3A).

FIGURE 1. Geographical location of the study area showing collecting stations.

272 · Zootaxa 4254 (2) © 2017 Magnolia Press DÍAZ-DÍAZ & ROZBACZYLO FIGURE 2. Holotype (MNHNCL ANN-15024) paratypes 22 mm long (MNHNCL ANN-15029) ventral view (inset: A´ close-up of body papillae from region indicated by arrow), B) anterior end, ventral view; C) close-up of mouth area showing papillae; D) close-up of genital papillae; E) chaetiger 1, left side, bronze chaetae; F) posterior region showing shield, chaetae and branchial region; G) left lateral marginal shield chaetae, showing distribution pattern; H) detail of chaetae from lateral shield; I) branchial plate detail, branchiae removed, paratype.

Variation. Specimens smaller than 15 mm in length with 12–15 bronze chaetae on first three chaetigers and the colour of the shield red (Fig. 3B, F); specimens with 28–35 mm long, have blue shields (Figs. 3C–E). Three specimens with anterior keels partially exposed. The number of bronze chaetae of the introvert increases with the size of the specimens. In some specimens the posterior chaetal bundles are covered by a hyaline structure, which seems to encapsulate each bundle. Remarks. Sternaspis chilensis n. sp. is included in the group of sternaspids having shields with ribs and concentric lines, fan continuous, without a distinct median notch and with margin crenulated. The group includes: Sternaspis rietschi Caullery, 1944 (from Indonesia), Sternaspis thalassemoides Otto, 1821 (from Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea), Sternaspis thorsoni Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo, 2013 (from Indian), Sternaspis piotrowskiae Salazar-Vallejo, 2014 (from the Philippines) and Sternaspis maior Chamberlin, 1919 (from Gulf of California). Sternaspis thalassemoides, S. thorsoni and S. piotrowskiae have shields with posterior corners distinct, such that S. chilensis n. sp. Furthermore, S. chilensis n. sp. differs to S. thorsoni mainly that the posterior margin in the new species is smooth to crenulate whereas it is denticulate in S. thorsoni.

NEW STERNASPIS CHILENSIS Zootaxa 4254 (2) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 273 FIGURE 3. Sternaspis chilensis n. sp. A) paratype, 22 mm long, (MNHNCL- ANN-15025) interbranchial filamentous papillae; B) paratype, 22 mm long, lateral view (MNHNCL- ANN-15025); C) paratype (MNHNCL-ANN-15026); D) paratype (MNHNCL-ANN-15027); E) paratype (MNHNCL-ANN-15028); F) paratype (MNHNCL-ANN-15029), 15 mm long.

FIGURE 4. Type localities of Sternaspis species.

274 · Zootaxa 4254 (2) © 2017 Magnolia Press DÍAZ-DÍAZ & ROZBACZYLO Sternaspis chilensis n. sp. is very similar to S. maior Chamberlin, 1919, both have similar shields, but their main difference would be the development of the shield anterior depression, being deeper in S. maior and shallower in S. chilensis, another differences are peristomium round, without papillae in S. maior and with filiform papillae in S. chilensis, and marginal shield chaetal fascicles in oval pattern in S. maior and an inverted C-shaped pattern in S. chilensis. Two Spernaspis species have been recorded in South America with S. maureri from Peru, and S. magellanica from the Magellanic biogeographical Province. Two other species have been recorded for relatively nearby areas, in Southern Ocean, S, sendalli and S. monroi (Fig. 4). With the description of S. chilensis n. sp., the knowledge and richness of polychaetes in the South Eastern Pacific Ocean off Chile, in the Magellanic biogeographical Province and for the family is increased. Compared with the other species recorded in the region, S. chilensis n. sp. is different from S. maureri and S, sendalli because both species have the ventro-caudal shield fan with a distinct median notch; and S. monroi have the shield with ribs; concentric lines indistinct. Sternaspis scutata recorded by Gambi & Mariani (1999) and Bremec et al. (2000) cannot be confirmed, but they might belong to the same species we are describing in this contribution. Type locality. ,Moraleda Channel, Southern Chile (45°06'S, 73°38'W), 250 m depth Southern Chile (45°21’S, 73°05’W), 324 m depth. Etymology. The species name is derived from the name of the country Chile and the suffix indicates it lives in this region. Distribution. Austral Chilean channel and fjord region from Estero Reloncaví (41°32’54”W, 72°19’48”W) to Strait of Magellan (53°34’S, 70°04’W), between 50 and 515 m depth.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the “Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile” (SHOA; Chilean Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service) for the economic and logistic support granted to the CIMAR Fiordos projects, that allowed to collect the material examined. We also thank the “Comité Oceanográfico Nacional” (CONA; National Oceanographic Committee) for their assistance in the realization of the research CIMAR projects. This work is part of research projects CONA-C08F, CONA-C13F 07-01, CONA-C17F 11-09, CONA-C18F 12-08 and CONA-C20F 14-05, granted to N.R. To the commanders, officers, and crews of the R/V AGOR-60 “Vidal Gormaz” and the R/V “Abate Molina” who took part in the different cruises and assisted in obtaining data and samples. Many thanks to Pamela Vásquez-Yáñez, FAUNAMAR Ltda., for her great effort in sample collection during the CIMAR Fjords cruises 13, 17, 18 and 20, and to Patricio Zavala, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, for his careful initial processing of the samples and subsequent cataloguing in the “Colección de Flora y Fauna Profesor Patricio Sánchez Reyes” (SSUC). We are indebted to Dr. Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo from El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, for the bibliographic material provided.

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